3026:
6388:
348:
3638:
63:
3666:
3418:
century or more. In contrast, Europe's barriers of the
Pyrenees, the Alps, and the various defensible peninsulas (Denmark, Scandinavia, Italy, Greece, etc.) and islands (Britain, Ireland, Sicily, etc.) led to smaller countries in constant competition with each other. If a ruler chose to ignore a scientific advancement (especially a military or economic one), his more-advanced neighbors would soon usurp his throne. This explanation, however, ignores the fact that
6781:
6769:
1278:
3680:
2608:
3217:
6758:
1632:
2013:
3652:
1773:
1420:
3329:, for example, argued that the Chinese political system was hostile to scientific progress. As for Needham, he wrote that cultural factors prevented traditional Chinese achievements from developing into what could be called "science." It was the religious and philosophical framework of the Chinese intellectuals which made them unable to believe in the ideas of laws of nature:
3240:, "a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe, including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible." Another expert quoted by Woods said the scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when science was at a very low level in China:
2369:(1081–1129)—supported the primacy of contemporaneous archaeological finds of ancient inscriptions over historical works written after the fact, which they contested to be unreliable in regard to the former evidence. Hong Mai (1123–1202) used ancient Han dynasty era vessels to debunk what he found to be fallacious descriptions of Han vessels in the
4346:"" Islamic and Chinese Astronomy under the Mongols: a Little-Known Case of Transmission ", in : Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, Joseph W. Dauben, Menso Folkerts & Benno van Dalen, éds., From China to Paris. 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas. Series: Boethius 46, Stuttgart (Steiner), 2002, pp. 327–356"
3358:
There are also questions about the philosophy behind traditional
Chinese medicine, which, derived partly from Taoist philosophy, reflects the classical Chinese belief that individual human experiences express causative principles effective in the environment at all scales. Because its theory predates
3231:
of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced
Western science and astronomy, then undergoing its own revolution, to China. One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts, the Jesuits were "regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics,
2419:
as evidence that the area was once the location of an ancient seashore that had shifted hundreds of miles east over an enormous span of time. Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a dry northern climate zone where they had never been known to grow, climates naturally
3625:
In 2016, China became the country with the highest science output, as measured in publications. While the US had been the biggest producer of scientific studies until then, China published 426,000 studies in 2016 while the US published 409,000. However, the numbers are somewhat relative, as it also
3417:
postulates that the lack of geographic barriers within much of China—essentially a wide plain with two large navigable rivers and a relatively smooth coastline—led to a single government without competition. At the whim of a ruler who disliked new inventions, technology could be stifled for half a
3382:
is one well-known example of this line of thought. It argues that the
Chinese population was large enough, workers cheap enough, and agrarian productivity high enough to not require mechanization: thousands of Chinese workers were perfectly able to quickly perform any needed task. Other events such
2711:
is the Moon's obstruction of sunlight reaching Earth, the Moon is spherical like a ball and not flat like a disc, and moonlight is merely sunlight reflected from the Moon's surface. Shen also explained that the observance of a full moon occurred when the Sun's light was slanting at a certain degree
3333:
It was not that there was no order in nature for the
Chinese, but rather that it was not an order ordained by a rational personal being, and hence there was no conviction that rational personal beings would be able to spell out in their lesser earthly languages the divine code of laws which he had
3244:
made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into
Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the
1618:
between 220 and 200 BC. Typical
Chinese architecture changed little from the succeeding Han dynasty until the 19th century. The Qin dynasty also developed the crossbow, which later became the mainstream weapon in Europe. Several remains of crossbows have been found among the soldiers of the
2145:
900. Chinese illustrations were more realistic than in
Byzantine manuscripts, and detailed accounts from 1044 recommending its use on city walls and ramparts show the brass container as fitted with a horizontal pump, and a nozzle of small diameter. The records of a battle on the
3440:
saw the introduction in earnest of modern science to China. Large numbers of
Chinese students studied abroad in Japan and in Europe and the US. Many returned to help teach and to found numerous schools and universities. Among them were numerous outstanding figures, including
1585:
before spreading to China), the
Chinese were able to record observations, documenting the first recorded solar eclipse in 2137 BC, and making the first recording of any planetary grouping in 500 BC. These claims, however, are highly disputed and rely on much supposition. The
2446:
These early forms of drugs were made using primitive methods, usually just simple dried herbs, or unprocessed minerals. They were developed into combinations known as "elixirs of immortality". These early magical practices, supported by the imperial courts of
1483:. Needham notes that the invention of the crossbow "far outstripped the progress in defensive armor", which made the wearing of armor useless to the princes and dukes of the states. At this time, there were also many nascent schools of thought in China—the
3041:), excavated from the Takashima shipwreck, October 2011. Excavated bombs contain a 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) opening at the top where the fuse was placed. Once the fuse was lit, the bomb was thrown either by hand or catapult. According to the
3461:, and many others. As a result, there was a tremendous growth of modern science in China. As the Communist Party took over China's mainland in 1949, some of these Chinese scientists and institutions moved to Taiwan. The central science academy,
3387:, the Opium Wars and the resulting hate of European influence prevented China from undergoing an Industrial Revolution; copying Europe's progress on a large scale would be impossible for a lengthy period of time. Political instability under
4073:
Kelly, p. 22. "Around 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpeter (“Chinese snow”) from the East, perhaps through India. They knew of gunpowder soon afterward. They also learned about fireworks (“Chinese flowers”) and rockets (“Chinese
1394:, at the same time bringing Chinese knowledge of technology back to Europe. In the 19th and 20th centuries the introduction of Western technology was a major factor in the modernization of China. Much of the early Western work in the
2716:
proved that the Moon was spherical, using a metaphor of observing different angles of a silver ball with white powder thrown onto one side. Although the Chinese accepted the idea of spherical-shaped heavenly bodies, the concept of a
3157:
military manuscript of 1044 listed the first known written formulas for gunpowder, meant for light-weight bombs lobbed from catapults or thrown down from defenders behind city walls. By the 13th century, the iron-cased bomb shell,
2683:. Shen believed that rays of sunlight refracted before reaching the surface of the Earth, hence the appearance of the observed Sun from Earth did not match its exact location. Coinciding with the astronomical work of his colleague
2931:
In addition to the method similar to the Bessemer process mentioned above, there were other notable advancements in Chinese metallurgy during the Middle Ages. During the 11th century, the growth of the iron industry caused vast
3757:
1899:
These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact. Gunpowder, for example, spread to the Arabs in the 13th century and thence to Europe. According to
3590:
allowed China to become the third country to send humans into space, and ambition to put a man on mars by 2030. In the 2000s and 2010s, China became a top scientific and industrial power in more advanced fields such as
2666:
Despite this, Chinese thinkers of the Middle Ages proposed some hypotheses which are in accordance with modern principles of science. Yang Hui provided theoretical proof for the proposition that the complements of the
2344:
and their desire to revive the use of ancient vessels in state rituals and ceremonies. This and the belief that ancient vessels were products of 'sages' and not common people was criticized by Shen Kuo, who took an
3391:
rule (opposition and frequent oscillation between modernists and conservatives), the Republican wars (1911–1933), the Sino-Japanese War (1933–1945), the Communist/Nationalist War (1945–1949) as well as the later
3570:, the government has placed more emphasis on science and technology. This has led to increases in funding, improved scientific structure, and more money for research. These factors have led to advancements in
2196:
had produced 5 billion coins (roughly 50 per Chinese citizen), and the first banknotes were produced in 1023. These coins were so durable that they would still be in use 700 years later, in the 18th century.
1852:, although the earliest surviving examples of printed cloth patterns date to before 220. Pin-pointing the development of the compass can be difficult: the magnetic attraction of a needle is attested by the
3106:
Experimentation with various materials and ingredients in China during the middle period led to the discovery of many ointments, creams, and other mixtures with practical uses. In a 9th-century Arab work
2852:
by banging drums, clashing gongs, striking bells, and holding plaques with special announcements appearing from open-and-close shutter windows. While it had been Zhang Heng who applied the first
2687:, Shen and Wei realized that the old calculation technique for the mean Sun was inaccurate compared to the apparent Sun, since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion, and
3474:
1932:; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries.
