War of Brothers - Knowledge

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region southward, launched an offensive similar to its earlier January campaign, though this time the initial push came from Jbaa. According to Amal's account of the events, the village of Ain Qana was attacked first, shortly after mortar fire targeted the movement's positions throughout the Iqlim, followed by Kfar Fila. A subsequent counteroffensive by Amal failed to regain much ground. To the north, an Amal installation near Bouslaiya was ambushed from two directions, one being Jbaa and the other Mjaydal. The latter saw repeated clashes, after which Hezbollah militants reportedly withdrew from the village. Hundreds of families had already left the Iqlim when the mobilizations began days earlier, while others set up checkpoints near the Amal-held villages of Ain Qana, Arabsalim and Mjaydal to limit the infiltration of Hezbollah affiliates to the region. Hezbollah fighters, who were less numerous but better equipped than Amal's, had managed to occupy Ain Qana, Kfar Fila and Bouslaiya during their initial offensive, with conflicting reports over Kfar Melki. The following day, Amal commenced another counteroffensive, backed by artillery strikes on Jbaa, but failed to make any significant advances on Kfar Fila. Its fighters did, however, manage to penetrate Ain Qana. To the north, Amal fortified its positions in Mjaydal, fearing further incursions by Hezbollah. The fighting devolved into minor skirmishing by nightfall, and was widely condemned by Lebanese Shiite figures like Qabalan and other politicians, such as

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backed by rocket and artillery bombardment, on Jbaa. As part of the negotiations, Hezbollah said it would hand over the people responsible for the previous year's assassination of Amal's three commanders to Syrian authorities, on condition that it be allowed a strip of land in Amal territory from which it could launch armed assaults on Israeli and SLA targets, and that it be given a leading position in Amal's South Lebanon operations room. Those were some of the main points of contention during the meetings. A preliminary three-point agreement was reached in Damascus on January 25, which was announced by Syria and Iran, giving way to an official ceasefire arrangement. Until this moment, over 140 people had been killed in the January fighting. The ceasefire collapsed hours later, however, when both sides re-engaged in fighting over Jbaa that same day. The exchange of rocket and cannon fire intensified after 1:30 p.m., when Amal fired upon Jbaa and Ain Bouswar using 122mm and 130mm long-distance artillery weapons stationed in Sarba, Zefta and Marwania. Hezbollah retaliated by shelling Amal locations in Kfar Fila and Ain Qana. Fighting escalated in southern Beirut the following day around Amal's headquarters in Tahouitet al-Ghadir and in other parts of the suburbs. Amal blamed the Beirut escalation on Hezbollah. Both movements resumed the exchange of artillery fire in the Iqlim at 9:30 p.m., and reinforced their front lines there.

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around 9 p.m. and later on spread to the areas surrounding the Iranian Embassy, near the road to the airport. Clashes resumed on July 8 at 9:25 p.m., and the following escalation resulted in serious damage to property, especially in Haret Hreik and the Iranian Embassy's surroundings. The situation remained tense and both sides were on high alert, despite joint diplomatic efforts in the Syrian capital to enforce the Damascus Agreement. Sniper shots in Ghobeiry and Haret Hreik during the early dawn hours of July 9 led to a re-escalation of fighting, with both sides clashing at the entrances of Dahieh with machine guns and artillery, almost isolating the suburbs from the rest of West Beirut. The fighting, which led to 9 deaths, was happening while Berri was on an official visit to Tehran. Amal said that it had conducted an offensive at around 3:30 p.m. to reclaim its Ouzai possessions that were lost two days earlier, accusing its rival of having started the fighting when Hezbollah elements infiltrated its territory in the area. The situation gradually calmed following the deployment of joint security committees in Ghobeiry and Hayy Farhat, which called for a ceasefire that evening. A Syrian Army contingent consisting of 300 soldiers deployed along the path from Ouzai to the main coastal road at around 8:45 p.m., and other forces stationed themselves in different conflict zones to separate the warring sides.

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at 5 p.m., and was enforced by the Syrian Army which started deploying in coordination with the joint Security Committee. Both sides started mobilizing afterwards throughout West Beirut and the southern suburbs of Dahieh. Limited clashes took place an hour later around the Souks and in the Lija neighborhood, and gradually diminished towards nightfall. From that point, overnight, only intermittent gunshots were heard in the area. Another ceasefire was officially announced at 8 a.m. the following morning while Syrian troops were still deploying, but it was followed by occasional street battles that took place in the Bourj Abi Haydar and Wadi Abu Jamil regions, as well as in the Iranian Cultural Moustasharia's surroundings further south. By 2 p.m., the situation had been largely contained by the Syrian Army, which had set up over twenty checkpoints throughout the conflict zone and sent armed patrols to West Beirut and the southern Dahieh suburbs, with orders to shoot any armed individual on sight. Nine deaths were confirmed since the beginning of the violence in Beirut, and the origins of this escalation remained obscure.

1385:. The latter town was taken over by Hezbollah with relatively no violence, when its militants entered the homes of Amal members and disarmed them. Then the fighting in Machghara intensified at around 4 p.m., where Amal managed to retain only a small pocket near the town's northern entrance. Most of the Western Beqaa villages had come under Hezbollah's control by the end of the day. Amal was decisively defeated and lost its foothold in the region, and 15 people in total were killed, among them two Amal commanders in Sohmor. A joint Security Committee was formed, consisting of representatives from the warring factions, as well as Iranian Embassy and Syrian Army officials. The committee intervened to enforce a ceasefire agreement at 11:00 a.m. on December 5, and was handed over 29 Amal members held captive by Hezbollah. The situation gradually returned to normality, while militants and artillery installations were withdrawn from the conflict zone as part of the ceasefire's terms. The committee and the Red Cross coordinated the evacuation of the injured. 1156:, who had threatened to "eradicate any militia presence" in the areas under Syrian control, in response to the incident. They both agreed upon another ceasefire, which broke down two days later on May 15. A seventh ceasefire came into effect the following night, but it foundered like the ones before it, and clashes were renewed on May 17. Hezbollah now controlled up to 90% of the suburbs, and about 250 people had been killed since the fighting began. The Syrian government was already considering taking matters into its own hands and had deployed between 5,000 and 7,000 troops to West Beirut who, by May 18, were told by their superiors that it was only a question of time before they marched on Dahieh. Hezbollah warned that Western hostages held in the suburbs would be killed should Syrian troops enter the area, while Berri was lobbying for Syria's Assad to intervene. Iran, fearing an armed confrontation between Syria and Hezbollah, intensified its diplomatic efforts to delay the planned Syrian intervention. 1182:(LF), during the clashes. Hezbollah quickly denied the accusation but confirmed that some of its members were still in captivity. It accused Amal of employing torture and of trying to undermine the Islamic resistance. There were spillover confrontations between the two in the Beqaa Valley both during the Beirut fighting and two months later in July. The Beqaa clashes drew two local families in the region on a collision course, as each was backing one of the warring factions. On 13 August a Hizbollah leader, Sheikh Ali Krayyim, was assassinated at an Amal checkpoint in South Lebanon. Further disagreements over a number of issues during the mediation attempts were accompanied by occasional skirmishes, kidnappings and executions, which began to intensify in September that year. In early October, three Amal leaders were assassinated in a Hizbollah ambush in southern Beirut. The killing of the three, Daoud Daoud commander in the 1250:, and clashes ended the following morning on January 9, when it managed to retake the town following violent confrontations there between 7 and 10 a.m., during which hand grenades and melee weapons were used. The movement started conducting house-to-house raids in search of remaining Hezbollah elements in Kfar Fila after recapturing it. Its forces had done the same earlier in the villages of Kfar Heta and Kfar Melki, following Hezbollah's retreat from them and from the village of Mjaydal. A Lebanese security delegation visiting those villages noted in its report that it had found dozens of bodies along the streets there, and that the town of Kfar Fila was being shelled intermittently by Hezbollah artillery installations in Luwayza, Ain Bouswar and Jabal Safi. A group of women rallied in protest against the violence in Kfar Heta, and a 1304:, president of the Supreme Islamic Shiite Council (SISC). Hezbollah's Tufayli and Musawi said they had welcomed the proposal in theory but sought guarantees that they would be allowed to pursue resistance operations against Israel. Another general strike, organized by Amal, took place that day and involved different parts of Lebanon, including the south, the Dahieh suburb of Beirut and the Beqaa, condemning the events of "Black Saturday" and other "massacres" which it accused Hezbollah of having committed earlier that month. By January 16, the conflict had been limited to relatively minor exchanges over the front lines that were drawn during the previous Iqlim fighting. Both Amal and Hezbollah disengaged for a period of time, as part of an unofficial ceasefire, to allow members of the 1428:, Hezbollah carried out an assault on Jernaya on the night of December 25, capturing the hill. Clashes took place the next day on the Jarjouh-Ain Bouswar front line. Hezbollah, which reportedly deployed 500 more fighters to the Iqlim since the war began, appeared to be pushing towards Jarjouh and Arabsalim, which were still controlled by Amal. On the same day, Berri made a visit to the Iqlim in an attempt to boost his men's morale. He spent that night near the front lines, where he met with senior Amal commanders and urged them to abide by a ceasefire that was proposed in Damascus. Clashes around Kfar Fila and Ain Qana had toned down considerably by then, but there was still fighting in the Jarjouh front on December 27. Iranian deputy foreign minister, 806: 730: 1227:

suburbs to West Beirut. The fighting later spread to Iqlim al-Tuffah in South Lebanon on January 2, 1989. It also spread to Beirut's downtown and the Khandaq al-Ghamiq district, two Syrian-controlled parts of West Beirut, on January 7. Clashes lasted for three hours there before Syrian troops intervened. The conflict was, by then, centered in Beirut. There were still occasional clashes in the Iqlim, however. On January 6, Amal accused its rival of shelling a house in Jbaa, while Hezbollah accused Amal of pounding its positions in Luwayza and Jabal Safi. Hezbollah blamed the violence on Amal and said that it had repelled a two-way assault by the latter on Nabi Safi.

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quickly escalated the following morning at around 7:45 a.m., after six hours of relative calm. Both sides engaged in burning and looting of property along Lija Street and the Salim Salam Bridge. Syrian troops intervened in neighborhoods where the clashes hadn't spread yet, to prevent spill over fighting there. A joint security team, comprising Amal, Hezbollah and Syrian forces, started patrolling the conflict zone at 8:30 p.m. to enforce the Damascus ceasefire. Representatives from both sides later met with Syria's Ali Hammoud at his office in the Beau Rivage Hotel in Beirut, and announced their commitment to the ceasefire.

