526:"The Indians about here are tolerably stout, have black hair with a long, lock which they let hang on one side of the head. Their hair is shorn on the top of the head like a cock's comb. Their clothing is a coat of beaver skins over the body, with the fur inside in winter and outside in summer; they have, also, sometimes a bear's hide, or a coat of the skins of wild cats, or hefspanen , which is an animal most as hairy as a wild cat, and is also very good to eat. They also wear coats of turkey feathers, which they know how to put together. Their pride is to paint their faces strangely with red or black lead, so that they look like fiends. Some of the women are very well featured, having long countenances. Their hair hangs loose from their head; they are very foul and dirty; they sometimes paint their faces, and draw a black ring around their eyes."
751:
37:
597:
984:
2110:, Vol II, ed. F. W. Hodge, Museum of the American Indian, Haye Foundation, New York, 1919-20: "If the Pachami therefore were part of the Tankiteke they were probably that portion of the group which occupied the wild interior country around Ridgefield, Danbury, North Salem, and Carmel, and thus were in close contact with the Nochpeem of Putnam county and the Kitchawank of Cortlandt, whose chieftains agreed to the surrender of Pacham" .
412:
476:, with larger villages located at the river mouths. Settlements near fresh water and arable land could remain in one location for about 20 years, until the people moved to another place some miles away. Despite many references to their villages and other site types by early European explorers and settlers, few contact-period sites have been identified in southeastern New York.
565:, a three-day engagement that left an estimated 100 settlers and 60 Wappinger dead, and strained relations further between the two groups. After the war, the confederation broke apart, and many of the surviving Wappinger left their native lands for the protection of neighboring tribes, settling in particular in the "prayer town"
650:"frauds and abuses of Indian lands...complained of in the American colonies, and in this colony in particular." And that, "the conduct of the lieutenant-governor and the council...does carry with it the colour of great prejudice and partiality, and of an intention to intimidate these Indians from prosecuting their claims."
346:
Wappink, Wappings, Wappingers, Wappingoes, Wawpings, Pomptons, Wapings, Opings, Opines, Massaco, Menunkatuck, Naugatuck, Nochpeem, Wangunk
Wappans, Wappings, Wappinghs, Wapanoos, Wappanoos, Wappinoo, Wappenos, Wappinoes, Wappinex, Wappinx, Wapingeis, Wabinga, Wabingies, Wapingoes, Wapings, Wappinges,
721:
From that time the
Wappinger ceased to have an independent name in history, and their people intermarried with others. A few scattered remnants still remained. As late as 1811, a small band was recorded as having a settlement on a low tract of land by the side of a brook, under a high hill in the
513:
or Indian wheate whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall oakes. This day many of the people came aboord, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hempe. They had red copper tabacco pipes and other
341:
is unknown. While the present-day spelling was used as early as 1643, countless alternate phonetic spellings were also used by early
European settlers well into the late 19th century. Each linguistic group tended to transliterate Native American names according to their own languages. Among these
471:
The
Wappinger had summer and winter camps. As agriculturists, they cultivated maize, beans, and various species of squash. They also hunted game, fished the rivers and streams, collected shellfish, and gathered fruits, flowers, seeds, roots, and nuts. By 1609, the Wappingers' earliest recorded
2171:
The name of the Indian band has variously been spelled
Wiechquaeskeck, Wechquaesqueck, Weckquaesqueek, Wecquaesgeek, Weekquaesguk, Wickquasgeck, Wickquasgek, Wiequaeskeek, Wiequashook, and Wiquaeskec. The spelling given here is one widely used for the original name of
462:
to the southeast on Long Island, and the remaining New
England tribes to the east. Like the Lenape, the Wappinger were highly decentralized as a people. They formed approximately 18 loosely associated bands that had established geographic territories.
662:
argued that legal title to the land was only a secondary concern. He said that returning the land to the
Indians would set an adverse precedent regarding other similar disputes. Nimham did not give up the cause. When the opportunity to serve with the
234:
to the southeast on Long Island, and the remaining New
England tribes to the east. Like the Lenape, the Wappinger were highly decentralized as a people. They formed numerous loosely associated bands that had established geographic territories.
557:
of the
Iroquois nations in central and western New York, the Dutch defeated the Wappinger by 1645. The Mohawk and Dutch killed more than 1500 Wappinger during the two years of the war. This was a devastating toll for the Wappinger.
