31:
306:, who conducted a steady activist role in the abolition of the newspaper stamp duty. Via the intermediate National Stamp Abolition Committee, by making the central organisational vehicle the new Association for Promoting the Repeal of Taxes on Knowledge (APRTOK, also called Society for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge) he was able to involve
391:
in April 1861, just before the repeal of the paper duty, gave statistics on London newspapers: in 1830 there had been 64, of which three were for a working-class readership; in 1860 there were 177, eight being for the working classes. These numbers were attributed to John
Francis. Total weekly
351:, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, repealed the paper duties, but only after a false start in 1860, when the House of Lords rejected his bill, against conventions on financial issues. The following year Gladstone returned to the measure, consolidated into a
301:
The campaign against "taxes on knowledge" made further progress in the 1850s, after more fundamental
Chartist political agitation dropped back. The People's Charter Union of 1848 was set up primarily to oppose O'Connor. It had as treasurer
262:
wanted paper duty abolished, but saw reason in the newspaper duty to avoid a popular radical press. The short-lived
Association of Working Men to Procure a Cheap and Honest Press of early 1836 in effect became in a matter of months the
395:
Newspaper reading habits changed, towards purchase and reading at home. The older habits—the use of a reading room, club or newsroom with newspapers, the hire of a paper by the hour in a public house—began to fall away.
196:. On the other hand, the penalties for evasion of the duties were made more serious, and the definition of periodicals in the scope of the duty was broadened. The measures did not make for a cheap press or a free one.
363:
The repeal of "taxes on knowledge" was one factor in a number promoting an increase of publications in the United
Kingdom, in the second half of the 19th century. In brief, the British press took on a role as
286:. In line with O'Connor's views, the taxes on knowledge were marginal to the main thrust of a decade Chartist agitation, until the late 1840s. Varieties of Knowledge Chartism were displayed in the 1840s by
1006:, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer, 1977), pp. 161–187, at p. 176. Published by: The North American Conference on British Studies. DOI: 10.2307/4048406
199:
Figures for number of stamps issued for newspapers are: 1801 16,085,085; 1824 26,308,003; 1837 53,897,926; 1846 78,298,125. The year 1836 also saw the creation of the
Provincial Newspaper Society, a
131:
was levied on newspapers, and the first phase of the campaign was the distribution of newspapers that were unstamped, and therefore illegal. A central figure of this "war of the unstamped" was
49:, their advertising content, and the paper they were printed on. The paper tax was early identified as an issue: "A tax upon Paper, is a tax upon Knowledge" is a saying attributed to
141:, was launched in 1831. It tested the boundaries of the government's willingness to enforce the duty, recruiting hundreds of paper sellers and flaunting its illegal status. The
329:
researched parliamentary questions for Milner Gibson, the Member of
Parliament who chaired the 1851 Select Committee on Newspaper Stamps, but who then fell foul of
116:). From 1819, "newspaper" was defined carefully, and the fiscal burden fell on all periodicals that were more frequently published than monthly, and priced below 6
1457:
1482:
1192:
1159:
1078:
1045:
891:
804:
558:
180:
The "war of the unstamped" saw nearly 800 people imprisoned. In 1834 the stamp duty was abolished on pamphlets; and in 1836 newspaper duty was reduced to 1
1492:
282:, or gradualist approach to complete repeal of the taxes on knowledge and building of popular education. Their direction was forthrightly condemned by
189:
96:
of 1819 was not very effective in controlling the circulation of news, but cramped the development of newspapers. It was aimed at the journalism of
172:
in 1836 attempted an account of the "taxes on knowledge" total, including amounts for taxation of paper and advertisements, and postal charges.
1452:
1467:
1462:
120:. It had a negative effect on the English provincial press, i.e. newspapers outside London; and drove out cheap political papers.
226:
was a persistent campaigner against taxes affecting publications, as they stood in the later 1830s, including paper duty at 1½
1430:
1360:
1333:
1306:
1279:
1249:
1120:
1027:
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933:
873:
846:
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732:
705:
627:
600:
540:
513:
486:
443:
142:
383:
was a weekly magazine, also set up in 1855, and which featured new authors. New provincial daily newspapers were also seen.
78:
17:
1477:
1472:
264:
347:
Advertisement duty was abolished in 1853, followed by newspaper stamp duty in 1855. The paper duty was removed in 1861.
1387:
1487:
93:
73:, aimed at editors and writers. The principle of taxing publications and pamphlets had been introduced by an
222:
680:
Taxes on
Knowledge. A financial and historical view of the taxes which impede the education of the people
663:
Taxes on
Knowledge. A financial and historical view of the taxes which impede the education of the people
259:
193:
751:
The
International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947
255:
137:
102:
339:. Milner Gibson commented that Garnett "was a free trader who did not like free trade in newspapers".
112:
379:
287:
217:
66:
30:
459:
1323:
348:
303:
1422:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in
Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
1112:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
952:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
697:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
149:
background, with the British Association for Promoting Co-operative Knowledge founded in 1829.