1113:, overrunning Hezbollah positions in the neighborhood within the first 36 hours of fighting. The following day, however, a large combined Hezbollah-IRGC force, the latter assembling from the Beqaa Valley, penetrated the suburbs without being detected by Syrian troops. They rapidly advanced on Amal positions in a carefully planned offensive. An intervention by the Iranian Embassy established a 16-hour ceasefire that night, before which Hezbollah had occupied key positions in the area. Fighting was renewed the following afternoon, and persisted on a daily basis for the next few days, with intermittent ceasefire attempts. Syrian colonel 918: 901:, who would later become Hezbollah's first secretary-general, among several others. During this conference, Khomeini encouraged his guests to form a resistance movement against Israel in South Lebanon. Meanwhile, the IRGC delegation, stationed in the Beqaa Valley, helped form the nucleus of Hezbollah's leadership after a recruitment campaign that managed to gather several Lebanese clerics in its ranks. At the same time, the military wing of this movement grew rapidly as a result of extensive Iranian funding and training. Among the constituent groups of Hezbollah were the Muslim Student Union and the 1259:. The movement had mobilized 300 militiamen in Tyre to reinforce its counteroffensive in the Iqlim. It said it had surrounded Hezbollah elements in a section of Jbaa that it claimed to have reoccupied there, following clashes that began at 9:30 a.m. on the outskirts of the town from the side overlooking Ain Qana. Amal then gathered more than 1,000 fighters to reinforce its positions, while Hezbollah brought 500 from the Beqaa. Armed militiamen were present on the entrances of villages and towns throughout the 142: 1191:

Syrian authorities. The situation escalated in mid-October, despite attempts by Hezbollah to blame a third party. Clashes erupted in the Chyah district and in the Beqaa. The Beirut conflict intensified the following month, leaving 30 fatalities, following a car bombing which almost killed four leading Hezbollah officials on November 21, including Subhi al-Tufayli. The confrontations, for the first time since 1987, spread to Syrian-controlled parts of West Beirut and to the

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use of heavy artillery weapons. Hezbollah announced that it had repelled an Amal offensive on Ain Bouswar, and that the town was being shelled, along with Jbaa, from Amal positions in the villages of Sarba and Al-Zahrani. Ten Amal members who were killed during earlier clashes were buried in Kfar Heta that day, and the funeral procession was accompanied by a pro-Amal demonstration. On January 11, Amal launched a series of raids throughout the

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Cross left the area. Amal blamed the escalation on Hezbollah, and said that it had repelled an assault by the latter when it took advantage of Israeli artillery strikes on Amal's positions in Jarjouh, an event which Hezbollah flatly denied. On January 19, Amal struck Hezbollah positions in Jabal Safi from Sarba, and clashes took place on the Kfar Fila-Jbaa and Jarjouh-Ain Bouswar front lines, as well as in Beirut's Dahieh.

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peacekeeping force rather than a primarily Syrian one. There was also uncertainty over the issue of Hezbollah's re-establishment in South Lebanon. Fighting resumed on May 24, and Amal had lost its remaining possessions in Ghobeiry, retaining solely the district of Chyah in south Beirut. The following day, however, Assad and leading Hezbollah representatives reached an agreement in the Syrian port city of

22: 1263:, and masked men were detaining Hezbollah affiliates at roadblocks in the conflict zone and in Tyre. 20,000 refugees had moved from Iqlim al-Tuffah to either Sidon or further south, and at least 51 people were killed during these two days. Among those killed were a senior Amal official, former head of Nabi Berri’s bodyguard, along with ten people in his entourage, including relatives and bodyguards. 190: 1122:

wounded. Representatives from Syria, Iran, Amal and Hezbollah convened at the Iranian Embassy in Beirut and formed the Quadripartite Committee that day, aiming to put an end to the conflict. They formulated a ceasefire, and a joint security force involving Syrian troops, the IRGC and fighters from both Amal and Hezbollah started patrolling the suburbs on May 12 as part of the agreement's terms.

830:(PLO) in Shiite lands in the south and its use of methods like torture, increased tension between the two parties. At first, the Shiites, particularly the ones living in the south, were generally supportive of the PLO, to which Amal was originally allied. But relations between the PLO and Amal were further strained by the latter's decision to support the Syrian intervention of 1976 against the 885:(IRGC) delegation in the form of religious scholars and military officials. The Syrian government's concern by the possibility of Israeli influence among the Shiites of the south in the wake of the 1982 IDF invasion motivated its decision to allow the IRGC delegation to operate freely in the country, despite Syrian wariness of the prospect of Iran's clerical entrenchment in Lebanon. 1128:"We greatly value our alliance with Iran, but our regional allies must respect our position … our role is above all other considerations. In their operations, our allies should pay attention to our interests and to those of our friends. The movements of some have become a threat to the Syrian role. We shall not allow the creation of complications in the Lebanese arena." 1084:, which arrived in Lebanon earlier that month following the outbreak of violence, announced during a press conference on April 22 the creation of a five-member commission to solve the crisis that consisted of himself and representatives from Amal and Hezbollah. The commission, however, failed to convince the two sides to reach an agreement in regards to the presence of the 1335:

other main points were the recognition of Amal's responsibility for the security of South Lebanon, while allowing Hezbollah to resume political and social activities there, and the handing over of Dahieh, which was dominated by Hezbollah, to the Syrian-sponsored security plan for Beirut. Both sides also agreed to protect internationals working in Lebanon. As a result the

1077:, through which Amal attempted to pressure its rival, with Berri associating his movement's military successes to broad public support. Amal declared victory over "extremism and political kidnapping" by mid-April, announcing an end to Hezbollah's military presence in the south, and expelled a number of its rival's clerics to the Beqaa. 958:, became the target of multiple Iranian-backed assassination attempts perpetrated by Hezbollah and other pro-Khomeini elements in Lebanon. Assad's threat to the IRGC was materialized when he expelled 300 of its recruits from Baalbek following a complaint by Berri to the Syrian government over the attempts on his life. The hijacking of 1148:

suburbs, occupying the district of Awzai. As they reached the main road connecting the capital to Beirut International Airport, they clashed with a Syrian military contingent that was manning a checkpoint there, resulting in the deaths of five Hezbollah fighters and a Syrian soldier. Iranian deputy foreign minister

978:'s PLO in Lebanon. Hezbollah considered this sort of inter-Muslim fighting a distraction from the resistance to Israel, and Iran was keen to lift Amal's siege on the Palestinian camps, publicly denouncing its actions as beneficial to the Israelis, against whom it sought to create a Shiite-Palestinian coalition. 1700:

No significant territorial changes had occurred on the front lines since the January 9 counteroffensive by Amal until the signing of a ceasefire agreement on January 25. The village of Jbaa, along with Ain Bouswar, are strategically located at higher altitudes than the Amal-held villages of Kfar Fila

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Ideological differences between Khomeini's doctrine and that of Amal's Nabih Berri made it harder for Iran's new clerical regime to use Amal as a platform from which it could export the Islamic Revolution to Lebanon. Sadr was committed to a Shiite identity that is consistent with Lebanese nationalism

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at a Beirut mosque to protest the early clashes of the civil war. This earned him the admiration of both Shiites and non-Shiites. And although he supported the Palestinians by the early stages of the conflict, during which the Amal militia was primarily dedicated to protecting the Shiite community of

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On July 16, 1990, Hezbollah fighters overran the Amal-held village of Jarjouh, as well as Kfar Melki, the nearest village in Iqlim al-Tuffah to the port city of Sidon. After several failed attempts by Amal to recover Jarjouh the following week, the movement went instead on the offensive in Kfar Melki

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region. Syrian troops began deploying two hours later amid efforts to establish a ceasefire. The attempts failed after a short period of relative calm, and the fighting resumed at the edges of the Msaytbeh district, around Sanayeh Park, Haoud al-Wilaya Park and El Murr Tower. A ceasefire came through

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On December 20, Amal and Hezbollah started mobilizing in Iqlim al-Tuffah, amid increasing tension in the region. 2,000 Amal militiamen and 1,500 Palestinian fighters deployed to the Iqlim. A senior Hezbollah official said that it was only a matter of time before war broke out between the two rivals,

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on the night of December 3, 1989, at around 12 a.m., until a clear break from fighting took place from 7 to 9 a.m. the following morning, after which the violence re-escalated. Under the cover of repeated artillery shelling, both Amal and Hezbollah fighters raided each other's command centers in the

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of the Lebanese Army, fought Hezbollah in Beirut. They clashed once again in September, and this time the violence reportedly ended with a ceasefire, following an Iranian diplomatic intervention. Another confrontation took place in 1987, when over 2,500 Hezbollah supporters attempted a march on Tyre

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On its part, Amal was not only concerned because Palestinian fighters in Lebanon were increasing in number, but also because their camps were geographically located between its strongholds in West Beirut and Hezbollah-controlled Shiite districts in the city, where the latter was gaining influence at

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Both sides have disputed the origins of the Jarjouh escalation, amid mutual accusations. Hezbollah blamed it on a "surprise attack" by Amal on its positions in Ain Bouswar. In a statement the following morning, Berri accused Hezbollah of having "exploited" the ceasefire arrangements to launch their

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War eventually broke out on December 23 at around 4 a.m., despite mediation talks underway in the Syrian capital, which were later attended by Nabih Berri. The fighting began when Hezbollah, aiming to connect its encircled pocket in Jabal Safi to the Mediterranean coast westward and to the Nabatieh

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On January 30, 1989, representatives from Amal and Hezbollah signed the Damascus Agreement, a day after Syrian and Iranian officials gathered in Damascus and composed a draft of the document, before summoning the leaders of the warring factions to the Syrian capital. The agreement was supervised by

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Clashes were renewed on the night of January 22 while talks were underway in Damascus to end the conflict, following two days of relative calm in Dahieh and in the Iqlim. The situation escalated the following evening until the morning of January 24. Hezbollah said it had repelled an Amal offensive,

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Clashes re-erupted on December 31, 1988, at 3:30 p.m., until the intervention of a joint security committee two hours later, in the southern Chyah district of Beirut, as well as in the areas of Rawdat al-Shahidain, Abdel Karim al-Khalil and parts of Ghobeiry. Hundreds of families have fled the

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in Beirut which struck separate buildings housing MNF troops, killing 241 American soldiers and 58 French paratroopers. The movement also engaged in a series of kidnappings of foreigners and assassinations of politicians throughout the civil war. Given the criticism Syria has received for its links

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the basis for an independent state of their own. But due to the Christians' limited geographic distribution, the mandate was including Muslims' lands as well, which only contributed to the complication of the political situation. The situation gradually became better over the years, however, as the

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At 10 p.m. on the night of July 1, 1989, Amal and Hezbollah clashed once again in West Beirut, in the Khandaq al-Ghamiq and Zuqaq al-Blat districts. The fighting, the origins of which remained unclear, proceeded intermittently and gradually spread to other districts of Beirut, such as Msaytbeh. It

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in and out of the war zone. They organized funeral processions for their dead in Tyre and Dahieh respectively, which were accompanied by solidarity demonstrations. Both sides engaged in a war of accusations over the following days, accompanied by renewed clashes on January 17 shortly after the Red

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The fighting escalated in Jbaa on January 10 at around 11:30 a.m., as well as on the outskirts of Ain Bouswar. Amal deployed a relief force of about 500 fighters in the region encompassing Luwayza, Nabi Safi and Ain Bouswar, cutting off Hezbollah supply routes to the area. The battles saw the

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which allowed for a Syrian military deployment in the suburbs. Fighters from both sides were to withdraw from the streets and retreat to specific positions throughout the suburbs, and both factions were allowed to keep their offices. The death toll had so far reached 300. Syrian troops entered the

