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963:. He almost at once marched against Vannes. The siege dragged on and a French army was assembled to meet him, but on 19 January 1343, before any major engagements could be fought, the two kings agreed upon a new truce. Vannes was taken into papal custody. With John of Montfort in prison, his son an infant, and his wife recently gone mad, the places under Montfortist control were in practice administered from London, with a large permanent English garrison at Brest.
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for treason. During the summer and autumn, the
Montfortist party fell apart. Even those who had been John of Montfort's staunchest allies now considered it futile to continue the struggle. It, therefore, mattered little that in March 1345 John finally managed to escape to England. With no adherents of note of his own, he was now little more than a figurehead for English ambitions in Brittany.
1067:. The combat took place midway between the two towns on 26 March 1351. By nightfall the Anglo-Breton Montfortists had lost nine dead against six of the pro-French knights; the surviving Montfortists were forced to surrender. Though renowned at the time, and later highly romanticised, the combat had no effect on the outcome of the war.
870:. But in 1340, John III reconciled himself with his half-brother, and made a will that appointed John of Montfort the heir of Brittany. On 30 April 1341, John III died. His last words on the succession, uttered on his deathbed, were, "For God's sake leave me alone and do not trouble my spirit with such things".
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in early March 1344. The city fell by assault on 1 May and, as usual at that time, this meant the slaughter of civilians in huge numbers, estimated between 1,400 and 2,000. The
English prisoners were held for ransom, but the Breton and Norman captives were dispatched to Paris where they were executed
1182:
did not oppose the elevation of John, fearing that he might declare homage to Edward of
England, his protector and former father-in-law (Mary having died in 1361). In addition, France was clearly depleted in the context of the Hundred Years' War. He therefore recognized John as Duke. By this action,
1095:, who needed to continue the war between England and France to maintain his own power, decided to intervene by assassinating the Constable. He then switched his support to France in exchange for territory. The treaty was negated, but Charles of Blois had been freed, and returned to Brittany as Duke.
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The follow-up was less impressive. Further operations were delayed until July when
Montfort attempted the recapture of Quimper. However, news had reached the French government that Edward's main campaign had been canceled and they were able to send reinforcements from Normandy. With his strengthened
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in 1356. The French state was virtually paralysed. In 1362, when the younger John de
Montfort reached 22 years of age, King Edward permitted him to return to Brittany. His return was conditioned by a covenant not to marry without permission, given in pledge of several fortresses. On arrival, John
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In the end, Edward decided upon
Normandy as the landing spot for his 1346 campaign. Northampton was recalled and Thomas Dagworth was appointed as deputy lieutenant. It was during a tour through the English strongholds on 9 June that Dagworth and his escort were trapped by Charles of Blois and his
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Edward III signed the Treaty of
Westminster on 1 March 1353, accepting Charles of Blois as Duke of Brittany if the latter undertook to pay a ransom of 300,000 crowns, and that Brittany signed a treaty of alliance "in perpetuity" with England; this alliance was to be sealed by the marriage of the
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In Paris, John of
Montfort was released from prison on 1 September 1343 in return for a huge bond and a promise to stay on his estates in the east. The English coastal garrisons held firm, but the Montfortist party continued to crumble. They had some successes, such as the expulsion of the papal
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The truce was to last until 29 September 1346 with the hopes that in the meantime the disputes between the two kingdoms could be permanently settled, but in
Brittany it made little difference. The truce bound the two kings and their followers, but Charles of Blois claimed to be fighting his own
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due to the proxy involvement of the French and
English monarchs in the conflict; the French supported the Blois (female heir) whilst the English backed the Montforts (male heir). The rival kings supported the Sovereign Duke of the principle opposite to their own claims to the French throne—the
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During the winter, Northampton fought a long and hard campaign with the apparent objective of seizing a harbour on the north side of the peninsula. Edward III had probably planned to land here with his main force during summer 1346. However, the English achieved very little for their efforts.