258:
Long after their original settlements had been decimated by wars with the colonists, wars with other Indian tribes, questionable land sales, waves of diseases brought by the
Europeans, and absorption into other tribes, their last
530:
As the Dutch began to settle in the area, they pressured the Connecticut Wappinger to sell their lands and seek refuge with other Algonquian-speaking tribes. The western bands, however, stood their ground amid rising tensions.
386:, meaning "weapon-bearers", alluding to the warring relationship between the Dutch and the Wappinger. Such reference would correspond to a first appearance in 1643. This was thirty-four years after the Dutch aboard
2176:
in lower Manhattan: "The Wickquasgeck Trail." The meaning of the name, however spelled, has been given as "the end of the marsh, swamp or wet meadow," "place of the bark kettle," and "birch bark country."
317:
From that time, the Wappinger ceased to have an independent name in history, and their people intermarried with others. Their descendants were subsequently relocated to a Stockbridge-Munsee reservation in
1361:
741:
reside mostly there on a reservation, where they operate a casino. In 2010 the tribe was awarded two tiny parcels suitable for casinos in New York State in return for dropping larger land claims there.
2002:
Murray, Jean and Osborn, Penny Ann. “Indians Who Lived Here Centuries Ago.” An Historic Biographical Profile of the Town of Kent, Putnam County, New York, Town of Kent Bicentennial Committee, 1976
913:
Tankiteke, also "Pachami" and "Pachani", central coastal and extreme western Fairfield County, Connecticut, north to Danbury, north and west into northern Westchester County, New York, eastern
1230:"Footprints of the Red Men: Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them"
509:, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civill ... They have great store of
2015:
1902:
Note that this is a romanticized modern depiction of an idealized "American Indian" of the Northeastern woods, and not an accurate representation of Nimham or his dress.
667:
in the American Revolution arose, he chose it over the British in the hopes of receiving fairer treatment by the American government in its aftermath. It was not to be.
2188:
322:. The tribe operates a casino there, and in 2010 was awarded two tiny parcels suitable for casinos in New York State in return for dropping larger land claims there.
2383:
814:, site of the oldest oyster-shell middens found on the North Atlantic Coast. There they built a large, fortified village, called Navish, at the neck of Croton Point.
631:. Britain had controlled former "Dutch" lands in New York since 1664. Nimham was then living in Stockbridge, but he was originally from the Wappinger settlement of
2122::Tankitele mainly in Fairfield County, Connecticut, between Five Mile River and Fairfield, extending inland to Danbury and even into Putnam and Dutchess Counties
1907:
1499:. Documents relative to the colonial history of the State of New York procured in Holland, England and France. Vol. 5. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co.
2398:
1920:
2408:
514:
things of copper they did wear about their neckes. At night they went on land againe, so wee rode very quite, but durst not trust them" (Juet 1959:28).
329:(or emblem) of the Wappinger was the "enchanted wolf," with the right paw raised defiantly. By one account, they shared this totem with the Mohicans.
2378:
395:
may have learned the name the people called themselves. The 1643 date reflects a period of great conflict with the natives, including the preemptive
1528:
2393:
2403:
1991:
1307:
501:, provides an account in his journal of some of the lower Hudson Valley Native Americans. In his entries for September 4 and 5, 1609, he says:
2368:
2363:
643:, who were generally sympathetic to his claims, but did not arrange for the Wappinger to regain any land after he returned to North America.
1735:
758:("New Netherland and New England", and also parts of Virginia, a 1685 revision by Petrus Schenk Junior of a 1656 map by Nicolaes Visscher)
830:, in southern portions of present-day Dutchess and western and northern Putnam counties, New York. Their tribal fire at one point was in
2283:
Hauptman, Laurence M. (2017). "The Road to Kingsbridge: Daniel Nimham and the Stockbridge Indian Company in the American Revolution".
1982:
Historical and Genealogical Record Dutchess and Putnam Counties, New York, Press of the A. V. Haight Co., Poughkeepsie, New York, 1912
1402:. Vol. Part 2 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 913, 1167, 1169.