937:(MNF) in the country, as illustrated later by the "Open Letter", a constitutional document which it released in February 1985. The organization is widely credited with a series of attacks sponsored by Iran in the early 1980s, not long after which the MNF ceased to exist. Such incidents include the 853:

in 1978 against the PLO in South Lebanon, disproportionate damage was inflicted upon the Shiite community, as it was caught in the crossfire. Sadr himself criticized the PLO for provoking the conflict, and supporters of Amal shifted to blaming the Palestinians for their community's plight. Violent

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in South Lebanon before the expulsion of Hezbollah, the withdrawal of all militiamen from Jbaa and Ain Bouswar, the establishment of a common operations room to coordinate the "resistance" against Israel, and the allowance of the UNIFIL to operate freely in the country without being harassed. Two

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and Hassan Sbaiti, was a significant loss for Amal’s forces in the south of Lebanon. Amal responded by expelling Hezbollah affiliates and their families from its territory. It identified three individuals whom it accused of being involved in the assassinations, and demanded they be handed over to

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fighters also mobilized in Ain Bouswar and Jbaa, a Hezbollah-controlled town where Iranian physicians had arrived a month earlier and were assigned to field hospitals there. Berri received that day a delegation representing residents of the Iqlim, and reassured them that Amal would not allow the

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to Hezbollah, and were left in control of only Chyah and parts of Ghobeiry. Hezbollah, on the other hand, had occupied about 80% of the suburbs, including the districts of Hayy Ma'adi, Haret Hreik, Bir al-Abed and Hayy Muawwad. By this day, up to 150 people had been killed and hundreds more were

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In July 1975, a PLO officer, while instructing Shiite militants on the use of explosives in a training camp established by Amal, accidentally detonated a device which killed up to thirty Amal members. Because of the secretive nature of the Amal-PLO training program, Sadr was forced to admit the

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newspapers at a joint Amal-Hezbollah checkpoint in the Ouzai district of West Beirut resulted in street clashes which had spread by 2:30 p.m. to the Jnah and Bir Hassan districts. The fighting diminished an hour later following a Syrian Army deployment to the area, but flared once again at

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The ceasefire, however, collapsed 48 hours later. Opposition by Syria and Amal to the renewal of Hezbollah's pre-April presence in South Lebanon played a role in its failure to materialize. On May 13, Hezbollah began an offensive that pushed Amal fighters southward to the outer perimeter of the

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Another ceasefire agreement was reached by the Quadripartite Committee on May 21, and the fighting diminished. There was disagreement by Syrian and Amal representatives during the following negotiations in regards to an Iranian proposal, backed by Hezbollah, to establish a joint Syrian-Iranian

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following the Higgins incident. Hezbollah, while backing his captors' demands, denied any responsibility for the kidnapping. When Amal's operation spread to villages in the region which Hezbollah controlled, carrying out a series of arrests and home to home inspections, the latter responded by

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in which 23 Hezbollah militiamen were executed by the Syrians. Hezbollah fighters were placed on high alert following the massacre, while the movement's top leadership condemned it and demanded an apology. Following intense pressure from Iran the Syrians agreed to stop further activity against

1381:. By 2:30 p.m., Sohmor fell to Hezbollah following street battles there, where Amal's leading security official in the Western Beqaa was injured by an RPG strike on the movement's command center in the town. The Lebanese Army had set up checkpoints earlier at the entrances of Sohmor and 1710:

Hezbollah rejected the SISC's authority over the country's Shiite community. Amal, on the other hand, sought to establish the council as a superior authority and supported its mediation attempts. Qabalan later reiterated Amal's position, and called on both sides to respect the SISC and its

1412:" between the two movements, and a similar march was called for by Amal in Tyre. In Damascus, on December 22, Shamseddine met with Syrian and Iranian officials to discuss the situation in the Iqlim. At this point, about 1,500 Hezbollah fighters were reportedly stationed in the region. 1213:

Amal, later fearing a southward expansion by Hezbollah in the direction of Nabatieh, made a number of political moves, aiming to secure its other fronts in order to concentrate efforts on Hezbollah. Such moves included the signing of a peace agreement on December 22 with Arafat's

1424:, which hosted a "national Islamic summit" in its Sidon headquarters denouncing the violence. Meanwhile, in Damascus, the Amal delegation headed by Berri insisted on the evacuation of villages recently occupied by Hezbollah as a precondition to a proposed ceasefire. According to 1279:

stationed in Zefta, Arabsalim, Marwania and Houmine al-Fawqa, about 600 Amal fighters participated in the offensive, and made no significant territorial gains. Hezbollah, which was still controlling the entrance to Jbaa overlooking Kfar Fila, said it had repelled the offensive.

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and Ain Qana at the bottom of the Jabal Safi hills. With the capturing of Jbaa, Hezbollah gained the upper hand in the coming battles, and the steep and exposed terrain leading to the hills made it even more challenging for Amal fighters to reach the Hezbollah villages.

1169:, while the second one involved 3,500 Syrian troops. On June 1, both Hezbollah and Amal agreed to exchange 200 and 58 detainees respectively. The fighting caused extensive damage to property in the suburbs, in addition to the displacement of up to 400,000 inhabitants. 987:

in the south. They retreated when Amal mobilized its men to block the move. The standoff was accompanied by a large demonstration in the city in which thousands of Shiites rallied in support of Amal. On 22 February 1987, spurred by the kidnapping of

1088:(UNIFIL) in the country and disengagement from Israel, both of which Hezbollah opposed. Days after Jannati's conference, fighting re-erupted, but this time in the Beqaa Valley on April 26, and a Hezbollah fortification in the southern village of 825:

acronym for "Lebanese Resistance Brigades") as the military wing of the Movement of the Dispossessed. Amal grew rapidly in size, though with an increasingly weaker central command. This, in addition to the growing military presence of the

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situation to escalate militarily. The mobilizations were met by general strikes in Tyre and Nabatieh the following day, where shops, schools and state institutions were closed. Street demonstrators in Nabatieh called for "ending the

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took place throughout South Lebanon, which was ordered by Amal's regional command in solidarity with the victims. Following the earlier battle in Kfar Fila, Amal forces later marched on the town of Jbaa from Ain Qana, and on

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system. Sadr's promotion of the idea of social solidarity among Shiites which, coupled with the narrative of "resistance" to Israel, were particularly appealing to his community and contributed to the growth of his movement.

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and even Palestinian movements. The Movement of the Dispossessed became increasingly popular among the middle class Shiites and Lebanese returnees from West Africa, as well as some progressive elements within the influential

1651:(LF), three of Lebanon's most powerful militias at the time. Hezbollah's opposition was due to the inclusion of the LF, whose members it perceived as "Israeli agents", though its rejection of the accord was merely political. 1100:

In early May, 1988, two Amal members were killed at a Hezbollah-manned roadblock in southwest Beirut. The ensuing clashes saw defections from Amal, and led to Hezbollah's occupation of Amal positions in the neighborhoods of

686:. The fighting broke out in April 1988 and proceeded intermittently in three phases over the following years until the signing of an agreement brokered by their respective foreign backers, Syria and Iran, in November 1990. 1541:

In 1978, many fighters, who never went through Amal's official recruitment process, self-organized into local militias, claiming the defense of certain pieces of land in the name of Amal. The movement's leadership did not

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on July 28. Backed by Palestinian guerilla fighters from the Hamas movement, Amal recaptured Kfar Melki. 16 people were killed during the offensive, among them a Palestinian, raising the death toll since mid-July to 166.

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offensive, and demanded that his rivals fully withdraw to Jbaa and Ain Bouswar or be "treated like any occupier" in South Lebanon. Hezbollah responded to Berri's statement by describing it as "political cover" for Amal.

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The exchange of propagandist accusations never ceased. On May 29, 1988, Amal publicized claims, citing its interrogation of Hezbollah captives, that its rival collaborated with Christian war factions, namely the

1117:, backed by Berri, proposed the deployment of Syrian troops in south Beirut to enforce a ceasefire. On May 11, Amal fighters were cornered in the western edge of the suburbs, having lost their headquarters in 1275:, amid continuing skirmishes in the Iqlim. The following day, Amal launched an unsuccessful offensive on Jbaa, which failed to break through Hezbollah's defenses. Backed by rockets and artillery strikes from 769:'s leading imam, sought to further his community's interests by promoting and strengthening a certain 'Shiite identity' that is consistent with the broader Lebanese identity. Before Sadr's founding of the 1574:. Khoei, who became one of Sadr's critics, later appointed Fadlallah as his representative in Lebanon. Amal's deal with the Phalangists furthered tension in the relationship between Sadr and Fadlallah. 982:

Amal's expense. Violent skirmishes between Amal and Hezbollah were rare, but limited clashes did, however, break out twice in 1986 during the War of the Camps. In February, Amal, backed by the Shiite

1210:

in the South. After three days of fighting, in which fifty were killed, the Amal fighters succeeded in taking the village. At the time it had been Hizbollah’s last stronghold in Southern Lebanon.

1061:. The fighting had gone uninterrupted, despite mediation attempts by a local imam in Nabatieh. Amal had retaken positions it had lost earlier in the fighting, in addition to the three villages of 942:

to Hezbollah, the latter's tactics were badly received by both the Syrian government and Amal, who had been working toward achieving favorable perception by world media and the United States.

1024:, who was heading a United Nations observers' mission, was captured by Hezbollah men on a coastal road in South Lebanon. Earlier this month, they also kidnapped, but eventually released, two 862:

operation, which eventually succeeded in routing the PLO out of Lebanon, was welcomed by a portion of the southern Shiite community, given that it aimed to destroy their Palestinian foes.

1402: 774: 1728:, south of the city, by a number of Palestinian officials who escorted them to the Sidon region, and from there to Iqlim al-Tuffah, where they were assigned to combat positions. 777:

before it, the Shiites, who long felt disenfranchised in the political spectrum, tended to join ranks with a variety of available sociopolitical movements, among which were the

705:, on the other hand, which began as an umbrella organization consisting of more conservative elements of Lebanon's Shiite community, was born in 1982 in reaction to Israel's 1165:

neighborhood on May 27 at 11 a.m., before which fighters had disappeared from the streets. The first phase of the deployment involved 800 Syrian soldiers and 100 Lebanese

2971: 2520: 881:, to indoctrinate the community at the expense of Amal's internal schisms. Hezbollah originated from a Syrian–Iranian deal that allowed Tehran to deploy a 1,500-member 1691:

Hezbollah, on its part, increased contacts with Palestinian factions rivaling Arafat's, and considered the notion of maintaining joint "resistance bases" in the south.

1601:

and Berri. Iran and Hezbollah, on the other hand, promoted a pan-Islamic revolutionary ideology that is transnational and not confined to specific countries' borders.

1218:

movement, the PLO's leading faction, which was based in the Sidon region. Berri also worked to improve Amal's relations with clans in the Beqaa for the same purpose.

1057:. In a counterattack, however, Amal retook Nabatieh. It proceeded to attack Hezbollah militants in Tyre and its surroundings, and took the conflict further south to 296: 1551:

Clashes, however, did occasionally occur between Shiite elements and the PLO upon the eruption of civil war in 1975, and intensified as the conflict progressed.

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existence of the militia. This came out as a surprise to many Lebanese observers, and as an embarrassment to Sadr who had recently ended his hunger strike.

1293: 761:

As the economic situation began to improve in the 1950s, the Shiites, many of whom had relocated to urban areas, started seeking political representation.