30:
3045:
scroll, these bombs made a large noise and emitted bright fire upon explosion. Prior to the shipwreck's discovery, observers believed the bombs depicted in the scroll were a later addition.
1680:(25–220 AD), this seismograph was an urn-like instrument, which would drop one of eight balls to indicate when and in which direction an earthquake had occurred. On June 13, 2005, Chinese
314:
3351:, has argued that China did indeed experience a scientific revolution in the 17th century; however, it must be understood in the context of its time and culture, rather than through a
2657:
The men of old changed the name of their methods from problem to problem, so that as no specific explanation was given, there is no way of telling their theoretical origin or basis.
1570:. The practice of acupuncture can be traced back as far as the 1st millennium BC and some scientists believe that there is evidence that practices similar to acupuncture were used in
2511:. Chinese corps, expert in siege warfare, formed an integral part of the Mongol armies campaigning in the West. In 1259–1260 military alliance of the Franks knights of the ruler of
3245:
scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.
3500:
China began a formal computing development program in 1956 when it launched the Twelve-Year Science Plan and formed the Beijing Institute of Computing Technology under the
3254:
Johann Adam Schall published Yuan Jing Shuo, Explanation of the Telescope, in 1626, in Latin and Chinese. Schall's book referred to the telescopic observations of Galileo.
2118:
is the earliest known printed document. Movable type was also used in China for a time, but was abandoned because of the number of characters needed; it would not be until
6885:
6488:
1440:
Inaccurate section title, piles of unsourced (& wrong) statements, nonRSes including sth on Geocities, entire passages written in peacockspeech, &c. See talk page.
4930:
Wagner, Donald B. "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Volume 44 2001): 175–197.
3480:
1444:
5792:
2184:, economic reforms, and achievements in arts and literature. Trade flourished both within China and overseas, and the encouragement of technology allowed the mints at
17:
5856:
Sivin, Nathan. 2005. "A Multi-dimensional Approach to Research on Ancient Science". East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, no. 23. Temporary Publisher: 10–25.
3552:. Other civilian technologies such as superconductivity and high-yield hybrid rice led to new developments due to the application of science to industry and foreign
1985:, along with different compositions of gunpowder, including 'magic gunpowder', 'poisonous gunpowder', and 'blinding and burning gunpowder' (refer to his article).
307:
2828:(新儀象法要; lit. 'Essentials of a New Method for Mechanizing the Rotation of an Armillary Sphere and a Celestial Globe') documented the intricate mechanics of his
3718:
2585:
247:
4859:
Hartwell, Robert (1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry".
4276:
4681:
Liu, Heping. ""The Water Mill" and Northern Song Imperial Patronage of Art, Commerce, and Science," The Art Bulletin (Volume 84, Number 4, 2002): 566–595.
3626:
depends how authorship on international collaborations is counted (e.g. if one paper is counted per person or whether authorship is split among authors).
2765:
in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops. In his
1297:
scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the
7011:
5079:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
300:
46:
3291:
habitually referred to him as "the Confucius of Europe", and he personally identified himself with the Chinese sage. The doctrine and even the name of "
5609:
Mark Elvin, "The high-level equilibrium trap: the causes of the decline of invention in the traditional Chinese textile industries" in W. E. Willmott,
2864:(683–727) in 725 CE who first applied an escapement mechanism to a water-powered celestial globe and striking clock. The early Song dynasty horologist
3615:
4135:
3111:, there are numerous products listed that were native to China, including waterproof and dust-repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons, a
2960:'s (d. 38) invention of the 1st century CE, the first known drawn and printed illustration of it in operation is found in a book written in 1313 by
3325:
and why Chinese technology fell behind that of Europe. Many hypotheses have been proposed ranging from the cultural to the political and economic.
2172:(960–1279) brought a new stability for China after a century of civil war, and started a new area of modernisation by encouraging examinations and
6818:
3140:
6463:
3912:
3929:
2357:(1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze, which Patricia B. Ebrey says pioneered ideas in early
6910:
6339:
6306:
2785:. For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater
3978:
6513:
6508:
6478:
6468:
6458:
1491:(墨翟 Mozi, 470 BCE–c. 391 BCE) introduced concepts useful to one of those rulers, such as defensive fortification. One of these concepts,
2349:
approach to archaeology, incorporating his archaeological findings into studies on metallurgy, optics, astronomy, geometry, and ancient
6518:
6503:
6498:
3378:
More recent historians have questioned political and cultural explanations and have put greater focus on economic causes. Mark Elvin's
2487:
2163:
2029:
1895:; smoke and flames result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down.
1264:
267:
262:
257:
3961:
2507:
in the 13th century. Numerous contacts between Europe and the Mongols occurred in the 13th century, particularly through the unstable
1744:
were invented in China almost 2,000 years ago. The Chinese civilization was the earliest civilization to experiment successfully with
5983:
5958:
3515:, China continued to develop domestic computing and electronic institutions, including the Beijing Institute of Electronics in 1963.
1644:
252:
3299:. However, the economic insights of ancient Chinese political thought had otherwise little impact outside China in later centuries.
3025:
1920:
Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in
3338:, indeed, would have scorned such an idea as being too naïve for the subtlety and complexity of the universe as they intuited it.
2385:
In addition to his studies in meteorology, astronomy, and archaeology mentioned above, Shen Kuo also made hypotheses in regards to
2455:(156–87 BCE) eventually led to the first observations of chemistry in ancient China. Chinese alchemists searched for ways to make
2872:
in his astronomical clock because there were complaints that water would freeze too easily in the clepsydra tanks during winter.
4655:
West, Stephen H. "Cilia, Scale and Bristle: The Consumption of Fish and Shellfish in The Eastern Capital of The Northern Song,"
2671:
which are about the diameter of any given parallelogram are equal to one another. Sun Sikong (1015–1076) proposed the idea that
1604:) that appeared over a period of about 300 years, with renderings of comets describing an event its appearance corresponded to.
5152:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic
5118:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic
5105:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic
5092:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic
3879:
2154:
in 975 offer an insight into the dangers of the weapon, as a change of wind direction blew the fire back onto the Song forces.
894:
6551:
3269:
in 1687. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the
3265:
started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and Father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into
2180:
created political institutions that allowed a great deal of freedom of discourse and thought, which facilitated the growth of
6895:
6728:
6493:
6417:
6286:
6205:
6169:
6141:
5802:
5714:
5664:
5645:
4412:
1194:
198:
6210:
5931:
1507:=name), which began a systematic exploration of logic. The development of a school of logic was cut short by the defeat of
767:
757:
6985:
6811:
6427:
6412:
6362:
5061:
2629:, while there was a lacking of consistent systemic treatment in comparison to contemporaneous European works such as the
1236:
398:
6301:
6265:
4083:
3489:
lines. Although the country regressed scientifically as a result of government policies which led to famine during the
1871:, conclusively recorded the chemical reactions caused when saltpetre, pine resin and charcoal were heated together, in
388:
3119:, a waterproof cream for the silk garments of underwater divers, and a cream specifically used for polishing mirrors.
3115:, varnish, or cream that protected leather items, a completely fire-proof cement for glass and porcelain, recipes for
6845:
6377:
6215:
6174:
5879:
5841:
5824:
5748:
5728:
5700:
5682:
5603:
5532:
5495:
5466:
5255:
5233:
5217:
5138:
5042:
4951:
4915:
4833:
4773:
4591:
4570:
4549:
4489:
4465:
4314:
4298:
4250:
4181:
4164:
4156:
3734:
3437:
1462:
1065:
3508:. Over the next several years, Chinese researchers expanded on these efforts with extrapolation from Soviet models.