2092:
2049:
947:(Wiechquaeskeck, Wickquasgeck, Weckquaesgeek), southwestern Westchester County, New York, originally centered on the mouth of the
2433:
2023:
2413:
2388:
2199:
1992:"Mt. Nimham: The Ridge of Patriots", Thomas F. Maxon, Rangerville Press, Kent, New York, 2005, p. 25, citing Murray and Osborn
2428:
2373:
2328:
2307:
2273:
1795:
1587:
1553:
1407:
1234:
Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association - the Annual Meeting, with Constitution, By-Laws and List of Members
173:
2224:
1973:"In this fray the power of the tribe was forever broken. More than forty of the Indians were killed or desperately wounded."
1577:
1263:
750:
36:
2418:
2063:"1638- Colonists from Massachusetts Met the Quinnipiac Indians", The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut
494:. The total population of the Wappinger people at that time has been estimated at between 3,000 and 13,200 individuals.
2297:
1081:
This may well be the same place described as the settlement where David Nimham stayed during his annual pilgrimage up
1956:
1930:
1887:
1862:
1820:
1631:
1504:
1273:
1141:
158:
762:
While Edward Manning Ruttenber suggested in 1872 that there had been a Wappinger Confederacy, as did anthropologist
686:
on August 30, 1778. It proved an irrevocable blow to the tribe, which had also been decimated by European diseases.
2423:
1945:
1663:
246:
near today's New York City, were among the first to be recorded encountering European adventurers and traders when
2091:
and extending westward over the Connecticut line is clearly labeled on the 1685 revision by Petrus Schenk Junior,
679:
284:
550:, most burned alive in a surprise attack upon their sacred wintering ground. It was a severe blow to the tribe.
1397:
1229:
2353:
907:
845:
800:
546:. The Dutch responded with the March 1644 slaughter of between 500 and 700 members of Wappinger bands in the
2261:
505:"This day the people of the country came aboord of us, seeming very glad of our comming, and brought greene
855:
807:
738:
655:
436:
200:
188:
167:
84:
2358:
596:
375:
of the name coming from a word meaning "easterner," as suggested by Edward Manning Ruttenber in 1906 and
271:
had traveled to Great Britain in the 1760s to argue for a return of tribal lands, and served in both the
2162:
Indian Names of Places, Etc., in and on the Borders of Connecticut: With Interpretations of Some of Them
2087:
Their presence just inland of the east bank of the Hudson River in today's Westchester County below the
1543:
1018:
1007:
811:
699:
675:
566:
295:
264:
20:
1085:
to survey all he claimed to still be Wappinger territory; it is described as "an area west of today's
1903:
968:
893:
319:
220:
192:
1318:
937:
and Wethersfield, but were displaced by settlers and relocated to land around the oxbow bend in the
678:. Nimham, his son and heir Abraham, and some forty warriors were killed or mortally wounded in the
519:
212:
542:
in 1643, the remaining Wappinger bands united against the Dutch, attacking settlements throughout
1070:
914:
727:
703:
472:
European contact, their settlements included camps along the major rivers between the Hudson and
299:
196:
1854:
1848:
569:
in the western part of the colony, where Natives had settled who had converted to Christianity.
1971:
272:
1787:
2062:
1754:
934:
874:
733:
Later in the early 19th century, the Stockbridge-Munsee in New York were forced to remove to
640:
263:
and a group of their heavily dwindled people were residing at the "prayer town" sanctuary of
2173:
2166:
1024:
989:
792:
547:
8:
1494:
1082:
1050:
1001:
983:
964:
671:
280:
276:
216:
2348:
1522:
1211:
1157:
715:
636:
632:
444:
440:
311:
111:
55:
1906:
is contemporary rendering of a Stockbridge warrior in 1778; Nimham died as one at the
2324:
2303:
2269:
2232:
1952:
1926:
1883:
1858:
1816:
1791:
1782:
1627:
1583:
1549:
1500:
1403:
1269:
1137:
938:
796:
628:
376:
888:, also Sinsink, Sinck Sinck, and Sint Sinck, origin of the name of the penitentiary
589:
land but lost. In the aftermath the Philipses raised rents on the European-American
2088:
2045:
1086:
960:
841:
821:
664:
659:
535:
490:
473:
396:
391:
251:
208:
177:
126:
71:
2160:
1043:(1745–1778), captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
279:(in support of the Colonists). He died with his son Abraham in a slaughter of the
2318:
1813:
The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present
1131:
1012:
851:
786:
586:
582:
578:
522:
recorded another description of the Wappinger who resided around Fort Amsterdam:
448:
416:
356:
170:
88:
1040:
948:
873:, were a sub-group of the Quinnipiac, living along the coast in present-day in
831:
723:
543:
539:
400:
372:
195:, but their territory included the east bank of the Hudson in what became both
41:
Wappinger territory (in center, "Wappinges"), from a 1685 reprint of a 1656 map
1346:
2342:
2236:
1195:
1046:
1028:
707:
624:
612:
600:
590:
554:
303:
268:
67:
2106:"A Montauk Cemetery at Easthampton, Long Island", Foster Harmon Saville, in
1948:
New World Orders: Violence, Sanction, and Authority in the Colonial Americas
906:, and interior southernmost Westchester County, New York, into southwestern
646:
The Lords of Trade reported that there was sufficient cause to investigate
2133:
956:
944:
782:
767:
763:
485:
387:
352:
247:
243:
1968:
Historical and Genealogical Record Dutchess and Putnam Counties, New York,
1308:"Grumet, Robert S. "The Nimhams of the Colonial Hudson Valley 1667-1783",
930:
870:
267:. A stalwart spokesman for Native American concerns and valiant soldier,
239:
181:
2165:. Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company. p.
