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system, all the
Chinese writing characters were organized by five different tones and according to rhyming, using a standard official book of Chinese rhymes. Two revolving tables were actually used in the process; one table that had official types from the book of rhymes, and the other which contained the most frequently used Chinese writing characters for quick selection. To make the entire process more efficient, each Chinese character was assigned a different number, so that when a number was called, that writing character would be selected. Rare and unusual characters that were not prescribed a number were simply crafted on the spot by wood-cutters when needed.
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front of the bellows there are strong bamboo (springs) connected with it by ropes; this is what controls the motion of the fan of the bellows. Then in accordance with the turning of the (vertical) water-wheel, the lug fixed on the driving-shaft automatically presses upon and pushes the curved board (attached to the piston-rod), which correspondingly moves back (lit. inwards). When the lug has finally come down, the bamboo (springs) act on the bellows and restore it to its original position. In like manner, using one main drive it is possible to actuate several bellows (by lugs on the shaft), on the same principle as the water
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rotated by the force of the water. The upper one is connected by a driving-belt to a (smaller) wheel in front of it, which bears an eccentric lug (lit. oscillating rod). Then all as one, following the turning (of the driving wheel), the connecting-rod attached to the eccentric lug pushes and pulls the rocking roller, the levers to left and right of which assure the transmission of the motion to the piston-rod. Thus this is pushed back and forth, operating the furnace bellows far more quickly than would be possible with man-power.
593:(1644–1911), wooden movable type was used on a much wider scale than even the previous Ming period. It was officially sponsored by the imperial court at Beijing, yet was widespread amongst private printing companies. The creation of movable type writing fonts became a wise enterprise of investment, since they were commonly pawned, sold, or presented as gifts during the Qing period. In the sphere of the imperial court, the official Jin Jian (d. 1794) was placed in charge of printing at the Wuying Palace, where the
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piece. These separate characters are finished off with a knife on all four sides, and compared and tested till they are exactly the same height and size. Then the types are placed in the columns and bamboo strips which have been prepared are pressed in between them. After the types have all been set in the form, the spaces are filled in with wooden plugs, so that the type is perfectly firm and will not move. When the type is absolutely firm, the ink is smeared on and printing begins.
696:, etc. It listed and described many of the various foodstuffs and products of the many regions of China. The book outlined the use of not only agricultural tools, but food-processing, irrigation equipment, different types of fields, ceremonial vessels, various types of grain storage, carts, boats, mechanical devices, and textile machinery used in many applications. For example, one of the many devices described and illustrated in drawing is a large
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677:) written by Wang was the realm of Chinese agriculture. His book listed and described an enormous catalogue of agricultural tools and implements used in the past and in his own day. Furthermore, Wang incorporated a systematic usage of illustrated pictures in his book to accompany every piece of farming equipment described. Wang also created an agricultural
586:. In 1541, two different significant publications using wooden movable type were made under the sponsorship of two different princes; the Prince of Shu printing the large literary collection of the earlier Song dynasty poet Su Che, and the Prince of Yi printing a book written as a rebuttal against superstitions written by a Yuan dynasty era author.
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cultivation was more suitable for southern China. Furthermore, Wang used his treatise as a means to spread knowledge in support of certain agricultural practices or technologies found exclusively in either South or North that could benefit the other, if only they were more widely known, such as the southern hand-
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in the 11th century, but it was discarded because wood was judged to be an unsuitable material to use. Wang improved the earlier experimented process by adding the methods of specific type cutting and finishing, making the type case and revolving table that made the process more efficient. In Wang's
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printing type with earthenware frame in order to make whole blocks. Wang is best known for his usage of wooden movable type while he was a magistrate of Jingde in Anhui province from 1290 to 1301. His main contribution was improving the speed of typesetting with simple mechanical devices, along with
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Now, however, there is another method that is both more exact and more convenient. A compositor's form is made of wood, strips of bamboo are used to mark the lines and a block is engraved with characters. The block is then cut into squares with a small fine saw till each character forms a separate
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Another method is also used. At the end of the wooden (piston-)rod, about 3 ft long, which comes out from the front of the bellows, there is set up right a curved piece of wood shaped like the crescent of the new moon, and (all) this is suspended from above by a rope like those of a swing. Then in
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According to modern study (+1313!), leather bag bellows were used in olden times, but now they always use wooden fan (bellows). The design is as follows. A place beside a rushing torrent is selected, and a vertical shaft is set up in a framework with two horizontal wheels so that the lower one is
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There are notable differences between Wang's movable type process and Jin Jian's. Wang carved the written characters on wooden blocks and then sawed them apart, while Jin initiated the process by preparing type bodies before the characters were individually cut into types. For setting type, Wang
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of 1313 was a very important medieval treatise outlining the application and use of the various
Chinese sciences, technologies, and agricultural practices. From water-powered bellows to movable type printing, it is considered a descriptive masterpiece on contemporary medieval Chinese technology.