6332:
6260:
6245:
6225:
6126:
4729:
W. Scott Morton and Charlton M. Lewis, China: Its History and Culture. (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2005), pp. 70.
2653:(602–670) who were content with using methods without working out their theoretical origins or principle, stating:
2404:
2231:
1727:
1487:(諸子百家), scattered among many polities. The schools served as communities which advised the rulers of these states.
210:
6675:
6240:
6235:
6053:
6003:
5967:
3896:
3534:
819:
279:
273:
34:
1375:(AD 618–906) in particular was a time of great innovation. A good deal of exchange occurred between Western and
6804:
6713:
6619:
6407:
6291:
6116:
3703:
2323:
2193:
1811:
1257:
1209:
193:
6960:
5951:
1803:
1520:
1231:
1157:
1092:
222:
4965:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
4753:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
4740:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
4718:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
4670:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
4176:
Patricia B. Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999,
3485:
After the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, China reorganized its science establishment along
2940:
in the smelting process. To remedy the problem of deforestation, the Song Chinese discovered how to produce
6970:
6890:
6685:
6647:
6402:
6190:
6106:
5993:
3740:
3261:'s works were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China.
2985:
into Chinese mathematics. Before this innovation, blank spaces were used instead of zeros in the system of
2748:
2742:
1688:
1563:
1167:
180:
173:
6387:
4847:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing
7016:
6855:
6784:
6680:
6637:
6325:
6296:
6255:
6250:
6195:
6101:
6078:
5836:
Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications,
3708:
3501:
3379:
2264:(Illustrated Pharmacopoeia, original source material from 1058 to 1061 AD) with a team of scholars. This
1691:(c. 200–265 AD) was another impressive figure from ancient China. Ma Jun improved the design of the silk
1376:
1219:
976:
357:
73:
6965:
6528:
6230:
6220:
6096:
6063:
6058:
6008:
4396:
3728:
3713:
3522:, the 119. The 119 was a core technology in facilitating China's first successful nuclear weapon test (
3321:
One question that has been the subject of debate among historians has been why China did not develop a
2688:
1484:
1329:
1224:
80:
5896:
5348:
Sivin, Nathan (March 1985). "Why the scientific revolution did not take place in China — or did it?".
5017:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
5004:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4991:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4978:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4618:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4529:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4516:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4432:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4264:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4211:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
3425:
3103:
have asserted, stating that alchemy was more prevalent in the secular sphere and practiced by laymen.
6772:
6367:
6200:
6164:
6159:
6048:
5901:
5637:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
3723:
3538:
1868:
1435:
1250:
1187:
1152:
725:
421:
331:
5773:
3909:
931:
6950:
6945:
6870:
6584:
6372:
6033:
5944:
5487:
3745:
3600:
2880:
Shen Kuo's written work of 1088 also contains the first written description of the magnetic needle
2256:
mechanism. Crowning the top of the clock tower was the large bronze, mechanically driven, rotating
921:
570:
135:
5295:
1390:
of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy, while undergoing its own
6723:
6627:
6609:
6442:
6437:
6121:
6073:
6043:
5998:
5516:
3981:
3933:
3596:
2820:
was an important pharmaceutical work of the age, Su Song is perhaps better known for his work in
2752:
2499:
saw technological advances from an economic perspective, with the first mass production of paper
2374:
1147:
162:
5484:
People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
3548:, and its high-speed development was declared essential to all national economic development by
2302:. Chinese astronomers made two more notable supernova observations during the Song dynasty: the
2200:
There were many famous inventors and early scientists in the Song dynasty period. The statesman
1546:
You conquered the empire on horseback, but from horseback you will never succeed in ruling it.
6975:
6905:
6690:
6632:
6599:
6566:
6432:
6136:
6038:
3567:
3409:
2905:
2680:
2508:
1719:
1367:– were among the most important technological advances, only known to Europe by the end of the
1199:
1177:
1162:
648:
367:
227:
216:
203:
5794:
Economic thought before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought
4631:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany
3497:, scientific research in nuclear weapons and satellite launching still gained great success.
6920:
6827:
6761:
6667:
6652:
6604:
6422:
6068:
6013:
5760:
5678:
4800:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics
4789:(Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing, 1995), Chapter III, pp. 21, 27, & 34.
3587:
3419:
3322:
3228:
2848:
crowning the top as well as the 133 clock jack figurines positioned on a rotating wheel that
2177:
1799:
1793:
1476:
1391:
1387:
1346:
1172:
589:
284:
87:
4087:
1676:" ("Instrument for inquiring into the wind and the shaking of the earth"). According to the
6990:
6955:
6850:
6738:
6733:
6657:
6546:
6536:
6131:
5978:
5564:
3850:
3505:
3388:
3368:
3274:
3132:
3014:
2990:
2961:
2921:
2592:
1997:
1726:
vehicle. While the exact mechanism is unclear, scholars think it incorporated the use of a
1551:
1535:
1214:
427:
152:
123:
106:
4542:
China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic
4482:
China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic
2912:(1231–1316). While using a sighting tube of improved width to correct the position of the
2436:
Superior drugs, associated with immortality, were used for the realization of vital powers
8:
6980:
6900:
6743:
6708:
6700:
6589:
6579:
6028:
5524:
5403:
4238:
3751:
3698:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3494:
3393:
3364:
2973:
2925:
2346:
1650:
1608:
1310:
379:
167:
5617:
5568:
3288:
6718:
6574:
6556:
6541:
6348:
6151:
5857:
5416:
5318:
4876:
4345:
4281:
Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
3490:
3038:
2829:
2645:
12th century). This drawback to Chinese science was lamented even by the mathematician
2625:
As Toby E. Huff notes, pre-modern Chinese science developed precariously without solid
2563:
2544:
2125:
In addition to gunpowder, the Chinese also developed improved delivery systems for the
2119:
1857:
1562:
philosophy, one of the newest longstanding contributions of the ancient Chinese are in
1395:
1182:
362:
5037:(Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2nd ed., 2006,
3257:
Conversely, the Jesuits were very active in transmitting Chinese knowledge to Europe.
2314:
the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.
2112:, using delicate hand-carved wooden blocks to print individual pages. The 9th century
1856:, composed between AD 20 and 100, although the first undisputed magnetized needles in
6860:
6768:
6473:
6018:
5988:
5875:
5837:
5820:
5816:
5798:
5710:
5660:
5641:
5635:
5599:
5528:
5491:
5462:
5420:
5365:
5322:
5229:
5213:
5134:
5038:
4947:
4911:
4880:
4829:
4769:
4587:
4566:
4545:
4485:
4461:
4408:
4310:
4294:
4246:
4177:
4160:
3693:
3685:
3512:
3360:
3193:
2869:
2626:
2577:
2573:
2464:
2452:
2416:
2395:
2362:
2287:
2206:
2082:
2070:
1888:
1669:
1567:
1430:
1282:
1110:
678:
658:
433:
186:
142:
3883:
6915:
6875:
6594:
6111:
5572:
5520:
5412:
5357:
5310:
4868:
4400:
4357:
3397:
3326:
3316:
3277:
who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into
3233:
3128:
2901:
2845:
2634:
2596:
2257:
2181:
1982:
1974:
1753:
1668:), and catalogued 2,500 stars and over 100 constellations. In 132, he invented the
1658:
1341:
789:
347:
339:
157:
147:
5936:
4505:(Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing, 1995), Chapter III, pp. 16–19.
4362:
2428:
Until the Song dynasty, Chinese medicine classified drugs under the system of the
6865:
5846:
Sivin, Nathan. "Science and Medicine in Imperial China--the state of the field."