1671:
996:
The Wappinger are the namesake of several areas in New York, including:
1970:
Press of the A. V. Haight Co., Poughkeepsie, New York, 1912; pp. 62-79
1736:"Short Historical and Journale Notes by David Pietersz, De Vries, 1665"
863:
459:
231:
896:, east of the Hudson River in present-day Westchester County, New York
694:
Following the American Revolutionary War, what was left of a combined
2073:
1175:
903:
889:
837:
734:
562:
19:
This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see
770:
contests their view. He writes that no evidence supports this idea.
371:", might be related to the name Wappinger. No evidence supports the
885:
827:
484:
The Wappinger first came into contact with Europeans in 1609, when
411:
1545:
Native New Yorkers, the legacy of the Algonquin people of New York
1347:"Death In the Bronx, The Stockbridge Indian Massacre August, 1778"
1236:. 7th Annual. New York State Historical Association: 40 (RA1–PA38)
2291:(3). Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian: 34–39.
2048:
is clearly labeled on the 1685 revision by Petrus Schenk Junior,
952:
926:
899:
817:
695:
506:
455:
368:
291:
227:
1922:
Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500-1776
955:, and ranging south into the western Bronx along the Hudson and
382:
Others suggest that Wappinger is anglicized from the Dutch word
2016:"Levine, David. "Discover the Hudson Valley's Tribal History",
1647:
1493:
Brodhead, John Romeyn, Agent (1986) . O'Callaghan, E.B. (ed.).
1362:
Gale Courey Toensing, "Seneca Upset Over N.Y. Casino Agreement"
920:
774:
711:
620:
616:
604:
432:
428:
420:
364:
307:
260:
959:
rivers. Had hunting grounds on the northern three-quarters of
150:
929:, also sometimes called the "Mattabesset", they lived in the
754:
Wappinger bands appear east of the Hudson on this excerpt of
683:
510:
326:
204:
191:
in the 17th century they were primarily based in what is now
2268:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–39.
619:
of the Wappinger, was part of a delegation that traveled to
860:
Poquonock, western present-day Hartford County, Connecticut
923:, Farmington, in southwestern Hartford County, Connecticut
654:
Upon a second hearing before New York Provincial Governor
147:
135:
1428:
1426:
447:, with the Wappinger dialect most closely related to the
141:
1287:
1285:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
933:
area in central Connecticut. Originally located around
2266:
Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15
2158:
1752:
1423:
1069:
Then part of Dutchess County, but subsequently all of
1603:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
710:
there. There they were joined by the remnants of the
306:
there. There they were joined by the remnants of the
159:
144:
132:
1282:
1169:
1167:
1101:
979:
138:
2113:
1742:. 1894–95. Toronto: Warwick Bros. & Rutter: 75.
1715:
Eugene J. Boesch, Native Americans of Putnam County
882:
Sicaog, in present-day Hartford County, Connecticut
129:
1810:
781:Wappinger (proper), lived on the east side of the
1624:From Abbotts to Zurich: New York State Placenames
1164:
553:Allied with their trading partners, the powerful
2384:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
2340:
773:The suggested bands of the Wappinger, headed by
561:The Wappinger faced the Dutch again in the 1655
1846:
1579:Native American placenames of the United States
1136:. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset. p. 295.