4322: 547: 1673:

Higgins was later tortured and murdered by his captors. His death was confirmed in July 1990, when the perpetrators released a video showing his body.

1388:

On December 7, fighting broke out once again around 11:30 a.m., this time in West Beirut. Amal and Hezbollah militants clashed repeatedly in the

966:, initially embarrassed Berri and Syria, and further added to the tension between the Syrian and Iranian camps. Hezbollah opposed the Syrian-brokered 1033: 4407: 4680: 4645: 4216: 4013: 3957: 4339: 4390: 4356: 5468: 5448: 4710: 1632: 4265: 1256: 365: 1231: 289: 1246:

and its surroundings in the Iqlim, capturing the town, along with Kfar Fila, Kfar Melki and Kfar Heta. Amal counterattacked that night in

873:

operation, led to a struggle for influence among the Shiites, and left Amal's leadership divided along moderate and extremist lines. The

5648: 5633: 1330:. Among its terms, other than the ceasefire, were the cessation of media hostilities between the two, the return to the pre-April 1988 644: 4424: 1441:

reported that 2,500 people had been killed so far throughout the entire Amal-Hezbollah war, in addition to five thousand injuries.

63: 1085: 282: 4763: 1597:

and advocated for stronger Lebanese state and military presence in the south, a position later reiterated by Sadr's successors,

4747: 1661: 866: 834:-PLO coalition. Sadr also drew criticism from within the Shiite community when, later in 1976, he struck a deal with Maronite 770: 694: 4285: 3070: 1522:

Beirut, Sadr and his movement favored a more neutral and non-confrontational approach when it came to their Christian rivals.

1037:

killing a Lebanese Army officer associated with Amal, and by attacking an Amal checkpoint on the outskirts of the village of

854:

clashes between Amal and the various Palestinian factions operating in the country became more frequent between 1978 and the

817:, but when an explosion took place at a training camp in the Beqaa Valley, he acknowledged, in July 1975, the existence of " 1721: 1032:. Nabih Berri considered Hezbollah's actions a territorial breach, and ordered an extensive search and rescue operation in 629: 486: 463: 4373: 1487:

Sometimes called the "Brothers-Enemies War" (Harb al-Ikhwa al-A'daa) or the "War of the Two Brothers" (Harb al-Shaqiqayn).

698: 5568: 5548: 5528: 5508: 5488: 5428: 5408: 5388: 5368: 5348: 5328: 5308: 5288: 5248: 5188: 5168: 5148: 5108: 5091:[Damascus meetings continue and Hezbollah agrees to hand over the assassins of Amal's leaders to the Syrians]. 5088: 5068: 5048: 5028: 5008: 4988: 4968: 4948: 4928: 4908: 4888: 4868: 4848: 587: 5268: 5228: 5208: 5128: 4828: 4808: 5638: 4737: 4699: 4664: 4629: 4608: 4587: 4566: 4500: 4479: 4458: 4200: 4179: 4158: 4095: 4074: 4053: 4032: 3997: 3976: 3941: 1771: 1239: 882: 827: 577: 562: 508: 226: 4556: 4245: 1283:

The conflict had been centered around Jbaa during the next two days, with some clashes occurring in Ain Bouswar and

1682:

The LF, which opposes Syrian presence in Lebanon, had sent weapons to Hezbollah from its power base in East Beirut.

1271:, where the movement reportedly found a weapons depot belonging to Hezbollah in the village of Maaroub, and in the 805: 4225: 496: 594: 1421: 983: 934: 491: 458: 951: 938: 902: 818: 513: 153: 59: 5031:[Failure to communicate by the security committee to stop the fighting between Amal and Hezbollah]. 963: 619: 406: 1092:

was raided by Israeli commandos on May 2. This pushed Hezbollah to seek further assistance from the IRGC.

946:, Syria's president, warned that he would expel the IRGC from Lebanon following Hezbollah's kidnapping of 1640: 1500:, however, felt challenged by Sadr's ideology, which was shifting the Shiites away from their influence. 996: 967: 847: 729: 639: 418: 1583:

One of the Syrian government's longstanding concerns when it came to its Lebanon policy was its fear of

1020:

On February 17, 1988, while on his way back from a meeting with a local Amal official, American colonel

5613: 5608: 5603: 1301: 843: 831: 502: 1622:. The Beqaa region is where many Shiite militant clerics and activists had taken up residence in 1982. 925:

Hezbollah originally devoted itself to overthrowing the Lebanese government and establishing a Faqihi

4729:

The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East: Resources, Relationships, and Resistance

4547: 4139: 5628: 5623: 5618: 3058: 1276: 917: 778: 557: 523: 346: 329: 201: 5451:[After Western Beqaa and West Beirut, fall of the Damascus Agreement in Iqlim al-Tuffah]. 877:

of 1979 had an equally significant impact on the Shiites of Lebanon, which later managed, through

1389: 1134: 1587:

that would compromise its interests in Lebanon and would further isolate it on a regional scale.

1508:

in the south, as well as the Khalil family of Tyre, were two of Sadr's prominent opponents then.

1109:. Amal commenced a large offensive on May 6 against its rival in the southern Beirut suburbs of 5643: 4851:[Third day in the war for domination between the Movement and the Party in the Iqlim]. 1464: 1429: 1369: 839: 599: 582: 518: 371: 3711: 3709: 1761: 1053:

and the surrounding villages. It seized Amal positions and offices in the town, as well as in

4534: 4126: 3864: 3862: 1571: 1149: 1074: 1007:

deployed 7,000 commandos into West Beirut. On February 24, 1987, an incident occurred at the

909:

of Iraq, both of which Fadlallah helped create, as well as Hussein al-Musawi's Islamic Amal.

859: 842:

the al-Nabaa district of Beirut, allowing the relocation of 100,000 Shiites, among whom were

634: 5371:[Morning battles and the Syrians intervene to separate between Amal and Hezbollah]. 4600:

Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism

897:, met with a number of prominent Lebanese Shiite figures in Tehran, including Fadlallah and 4969:"قبلان بعد لقائه القائم بالاعمال الايراني : "أمل " وافقت على مبادرتي وننتظر ردّ الحزب" 3844: 3766: 3724: 3706: 3505: 3503: 3404: 3402: 3281: 3202: 3200: 3198: 1296:

proposed a plan for disengagement on January 13. His terms, which included a return to the

1260: 1234:, a hilly region located between the territories controlled by Amal and the Israeli-backed 1187: 1049:

During the early stages of an Amal offensive on April 5, 1988, Hezbollah managed to occupy

533: 413: 335: 36: 3859: 3468: 3453: 3332: 962:

from Athens to Rome in 1985 by Hezbollah, which was forced to land in the Amal-controlled

8: 4511: 3739: 3691: 1631:

The Tripartite Accord was an attempt by Syria to end the civil war, and to emphasize its

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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

4674: 4639: 4210: 4007: 3951: 3237: 3165: 3109: 2975: 2524: 1459: 1327: 1235: 1021: 1008: 906: 874: 814: 683: 614: 567: 352: 306: 5131:[3-point agreement reached in 3 hours as a result of 3 days of negotiations]. 974:, which was launched by Amal, with Syrian support, in order to curb the resurgence of 765:, an Iranian-Lebanese cleric who arrived in Lebanon in 1959 to occupy the position of 4871:[Amal buries 10 of its members, including its local commander in Kfar Heta]. 4733: 4695: 4660: 4625: 4604: 4583: 4562: 4496: 4475: 4454: 4196: 4175: 4154: 4091: 4070: 4049: 4028: 3993: 3972: 3937: 3628: 3066: 1767: 1432:, formally announced the ceasefire that evening during a press conference in Beirut. 1118: 1073:, previously considered Hezbollah strongholds. The armed clashes were accompanied by 894: 886: 423: 385: 4951:[Qablan suggests forming a neutral committee and that militiamen withdraw]. 3613: 3576: 1392:

of Khandaq al-Ghamiq, Basta al-Tahta, Basta al-Fawqa, Wadi Abu Jamil and in the old

5171:[Political balance between Amal and Hezbollah is a serious consideration]. 5151:[Escalation in Dahieh and clashes in the Iqlim a day after the ceasefire]. 4106: 1584: 1469: 1323: 971: 926: 898: 855: 714: 710: 706: 552: 481: 453: 443: 98: 4911:[Amal launches an offensive on Jbaa and the Party announces its failure]. 4727: 4689: 4654: 4619: 4598: 4577: 4490: 4469: 4448: 4305: 4190: 4169: 4148: 4085: 4064: 4043: 4024:

Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God: From Revolution to Institutionalization

4022: 3987: 3966: 3931: 1648: 1179: 791: 738: 663: 400: 378: 359: 4991:[Amal and Hezbollah bury their dead amid demonstrations and campaigns]. 4971:[Qablan: Amal agrees to my proposal and we await the Party's response]. 754:

Shiites were officially recognized as a sect and granted the right to celebrate

689:

The Amal Movement was formed in 1974 as the armed wing of popular Shiite cleric

3241: 2979: 2528: 1636: 1615: 1251: 1195:

district. Syrian troops ended the fighting by disarming units from both sides.

959: 947: 943: 742: 448: 438: 428: 102: 889:, one of Amal's leading members, split from the movement in June 1982 to form 5592: 1518: 1382: 1268: 1183: 1081: 975: 766: 746: 671: 146: 5191:[8-point agreement to end the struggle between Amal and Hezbollah]. 755: 5531:[Calls to calm the situation and Berri in the south that evening]. 5089:"لقاءات دمشق تواصلت و "حزب الله" وافق على تسليم قتلى قادة امل الى السوريين" 4891:[A day of relative calm disrupted by raids and search operations]. 4579:

Syria and Lebanon: International Relations and Diplomacy in the Middle East

1644: 1407: 1393: 1242:

there. It then launched a surprise offensive westward on Amal positions in

1199: 1114: 992: 890: 835: 786: 762: 690: 433: 324: 106: 5231:[Clashes between Amal and Hezbollah with 2 killed and 9 wounded]. 1763:

The Lessons Of Modern War: Volume I: The Arab-israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989

846:, from the neighborhood to Jabal Amel and the Beqaa. When Israel launched 813:

Sadr initially advocated for non-violence during the early stages of the

4931:[Berri: The strike is to condemn the "Black Saturday" massacre]. 4789: 4150:

Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East

1501: 1166: 1153: 1004: 988: 955: 809:

Armed Hezbollah fighters patrol a neighborhood in southern Beirut, 1980s.

713:" against the PLO ended, Hezbollah and its rival Amal began clashing in 5571:[Besharati announces ceasefire in Iqlim al-Tuffah on evening]. 5111:[Clashes in Iqlim al-Tuffah and alarming situation in Dahieh]. 4831:[Night escalation in West Beirut and skirmishes in the Iqlim]. 4066:

Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against Israel

1417: 1192: 679: 4849:"حرب اثبات الوجود بين الحركة والحزب في الاقليم استمرت في يومها الثالث" 670:; Harb al-Ikhwa) was a period of violent armed clashes between rivals 1725: 1566: 1378: 1336: 1305: 1247: 1207: 1203: 1058: 1000: 878: 782: 702: 675: 624: 274: 194: 4889:"يوم من الهدوء النسبي تخللّته مداهمات وعمليات تمشيط في اقليم التفاح" 3185: 3183: 3754: 3570: 3245: 3220: 3218: 2983: 2532: 1437: 1106: 1050: 58:

This article is about the conflict in Lebanon. For other uses, see

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resumed activities in Lebanon which it had suspended in December.