5788:
5065:
3916:
3608:
3592:
3462:
3352:
3076:
3050:
2945:
2853:
2718:
2613:
2589:
2560:
1875:. Another early record of gunpowder, a Chinese book from c. 850 AD, indicates:
1785:
1757:
1620:
1612:
1496:
1298:
118:
5912:
China International Association for Promotion of Science and Technology (CIAPST)
3404:
to Europe made the crucial difference between European and Chinese development.
6023:
5744:
5723:
5696:
5674:
5577:
5552:
4897:(Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing, 1995), Chapter III, pp. 22.
4642:
Schafer, Edward H. "Orpiment and Realgar in Chinese Technology and Tradition,"
4447:(Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing, 1995), Chapter III, pp. 24.
4226:(Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing, 1995), Chapter III, pp. 23.
3671:
3657:
3363:, it has received various criticisms based on scientific thinking. Philosopher
3197:
3153:
3068:
3056:
2885:
2849:
2761:
2675:
were the result of the contact between sunlight and moisture in the air, while
2467:
in vinegar . Solubilzation of cinnabar was found to occur only if an impurity (
2366:
2341:
2265:
1761:
1662:
1399:
691:
608:
129:
5055:
4872:
2588:
established by Kublai Khan, while some Chinese astronomers also worked at the
1534:, which conquered the short-lived Qin, were made aware of the need for law by
7005:
5458:
5424:
5369:
4811:
Hsu, Mei-ling. "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China,"
4404:
3619:
3583:
3559:
In March 1986, China launched a large-scale technology development plan, the
3549:
3454:
3422:
3414:
3372:
3292:
3072:
2986:
2953:
2933:
2708:
2704:
2668:
2551:, is also often designated as a possible intermediary in the transmission of
2492:
2460:
2448:
2400:
2227:
2114:
2017:
1912:
1907:
1777:
1734:
to wheels rotating at different speeds, a device that is found in all modern
1615:
1607:
In architecture, the pinnacle of Chinese technology manifested itself in the
481:
448:
5657:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
1941:
One of the most important military treatises of all Chinese history was the
5867:
3783:
3643:
3486:
3348:
3278:
3262:
3237:
3092:
2909:
2889:
2756:
2726:
2707:
occurs when the Earth obstructs the sunlight traveling towards the Moon, a
2496:
2329:
2242:
2169:
2134:
2102:
2098:
2058:
2039:
1989:
1849:
1781:
1741:
1681:
1665:
1588:
1403:
1380:
1372:
1286:
1056:
1032:
1019:
1006:
950:
909:
847:
561:
551:
528:
6281:
5892:
Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
3880:"Die neuen Akupunkturpunkte zur Beeinflussung der Hirnnerven an der Hand"
3854:
3604:
3571:
3560:
3523:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3172:
3159:
3112:
2978:
2941:
2865:
2841:
2713:
2692:
2650:
2548:
2516:
2504:
2415:, and cited his observance of horizontal strata of fossils embedded in a
2390:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2311:
2299:
2245:
2173:
2078:
2066:
2043:
2021:
1837:
1539:
1531:
1512:
1368:
1360:
1314:
1302:
1294:
963:
834:
668:
636:
623:
457:
111:
6796:
5861:
5831:
Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories
5613:, (Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1972) pp. 137–172.
5228:"The Eastern origins of Western civilization", John Hobson, p. 194-195,
3982:"People's Daily Online -- China resurrects world's earliest seismograph"
3865:(Essential Mirror of Universal History) ch. 3, p. 46b) as referenced in
2781:
according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in
2725:) was not accepted in Chinese thought until the works of Italian Jesuit
6925:
5851:
5598:. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
5361:
5314:
4662:
4563:
Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
4326:
3285:
3201:
3189:
3148:
3116:
3006:
2982:
2917:
2916:(which had shifted over the centuries), Shen discovered the concept of
2857:
2837:
2793:
2778:
2730:
2722:
2700:
2566:
between 1219 and 1223, from one of his travels to visit the Mongols in
2354:
2281:
2277:
2253:
2223:
2219:
2138:
2130:
2094:
2062:
1970:
1958:
1950:
1929:
1921:
1904:
1735:
1715:
1696:
1654:
1575:
715:
504:
4309:"The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization", John M.Hobson, p. 186,
4275:
4243:
Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine
3665:
2252:, by 1088 AD. The clock tower was driven by a rotating waterwheel and
6317:
5275:"The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization", John M. Hobson, p. 196
3401:
3258:
3205:
3181:
3163:
3136:
3084:
2913:
2897:
2696:
2552:
2358:
2291:
2126:
2086:
2074:
2047:
1966:
1833:
1582:
1356:
1322:
1277:
5120:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986), pp. 173–174, 192, 290, & 477.
3400:
has made the argument that the substantial resources taken from the
3216:
2607:
2226:). Shen Kuo also devised a geological theory for land formation, or
2108:
In the 7th century, book-printing was developed in China, Korea and
1844:. Paper and printing were developed first. Printing was recorded in
5401:
Blaut, James M. (1999-07-01). "Environmentalism and Eurocentrism".
5383:
3579:
3575:
3519:
3475:
History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China
3375:
because it "confuse(s) metaphysical claims with empirical claims".
3144:
3100:
2998:
2937:
2893:
2821:
2676:
2646:
2540:
2520:
2500:
2468:
2456:
2268:
treatise covered a wide range of other related subjects, including
2201:
2189:
1993:
1962:
1949:
in the 14th century. For gunpowder weapons, it outlined the use of
1841:
1745:
1700:
1636:
1480:
1364:
1306:
31:
History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China
4672:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 1986) pp. 111 & 165 & 445–448.
3679:
3566:
As the People's Republic of China becomes better connected to the
2547:, an ambassador to the Mongols in 1254–1255, a personal friend of
2407:. Shen believed that land was reshaped over time due to perpetual
1631:
6642:
3446:
3428:, and was thus not inherently disposed to political unification.
3335:
3177:
3096:
3064:
3010:
2949:
2881:
2861:
2833:
2801:
2782:
2770:
2672:
2642:
2638:
2618:
2556:
2524:
2512:
2408:
2386:
2307:
2303:
2273:
2249:
2238:
2215:
2211:
2185:
2151:
2147:
2012:
2001:
1946:
1901:
1884:
1864:
1829:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1581:
Using shadow clocks and the abacus (both invented in the ancient
1571:
1352:
1337:
1318:
858:
709:
703:
62:
5553:"China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles"
3529:
In 1966, China transitioned from vacuum-tube computers to fully
5513:
High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy
4623:
3384:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3270:
3220:
3185:
3167:
3060:
2957:
2774:
2691:. Shen supported and expanded upon beliefs earlier proposed by
2684:
2581:
2567:
2536:
2528:
2475:
2295:
2269:
2090:
2054:
1978:
1954:
1880:
1819:
1731:
1704:
1703:
palatial gardens, and created a large and intricate mechanical
1597:
1559:
1508:
1333:
29:
For the history of science and technology of modern China, see
5932:
China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology 1991–2015
5833:(Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003)
3071:
labeled their pursuits as proto-scientific rather than merely
3059:
and desire to create gold from various mixtures of materials,
2105:(AD 960–1279) in particular were periods of great innovation.
1772:
5780:
Li Shu-hua, "Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,"
5455:
The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age
4139:, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, v. 3, p. 145.
3997:
3995:
3618:
was established in an effort to reduce dependence on foreign
3266:
3080:
2928:, a concept which would aid navigators in the years to come.
2805:
2797:
2532:
2361:
and archaeology. In accordance with the beliefs of the later
2122:
that the technique was reinvented in a suitable environment.
2109:
2035:
1892:
1845:
1684:
announced that they had created a replica of the instrument.
1488:
4938:
4936:
3075:. Fairbank and Goldman write that the futile experiments of
3009:(fl. 13th century) in 1299 contained nothing new in Chinese
2908:
that would later be mastered by the astronomer and engineer
2531:, in which they fought together for the conquests of Muslim
2373:
archaeological catalogue compiled during the latter half of
5926:
5902:
Popular Science Alliance Network, Internet Society of China
5107:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986), pp. 70–73 & 117–124.