427:The Wappinger were most closely related to the
290:Following the war, what was left of a combined
1918:
1880:The Human Tradition in the American Revolution
1650:, one of the Lenape dialect groups, by author
1380:History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River
1779:
1621:
1582:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 548.
1223:
1221:
1219:
1173:
848:and western New Haven counties of Connecticut
737:. Today, members of the federally recognized
593:, sparking colonist riots across the region.
1882:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 85–91.
1527:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1399:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
1349:, Richard S. Walling, americanrevolution.org
756:Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ (Amsterdam, 1685)
627:for land rights and better treatment by the
242:, a Wappinger people living along the lower
2399:Native American history of New York (state)
2131:
1925:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
1396:Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. (October 1912).
1391:
1389:
1357:
1355:
866:, in central New Haven County, Connecticut
854:, east of the Connecticut River in eastern
2409:Native American tribes in New York (state)
2299:Native Languages of the Americas, Volume 2
2225:"Oldest Streets Are Protected as Landmark"
1946:Smolenski, John. and Humphrey, Thomas J.,
1626:. Syracuse University Press. p. 233.
1342:
1340:
1338:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1216:
917:and southeastern Dutchess County, New York
639:on the Hudson. He argued before the royal
2010:
2008:
1939:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1548:. Council Oaks Distribution. p. 28.
1541:
1377:
1371:
1302:
1300:
1227:
1089:, at the southwest base of the mountain."
488:expedition reached this territory on the
2379:History of Fairfield County, Connecticut
2282:
1950:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
1835:
1786:. Sterling Publishing Company. pp.
1651:
1492:
1386:
1352:
1261:
1196:"The $ 24 Swindle", Nathaniel Benchley,
749:
595:
410:
2316:
2259:
2119:
1609:
1432:
1335:
1291:
1248:
1125:
1123:
795:, an eastern group at the mouth of the
635:, near the Dutch-founded settlement of
2394:Native American history of Connecticut
2341:
2295:
2222:
2005:
1961:
1877:
1704:
1575:
1496:London Documents: XVII-XXIV. 1707-1733
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1297:
1114:
1049:(1726–1778), sachem and member of the
2404:Native American tribes in Connecticut
2323:. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Books.
2097:, of a 1656 map by Nicolaes Visscher.
1733:
1576:Bright, William (November 30, 2007).
1542:Pritchard, Evan T. (April 12, 2002).
1395:
1382:. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. p. 50.
1129:
415:The Wappinger spoke a dialect of the
223:, marked the end of their territory.
2369:History of Dutchess County, New York
2364:History of Columbia County, New York
1312:, The Hudson River Valley Institute"
1120:
1034:
902:, southeast coastal Bronx as far as
777:, have been described as including:
577:In 1765, the remaining Wappinger in
62:Regions with significant populations
1853:. Oxford University Press. p.
1265:Indian Affairs in Colonial New York
13:
2320:The Indian Tribes of North America
2125:
2044:Their presence just inland of the
1829:
1031:also follows their ancient trail.
963:, and ranged north to present-day
211:. To the east they reached to the
14:
2445:
2186:
1212:Native Americans of Putnam County
1189:
1053:in the American Revolutionary War
877:in New Haven County, Connecticut.
399:by the Dutch, which precipitated
176:people from what is now southern
1761:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
982:
706:in western New York to join the
443:. They spoke using very similar
302:in western New York to join the
125:
35:
2252:
2223:Dunlap, David W. (1983-06-15).
2216:
2180:
2159:James Hammond Trumbull (1881).
2152:
2100:
2081:
2067:
2056:
2038:
1996:
1985:
1976:
1912:
1896:
1871:
1840:
1804:
1773:
1753:Pauls, Elizabeth Prine (2010).