5449:"بعد البقاع الغربي وبيروت الغربية سقط اتفاق دمشق في اقليم التفاح" 5071:[Negotiations underway in Damascus to end the fighting]. 4691:

Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis

3180: 3063:

Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.

1619: 1161: 1089: 1062: 1054: 5211:[Ceasefire and Syrian deployment to the conflict zone]. 4266:"Iran, Fearing Loss of Syria Tie, Widens Aid to Lebanon Shiites" 3215: 2556:

Middle East International No 296, 20 March 1987; Jim Muir pp.6-7

1300:

that existed prior the Iqlim war, were welcomed by Berri and by

21: 5149:"انتكاسة في الضاحية واشتباكات في الاقليم بعد يوم على وقف النار" 5029:"فشل الاتصالات واللجنة الامنية في وقف القتال بين امل وحزب الله" 3523: 3521: 3483: 3148: 3083: 3081: 3079: 2955: 2953: 2523:

No 295, 4(6th according to page footer) March 1987; Publishers

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with Lebanon. The agreement included Berri of the Shiite Amal,

1611: 1374: 1284: 1110: 1066: 1038: 991:, attributed to Hezbollah, and the defeat of the Syrian allied 865:

Musa al-Sadr's unsolved disappearance in 1978 during a trip to

822: 718: 3907: 3236:

Middle East International No 342, 20 January 1989, Publishers

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Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1986, Volume 10; Volume 1986

4408:"Rival Shiite Moslem militiamen fought for a hilltop village" 3989:

Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1990, Volume 14; Volume 1990

3968:

Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1989, Volume 13; Volume 1989

1561: 1289: 1215: 1102: 1029: 1025: 173: 4792:["Resistance".. the Civil War and Iqlim al-Tuffah]. 4323:"Rival Shiite militiamen battled for the fourth day Tuesday" 3518: 3076: 3040: 2950: 5129:"اتفاق من 3 بنود نتيجة 3 ايام من المفاوضات خرق بعد 3 ساعات" 4340:"Inter-Shiite fighting continues despite Iranian mediation" 4045:

Armed Political Organizations: From Conflict to Integration

2878: 2854: 2842: 2772: 2732: 2708: 2669: 2538: 1724:

landed in the port city of Tyre. They were then met in the

1363: 1243: 1230:

On January 8, 1989, Hezbollah concentrated its presence in

930: 220: 4391:"Lebanon fighting prevents Red Cross from removing bodies" 4357:"Amal shows hideout where Col. Higgins allegedly was held" 2907: 2905: 2820: 2818: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2686: 2684: 2078: 2076: 1863: 5547: 5527: 5507: 5487: 5467: 5447: 5407: 5387: 4989:"أمل و حزب الله شيّعا عدداً من القتلى وسط تظاهرات وحملات" 4450:

Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God

3883: 3850: 3835: 3828: 3791: 3772: 3730: 3715: 3287: 2333: 2331: 2051: 2049: 1664:" in 1985, and sought to re-establish the PLO in Lebanon. 697:. Amal supported the intervening Syrian army against the 5567: 5431:[Ending the strife between Amal and Hezbollah]. 5427: 5331:[Calm returns to Sohmor, Yohmor and Machghara]. 5107: 5087: 4947: 4927: 4711:"Hezbollah calls for dialogue with rival Moslem militia" 3868: 3813: 3745: 3474: 3459: 3375: 3368: 3338: 3317: 1931: 1812: 1810: 5369:"معارك صباحية والسوريون تدخلوا للفصل بين امل وحزب الله" 5367: 5347: 5327: 5307: 5187: 5167: 5147: 5127: 5067: 5047: 5027: 5007: 4987: 4967: 4907: 4887: 4867: 4847: 3697: 3682: 3667: 3649: 3554: 3539: 3509: 3445: 3438: 3423: 3408: 3390: 3353: 3324: 3302: 3272: 3257: 3206: 3030: 3028: 2989: 2902: 2890: 2866: 2830: 2815: 2796: 2784: 2744: 2720: 2681: 2657: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2474: 2462: 2438: 2170: 2168: 2073: 1172: 5311:[Violent clashes between Amal and the Party]. 5291:[Violent clashes between Amal and Hezbollah]. 4827: 4807: 4337: 4263: 4243: 4223: 4105:

Gambill, Gary C.; Abdelnour, Ziad K. (February 2002).

3890: 3809: 3798: 3760: 3656: 3171: 3115: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2633: 2364: 2362: 2328: 2192: 2046: 1971: 1959: 1919: 1891: 1660:

Arafat took advantage of the IDF's withdrawal to the "

921:

Map of Hezbollah and Syrian control of Beirut in 1987.

4708: 4512:"The Role of Hezbollah in Lebanese Domestic Politics" 4354: 3015: 3013: 3007:

Middle East International No 335, 7 October 1988; p.6

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Sadr and Fadlallah were both students of the Iranian

933:

and resisting the presence of Israeli troops and the

5391:[Military mobilization in Iqlim al-Tuffah]. 5287: 5247: 5229:"اشتباكات بين امل وحزب الله وسقوط قتيلين وتسعة جرحى" 5227: 4405: 3634: 3604: 3597: 3569:

Middle East International No 344, 17 February 1989;

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pp.3-4; No 298, 17 April 1987; Godfrey Jansen pp.3-4

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The distribution of the Shia population in Lebanon.