4393:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
4004:
2997:(详解九章算法), although it was described earlier around 1100 by
2786:
2649:(1238–1298), who criticized earlier mathematicians such as
2559:
is often said to have been introduced by the Master of the
2412:
2192:
to gradually increase in production. In 1080, the mints of
2051:
1749:
1692:
5921:
5916:
5906:
4766:
Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries
4692:
The Architectural Theory Review: Archineering in Chinatime
4377:
4013:
3992:
3310:
3184:, by the 14th century the Chinese had developed the heavy
2034:
Among the engineering accomplishments of early China were
1996:(990–1051), it was enhanced by the wooden movable type of
5911:
5897:
Chinese Society for the History of Science and Technology
5891:
5154:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986), pp. 203–205, 264, 508.
4933:
4544:(San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc., 2000,
4484:(San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc., 2000,
3533:. In the mid-1960s through the late 1960s, China began a
3088:
2948:
as a substitute for charcoal. Although hydraulic-powered
2471:
2024:
are described as very large, three- or four-masted ships.
1925:
1722:, a complex mechanical device that acted as a mechanical
1479:
began 2500 years ago at the time of the invention of the
5384:"pseudoscience - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com"
5303:
Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education
4610:
4518:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 227 & 414–416.
3518:
In 1964, CAS debuted China's first self-developed large
3481:
Science and technology in the People's Republic of China
1661:(the first armillary sphere having been invented by the
1542:, as defined by the scholars, rather than the generals.
4942:
Patricia B. Ebrey, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais,
4426:
4424:
4196:
Rudolph, R.C. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,"
2993:
was first illustrated in China by Yang Hui in his book
2463:
so they could be ingested, such as using a solution of
2306:, the brightest recorded supernova in history; and the
4707:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), pp. 140.
4279:; Christopher Glidewell (2008). Selin, Helaine (ed.).
4124:
Special Christmas Edition, Orbis Publishing Ltd, 1998.
3977:
2759:(618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a
1718:. However, Ma Jun's most impressive invention was the
1657:(78–139 AD) invented the first water-powered rotating
33:. For the science and technology of modern China, see
5167:(Marlborough: The Crowood Press, Ltd., 2003), pp. 11.
4895:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections.
4787:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections.
4584:
China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty
4503:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections.
4445:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections.
4224:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections.
3719:
List of inventions and discoveries of Neolithic China
3095:
discounts such a close connection between Taoism and
2884:, the first description in China of experiments with
2234:
in geological regions over an enormous span of time.
1873:
Book of the Master of the Preservations of Solidarity
5743:
5659:. Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng.
5185:
link.springer.com/article/10.107/s 00016-020-00254-0
5131:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4944:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4421:
4037:"A lodestone attracts a needle." Li Shu-hua, p. 176.
3866:
3826:
3811:
3633:
3431:
2769:('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official
1075:
997:
877:
810:
740:
614:
5966:
5927:
China Association of Children's Science Instructors
5922:
China Research Institute for Science Popularization
5254:Science, London School of Economics and Political.
4802:(Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., 1986), pp. 98 & 252.
4607:. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 5.
4234:
4232:
4213:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 603–604, 618.
4147:
4145:
3779:
3777:
3758:
Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology
3295:" may have been inspired by the Chinese concept of
2679:(1031–1095) expanded upon this with description of
5872:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
5058:Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China
3788:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
2241:was best known for his engineering project of the
1592:was the first definitive atlas of comets, written
4293:"Histoire des Croisades", René Grousset, p. 581,
3616:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
3544:From 1975, science and technology was one of the
7003:
4694:(Sydney: University of Sydney, 2001), pp. 10–11.
4633:. (Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., 1986), pp. 174–175.
4229:
4153:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West
4142:
3905:
3903:
3774:
2773:(1020–1101) not only systematically categorized
2442:Inferior drugs were those used to treat diseases
2007:
1409:
5094:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986), pp. 220–262.
3946:
2599:had lent their expertise to the Chinese court.
5747:; Robinson, Kenneth G.; Huang, Jen-Yü (2004).
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5133:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002,
5029:
5027:
5025:
5006:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 134–137.
4828:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996,
4768:(Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992,
4755:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 1986), pp. 469–471.
4732:
4620:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 648–649.
4565:(Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996,
4531:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 415–416.
4245:(Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2002,
3822:
3820:
3013:, it had a great impact on the development of
2981:(c. 1202–1261) was the first to introduce the
6812:
6333:
5952:
4908:Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction
4742:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 1986) pp. 470–475.
4458:The Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi (1130–1200)
3900:
3468:
2000:in 1298 and the bronze metal movable type of
1258:
308:
6307:National Natural Science Foundation of China
5907:China Association for Science and Technology
4993:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 62–63.
2896:(990–1051), a method of repeated forging of
2555:know-how between the East and the West. The
1495:(法 principle or method) was extended by the
5673:
5431:
5335:
5022:
4967:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986), pp. 376.
4151:Julius Thomas Fraser and Francis C. Haber,
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
3817:
3396:isolated China at the most critical times.
3211:
3147:portrays the first artistic depiction of a
2875:
2399:of 1088, specifically his claims regarding
2290:were the first to record observations of a
2214:to repair boats, the navigational magnetic
7012:History of science and technology in China
6819:
6805:
6757:
6340:
6326:
5959:
5945:
5596:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5212:"Windows into China", John Parker, p. 25,
5081:(Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., 1986), pp. 452.
5068:(Variorum, 1995). Retrieved on 2008-08-13.
4476:
4474:
4434:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 104.
4266:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 618.
4192:
4190:
3504:(CAS). In 1958, China completed its first
3127:The significant change that distinguished
2811:
2488:Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty
2474:) was present. Gold also was soluble when
2380:
2164:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
2030:Science and technology of the Tang dynasty
1988:For the 11th century invention of ceramic
1265:
1251:
315:
301:
55:History of science and technology in China
18:History of Science and Technology in China
6826:
5576:
5550:
5203:"Windows into China", John Parker, p. 25.
5019:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 46.
4980:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986) pp. 43.
4946:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006,
4926:
4924:
4849:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986), pp 201.
4720:(Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 1986), pp. 30.
4361:
4241:, Gregory K. Clancey, and Hui-Chieh Loy,
2900:under a cold blast similar to the modern
1645:Science and technology of the Han dynasty
1463:Learn how and when to remove this message
5813:The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453
5787:
5611:Economic Organization in Chinese Society
5475:
5452:
4858:
4644:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4437:
4384:
4366:– via abstractairanica.revues.org.
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4092:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3949:Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation
3347:Another prominent historian of science,
3215:
3024:
2606:
2602:
2210:(1088 AD). In it, he wrote of use for a
2204:is best known for his book known as the
2011:
1771:
1767:
1630:
1276:
5695:
5504:
5293:
4910:(New York: Springer-Verlag Inc., 2003,
4636:
4471:
4450:
4187:
3930:"Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest"
3838:
3798:
3796:
3311:Scientific and technological stagnation
3079:did lead to the discovery of new metal
2804:, as well as reservoirs and marshes of
2733:(1562–1633) in the early 17th century.
2222:(with magnetic declination towards the
1714:, which was operated by a large hidden
14:
7004:
6347:
5546:
5544:
5481:
5033:John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman,
4921:
4127:
3927:
3273:and other philosophical groups of the
3029:Stoneware bombs, known in Japanese as
2481:
2365:(1795–1886), some Song gentry—such as
2218:, and the discovery of the concept of
6800:
6321:
5940:
5654:
5633:
5510:
5400:
5347:
4705:Chinese Thought, Society, and Science
4659:(Volume 47, Number 2, 1987): 595–634.
4605:An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica
4343:
4200:(Volume 22, Number 2, 1963): 169–177.
4136:The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova
4108:
3966:
3355:as an analog of Europe's revolution.