1746:
1727:
1718:
1695:
1686:
1656:
1640:
1615:
1569:
1535:
1486:
1075:
1063:
689:
572:
497:Robert Juet, an officer on the
479:
275:(on behalf of the English) and
2434:Extinct Native American tribes
2264:. In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
1904:File:Stockbridge_1778.jpg This
1310:The Hudson River Valley Review
1204:
1150:
806:Kitchawank, lived in northern
454:Their nearest allies were the
226:Their nearest allies were the
203:counties south to the western
1:
2414:New Haven County, Connecticut
2389:Middlesex County, Connecticut
1095:
908:Fairfield County, Connecticut
722:northern part of the Town of
670:Many Wappinger served in the
518:Dutch navigator and colonist
2429:Westchester County, New York
2374:Hartford County, Connecticut
2296:Sebeok, Thomas, ed. (1977).
1850:Colonial New York: A History
1815:. CRC Press. pp. 9–10.
856:Hartford County, Connecticut
85:Eastern Algonquian languages
7:
2317:Swanton, John Reed (1952).
2108:Indian Notes and Monographs
1811:Reitano, Joanne R. (2006).
1740:Annual Archæological Report
698:and Wappinger community in
435:. All three were among the
406:
294:and Wappinger community in
100:traditional tribal religion
10:
2450:
2419:People from New Netherland
2196:Ardsley Historical Society
2138:Yale Indian Papers Project
2132:Grant-Costa, Paul (2015).
2094:Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ
2051:Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ
1668:Mount Gulian Historic Site
1019:Briarcliff Manor, New York
812:Croton-on-Hudson, New York
810:, New York in the area of
700:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
567:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
466:
439:-speaking subgroup of the
431:, a large subgroup of the
296:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
265:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
21:Wappinger (disambiguation)
18:
2302:. Springer. p. 380.
2187:Cohen, Doris Darlington.
2134:"The Wangunk Reservation"
1158:"Definition of WAPPINGER"
1130:Ricky, Donald B. (1999).
975:
739:Stockbridge-Munsee Nation
342:spellings and terms are:
320:Shawano County, Wisconsin
221:Columbia County, New York
193:Dutchess County, New York
109:
104:
99:
94:
83:
78:
66:
61:
51:
46:
34:
1847:Kammen, Michael (1996).
1646:They are referred to as
1378:Ruttenber, E.M. (1872).
1262:Trelease, Allen (1997).
1228:Ruttenber, E.M. (1906).
1200:, 1959, Vol. 11, Issue 1
1057:
745:
213:Connecticut River Valley
2424:Putnam County, New York
1919:Vaughan, Alden (2006).
1878:Steele, Ian K. (2000).
1759:Encyclopædia Britannica
1664:"The Wappinger Indians"
1268:. U of Nebraska Press.
1071:Putnam County, New York
915:Putnam County, New York
910:at the Five Mile River.
347:Wapinger and Wappenger.
337:The origin of the name
332:
215:, and to the north the
54:descendants joined the
2260:Goddard, Ives (1978).
2018:Hudson Valley Magazine
1780:Axelrod, Alan (2008).
1622:Vasiliev, Ren (2004).
1174:Sultzman, Lee (1997).
844:, present-day eastern
759:
652:
608:
528:
520:David Pieterz De Vries
516:
424:
273:French and Indian Wars
1908:Battle of Kingsbridge
1734:Boyle, David (1896).
753:
680:Battle of Kingsbridge
648:
599:
538:by colonists, during
524:
503:
414:
285:Battle of Kingsbridge
105:Related ethnic groups
16:Native American tribe
2354:Algonquian ethnonyms
1692:MacCracken 1956: 266
1366:Indian Country Today
1210:Boesch, Eugene, J.,
990:Hudson Valley portal
548:Pound Ridge Massacre
2189:"The Weckquaesgeek"
1176:"Wappinger History"
1133:Indians of Maryland
1051:Stockbridge Militia
676:American Revolution
672:Stockbridge Militia
585:for control of the
281:Stockbridge Militia
277:American Revolution
217:Roeliff Jansen Kill
52:Extinct as a tribe,
31:
2359:Algonquian peoples
2229:The New York Times
1674:on August 18, 2019
808:Westchester County
760:
716:Stockbridge-Munsee
633:Wiccopee, New York
629:American colonists
609:
458:to the north, the
441:Algonquian peoples
437:Eastern Algonquian
425:
312:Stockbridge-Munsee
255:appeared in 1609.