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In more recent times , type has also been made of tin by casting. It is strung on an iron wire, and thus made fast in the columns of the form, in order to print books with it. But none of this type took ink readily, and it made untidy printing in most cases. For that reason they were not used
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While printing new books, Wang described that the rectangular dimensions of each book needed to be determined in order to make the corrected size of the four-sided wooden block used in printing. Providing the necessary ink job was done by brush that was moved vertically in columns, while the
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employed a method of revolving tables where the type came to the workers, whereas Jin developed a system where the workers went to the organized type. Wang's frame was also added after the type had already been set, whereas Jin printed the ruled sheets and text separately on the same paper.
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historians, Wang also outlined the difference between the agricultural technology of
Northern China and that of Southern China. The main characteristic of agricultural technology of the north was technical applications fit for predominantly dryland cultivation, while intensified irrigation
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could help rural farmers maximize efficiency of producing yields and they could learn how to use various agricultural tools to aid their daily lives. However, it was not intended to be read by rural farmers (who were largely illiterate), but local officials who desired to research the best
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paper of Jingde City, which incorporated the use of 60,000 written characters organized on revolving tables. During the year of 1298, roughly one hundred copies of this were printed by wooden movable type in a month's time. Following in the footsteps of Wang, in 1322 the magistrate of
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wrote that a planned, artificial lake had been constructed in the Yuan-Jia reign period (424–429) for the sole purpose of powering water wheels aiding the smelting and casting processes of the
Chinese iron industry. The 5th-century text
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used bronze movable type in 1490. Although metal movable type became available in China during the Ming period, wooden movable type persisted in common use even until the 19th century. After that point, the
European
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province, named Ma
Chengde, printed Confucian classics with movable type of 100,000 written characters on needed revolving tables. The process of metal movable type was also developed in
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Although Du Shi was the first to apply water power to bellows in metallurgy, the first drawn and printed illustration of its operation with water power came in 1313, with Wang Zhen's
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for Jingde, Anhui province, where he was a pioneer of the use of wooden movable type printing. The wooden movable type was described in Wang Zhen's publication of 1313, known as the
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had 253,000 wooden movable type characters crafted in the year of 1733. Jin Jian, the official in charge of this project, provided elaborate detail on the printing process in his
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was a period of high
Chinese culture and relative economic and agricultural stability, the Yuan dynasty thoroughly damaged the economic and agricultural base of China during the
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process. Although unsuccessful in Wang's time, the bronze metal type of Hua Sui in the late 15th century would be used for centuries in China, up until the late 19th century.
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treatise was also one of the most advanced of its day, covering a wide range of equipment and technologies available in the late 13th and early 14th century.
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the complex, systematic arrangement of wooden movable types. Wang summarized the process of making wooden movable type as described in the passage below:
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Amongst the various contemporary agricultural practices mentioned in the Nong Shu, Wang listed and described the use of ploughing, sowing, irrigation,
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in the 15th century became the mainstay and standard in China and for the most part the global community until the advent of
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With movable type printing during the Ming dynasty of the 14th to 16th centuries, however, it was known to be used by local
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601:(Imperial Printing Office Manual for Movable Type). In nineteen different sections, he provided detailed description for:
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in China looking for means to improve their economic livelihoods in the face of poverty and oppression during the
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Science and
Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology (Part II: Mechanical Technology)
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Thus, Chinese metal type of the 13th century using tin was unsuccessful because it was incompatible with the
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1290–1333) was a
Chinese agronomist, inventor, mechanical engineer, politician, and writer of the
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This article is about Wang Zhen, agronomist and inventor. For other people with the same name, see
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pioneered bronze-type printing in China in 1490, Wang had experimented with printing using
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agricultural methods currently available that the peasants otherwise would know little of.