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in 1346, and at Calais in 1347. Without French support, Charles of Blois gradually began to lose ground to the English captains. The memory of the massacre at Quimper increased his unpopularity, and Breton traders had an economic interest in strengthening links with England due to Brittany's
1128:, had some successes, but when Bertrand left to take control of strongholds in Navarre and Normandy, Charles's advance halted at the unsuccessful siege of BĂ©cherel. Another opportunity to negotiate an agreement arose, but again Joan blocked negotiations. John de Montfort moved to besiege
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that John of Montfort had received English agents, the French Crown naturally took a more direct interest in their small neighbors situation. Charles of Blois became the official French candidate. Whatever had been his original intentions, John of Montfort was now forced to support
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once the truce ran out. The major part of the French army was therefore withdrawn, and Charles of Blois was left to pursue his claim on his own. Charles soon proved himself to be an able soldier: Rennes and Vannes were taken and many of the Montfortist captains defected.
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between England and France had broken out four years earlier, in 1337. In 1341, there was a truce between the two countries, but there was little doubt that hostilities would be renewed when the truce ended in June 1342. Thus, when rumours reached
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was kidnapped by the Penthièvres in 1420, in violation of the treaty. The Montfortists declared that the treaty had been broken, and as such were no longer required to accept its succession provisions. This became significant when
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John III strongly disliked the children of his father's second marriage. He spent the first years of his reign attempting to have this marriage annulled and his half-siblings bastardized. When this failed, he tried to ensure that
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in 1347, Charles was taken prisoner as he tried to recapture the town, which had just been taken by the English. He was jailed for five years in the Tower of London. The English now controlled Brest, Quimper, and Vannes.
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Duke, but with significant territory still controlled by the Montfortists. Outside events again began to have an effect on the conflict. A plague struck France and the King himself was captured by the English at the
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Most of the nobility supported Charles of Blois, so if John of Montfort was to have any chance, it was dependent upon swift action before organized resistance could be made. John quickly took possession of the
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Edward III was bound by the truce not to take any offensive action in France. Nothing in it, however, hindered France from subduing rebellious vassals. In November, after a short siege and defeat at the
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on 29 September 1364. This battle marked the end of this long conflict: Charles of Blois was killed and Joan of Penthièvre, finding herself a widow, saw her cause collapse. Du Guesclin was captured and
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he won the friendship of the Breton nobility. In December 1366, he received the oath of the new duke who surprisingly did not pledge allegiance to Edward, recognizing Charles as his sovereign instead.
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Edward III decided to repudiate the truce in summer 1345, a year before it was due to run out. As part of his larger strategy, a force was dispatched to Brittany under the joint leadership of the
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Montfortist claimant John of Montfort (son of the earlier John of Montfort) with Edward's daughter Mary. The marriage required the approval of the King of France and a papal dispensation.
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army, Charles of Blois broke the siege. Routed, Montfort fled back to Hennebont where he fell ill and died on 16 September. The heir to the Montfortist cause was his five-year-old son,
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which established John of Montfort as Duke of Brittany. He did not reject completely the claims of the Penthièvre family, and established the following law of succession in Brittany:
1811:
1047:, the English, French, and Bretons negotiated a peace, while both factions maintained an uneasy balance of power within the Sovereign Duchy. It was during this period that the
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1211:– John III dies without heirs. Joan of Penthièvre and Charles of Blois became Duchess and Duke of Brittany. John of Montfort refuses to accept and calls for the help of King
1251:, several minor battles are won and lost by both parts, several truces are signed and broken. Joanna of Flanders becomes mentally ill and is institutionalized in a convent.
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in 1364 but, in a surprising turn of events, pledged his loyalty to the King of France and not to the Plantagenet king of England who had supported him.
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on 18 August 1342. Northampton then made his way inland and besieged Morlaix after an unsuccessful initial attack. The siege was lifted after the
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attempted to reach agreement with Charles of Blois to make peace and share Brittany, but Charles's wife Joan urged him to resist and crush John.
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by the citizens. He was offered safe conduct to negotiate a settlement with Charles of Blois, but when this led nowhere he was thrown in prison.
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1014:. They dug in on a hilltop and fought off all attacks until nightfall when Charles was forced to retreat leaving many of his wounded behind.
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in western Brittany but was driven into Brest and besieged, the siege being broken by the arrival of an English army under the
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custodians from Vannes, but with no unifying leadership, mostly they were reduced to pleading for men and money from London.
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At this point events outside Brittany started to have an effect on the war. The French suffered a major defeat at the
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separate war and was therefore not bound by any truce. The brutal small-scale fighting continued at the same pace.
1225:, wife of Montfort. An English army relieves the siege and forces the Blois to a truce, broken shortly afterwards.