4762: 4388: 4371: 4306:"53 die as battle between Shiite Moslems rages on" 4303: 3895: 3494: 3159: 3010: 1822: 1792: 970:later that year, and supported the PLO during the 800: 682:militia movements, during the final stages of the 5511:[Amal suggests Palestinian involvement]. 5351:[From the Western Beqaa to West Beirut]. 5189:"اتفاق من 8 بنود لإنهاء الصراع بين امل وحزب الله" 4869:"أمل شيّعت 10 من عناصرها بينهم مسؤولها في كفرحتى" 4829:"انتكاسة مسائية في "الغربية" ومناوشات في الاقليم" 4746: 4320: 4283: 3913: 3142: 3130: 2559: 2374: 2180: 1351:On July 7, disagreement over the distribution of 893:. Two months later, Iran's revolutionary leader, 5590: 5051:[Syrian forces increase their efforts]. 4949:"اقتراح لقبلان بتشكيل لجنة محايدة وسحب المسلحين" 4652: 4617: 4104: 4087:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967-1976 2508: 2496: 2456: 2306: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2098: 2018: 1780: 1444: 69:Fighting between the Amal Movement and Hezbollah 1760:Wagner, Abraham; Cordesman, Anthony H. (2020). 1759: 5569:"بشاراتي اعلن وقف النار في اقليم التفاح مساءً" 5271:[Tension between Amal and Hezbollah]. 4554: 5599:Military operations of the Lebanese Civil War 2147: 1095: 290: 5169:"التوازن السياسي بين امل وحزب الله طرح خطير" 4929:"بري : الاصراب ضد مجزرة "السبت الأسود"" 4679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4644:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4215:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4188: 4012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3985: 3964: 3956:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3929: 3787: 3527: 3224: 3103: 3087: 3046: 2959: 2778: 2392: 2353: 1287:shots targeting Kfar Fila from Jbaa. Shiite 122:Later reconciliation between the two parties 5109:"اشتباكات في اقليم التفاح و حذر في الضاحية" 4909:"أمل شنّت هجمات على جباع والحزب أعلن فشلها" 4189:Harris, William; Haris, William W. (2014). 1755: 1753: 1316: 1028:workers in an area controlled by Amal near 5529:"اتصالات لتهدئة الوضع وبري في الجنوب مساء" 4653:Rabinovich, Itamar; Olmert, Yosef (1989). 4618:Rabinovich, Itamar; Olmert, Yosef (1988). 3933:Middle East Contemporary Survey, Volume 12 1080:A high-level Iranian delegation headed by 297: 283: 5011:[Escalation in Iqlim al-Tuffah]. 4764:"Cease-fire has little impact in Lebanon" 4338:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (December 25, 1989). 4083: 3986:Ayalon, Ami; Harris, William. W. (1992). 3930:Ayalon, Ami; Harris, William. W. (1990). 1988: 1986: 1937: 1885: 1720:A week earlier, 450 Palestinian fighters 5209:"وقف النار وانتشار سوري في اماكن القتال" 4790:""مقاومة".. الحرب الأهلية وإقليم التفاح" 4748:"Rival Shiite militias battle in Beirut" 4687: 4575: 4355:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (January 18, 1990). 4308:. The Indianapolis Star (UPI). p. 3 4146: 4107:"Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus" 4062: 2944: 2911: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2809: 2790: 2766: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2690: 2675: 2663: 2544: 2480: 2468: 2444: 2337: 2082: 2012: 1977: 1925: 1750: 1364:Beqaa battles spark new war in the south 916: 804: 728: 707:invasion and occupation of South Lebanon 64:War of the Two Brothers (disambiguation) 4725: 4422: 2702: 2615: 2603: 2242: 2226: 2198: 2129: 2055: 2008: 1996: 1965: 1949: 1913: 1897: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1816: 5591: 4509: 4488: 4446: 4286:"Militia in Lebanon drives back enemy" 4264:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (December 25, 1989). 4244:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (December 24, 1989). 4224:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (December 23, 1989). 4167: 4113:(2). Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 2432: 2310: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2174: 2141: 2067: 1983: 1585:a potential Israeli-Lebanese agreement 1342: 1221: 773:(Harakat al-Mahrumin) in 1974 and the 304: 33:about the second part of the conflict. 4787: 4656:Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1987 4596: 4510:Norton, Augustus R. (December 2007). 4389:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (July 29, 1990). 4372:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (July 28, 1990). 4041: 4020: 3901: 3034: 2995: 2932: 2762: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2420: 2408: 2368: 2322: 2294: 2230: 2156: 2113: 2094: 1992: 1953: 1833: 1801: 278: 5349:"من البقاع الغربي الى بيروت الغربية" 4425:"Retour sur les traces d'un conflit" 4246:"2 Shiite militas battle in Lebanon" 1173:Intermittent violence and propaganda 630:Civil Administration of the Mountain 487:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 267:500+ Hezbollah fighters wounded/dead 15: 5329:"عودة الهدوء الى سحمر ويحمر ومشغرة" 5289:"اشتباكات عنيفة بين امل و حزب الله" 4467: 4374:"Rival Shiite forces resume battle" 3099: 3019: 2974:No 335, 7 October 1988, Publishers 2586: 2574: 2492: 2396: 2380: 2349: 2214: 2210: 2186: 2125: 2109: 2040: 2036: 2024: 1909: 1786: 1152:met that day with Syrian brigadier 699:Palestinian Liberation Organization 667: 13: 4709:Saoud, Dalal (December 29, 1989). 4432:Institut Français du Proche-Orient 4284:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (July 29, 1990). 4226:"Lebanon militias are splintering" 14: 5660: 5634:Battles of the Lebanese Civil War 4788:Rehan, Fady (November 15, 2007). 4780: 4471:Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics 4406:Ladki, Nadim (January 12, 1989). 4069:. Random House Publishing Group. 912: 828:Palestine Liberation Organization 563:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup 5509:"أمل اشارت إلى اشتراك فلسطينيين" 5309:"اشتباكات عنيفة بين أمل و الحزب" 4521:(4). The International Spectator 3877: 3822: 3803: 3781: 3643: 3591: 3563: 3432: 3362: 3311: 3230: 3093: 3052: 3001: 2965: 1731: 1714: 1704: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1186:area, Mahmud Faqin commander in 1124: 1045:Fighting in Nabatieh and Ghazieh 264:2000+ Amal fighters wounded/dead 213: 188: 166: 140: 20: 5389:"حشودات عسكرية في اقليم التفاح" 5269:"اجواء توتر بين أمل و حزب الله" 5069:"مفاوضات في دمشق لإنهاء القتال" 4811:[Escalation in Chyah]. 4453:. Georgetown University Press. 4304:Kadi, Samar (January 9, 1989). 2756: 2550: 2514: 2486: 2386: 2343: 2300: 2236: 2220: 2204: 2119: 2103: 2088: 2030: 2002: 1943: 1903: 1875: 1667: 1654: 1625: 1604: 1590: 1577: 1554: 1545: 1535: 1525: 1511: 1368:Violent clashes started in the 1326:, and his Iranian counterpart, 995:in a week of fighting with the 801:Civil War and rise of Hezbollah 497:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel 5575:. December 28, 1989. p. 7 5555:. December 27, 1989. p. 8 5535:. December 27, 1989. p. 7 5515:. December 25, 1989. p. 5 5495:. December 25, 1989. p. 1 5475:. December 24, 1989. p. 6 5455:. December 24, 1989. p. 5 5429:"وأد الفتنة بين امل وحزب الله" 5415:. December 21, 1989. p. 3 5395:. December 21, 1989. p. 5 5049:"القوات السورية كثفت تدابيرها" 4495:. Princeton University Press. 4192:Lebanon: A History, 600 - 2011 1490: 1481: 1422:Popular Nasserist Organization 950:, the acting president of the 935:Multinational Force in Lebanon 775:Supreme Islamic Shiite Council 568:Assassination of Rashid Karami 492:Multinational Force in Lebanon 1: 5649:Iran–Syria military relations 5375:. December 9, 1989. p. 5 5355:. December 8, 1989. p. 5 5335:. December 6, 1989. p. 5 5315:. December 5, 1989. p. 1 5195:. January 31, 1989. p. 5 5175:. January 28, 1989. p. 4 5155:. January 27, 1989. p. 6 5135:. January 26, 1989. p. 6 5115:. January 25, 1989. p. 6 5095:. January 25, 1989. p. 1 5075:. January 24, 1989. p. 4 5055:. January 22, 1989. p. 6 5035:. January 20, 1989. p. 6 4995:. January 17, 1989. p. 6 4975:. January 15, 1989. p. 5 4955:. January 14, 1989. p. 5 4935:. January 14, 1989. p. 3 4915:. January 13, 1989. p. 5 4895:. January 12, 1989. p. 5 4875:. January 11, 1989. p. 5 4855:. January 10, 1989. p. 5 4558:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92 4321:Kaj, Riad (January 3, 1989). 4174:. Syracuse University Press. 1744: 1517:He went on a much publicized 952:American University of Beirut 724: 154:Lebanese Resistance Regiments 60:Brothers War (disambiguation) 5411:[Berri's activity]. 4835:. January 7, 1989. p. 5 4815:. January 1, 1989. p. 4 4489:Norton, Augustus R. (2014). 4168:Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar (2004). 4090:. Harvard University Press. 2509:Rabinovich & Olmert 1989 2497:Rabinovich & Olmert 1988 2457:Rabinovich & Olmert 1988 2307:Gambill & Abdelnour 2002 2161:Gambill & Abdelnour 2002 2099:Gambill & Abdelnour 2002 1086:United Nations Interim Force 964:Beirut International Airport 771:Movement of the Dispossessed 695:Movement of the Dispossessed 595:Assassination of René Moawad 7: 5471:[Iqlim al-Tuffah]. 4195:. Oxford University Press. 4147:Goodarzi, Jubin M. (2009). 4063:Blanford, Nicholas (2011). 1641:Progressive Socialist Party 1453: 745:in 1920, aiming to provide 640:South Lebanon security belt 419:1978 South Lebanon conflict 202:Lebanese Islamic Resistance 10: 5665: 5551:[Amal-Hezbollah]. 5295:. July 10, 1989. p. 5 5255:. July 8, 1989. p. 14 5251:[Amal-Hezbollah]. 4659:. The Moshe Dayan Center. 4624:. The Moshe Dayan Center. 4555:O'Ballance, Edgar (1998). 4492:Hezbollah: A Short History 3992:. The Moshe Dayan Center. 3936:. The Moshe Dayan Center. 3922: 3891:Hijazi (December 25, 1989) 3810:Hijazi (December 25, 1989) 3799:Hijazi (December 24, 1989) 3761:Hijazi (December 23, 1989) 3657:Khaled (December 25, 1989) 1322:Syria's foreign minister, 1302:Mohammad Mehdi Shamseddine 1096:Battle for southern Beirut 1041:in the Jabal Amel region. 844:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah 832:Lebanese National Movement 548:U.S. embassy annex bombing 503:Sabra and Shatila massacre 89:April 1988 – November 1990 57: 5491:[On the ground]. 5275:. July 9, 1989. p. 6 5235:. July 8, 1989. p. 5 5215:. July 3, 1989. p. 5 5009:"انتكاسة في اقليم التفاح" 4809:"انتكاسة امنية في الشياح" 4688:Ranstorp, Magnus (1996). 4597:Rabil, Robert G. (2011). 4084:El-Khazen, Farid (2000). 4042:Berti, Benedetta (2013). 2972:Middle East International 2521:Middle East International 1015: 739:French mandate in Lebanon 709:. As the Amal-initiated " 620:People's Republic of Tyre 608:Cantons and puppet states 407:St George's Church attack 316: 260:Between 500 and 750 dead 258: 253: 234: 132: 81: 74: 5639:Wars involving Hezbollah 4447:Levitt, Matthew (2015). 4171:In The Path Of Hizbullah 3971:. HarperCollins Canada. 3788:Ayalon & Harris 1991 3528:Ayalon & Harris 1991 3225:Ayalon & Harris 1991 3190:Ladki (January 12, 1989) 3104:Ayalon & Harris 1991 3088:Ayalon & Harris 1991 3047:Ayalon & Harris 1990 2960:Ayalon & Harris 1990 2779:Ayalon & Harris 1990 2393:Harris & Harris 2014 2354:Harris & Harris 2014 1475: 1317:First Damascus Agreement 779:Lebanese Communist Party 558:1985 Beirut car bombings 366:1976 Syrian intervention 4766:. UPI. January 26, 1989 4576:Osoegawa, Taku (2013). 541:Fourth phase: 1984–1990 393:Second phase: 1977–1982 4750:. UPI. January 7, 1989 4542:Cite journal requires 4423:Lamloum, Olfa (2010). 4134:Cite journal requires 3495:UPI (January 26, 1989) 3160:Kadi (January 9, 1989) 1465:Mountain War (Lebanon) 1430:Ali Mohammad Besharati 922: 810: 741:was carved out of the 734: 583:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre 470:Third phase: 1982–1984 372:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar 319:First phase: 1975–1977 31:is missing information 4726:Szekely, Ora (2016). 4021:Azani, Eitan (2011). 3914:Hijazi 1990 (July 29) 3143:UPI (January 7, 1989) 3131:Kaj (January 3, 1989) 1572:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei 1150:Hossein Sheikholeslam 1075:psychological warfare 939:1983 suicide bombings 920: 808: 732: 721:'s southern suburbs. 635:State of Free Lebanon 464:Iraqi Embassy bombing 254:Casualties and losses 3965:Ayalon, Ami (1991). 3887:(December 27, 1989a) 3854:(December 27, 1989b) 3839:(December 25, 1989a) 3832:(December 25, 1989b) 3795:(December 24, 1989a) 3776:(December 24, 1989a) 3734:(December 21, 1989b) 3719:(December 21, 1989a) 3291:(December 24, 1989b) 2245:, pp. 149–150; 1884:, pp. 120–121; 1633:special relationship 1496:The majority of the 883:Revolutionary Guards 534:1984 Sohmor massacre 509:U.S. embassy bombing 459:1981 Israeli bombing 336:Battle of the Hotels 248:(only a few engaged) 242:(only a few engaged) 5435:. December 22, 1989 3872:(December 28, 1989) 3817:(December 28, 1989) 3749:(December 22, 1989) 3478:(January 25, 1989a) 3463:(January 25, 1989b) 3379:(January 14, 1989a) 3372:(January 14, 1989b) 3342:(January 14, 1989b) 3321:(January 14, 1989b) 1722:coming from Tunisia 1599:Hussein el-Husseini 1445:"Hundred-day siege" 1401:and confirmed that 1343:West Beirut clashes 1222:Iqlim al-Tuffah war 1139:Abdul Halim Khaddam 751:Maronite Christians 529:February 6 Intifada 477:1982 Beirut bombing 347:Black Saturday 330:Black Thursday 5015:. January 18, 1989 4468:Nir, Omri (2011). 