3208:mechanism to ignite trains of fuses.
3020:
3003:Introduction to Computational Studies
2478:was present in crude niter deposits.
2439:Medium drugs that enrich one's nature
2260:. In 1070, Su Song also compiled the
5874:, (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005),
5165:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
4597:
4561:Dainian Fan and Robert Sonné Cohen,
4390:
4022:
3793:
3170:were developed. As evidenced by the
3122:
2695:(202 BCE – 220 CE) scholars such as
1413:
5753:General Conclusions and Reflections
5749:"Science and Civilisation in China"
5541:
5253:
4805:
4646:(Volume 75, Number 2, 1955): 73–89.
3859:(History of the former Han dynasty)
2729:(1552–1610) and Chinese astronomer
24:
6302:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
5525:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001
5417:10.1111/j.1931-0846.1999.tb00225.x
4657:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3867:Needham, Robinson & Huang 2004
3827:Needham, Robinson & Huang 2004
3812:Needham, Robinson & Huang 2004
2584:astronomers worked in the Chinese
2420:shifted geographically over time.
1776:The intricate frontispiece of the
1730:in order to apply equal amount of
25:
7028:
6966:History of electrical engineering
6378:History and philosophy of science
5885:
5729:Science and Civilization in China
5702:Science and Civilisation in China
5684:Science and Civilisation in China
5618:"The High-level Equilibrium Trap"
4826:A History of Chinese Civilization
4586:. Oxford University Press, 2002,
4157:University of Massachusetts Press
3735:Science and Civilization in China
3432:The Republic of China (1912–1949)
3303:, was known as "the Confucius of
2904:, and the mathematical basis for
2868:(fl. late 10th century) employed
2631:Concordance and Discordant Canons
2595:. Before this, in ancient times,
1519:as law rather than method by the
6780:
6779:
6767:
6756:
6386:
5394:
5376:
5341:
5256:"Department of Economic History"
3790:(Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005)
3678:
3664:
3650:
3636:
2580:intermingled under Mongol rule.
1418:
346:
61:
5968:Science and technology in China
5740:. Taipei: Caves Books Pty. Ltd.
5329:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5247:
5238:
5222:
5206:
5197:
5188:
5179:
5176:Patricia Buckley Ebrey, p. 212.
5170:
5157:
5144:
5123:
5110:
5097:
5084:
5071:
5048:
5009:
4996:
4983:
4970:
4957:
4900:
4887:
4861:The Journal of Economic History
4852:
4839:
4818:
4792:
4779:
4758:
4745:
4723:
4710:
4697:
4684:
4675:
4649:
4576:
4555:
4534:
4521:
4508:
4495:
4370:
4337:
4319:
4303:
4287:
4269:
4256:
4216:
4203:
4170:
4077:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4010:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 158.
3955:
3940:
3493:and political chaos during the
3063:became heavily associated with
2736:
2689:behind it in the retarded phase
2237:The equally talented statesman
2230:, and theorized that there was
2157:
1530:Needham further notes that the
35:Science and technology in China
6839:History of technology cultures
6292:Chinese Academy of Engineering
6107:History of measurement systems
5797:. Cheltnam, UK: Edward Elgar.
5784:, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954)
5551:Tollefson, Jeff (2018-01-18).
4019:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 40.
4001:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 39.
3962:Weapons of the terracotta army
3921:
3872:
3844:
3832:
3805:
3704:History of Chinese archaeology
3188:, hollow and gunpowder-packed
3151:, a prototype of the gun. The
3033:(iron bomb), or in Chinese as
2967:
2836:. This included the use of an
2535:, taking together the city of
2324:History of Chinese archaeology
2317:
1824:
1815:
1807:
1626:
1623:in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang.
1205:Science and technology history
248:Neolithic and early Bronze Age
13:
1:
6986:History of nuclear technology
6961:History of computing hardware
6939:History of technology domains
5917:China Popular Science Network
5755:. Cambridge University Press.
5707:History of Scientific Thought
5691:. Cambridge University Press.
4363:10.4000/abstractairanica.4985
4084:Novum Organum, Liber I, CXXIX
3951:. Cambridge University Press.
3763:
3611:researches and other fields.
3438:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2747:There were noted advances in
2432:(Herbal of the Zhenghe Era):
2328:During the early half of the
2008:China's scientific revolution
1511:'s political sponsors by the
1410:Mo Di and the School of Names
575:
534:
510:
487:
463:
404:
6971:History of materials science
5511:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024).
5453:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2024).
4391:Huff, Toby E. (2003-08-18).
4380:– via www.nybooks.com.
4198:The Journal of Asian Studies
3768:
3741:Traditional Chinese medicine
3284:The followers of the French
3141:A 10th-century silken banner
2856:to the armillary sphere via
2749:traditional Chinese medicine
2743:Traditional Chinese medicine
2423:
2411:, uplift, and deposition of
2016:Ships of the world in 1460 (
1678:History of Later Han Dynasty
1670:first seismological detector
1566:, including acupuncture and
1564:Traditional Chinese medicine
7:
6729:Neurology and neurosurgery
6297:Chinese Academy of Sciences
4344:Vesel, Živa (15 May 2004).
3709:List of Chinese discoveries
3629:
3502:Chinese Academy of Sciences
3380:high level equilibrium trap
2459:, gold and other minerals
1438:. The specific problem is:
10:
7033:
5588:
5578:10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4
4815:(Volume 40, 1988): 96–112.
4397:Cambridge University Press
3729:History of canals in China
3714:List of Chinese inventions
3539:third-generation computers
3537:program and was producing
3478:
3472:
3469:People's Republic of China
3314:
3048:
2971:
2956:had been written of since
2740:
2485:
2321:
2161:
2027:
1879:Some have heated together
1791:
1642:
1485:Hundred Schools of Thought
28:
6934:
6834:
6752:
6699:
6666:
6618:
6565:
6527:
6451:
6395:
6384:
6355:
6274:
6183:
6150:
6087:
5974:
5689:Introductory Orientations
4873:10.1017/S0022050700061842
4460:(DIANE Publishing, 2002,
4055:Liang, pp. Appendix C VII
3910:Ancient Chinese Astronomy
3724:Military history of China
3236:introduced, according to
3109:Kitāb al-Khawāss al Kabīr
2755:(reigned 649–683) of the
2332:(960–1279), the study of
1515:, and the subsumption of
1402:and his Chinese partner,
1079:
1001:
881:
814:
744:
618:
88:the Four Great Inventions
6951:History of communication
6946:History of biotechnology
5848:Journal of Asian Studies
5594:Patricia Buckley Ebrey,
5488:Cornell University Press
5482:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
5056:"Taoism and Science" in
4405:10.1017/cbo9781316257098
3947:F.R. Stephenson (1997).
3746:Two Bombs, One Satellite
3531:transistorized computers
3212:Jesuit activity in China
3055:In their pursuit for an
2995:Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa
2892:printing by the artisan
2876:Magnetism and metallurgy
2840:and world's first known
2830:astronomical clock tower
2751:during the Middle Ages.
1687:The mechanical engineer
1283:astronomical instruments
1281:Instructions for making
6443:20th century in science
6438:19th century in science
6275:Institutes and programs
5984:Artificial intelligence
5655:Liang, Jieming (2006).
5517:Oxford University Press
5336:Needham & Wang 1954
5296:"Confucius (K'ung Tzu)"
4283:. Springer. p. 89.
3597:artificial intelligence
3371:, deemed acupuncture a
3334:decreed aforetime. The
2812:Horology and clockworks
2611:A 1726 illustration of
2381:Geology and climatology
1863:By AD 300, Ge Hong, an
1653:scholar and astronomer
6976:History of measurement
6846:Prehistoric technology
6363:Theories and sociology
5768:Cite journal requires
5738:Mechanical Engineering
5294:Huanyin, Yang (1993).