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Up to this point, the succession crisis had been a purely internal affair. But to complicate things further, the
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1287:. Surprisingly, the new duke declares himself as a vassal, not to the English king who helped him, but to King
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took place, a famous episode in medieval chivalry. Conflicts between the French and English strongholds of
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and John of Montfort. Within a week of their landing in June, the English had their first victory when Sir
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1283:– John IV is recognized as Duke of Brittany and Joan of Penthièvre gives up any claim to the duchy in the
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990:, one of Northampton's lieutenants, raided central Brittany and defeated Charles of Blois at Cadoret near
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842:(d. 1331). From Yolande, Arthur had another son, also named John, who became Count of Montfort. (See
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She would also receive 10,000 livres of annual rent taken from the French territories of the enemy.
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Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400: Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate
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would never inherit the Sovereign Duchy. Since John III was childless, his heir of choice became
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In the absence of male offspring, it would switch to males of the family of Penthièvre;
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Northern Brittany was Joan of Penthièvre's home region and resistance there was stiff.
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Princely Power in Late Medieval France: Jeanne de Penthièvre and the War for Brittany
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and Charles of Blois are heavily defeated by John IV and the English warlord
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The situation remained in stalemate for some time, with Charles of Blois as
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The Duchy would be transmitted from male to male in the family of Montfort;
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failed to produce a male heir, allowing the duchy to pass to his daughter
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1231:– Charles takes Quimper with the help of a French army, courtesy of King
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Joan retained the prerogative of Penthièvre and the Viscouncy of Limoges.
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1277:. Charles is killed in action, ending the Blois pretensions in Brittany.
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766:. It was fought between 1341 and 12 April 1365. It is also known as the
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on 30 September. In Paris it was feared that Edward III would land at
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by male succession. Montfort was ultimately successful following the
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strategic position between the Atlantic and English Channel. At the
198:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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were resolved in a duel between thirty Montfortist knights led by
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834:. From his first marriage, he had three sons, including his heir
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A 19th-century painting depicting the "combat of the thirty" (
778:) due to the involvement of two rival duchesses of that name (
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
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married twice, first to Mary of Limoges (1275–1291), then to
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The war resumed in 1363 when Charles de Blois, assisted by
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1346:
Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485
1812:
14th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
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In late November, Edward III arrived with his army at
830:(1263–1322), countess of Montfort and widow of king
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1336:
1063:, and thirty supporters of Charles de Blois led by
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1343:Ronald H. Fritze; William Baxter Robison (2002).
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1333:
798:having claimed it by female succession, and the
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924:, John of Montfort was forced to surrender at
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789:The war formed an integral part of the early
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16:Part of the Hundred Years' War (1341 to 1365)
1157:Peace was concluded on 12 April 1365 by the
1372:"Mediaeval European History, A.D. 455–1453"
1349:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 231.
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1692:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356
1398:Graham-Goering, Erika (31 March 2020).
1369:
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1377:
887:and then seized the Ducal treasury at
311:French strategic and political victory
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1378:Tanner, Heather J. (9 January 2019).
607:
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1321:List of wars of succession in Europe
163:
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
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1787:Conflicts of the Hundred Years' War
1571:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
1474:Second War of Scottish Independence
1374:. E. Benn – via Google Books.
655:Second War of Scottish Independence
13:
1566:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
14:
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36:This article has multiple issues.
1235:, and slaughters 2000 civilians.
736:guerre de Succession de Bretagne
719:, depicted in the Chronicles of
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1370:Jenkins, Claude (13 May 1929).
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77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
1404:. Cambridge University Press.
1363:
1132:with renowned English warlord
1098:
931:It now fell upon John's wife,
101:"War of the Breton Succession"
1:
1797:Civil wars of the Middle Ages
1326:
1306:Dukes of Brittany family tree
1202:
844:Dukes of Brittany family tree
809:
754:for control of the Sovereign
746:) was a conflict between the
744:Brezel hĂŞrezh dugelezh Breizh
1777:Military history of Brittany
1767:War of the Breton Succession
1661:War of the Breton Succession
1519:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
1484:War of the Breton Succession
1193:Francis II, Duke of Brittany
728:War of the Breton Succession
695:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
660:War of the Breton Succession
505:War of the Breton Succession
247:War of the Breton Succession
7:
1295:
1091:, negotiated the deal, but
1026:Capture of Charles of Blois
780:Jeanne (Joanna) of Flanders
194:the claims made and adding
10:
1843:
1076:Octave Penguilly L'Haridon
1037:Battle of La Roche-Derrien
1018:Tide turns against Charles
717:John III, Duke of Brittany
1674:
1651:Armagnacs and Burgundians
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1579:
1538:
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1466:
1459:
1414:– via Google Books.