4290:The New York Times 4270:The New York Times 4250:The New York Times 4230:The New York Times 3701:(December 9, 1989) 3686:(December 8, 1989) 3671:(December 6, 1989) 3653:(December 5, 1989) 3558:(January 31, 1989) 3543:(January 27, 1989) 3513:(January 26, 1989) 3449:(January 22, 1989) 3442:(January 24, 1989) 3427:(January 18, 1989) 3412:(January 20, 1989) 3394:(January 17, 1989) 3357:(January 28, 1989) 3328:(January 15, 1989) 3306:(January 13, 1989) 3276:(January 12, 1989) 3261:(January 11, 1989) 3227:, p. 526-527. 3210:(January 10, 1989) 2887:, p. 274-275. 2863:, p. 273-274. 2851:, p. 270-271. 2769:, pp. 266–267 2741:, p. 265-266. 2717:, p. 264-265. 2678:, p. 263-264. 2547:, p. 201-202. 2132:, pp. 148–149 2128:, pp. 11–12; 1872:, p. 117-118. 1460:Lebanese Civil War 1328:Ali Akbar Velayati 1294:Abdul Amir Qabalan 1236:South Lebanon Army 1022:William R. Higgins 1009:Fathallah barracks 923: 907:Islamic Dawa Party 895:Ayatollah Khomeini 875:Iranian Revolution 815:Lebanese Civil War 811: 735: 684:Lebanese Civil War 615:East Beirut canton 588:War of Elimination 353:Karantina massacre 308:Lebanese Civil War 5614:Conflicts in 1990 5609:Conflicts in 1989 5604:Conflicts in 1988 3242:Dennis Walters MP 3175:(January 7, 1989) 3119:(January 1, 1989) 3071:978-0-571-23741-8 3065:Faber and Faber. 2980:Dennis Walters MP 2529:Dennis Walters MP 1647:of the Christian 1273:Bint Jbeil region 1238:(SLA), forming a 1145: 1144: 1119:Bourj el-Barajneh 968:Tripartite Accord 954:. Amal's leader, 887:Hussein al-Musawi 678:, Lebanon's main 655: 654: 578:War of Liberation 524:Battle of Tripoli 519:Mountain War 514:Barracks bombings 424:Battle of Kaukaba 414:Hundred Days' War 386:Aishiyeh massacre 273: 272: 249: 243: 128: 127: 54: 53: 5656: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5549:"امل – حزب الله" 5544: 5542: 5540: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5249:"امل – حزب الله" 5244: 5242: 5240: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4743: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4705: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4551: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4516: 4506: 4485: 4464: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4220: 4214: 4206: 4185: 4164: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4101: 4080: 4059: 4038: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3982: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3826: 3820: 3807: 3801: 3785: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3665: 3659: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3595: 3589: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3492: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3457: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3366: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3107: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3074: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2998:, p. 79-80. 2993: 2987: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2813: 2807: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2642:, p. 77-78. 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2590: 2589:, p. 73-74. 2584: 2578: 2572: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2218: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2123: 2117: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2044: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1805: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1757: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1718: 1712: 1711:decision-making. 1708: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1658: 1652: 1629: 1623: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1509: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1470:War of the Camps 1324:Farouk al-Sharaa 1198:In May 1988 the 1125: 972:War of the Camps 929:in the image of 927:Islamic Republic 899:Subhi al-Tufayli 869:, following the 856:Israeli invasion 711:War of the Camps 669: 553:War of the Camps 505: 482:1982 Lebanon War 454:Battle of Zahleh 444:At Tiri incident 403: 388: 381: 374: 362: 355: 342:ASALA insurgency 338: 311: 309: 299: 292: 285: 276: 275: 247: 241: 219: 217: 216: 193: 192: 191: 172: 170: 169: 145: 144: 143: 99:Southern Lebanon 83: 82: 72: 71: 49: 46: 40: 24: 16: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5629:1990 in Lebanon 5624:1989 in Lebanon 5619:1988 in Lebanon 5589: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5576: 5558: 5556: 5538: 5536: 5518: 5516: 5498: 5496: 5478: 5476: 5458: 5456: 5438: 5436: 5418: 5416: 5398: 5396: 5378: 5376: 5358: 5356: 5338: 5336: 5318: 5316: 5298: 5296: 5278: 5276: 5258: 5256: 5238: 5236: 5218: 5216: 5198: 5196: 5178: 5176: 5158: 5156: 5138: 5136: 5118: 5116: 5098: 5096: 5078: 5076: 5058: 5056: 5038: 5036: 5018: 5016: 4998: 4996: 4978: 4976: 4958: 4956: 4938: 4936: 4918: 4916: 4898: 4896: 4878: 4876: 4858: 4856: 4838: 4836: 4818: 4816: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4767: 4753: 4751: 4740: 4716: 4714: 4702: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4611: 4590: 4569: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4503: 4482: 4461: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4292: 4274: 4272: 4254: 4252: 4234: 4232: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4182: 4161: 4135: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4098: 4077: 4056: 4035: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3979: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3882: 3878: 3867: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3827: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3790:, p. 528; 3786: 3782: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3744: 3740: 3729: 3725: 3714: 3707: 3696: 3692: 3681: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3648: 3644: 3638:(July 10, 1989) 3633: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3608:(July 8, 1989b) 3601:(July 8, 1989a) 3596: 3592: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3549: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3519: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3484: 3473: 3469: 3458: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3422: 3418: 3407: 3400: 3389: 3385: 3367: 3363: 3352: 3348: 3337: 3333: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3216: 3205: 3196: 3188: 3181: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3077: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2816: 2808: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395:, p. 249; 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2360: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2229:, p. 149; 2225: 2221: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2166: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2124: 2120: 2108: 2104: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2047: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011:, p. 126; 2007: 2003: 1991: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952:, p. 113; 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1823: 1815: 1808: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1758: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1649:Lebanese Forces 1630: 1626: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1512: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1456: 1447: 1366: 1345: 1319: 1261:Nabatieh region 1224: 1180:Lebanese Forces 1175: 1141:, in May 1988. 1098: 1047: 1034:Iqlim al-Tuffah 1018: 915: 903:Lebanese branch 803: 743:region of Syria 727: 660:War of Brothers 656: 651: 610: 605: 602: 600:Battle of Sidon 573:War of Brothers 543: 536: 501: 472: 401:Chouf massacres 399: 395: 384: 379:Chekka massacre 377: 370: 360:Damour massacre 358: 351: 334: 321: 312: 307: 305: 303: 214: 212: 197: 189: 187: 167: 165: 149: 141: 139: 109: 76: 75:War of Brothers 70: 67: 50: 44: 41: 34: 25: 12: 11: 5: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5586: 5585: 5565: 5545: 5525: 5505: 5485: 5469:"اقليم التفاح" 5465: 5445: 5425: 5405: 5385: 5365: 5345: 5325: 5305: 5285: 5265: 5245: 5225: 5205: 5185: 5165: 5145: 5125: 5105: 5085: 5065: 5045: 5025: 5005: 4985: 4965: 4945: 4925: 4905: 4885: 4865: 4845: 4825: 4805: 4784: 4782: 4781:Arabic sources 4779: 4777: 4776: 4760: 4744: 4738: 4723: 4706: 4700: 4685: 4665: 4650: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4594: 4588: 4582:. I.B.Tauris. 4573: 4567: 4552: 4544:|journal= 4507: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4444: 4420: 4403: 4386: 4369: 4352: 4335: 4318: 4301: 4281: 4261: 4241: 4221: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4153:. I.B.Tauris. 4144: 4136:|journal= 4102: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4018: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3962: 3942: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3876: 3858: 3843: 3821: 3802: 3780: 3765: 3753: 3738: 3723: 3705: 3690: 3675: 3660: 3642: 3627: 3623:(July 9, 1989) 3612: 3590: 3586:(July 3, 1989) 3575: 3562: 3547: 3532: 3530:, p. 527. 3517: 3499: 3482: 3467: 3452: 3431: 3416: 3398: 3383: 3361: 3346: 3331: 3310: 3295: 3280: 3265: 3250: 3229: 3214: 3194: 3179: 3164: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3108: 3102:, p. 75; 3092: 3090:, p. 526. 3075: 3051: 3049:, p. 635. 3039: 3024: 3009: 3000: 2988: 2964: 2962:, p. 633. 2949: 2937: 2916: 2914:, p. 276. 2901: 2899:, p. 275. 2889: 2877: 2875:, p. 274. 2865: 2853: 2841: 2839:, p. 268. 2829: 2827:, p. 270. 2814: 2812:, p. 269. 2795: 2793:, p. 267. 2783: 2781:, p. 629. 2771: 2765:, p. 79; 2755: 2753:, p. 266. 2743: 2731: 2729:, p. 265. 2719: 2707: 2695: 2693:, p. 264. 2680: 2668: 2666:, p. 101. 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2591: 2579: 2558: 2549: 2537: 2513: 2511:, p. 530. 2501: 2495:, p. 72; 2485: 2483:, p. 192. 2473: 2471:, p. 151. 2461: 2459:, p. 487. 2449: 2447:, p. 147. 2437: 2425: 2413: 2411:, p. 145. 2401: 2385: 2373: 2358: 2352:, p. 71; 2342: 2327: 2315: 2299: 2297:, p. 141. 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2235: 2219: 2213:, p. 16; 2203: 2201:, p. 115. 2191: 2179: 2164: 2159:, p. 43; 2146: 2134: 2118: 2102: 2097:, p. 32; 2087: 2085:, p. 145. 2072: 2070:, p. 476. 2060: 2058:, p. 132. 2045: 2029: 2017: 2001: 1995:, p. 31; 1982: 1970: 1968:, p. 127. 1958: 1942: 1940:, p. 306. 1938:El-Khazen 2000 1930: 1918: 1902: 1900:, p. 113. 1890: 1886:El-Khazen 2000 1874: 1862: 1860:, p. 118. 1850: 1848:, p. 119. 1838: 1821: 1819:, p. 112. 1806: 1791: 1779: 1772: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1726:Rashidieh Camp 1713: 1703: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1653: 1637:Walid Jumblatt 1624: 1603: 1589: 1576: 1553: 1544: 1534: 1524: 1510: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1365: 1362: 1344: 1341: 1318: 1315: 1252:general strike 1223: 1220: 1174: 1171: 1143: 1142: 1135:Vice President 1130: 1129: 1097: 1094: 1046: 1043: 1017: 1014: 1003:militias, the 960:TWA Flight 847 948:David S. Dodge 944:Hafez al-Assad 914: 913:Lead-up to war 911: 802: 799: 726: 723: 653: 652: 650: 649: 648: 647: 645:Administration 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 604: 603: 597: 592: 591: 590: 585: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 538: 537: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 449:Safra massacre 446: 441: 439:Battle of Qnat 436: 431: 429:Ehden massacre 426: 421: 416: 411: 410: 409: 390: 389: 382: 375: 368: 363: 356: 349: 344: 339: 332: 327: 317: 314: 313: 302: 301: 294: 287: 279: 271: 270: 269: 268: 265: 256: 255: 251: 250: 244: 240:15,000–30,000 237: 236: 232: 231: 230: 229: 205: 204: 184: 183: 182: 157: 156: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 115: 111: 110: 97: 95: 91: 90: 87: 79: 78: 68: 52: 51: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5661: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Amal Movement 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4765: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4739:9783319401416 4735: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4701:9780230377509 4697: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4666:9780813309255 4662: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4631:9780813307640 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4610:9780230339255 4606: 4602: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4589:9780857722911 4585: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4568:9780230374683 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4536: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4502:9781400851447 4498: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4481:9780230117631 4477: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4460:9781626162013 4456: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4409: 4404: 4392: 4387: 4375: 4370: 4358: 4353: 4341: 4336: 4324: 4319: 4307: 4302: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4202:9780190217839 4198: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4181:9780815630531 4177: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4160:9780857717245 4156: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4128: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4097:9780674081055 4093: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4076:9780679605164 4072: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4055:9781421409740 4051: 4048:. JHU Press. 