107:
1420:
1403:
1377:
1350:
1269:
1239:
1017:
863:
836:
776:
749:
644:
530:
433:
413:
1296:
1110:
977:
950:
923:
722:
678:
661:
617:
590:
503:
352:
326:
695:
476:
322:
318:
69:
actively discouraged certain sections of the press, with prosecutions, including those for
8:
373:
335:
314:
283:
1298:
Juvenile Nation: Youth, Emotions and the Making of the Modern British Citizen, 1880-1914
203:
later called the Newspaper Society, which came to oppose further fiscal reform, as did
132:
1426:
1383:
1379:
The Reading Lesson: The Threat of Mass Literacy in Nineteenth Century British Fiction
1356:
1329:
1302:
1275:
1265:
1245:
1136:
1116:
1023:
983:
956:
929:
869:
842:
782:
755:
728:
701:
623:
596:
536:
509:
482:
439:
275:
200:
392:
circulation (i.e. issues, rather than readers) had risen from 399,747 to 2,284,600.
1197:
1164:
1083:
1050:
896:
809:
563:
330:
1209:
1176:
1095:
1062:
908:
821:
575:
157:
97:
70:
62:
478:
The 21st Century Journalism Handbook: Essential Skills for the Modern Journalist
1201:
1168:
1087:
1054:
900:
813:
567:
387:
307:
271:
74:
50:
1004:
Samuel Smiles and the Origins of "Self-Help": Reform and the New Enlightenment
310:. Cobden had already publicised in 1848 his wish to remove some of the taxes.
1446:
1241:
Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791-1866
592:
Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England
291:
169:
153:
231:
461:
The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
377:. It was launched in 1855, a penny paper, one of many that appeared. The
646:
The History of Co-operation in England: Its Literature and Its Advocates
532:
Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland
365:
355:, the first such: the Lords chose not to reject the Budget as a whole.
128:
501:
371:
The first paper to derive a clear benefit from the fiscal changes was
242:. Advertising duty had been cut in 1833: before that it had stood at 3
474:
295:
205:
46:
27:
Slogan advocating for improving access to information and the press
1019:
Independent Spirits: Spiritualism and English Plebeians, 1850-1910
45:
defining an extended British campaign against duties and taxes on
146:
56:
475:
Tim Holmes; Sara Hadwin; Glyn Mottershead (19 September 2014).
42:
979:
Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century
212:
865:
The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition
342:
160:
from 1830 to 1834, that newspapers should be available for 1
61:
The "taxes on knowledge" were at their peak in 1815, as the
925:
Popular Radicalism: The Working Class Experience 1780-1880
431:
747:
619:
English Education and the Radicals (RLE Edu L): 1780-1850
528:
317:
as "a twelve years' agitation". Secretary of APRTOK was
1137:"William Edwin Adams: 'Memoirs of a Social Atom' (12)"
145:
took up the attack on "taxes on knowledge"; it had an
34:
Meeting for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge, 1851
642:
152:
The Whig government of the time faced the opinion of
427:
425:
1375:
1022:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 310 note 17.
1264:
313:The successful drive for reform was recognised by
422:
1444:
1348:
1294:
774:
748:Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (24 February 2014).
724:The Cambridge Companion to the Victorian Novel
649:. J. B. Lippincott & Company. p. 125.
595:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 82–3.
57:Administration of Lord Liverpool and the press
1418:
1108:
948:
861:
727:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–7.
720:
693:
676:
659:
615:
502:Michael O'Neill; Madeleine Callaghan (2013).
1458:1861 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1244:. Manchester University Press. p. 261.
1237:
1222:
1196:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1163:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1082:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1049:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1015:
921:
895:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
808:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
562:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
432:Sally Ledger; Holly Furneaux (2 June 2011).
234:, and advertisement duty at a flat rate of 1
1483:History of mass media in the United Kingdom
1325:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
1157:Matthew, H. C. G. "Gibson, Thomas Milner".
754:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
505:The Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley
438:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
123:
1412:
1321:
975:
834:
588:
213:Continuing campaign and Knowledge Chartism
1493:History of taxation in the United Kingdom
1382:. Indiana University Press. p. 148.
802:Schmidt, Barbara Quinn. "Francis, John".
1043:Taylor, Miles. "Collet, Collet Dobson".
29:
1405:Bookseller: The Organ of the Book Trade
1328:. Oxford University Press. p. 79.
1193:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1160:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1079:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1046:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
892:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
889:Mitchell, Rosemary. "Knight, Charles".
805:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
559:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
556:Wiener, Joel H. "Hetherington, Henry".
14:
1445:
1355:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 143.
781:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 374.
415:Edinburgh Review, Or, Critical Journal
418:. A. and C. Black. 1836. p. 126.
143:National Union of the Working Classes
85:.). The duty had risen over time to 4
1453:1712 establishments in Great Britain
888:
529:Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor (2009).
53:(1741–1809), a Scottish headmaster.