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Korea by the 13th century, while metal movable type was not pioneered in China until the
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written by Jia Sixia in 535, which had slightly over 100,000 written
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In improving movable type printing, Wang mentioned an alternative method of baking
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for many practical reasons, but also as a means to aid and support destitute rural
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was an incredibly long book even for its own time, which had over 110,000 written
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mentions the use of rushing river water to power waterwheels, as does the
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Comprehensive prescriptions for agriculture and sericulture
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Wooden movable type had been used and experimented with by
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Movable type and illustration of Wang Zhen's wooden type
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107:(1271–1368). He was one of the early innovators of the
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province, and spent many years as an official of both
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diagram in the form of a circle, which included the
249:(202 BC – AD 220) were the first to apply
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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Part 2
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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1
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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2
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758:Illustrated Treatise on Agricultural Implements
776:Irrigation equipment, water-powered mills, etc.
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229:An illustration of furnace bellows operated by
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770:Food-processing equipment and grain storage
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1162:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 195-196.
1090:Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 208-209.
1078:Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 216-217.
1033:Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 206-207.
923:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 371-371.
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782:Sericulture and textile production
599:Wu Ying Tian Ju Zhen Ban Cheng Shi
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736:Treatise on the Hundred Grains
1180:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 61.
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1135:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 75.
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1242:Wang Zhen at Chinaculture.org
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810:History of western typography
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411:Wang's movable type printing
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1219:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
1212:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
1205:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
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1314:Scientists from Shandong
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1215:Needham, Joseph (1986).
1208:Needham, Joseph (1986).
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303:Yuan-he Jun Xian Tu Chi
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16:Officer and inventor
1324:Writers from Tai'an
1289:Chinese agronomists
160:Book of Agriculture
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976:. pp. 380–2.
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347:'s slot-rod
337:steam-engine
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265:in creating
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28:Chinese name
1259:1333 deaths
679:calendrical
653:Agriculture
589:During the
286:Wu Chang Ji
247:Han dynasty
233:, from the
231:waterwheels
54:, volume 19
32:family name
1253:Categories
841:References
825:Xu Guangqi
706:sinologist
614:form trays
349:force pump
341:locomotive
255:waterwheel
146:magistrate
118:technology
89:Wade–Giles
48:Watermills
846:Citations
605:type body
568:Changzhou
556:academies
511:gazetteer
417:porcelain
345:Al-Jazari
267:cast iron
251:hydraulic
95:Wang Chen
84:Wáng Zhēn
59:Wang Zhen
1233:Archived
966:(1965).
789:See also
720:chapters
718:Nong Shu
671:Nong Shu
638:printing
635:proofing
584:gazettes
572:Hangzhou
520:Zhejiang
503:Nong Shu
467:Nong Shu
447:Bi Sheng
439:Nong Shu
339:and the
310:Nong Shu
271:engineer
235:Nong Shu
200:Nong Shu
192:Nong Shu
172:Nong Shu
164:Nong Shu
150:Nong Shu
134:Shandong
115:printing
52:Nong Shu
26:In this
1196:Sources
805:Hua Sui
675:农书 / 農書
576:Wenzhou
560:Nanjing
532:Hua Sui
516:Fenghua
459:Hua Sui
290:Pi Ling
282:Nanyang
278:Prefect
261:of the
259:bellows
176:farmers
142:Jiangxi
980:
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711:harrow
685:, the
663:harrow
620:blanks
580:Fuzhou
578:, and
564:Suzhou
524:Joseon
480:inking
274:Du Shi
158:), or
109:wooden
91::
81::
79:pinyin
73::
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30:, the
474:long.
138:Anhui
978:ISBN
702:oxen
198:The
180:Yuan
140:and
37:Wang
463:tin
280:of
101:fl.
34:is
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