230:to the north, the
168:Eastern Algonquian
112:Algonquian peoples
56:Stockbridge-Munsee
29:
2330:978-0-8063-1730-4
2309:978-1-4757-1562-0
2275:978-0-1600-4575-2
2140:. Yale University
2075:Wappinger History
1797:978-1-4027-4768-7
1783:Profiles in Folly
1589:978-0-8061-3598-4
1555:978-1-57178-107-9
1409:978-1-4286-4558-5
1368:, 26 January 2011
1198:American Heritage
1035:Notable Wappinger
1017:Wappinger Trail,
939:Connecticut River
799:, in present-day
797:Connecticut River
658:and the council,
377:John Reed Swanton
117:
116:
2441:
2334:
2313:
2292:
2279:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2198:. Archived from
2193:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2089:Hudson Highlands
2085:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2046:Hudson Highlands
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2020:, June 24, 2016"
2012:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1317:. Archived from
1316:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1008:Wappingers Falls
992:
987:
986:
961:Manhattan Island
842:Housatonic River
822:Farmington River
801:Middlesex County
665:Continental Army
660:John Morin Scott
623:to petition the
607:of the Wappinger
536:Pavonia massacre
445:Lenape languages
397:Pavonia massacre
219:in southernmost
209:Manhattan Island
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
47:Total population
39:
32:
28:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2310:
2285:American Indian
2276:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2026:on May 24, 2017
2014:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1845:
1841:
1836:Hauptman (2017)
1834:
1830:
1823:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:Hauptman (2017)
1645:
1641:
1634:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1394:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1037:
1013:Wappinger Creek
988:
981:
978:
969:Pocantico Hills
787:Dutchess County
785:in present-day
748:
692:
656:Sir Henry Moore
587:Philipse Patent
583:Philipse family
579:Dutchess County
575:
482:
469:
449:Munsee language
417:Munsee language
409:
357:Munsee language
351:Anthropologist
335:
187:At the time of
174:Native American
171:Munsee-speaking
160:
128:
124:
53:
42:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2293:
2280:
2274:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2215:
2179:
2151:
2124:
2112:
2099:
2080:
2077:, Lee Saltzman
2066:
2055:
2037:
2004:
1995:
1984:
1975:
1960:
1938:
1931:
1911:
1895:
1888:
1870:
1863:
1839:
1828:
1821:
1803:
1796:
1772:
1745:
1726:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1655:
1639:
1632:
1614:
1602:
1588:
1568:
1554:
1534:
1505:
1485:
1483:, p. 325.
1473:
1471:, p. 309.
1461:
1459:, p. 310.
1449:
1447:, p. 307.
1437:
1435:, p. 238.
1422:
1408:
1385:
1370:
1351:
1334:
1296:
1281:
1274:
1247:
1215:
1203:
1188:
1163:
1149:
1142:
1119:
1117:, p. 380.
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1074:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1041:Abraham Nimham
1036:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1004:
994:
993:
977:
974:
973:
972:
942:
924:
918:
911:
897:
883:
880:
879:
878:
861:
858:
849:
835:
825:
824:in Connecticut
815:
804:
790:
747:
744:
714:, forming the
691:
688:
641:Lords of Trade
591:tenant farmers
574:
571:
544:New Netherland
534:Following the
486:Henry Hudson's
481:
478:
468:
465:
408:
405:
373:folk etymology
363:, used by the
349:
348:
334:
331:
310:, forming the
248:Henry Hudson's
115:
114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
81:
80:
76:
75:
64:
63:
59:
58:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2446:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2205:on 2020-10-23
2201:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:9780812290004
1954:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1932:0-521-86594-8
1928:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1889:0-8420-2748-3
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1864:0-19-510779-9
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1822:0-415-97849-1
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1633:0-8156-0798-9
1629:
1625:
1618:
1612:, p. 48.
1611:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1508:
1506:0-665-53988-6
1502:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:on 2015-01-13
1320:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1294:, p. 47.