1349:James Eli Adams (17 January 2012).
1295:Stephanie Olsen (16 January 2014).
1156:
801:
778:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain
24:
1225:Guardian; biography of a newspaper
1189:
1042:
555:
25:
1504:
1419:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
1408:. J. Whitaker. 1861. p. 215.
1352:A History of Victorian Literature
1109:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
949:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
862:Paul Schlicke (3 November 2011).
721:Deirdre David (18 October 2012).
694:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
1468:19th century in economic history
1463:18th century in economic history
1076:Lee, Matthew. "Moore, Richard".
841:. Scarecrow Press. p. 272.
775:Chris Williams (15 April 2008).
298:(opposition to medical jargon).
265:London Working Men's Association
1396:
1369:
1342:
1315:
1288:
1258:
1231:
1216:
1183:
1150:
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915:
882:
855:
828:
795:
768:
741:
714:
687:
670:
653:
636:
535:. Academia Press. p. 454.
464:. C. Knight. 1839. p. 195.
358:
343:End of the "taxes on knowledge"
1425:. A&C Black. p. 124.
835:Ross Eaman (12 October 2009).
643:George Jacob Holyoake (1875).
609:
582:
549:
522:
495:
468:
452:
406:
321:. The President from 1850 was
175:
94:Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act
13:
1:
1322:Joel Mokyr (13 August 2003).
1301:. A&C Black. p. 21.
1115:. A&C Black. p. 16.
955:. A&C Black. p. 15.
616:Harold Silver (16 May 2012).
589:Joss Marsh (15 August 1998).
1376:Patrick Brantlinger (1998).
1210:UK public library membership
1177:UK public library membership
1096:UK public library membership
1063:UK public library membership
976:W P McCann (15 April 2013).
922:D. G. Wright (6 June 2014).
909:UK public library membership
822:UK public library membership
700:. A&C Black. p. 5.
576:UK public library membership
7:
868:. OUP Oxford. p. 407.
260:Library of Useful Knowledge
194:Chancellor of the Exchequer
10:
1509:
1478:19th century in mass media
1473:18th century in mass media
1274:. Routledge. p. 130.
1190:Hewitt, M. "Watts, John".
683:. Charles Ely. p. 49.
666:. Charles Ely. p. 37.
508:. OUP Oxford. p. 90.
435:Charles Dickens in Context
1271:Money's Fiscal Dictionary
982:. Routledge. p. 84.
928:. Routledge. p. 99.
622:. Routledge. p. 62.
838:The A to Z of Journalism
481:. Routledge. p. 8.
399:
290:(the "Barker Library"),
124:The War of the Unstamped
67:Liverpool administration
1227:. Collins. p. 126.
250:; paper duty had been 3
138:The Poor Man's Guardian
135:. His unstamped paper,
1202:10.1093/ref:odnb/28890
1169:10.1093/ref:odnb/10637
1088:10.1093/ref:odnb/19145
1055:10.1093/ref:odnb/42336
901:10.1093/ref:odnb/15716
814:10.1093/ref:odnb/10075
677:John Crawfurd (1836).
660:John Crawfurd (1836).
568:10.1093/ref:odnb/13136
274:advocated, within the
108:Thomas Jonathan Wooler
35:
1488:History of newspapers
1238:Edward Royle (1974).
1223:David Ayerst (1971).
1016:Logie Barrow (1986).
258:the publisher of the
254:. per pound to 1837.
100:, the Hunt brothers (
33:
323:Thomas Milner Gibson
319:Collet Dobson Collet
77:, at the level of a
18:War of the Unstamped
374:The Daily Telegraph
353:Budget Finance Bill
336:Manchester Guardian
315:William Edwin Adams
1266:L.G. Chiozza Money
1002:T. H. E. Travers,
280:Knowledge Chartism
190:Thomas Spring Rice
133:Henry Hetherington
39:Taxes on knowledge
36:
1432:978-1-4725-1456-1
1362:978-0-470-67239-6
1335:978-0-19-510507-0
1308:978-1-4725-1009-9
1281:978-1-317-29533-4
1268:(17 March 2016).
1251:978-0-7190-0557-2
1208:(Subscription or
1175:(Subscription or
1122:978-1-4725-1456-1
1094:(Subscription or
1061:(Subscription or
1029:978-0-7100-9883-2
989:978-1-135-03102-2
962:978-1-4725-1456-1
935:978-1-317-87065-4
907:(Subscription or
875:978-0-19-964018-8
848:978-0-8108-7067-3
820:(Subscription or
788:978-1-4051-4309-7
761:978-1-107-72939-1
734:978-1-107-00513-6
707:978-1-4725-1456-1
629:978-1-136-46121-7
602:978-0-226-50691-3
574:(Subscription or
542:978-90-382-1340-8
515:978-0-19-955836-0
488:978-1-317-86477-6
445:978-0-521-88700-7
349:William Gladstone
294:(self-help), and
276:Chartist movement
270:Hetherington and
201:trade association
16:(Redirected from
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