1394:– via Google Books.
1145:by Charles V for 100,000
1107:The Battle of Auray, 1364
832:Alexander III of Scotland
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308:Montfort military victory
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1717:Battle of La Brossinière
1188:John V, Duke of Brittany
1159:First Treaty of Guérande
363:House of Châtillon-Blois
1551:Edward the Black Prince
776:guerre des deux Jeannes
337:House of Dreux-Montfort
1807:14th-century conflicts
1792:14th century in France
1727:Battle of the Herrings
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922:Battle of Champtoceaux
874:First stage of the war
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768:War of the Two Jeannes
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392:Commanders and leaders
1489:War of the Two Peters
1316:War of the Two Peters
1249:Between 1346 and 1364
1213:Edward III of England
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1093:Charles II of Navarre
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945:naval battle of Brest
914:Edward III of England
752:Montforts of Brittany
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670:War of the Two Peters
1802:Politics of Brittany
1682:Battle of Saint-Omer
1271:Bertrand du Guesclin
1256:Combat of the Thirty
1126:Bertrand du Guesclin
1049:Combat of the Thirty
1043:Under pressure from
784:Jeanne de Penthièvre
280:1341 – 12 April 1365
86:improve this article
1742:Battle of Castillon
1702:Battle of Agincourt
1666:Castilian Civil War
1504:Despenser's Crusade
1494:Castilian Civil War
1289:Charles V of France
1233:Philip VI of France
1180:Charles V of France
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941:Earl of Northampton
916:as King of France.
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840:count of Penthièvre
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665:Castilian Civil War
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1737:Battle of Formigny
1722:Battle of Verneuil
1697:Battle of Poitiers
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1311:Hundred Years' War
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1223:Joanna of Flanders
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1263:29 September 1364
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103: –
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75:This article
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1384:. Springer.
1380:
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1275:John Chandos
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1153:Peace treaty
1134:John Chandos
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518:Champtoceaux
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323:Belligerents
252:Part of the
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96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
1646:Chevauchées
1612:Joan of Arc
1607:Charles VII
1099:Final phase
860:la Boiteuse
796:Plantagenet
715:Funeral of
142:August 2012
1761:Categories
1602:Charles VI
1546:Edward III
1327:References
1203:Chronology
1010:army near
810:Background
573:The Thirty
204:March 2021
188:improve it
112:newspapers
41:improve it
1656:Jacquerie
1597:Charles V
1587:Philip VI
1199:in 1488.
937:Hennebont
838:and Guy,
820:Yorkshire
758:, then a
583:Montmuran
533:Hennebont
192:verifying
47:talk page
1296:See also
1143:ransomed
1113:de facto
1057:Ploërmel
1053:Josselin
992:Josselin
883:capital
836:John III
750:and the
538:Guérande
290:Brittany
285:Location
1675:Battles
1641:Battles
1634:General
1592:John II
1561:Henry V
1539:English
1532:Leaders
1467:General
1078:, 1857)
976:Quimper
943:at the
889:Limoges
822:. Duke
762:of the
558:Cadoret
553:Morlaix
543:Quimper
459:†
186:Please
126:scholar
1627:events
1580:French
1460:Phases
1408:
1388:
1353:
1147:francs
1087:, the
953:Calais
926:Nantes
897:Vannes
893:Rennes
885:Nantes
800:Valois
772:French
740:Breton
732:French
588:Rennes
578:Mauron
528:Vannes
523:Nantes
455:
297:Result
128:
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107:
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1625:Major
1178:King
1130:Auray
961:Brest
881:ducal
593:Auray
548:Brest
133:JSTOR
119:books
1406:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1281:1365
1243:John
1239:1345
1229:1344
1219:1343
1055:and
1000:John
895:and
782:and
760:fief
726:The
438:Sir
277:Date
105:news
846:.)
818:in
786:).
190:by
88:by
1763::
1396:;
1376:;
1335:^
1304:–
1269:.
1265:–
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