1293:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1275:0-8032-9431-X
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1143:9780403098774
1139:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1047:Daniel Nimham
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1029:New York City
1026:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
991:
985:
980:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
876:
872:
868:
867:
865:
862:
859:
857:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
805:
803:, Connecticut
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
780:
779:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
757:
752:
743:
740:
736:
731:
729:
728:Putnam County
725:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:Oneida people
705:
704:Oneida County
701:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
661:
657:
651:
647:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:British Crown
622:
618:
614:
613:Daniel Nimham
606:
602:
601:Daniel Nimham
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
559:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
523:
521:
515:
512:
508:
502:
500:
495:
493:
492:
487:
477:
475:
464:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Lenape people
430:
422:
418:
413:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
367:and meaning "
366:
362:
358:
355:suggests the
354:
345:
344:
343:
340:
330:
328:
323:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
304:Oneida people
301:
300:Oneida County
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Daniel Nimham
266:
262:
256:
254:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:and northern
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:first contact
185:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
164:
155:
122:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
68:United States
65:
60:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
22:
2319:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2265:
2253:Bibliography
2240:. Retrieved
2228:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2195:
2182:
2161:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2137:
2127:
2120:Swanton 1952
2115:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2017:
1998:
1987:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1947:
1941:
1921:
1914:
1898:
1879:
1873:
1849:
1842:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1781:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1724:Cook 1976:74
1720:
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1667:
1658:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1610:Swanton 1952
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1578:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1544:
1537:
1511:. Retrieved
1509:. OL7024110M
1495:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1433:Goddard 1978
1413:. Retrieved
1398:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1326:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1292:Swanton 1952
1264:
1238:. Retrieved
1233:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1152:
1132:
1083:Mount Nimham
1077:
1065:
1023:
995:
945:Wecquaesgeek
840:, along the
820:, along the
783:Hudson River
772:
768:Ives Goddard
764:James Mooney
761:
755:
732:
720:
693:
690:19th century
669:
653:
649:
645:
610:
576:
573:18th century
560:
552:
533:
529:
525:
517:
504:
498:
496:
489:
483:
480:17th century
470:
453:
426:
390:
384:wapendragers
383:
381:
360:
353:Ives Goddard
350:
338:
336:
324:
316:
289:
257:
250:
244:Hudson River
237:
225:
186:
180:and western
120:
118:
26:Ethnic group
2030:October 23,
1765:October 31,
1755:"Wappinger"
1595:November 1,
1561:November 1,
1513:October 31,
1481:Sebeok 1977
1469:Sebeok 1977
1457:Sebeok 1977
1445:Sebeok 1977
1415:November 1,
1240:October 31,
1115:Sebeok 1977
1006:Village of
951:in today's
931:Mattabesset
871:Menunkatuck
793:Hammonasset
674:during the
540:Kieft's War
401:Kieft's War
240:Wequaesgeek
201:Westchester
182:Connecticut
87:, probably
2343:Categories
2262:"Delaware"
2242:2018-03-09
2209:2016-08-19
1328:2019-02-10
1181:14 January
1096:References
1087:Boyd's Dam
949:Saeck Kill
864:Quinnipiac
789:, New York
474:Housatonic
460:Montaukett
232:Montaukett
166:) were an
2349:Wappinger
2237:0362-4331
1701:Funk 1976
1523:cite book
1002:Wappinger
965:Tarrytown
904:Hell Gate
890:Sing Sing
846:Fairfield
838:Paugusset
766:in 1910,
735:Wisconsin
702:left for
581:sued the
563:Peach War
499:Half Moon
491:Half Moon
392:Half Moon
379:in 1952.
339:Wappinger
298:left for
287:in 1778.
252:Half Moon
121:Wappinger
79:Languages
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2174:Broadway
1025:Broadway
1000:Town of
935:Hartford
894:Ossining
886:Sintsink
875:Guilford
828:Nochpeem
637:Fishkill
611:In 1766
407:Language
388:Hudson's
178:New York
95:Religion
72:New York
2144:Dec 15,
1788:229–236
953:Yonkers
927:Wangunk
900:Siwanoy
818:Massaco
775:sachems
718:tribe.
696:Mohican
682:in the
615:, last
603:, last
507:tobacco
467:History
456:Mohican
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852:Podunk
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617:sachem
605:sachem
555:Mohawk
429:Munsee
423:tongue
421:Lenape
365:Lenape
359:-word
308:Munsee
261:sachem
197:Putnam
110:Other
89:Munsee
2203:(PDF)
2192:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1058:Notes
746:Bands
684:Bronx
511:maize
327:totem
205:Bronx
2325:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2233:ISSN
2146:2015
2032:2019
1953:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1767:2010
1680:2023
1628:ISBN
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1563:2010
1550:ISBN
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1183:2012
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419:, a
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