5194:wdl.org/en/item/11434/
3423:politically fragmented
3410:Guns, Germs, and Steel
3345:
3252:
3224:
3117:Chinese and Indian ink
3046:
2906:spherical trigonometry
2844:to power the rotating
2681:atmospheric refraction
2664:
2622:
2519:and his father-in-law
2509:Franco-Mongol alliance
2298:, recorded during the
2294:, the first being the
2025:
1939:
1897:
1789:
1720:south-pointing chariot
1695:, designed mechanical
1640:
1556:
1371:1000 years later. The
1290:
6921:Industrial Revolution
6828:History of technology
6423:Scientific Revolution
6117:History of metallurgy
3986:english.people.com.cn
3802:Agustín Udías, p. 53.
3588:Chinese space program
3331:
3323:scientific revolution
3315:Further information:
3242:
3229:Jesuit China missions
3219:
3190:exploding cannonballs
3028:
2655:
2610:
2603:Theory and hypothesis
2336:developed out of the
2028:Further information:
2015:
1918:
1877:
1800:Four Great Inventions
1794:Four Great Inventions
1775:
1768:Four Great Inventions
1635:Remains of a Chinese
1634:
1596:400 BC. It listed 29
1544:
1477:Warring States period
1398:in China was done by
1392:scientific revolution
1388:Jesuit China missions
1347:Four Great Inventions
1285:from the time of the
1280:
1070:(mainland, 1912–1949)
6991:History of transport
6956:History of computing
6676:Agricultural science
6428:Age of Enlightenment
6206:Computer programmers
5634:Kelly, Jack (2004).
5350:The Environmentalist
5035:China: A New History
4133:Mayall N.U. (1939),
4046:Li Shu-hua, p. 182f.
3506:vacuum-tube computer
3465:, also moved there.
3369:The Skeptics Society
3232:and geography." The
3139:weaponry in battle.
3133:early Modern warfare
3015:Japanese mathematics
2922:magnetic declination
2838:escapement mechanism
2800:, in waterways near
2417:cliffside at Taihang
2141:first used in China
2042:, the double-action
1445:improve this section
1434:to meet Knowledge's
181:Traditional medicine
174:Units of measurement
6981:History of medicine
6714:Veterinary medicine
6408:Classical Antiquity
6287:Research institutes
6211:Computer scientists
6170:Research institutes
5994:Automotive industry
5789:Rothbard, Murray N.
5569:2018Natur.553..390T
5404:Geographical Review
4239:Alan Kam-leung Chan
4086:– Adapted from the
3752:Yongle Encyclopedia
3699:Chinese mathematics
3554:technology transfer
3546:Four Modernizations
3495:Cultural Revolution
3394:Cultural Revolution
3365:Robert Todd Carroll
3043:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba
2974:Chinese mathematics
2926:North Magnetic Pole
2888:, the invention of
2593:Maragha observatory
2586:Astronomical Bureau
2482:Mongol transmission
2353:. His contemporary
2288:Chinese astronomers
1812:traditional Chinese
1712:Emperor Ming of Wei
1651:Eastern Han dynasty
1609:Great Wall of China
1377:Chinese discoveries
1328:Among the earliest
1311:military technology
74:List of discoveries
7017:Chinese inventions
6349:History of science
6079:Telecommunications
5811:Stephen Turnbull,
5362:10.1007/BF02239866
5315:10.1007/bf02195036
5129:Alfred W. Crosby,
5064:2008-06-23 at the
4122:Money of the World
3915:2006-02-22 at the
3863:Tung Chien Kang Mu
3861:ch. 43, p. 6b and
3491:Great Leap Forward
3225:
3077:Chinese alchemists
3047:
3039:thunder crash bomb
3021:Alchemy and Taoism
3005:(算学启蒙) written by
2936:due to the use of
2860:in 125 CE, it was
2714:phases of the moon
2712:and that crescent
2623:
2621:in the 3rd century
2597:Indian astronomers
2564:Pierre de Montaigu
2545:William of Rubruck
2451:(259–210 BCE) and
2182:scientific advance
2178:first Song Emperor
2120:Johannes Gutenberg
2026:
1858:Chinese literature
1804:simplified Chinese
1790:
1760:) being the first
1641:
1611:, under the first
1396:history of science
1291:
1085:
895:Five Dynasties and
887:
822:Southern dynasties
750:
649:Chu–Han Contention
81:List of inventions
6999:
6998:
6794:
6793:
6686:Materials science
6648:Political science
6413:Medieval European
6315:
6314:
6266:Social scientists
5817:Osprey Publishing
5804:978-0-945466-48-2
5716:978-0-521-05800-1
5666:978-981-05-5380-7
5647:978-0-465-03718-6
5457:. Cambridge, MA:
4527:"Joseph Needham,
4414:978-0-521-82302-9
4350:Abstracta Iranica
4277:Anthony R. Butler
4167:, 1986), pp. 227.
3694:Chinese astronomy
3686:Technology portal
3526:), also in 1964.
3513:Sino-Soviet split
3361:scientific method
3123:Gunpowder warfare
2991:Pascal's triangle
2964:(fl. 1290–1333).
2850:sounded the hours
2790:Eriocher sinensis
2721:(as opposed to a
2703:(78–139 CE) that
2627:scientific theory
2465:potassium nitrate
2396:Dream Pool Essays
2363:Leopold von Ranke
2347:interdisciplinary
2340:interests of the
2207:Dream Pool Essays
2101:(AD 618–907) and
2083:raised-relief map
2071:suspension bridge
2061:, the multi-tube
1983:two stage rockets
1728:differential gear
1674:Houfeng Didong Yi
1574:during the early
1473:
1472:
1465:
1436:quality standards
1427:This section may
1275:
1274:
1232:Transport history
1158:Education history
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1111:Republic of China
1093:People's Republic
1066:Republic of China
1045:
1044:
994:
993:
989:
988:
874:
873:
807:
806:
802:
801:
738:
737:
641:(206 BC – 220 AD)
571:Spring and Autumn
434:Liao civilization
325:
324:
274:People's Republic
16:(Redirected from
7024:
6916:Great Divergence
6821:
6814:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6771:
6760:
6759:
6681:Computer science
6529:Natural sciences
6494:Medieval Islamic
6390:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6216:Earth scientists
6165:Higher education
6160:Academic grading
6142:Military history
6137:Maritime history
6049:Renewable energy
5961:
5954:
5947:
5938:
5937:
5808:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5756:
5720:
5692:
5670:
5651:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5450:
5429:
5428:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5300:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5226:
5220:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5161:
5155:
5150:Joseph Needham,
5148:
5142:
5127:
5121:
5116:Joseph Needham,
5114:
5108:
5103:Joseph Needham,
5101:
5095:
5090:Joseph Needham,
5088:
5082:
5077:Joseph Needham,
5075:
5069:
5052:
5046:
5031:
5020:
5015:Joseph Needham,
5013:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4989:Joseph Needham,
4987:
4981:
4976:Joseph Needham,
4974:
4968:
4963:Joseph Needham,
4961:
4955:
4940:
4931:
4928:
4919:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4856:
4850:
4845:Joseph Needham,
4843:
4837:
4824:Jacques Gernet,
4822:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4798:Joseph Needham,
4796:
4790:
4783:
4777:
4762:
4756:
4751:Joseph Needham,
4749:
4743:
4738:Joseph Needham,
4736:
4730:
4727:
4721:
4716:Joseph Needham,
4714:
4708:
4701:
4695:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4668:Joseph Needham,
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4629:Joseph Needham,
4627:
4621:
4616:Joseph Needham,
4614:
4608:
4601:
4595:
4580:
4574:
4559:
4553:
4538:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4514:Joseph Needham,
4512:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4478:
4469:
4454:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4430:Joseph Needham,
4428:
4419:
4418:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4307:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4262:Joseph Needham,
4260:
4254:
4236:
4227:
4220:
4214:
4209:Joseph Needham,
4207:
4201:
4194:
4185:
4174:
4168:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4106:
4105:Turnbull, p. 43.