4047: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4034:9780230116290 4030: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3999:9780813314495 3995: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3978:9780813312460 3974: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3943:9780813310442 3939: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3889:, p. 7; 3888: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3834:, p. 5; 3833: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3797:, p. 5; 3796: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3603:, p. 5; 3602: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3378: 3374:, p. 5; 3373: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3323:, p. 5; 3322: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3106:, p. 526 3105: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3037:, p. 80. 3036: 3031: 3029: 3022:, p. 75. 3021: 3016: 3014: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2947:, p. 90. 2946: 2945:Blanford 2011 2941: 2935:, p. 79. 2934: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2913: 2912:Goodarzi 2009 2908: 2906: 2898: 2897:Goodarzi 2009 2893: 2886: 2885:Goodarzi 2009 2881: 2874: 2873:Goodarzi 2009 2869: 2862: 2861:Goodarzi 2009 2857: 2850: 2849:Goodarzi 2009 2845: 2838: 2837:Goodarzi 2009 2833: 2826: 2825:Goodarzi 2009 2821: 2819: 2811: 2810:Goodarzi 2009 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2792: 2791:Goodarzi 2009 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2767:Goodarzi 2009 2764: 2759: 2752: 2751:Goodarzi 2009 2747: 2740: 2739:Goodarzi 2009 2735: 2728: 2727:Goodarzi 2009 2723: 2716: 2715:Goodarzi 2009 2711: 2705:, p. 10. 2704: 2699: 2692: 2691:Goodarzi 2009 2687: 2685: 2677: 2676:Goodarzi 2009 2672: 2665: 2664:Ranstorp 1996 2660: 2654:, p. 78. 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2630:, p. 77. 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2577:, p. 74. 2576: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2546: 2545:Goodarzi 2009 2541: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2499:, p. 485 2498: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2481:Goodarzi 2009 2477: 2470: 2469:Goodarzi 2009 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2445:Goodarzi 2009 2441: 2435:, p. 72. 2434: 2429: 2423:, p. 55. 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2383:, p. 83. 2382: 2377: 2371:, p. 57. 2370: 2365: 2363: 2356:, p. 249 2355: 2351: 2346: 2340:, p. 46. 2339: 2338:Osoegawa 2013 2334: 2332: 2325:, p. 70. 2324: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2285:, p. 25. 2284: 2279: 2273:, p. 24. 2272: 2267: 2261:, p. 25. 2260: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2217:, p. 155 2216: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2189:, p. 41. 2188: 2183: 2177:, p. 23. 2176: 2171: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2144:, p. 26. 2143: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2112:, p. 6; 2111: 2106: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2083:Goodarzi 2009 2079: 2077: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2042: 2039:, p. 5; 2038: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2013:Osoegawa 2013 2010: 2005: 1999:, p. 113 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1980:, p. 44. 1979: 1978:Osoegawa 2013 1974: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1928:, p. 22. 1927: 1926:Blanford 2011 1922: 1916:, p. 125 1915: 1912:, p. 5; 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1888:, p. 306 1887: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1836:, p. 31. 1835: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1804:, p. 30. 1803: 1798: 1796: 1789:, p. 72. 1788: 1783: 1775: 1773:9781000302943 1769: 1766:. Routledge. 1765: 1764: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1707: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1663: 1662:security zone 1657: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639:of the Druze 1638: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1548: 1538: 1528: 1520: 1519:hunger strike 1514: 1507: 1504:, a powerful 1503: 1499: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390:central areas 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1370:Western Beqaa 1361: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:Ahmad Jannati 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 984:Sixth Brigade 979: 977: 976:Yasser Arafat 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 919: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 858:of 1982. The 857: 852: 851: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 820: 816: 807: 798: 795: 794: 788: 784: 781:, as well as 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 752: 748: 747:Mount Lebanon 744: 740: 731: 722: 720: 716: 715:South Lebanon 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 665: 661: 646: 643: 642: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 611: 609: 601: 598: 596: 593: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 542: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 504: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 471: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 408: 405: 404: 402: 398: 397: 396: 394: 387: 383: 380: 376: 373: 369: 367: 364: 361: 357: 354: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 337: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 320: 315: 310: 300: 295: 293: 288: 286: 281: 280: 277: 266: 263: 262: 261: 257: 252: 245: 239: 238: 233: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 210: 209: 203: 200: 199: 198: 196: 185: 181: 178: 177: 176: 175: 163: 161: 155: 152: 151: 150: 148: 147:Amal Movement 137: 136: 131: 121: 120: 119: 118:Inconclusive 116: 113: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 92: 88: 85: 84: 80: 73: 65: 61: 56: 48: 38: 32: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 5577:. Retrieved 5572: 5557:. Retrieved 5552: 5537:. Retrieved 5532: 5517:. Retrieved 5512: 5497:. Retrieved 5492: 5477:. Retrieved 5472: 5459:February 24, 5457:. Retrieved 5452: 5437:. Retrieved 5432: 5419:February 24, 5417:. Retrieved 5412: 5397:. Retrieved 5392: 5377:. Retrieved 5372: 5357:. Retrieved 5352: 5337:. Retrieved 5332: 5319:September 8, 5317:. Retrieved 5312: 5299:September 6, 5297:. Retrieved 5292: 5279:September 5, 5277:. Retrieved 5272: 5259:September 5, 5257:. Retrieved 5252: 5239:September 5, 5237:. Retrieved 5232: 5217:. Retrieved 5212: 5197:. Retrieved 5192: 5177:. Retrieved 5172: 5157:. Retrieved 5152: 5137:. Retrieved 5132: 5117:. Retrieved 5112: 5097:. Retrieved 5092: 5077:. Retrieved 5072: 5057:. Retrieved 5052: 5037:. Retrieved 5032: 5017:. Retrieved 5012: 4997:. Retrieved 4992: 4977:. Retrieved 4972: 4957:. Retrieved 4952: 4937:. Retrieved 4932: 4917:. Retrieved 4912: 4897:. Retrieved 4892: 4877:. Retrieved 4872: 4857:. Retrieved 4852: 4837:. Retrieved 4832: 4817:. Retrieved 4812: 4797:. Retrieved 4794:Al-Mustaqbal 4793: 4768:. Retrieved 4752:. Retrieved 4732:. Springer. 4728: 4715:. Retrieved 4694:. Springer. 4690: 4655: 4620: 4603:. Springer. 4599: 4578: 4561:. Springer. 4557: 4535:cite journal 4525:December 10, 4523:. Retrieved 4518: 4491: 4474:. Springer. 4470: 4449: 4438:December 10, 4436:. Retrieved 4431: 4412:. Retrieved 4395:. Retrieved 4378:. Retrieved 4361:. Retrieved 4344:. Retrieved 4327:. Retrieved 4310:. Retrieved 4293:. Retrieved 4289: 4273:. Retrieved 4269: 4253:. Retrieved 4249: 4233:. Retrieved 4229: 4191: 4170: 4149: 4127:cite journal 4117:December 10, 4115:. Retrieved 4110: 4086: 4065: 4044: 4027:. Springer. 4023: 3988: 3967: 3932: 3909: 3897: 3884: 3879: 3874:, p. 7. 3869: 3856:, p. 8. 3851: 3846: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3814: 3805: 3792: 3783: 3778:, p. 5. 3773: 3768: 3756: 3746: 3741: 3736:, p. 3. 3731: 3726: 3721:, p. 5. 3716: 3703:, p. 5. 3698: 3693: 3683: 3678: 3668: 3663: 3650: 3645: 3635: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3610:, p. 14 3605: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3565: 3555: 3550: 3540: 3535: 3510: 3480:, p. 1. 3475: 3470: 3465:, p. 6. 3460: 3455: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3391: 3386: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3354: 3349: 3344:, p. 5. 3339: 3334: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3303: 3298: 3293:, p. 6. 3288: 3283: 3273: 3268: 3258: 3253: 3232: 3207: 3172: 3167: 3138: 3126: 3116: 3111: 3095: 3062: 3059:Hirst, David 3054: 3042: 3003: 2991: 2967: 2940: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2786: 2774: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2703:Lamloum 2010 2698: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2618:, p. 2. 2616:Lamloum 2010 2611: 2606:, p. 5. 2604:Lamloum 2010 2582: 2552: 2540: 2516: 2504: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2399:, p. 71 2388: 2376: 2345: 2318: 2313:, p. 71 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2249:, p. 24 2243:Szekely 2016 2238: 2233:, p. 32 2227:Szekely 2016 2222: 2206: 2199:Szekely 2016 2194: 2182: 2137: 2130:Szekely 2016 2121: 2116:, p. 32 2105: 2090: 2063: 2056:Szekely 2016 2032: 2027:, p. 8. 2020: 2015:, p. 44 2009:Szekely 2016 2004: 1997:Szekely 2016 1973: 1966:Szekely 2016 1961: 1956:, p. 27 1950:Szekely 2016 1945: 1933: 1921: 1914:Szekely 2016 1905: 1898:Szekely 2016 1893: 1882:Szekely 2016 1877: 1870:Szekely 2016 1865: 1858:Szekely 2016 1853: 1846:Szekely 2016 1841: 1817:Szekely 2016 1782: 1762: 1733: 1716: 1706: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1656: 1645:Elie Hobeika 1627: 1606: 1592: 1579: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1537: 1527: 1513: 1505: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1448: 1436: 1435:On June 14, 1434: 1425: 1414: 1408: 1399: 1387: 1367: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1331: 1320: 1311: 1297: 1288: 1282: 1265: 1229: 1225: 1212: 1200:Amal militia 1197: 1176: 1158: 1146: 1115:Ghazi Kanaan 1099: 1079: 1048: 1019: 993:Amal Militia 980: 924: 891:Islamic Amal 870: 864: 849: 812: 792: 763:Musa al-Sadr 760: 736: 691:Musa al-Sadr 688: 659: 657: 607: 606: 572: 540: 539: 469: 468: 434:Qaa massacre 392: 391: 325:Bus massacre 318: 259: 211: 208:Supported by 207: 206: 186: 164: 160:Supported by 159: 158: 138: 133:Belligerents 117: 107:Beqaa Valley 55: 42: 30: 5439:November 3, 5399:October 30, 5379:October 27, 5359:October 20, 5339:October 11, 5219:January 30, 5199:January 29, 5179:January 29, 5159:January 29, 5139:January 28, 5119:January 28, 5099:January 28, 5079:January 28, 5059:January 28, 5039:January 24, 5019:January 24, 4999:January 24, 4979:January 24, 4959:January 24, 4939:January 28, 4919:January 22, 4899:January 22, 4879:January 22, 4859:January 22, 4839:January 23, 4819:January 23, 4770:January 22, 4754:January 22, 4717:January 22, 4434:(in French) 4414:January 22, 4397:January 22, 4380:January 22, 4363:January 22, 4346:January 22, 4329:January 22, 4312:January 23, 3841:, p. 1 3819:, p. 7 3381:, p. 3 3238:Lord Mayhew 2976:Lord Mayhew 2525:Lord Mayhew 2433:Norton 2014 2311:Norton 2014 2283:Levitt 2015 2271:Hamzeh 2004 2259:Hamzeh 2004 2247:Hamzeh 2004 2175:Hamzeh 2004 2142:Hamzeh 2004 2068:Norton 2007 2043:, p. 8 1502:Kamel Asaad 1269:Tyre region 1257:Ain Bouswar 1154:Ali Hammoud 1012:Hizbollah. 1005:Syrian Army 989:Terry Waite 956:Nabih Berri 180:Syrian Army 5593:Categories 5489:"ميدانياً" 5409:"نشاط بري" 4295:August 29, 3902:Rehan 2007 3035:Azani 2011 2996:Azani 2011 2933:Azani 2011 2763:Azani 2011 2652:Azani 2011 2640:Azani 2011 2628:Azani 2011 2421:Rabil 2011 2409:Azani 2011 2369:Rabil 2011 2323:Azani 2011 2295:Azani 2011 2231:Berti 2013 2157:Rabil 2011 2114:Berti 2013 2095:Berti 2013 1993:Berti 2013 1954:Rabil 2011 1834:Berti 2013 1802:Berti 2013 1745:References 1610:Namely in 1542:interfere. 1418:Osama Saad 1332:status quo 1298:status quo 1232:Jabal Safi 1206:forces in 1193:Ras Beirut 848:Operation 836:Phalangist 725:Background 668:حرب الإخوة 77:حرب 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