4103:
4090:
4088:1863 translation
4081:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3975:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3932:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3882:. Archived from
3876:
3870:
3857:(Chi'en Han Shu)
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3791:
3781:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3520:digital computer
3398:Kenneth Pomeranz
3343:
3327:John K. Fairbank
3317:Great Divergence
3289:François Quesnay
3250:
3234:Society of Jesus
3194:two-stage rocket
3129:Medieval warfare
2952:for heating the
2902:Bessemer process
2846:armillary sphere
2826:Xinyi Xiangfayao
2802:the capital city
2796:running through
2699:(78–37 BCE) and
2662:
2578:Arabic astronomy
2258:armillary sphere
2194:Emperor Shenzong
1937:
1924:, the second in
1860:appear in 1086.
1826:
1817:
1809:
1754:Kongming lantern
1742:Sliding calipers
1659:armillary sphere
1639:, 2nd century BC
1600:(referred to as
1554:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1342:Kongming lantern
1299:natural sciences
1267:
1260:
1253:
1195:Military history
1153:Economic history
1141:Related articles
1118:
1100:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1038:
1025:
1012:
999:
998:
982:
969:
956:
937:
927:
915:
902:
884:
883:
879:
878:
863:
853:
840:
827:
812:
811:
795:
790:Sixteen Kingdoms
773:
763:
747:
746:
742:
741:
731:
697:
684:
674:
664:
654:
642:
629:
616:
615:
594:
586:
584:
580:
577:
567:
557:
545:
543:
539:
536:
521:
519:
515:
512:
498:
496:
492:
489:
474:
472:
468:
465:
415:
413:
409:
406:
350:
340:History of China
327:
326:
317:
310:
303:
276:
219:
183:
176:
132:
90:
83:
76:
65:
42:
41:
21:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6930:
6901:Medieval Europe
6830:
6825:
6795:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6748:
6695:
6662:
6620:Social sciences
6614:
6561:
6523:
6447:
6391:
6382:
6351:
6346:
6316:
6311:
6270:
6261:Science writers
6246:Pharmacologists
6241:Nobel laureates
6226:Food scientists
6179:
6175:Science museums
6146:
6122:Ancient coinage
6083:
5970:
5965:
5888:
5850:(1988): 41–90.
5829:Agustín Udías,
5805:
5769:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5745:Needham, Joseph
5717:
5709:. p. 697.
5697:Needham, Joseph
5679:Wang, Ling (王玲)
5675:Needham, Joseph
5667:
5648:
5640:. Basic Books.
5626:
5620:
5616:
5591:
5586:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5451:
5432:
5399:
5395:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5309:(1/2): 211–19.
5298:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5244:Rothbard, p 366
5243:
5239:
5227:
5223:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5162:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5141:), pp. 100–103.
5128:
5124:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5098:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5066:Wayback Machine
5053:
5049:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4988:
4984:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4958:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4905:
4901:
4892:
4888:
4857:
4853:
4844:
4840:
4823:
4819:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4784:
4780:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4698:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4624:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4581:
4577:
4573:), pp. 431–432.
4560:
4556:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4496:
4479:
4472:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4399:. p. 303.
4389:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4342:
4338:
4331:templis.free.fr
4325:
4324:
4320:
4308:
4304:
4292:
4288:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4237:
4230:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4150:
4143:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4109:
4104:
4093:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:Shelagh Vainker
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3976:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3917:Wayback Machine
3908:
3901:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3782:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3609:nuclear physics
3593:super computing
3586:. In 2003, the
3483:
3477:
3471:
3463:Academia Sinica
3434:
3344:
3342:
3319:
3313:
3251:
3249:
3214:
3135:was the use of
3125:
3113:Chinese lacquer
3053:
3051:Chinese alchemy
3023:
3001:. Although the
2976:
2970:
2946:bituminous coal
2878:
2814:
2753:Emperor Gaozong
2745:
2739:
2719:spherical Earth
2663:
2661:
2614:Haidao Suanjing
2605:
2561:Knights Templar
2495:rule under the
2490:
2484:
2426:
2383:
2375:Huizong's reign
2342:educated gentry
2326:
2320:
2262:Ben Cao Tu Jing
2166:
2160:
2032:
2010:
1938:
1936:
1928:, the third in
1796:
1786:British Library
1784:China, 868 AD (
1770:
1762:flying machines
1758:Hot air balloon
1647:
1629:
1621:Terracotta Army
1613:Chinese Emperor
1568:herbal medicine
1555:
1550:
1497:School of Names
1469:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1271:
1242:
1241:
1237:Women's history
1143:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1010:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
972:
967:
959:
954:
946:
940:
935:
925:
913:
905:
900:
896:
876:
875:
870:
861:
851:
843:
838:
830:
825:
821:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
785:
782:
776:
771:
761:
739:
734:
729:
721:
695:
687:
682:
672:
663:(202 BC – 9 AD)
662:
652:
640:
632:
627:
612:
611:
600:
599:
592:
582:
578:
573:
565:
555:
541:
537:
532:
524:
517:
513:
508:
494:
490:
485:
477:
470:
466:
461:
452:
451:
440:
439:
411:
407:
402:
394:
383:
382:
321:
292:
291:
272:
243:
235:
234:
215:
179:
172:
130:classic gardens
128:
102:
86:
79:
72:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7030:
7020:
7019:
7014:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6896:Medieval Islam
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6776:
6764:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6709:Human medicine
6705:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:Historiography
6365:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:Mathematicians
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6074:Supercomputing
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6054:Semiconductors
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5887:
5886:External links
5884:
5883:
5882:
5865:
5854:
5844:
5834:
5827:
5809:
5803:
5785:
5778:
5770:|journal=
5741:
5724:Joseph Needham
5721:
5715:
5705:. Vol. 2
5693:
5687:. Vol. 1
5671:
5665:
5652:
5646:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5627:(64.3 KB)
5607:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5540:
5533:
5503:
5496:
5486:. Ithaca, NY:
5474:
5467:
5430:
5411:(3): 391–408.
5393:
5375:
5340:
5328:
5286:
5284:Rothbard, p 23
5277:
5268:
5246:
5237:
5221:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5156:
5143:
5122:
5109:
5096:
5083:
5070:
5054:Nathan Sivin,
5047:
5021:
5008:
4995:
4982:
4969:
4956:
4932:
4920:
4899:
4893:Nathan Sivin,
4886:
4851:
4838:
4817:
4804:
4791:
4785:Nathan Sivin,
4778:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4722:
4709:
4696:
4683:
4674:
4661:
4648:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4603:Wu Jing-nuan,
4596:
4582:Charles Benn,
4575:
4554:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4501:Nathan Sivin,
4494:
4470:
4456:Yung Sik Kim,
4449:
4443:Nathan Sivin,
4436:
4420:
4413:
4395:(2 ed.).
4383:
4369:
4336:
4327:"Grand maitre"
4318:
4302:
4286:
4268:
4255:
4228:
4222:Nathan Sivin,
4215:
4202:
4186:
4169:
4141:
4126:
4107:
4091:
4076:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3991:
3965:
3954:
3939:
3936:on 2008-03-09.
3920:
3899:
3871:
3843:
3831:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3675:
3672:Science portal
3661:
3658:History portal
3647:
3631:
3628:
3568:global economy
3511:Following the
3473:Main article:
3470:
3467:
3433:
3430:
3420:China had been
3367:, a member of
3340:
3312:
3309:
3247:
3213:
3210:
3198:booster rocket
3154:Wujing Zongyao
3124:
3121:
3069:Joseph Needham
3057:elixir of life
3049:Main article:
3022:
3019:
2972:Main article:
2969:
2966:
2886:camera obscura
2877:
2874:
2870:liquid mercury
2813:
2810:
2762:materia medica
2741:Main article:
2738:
2735:
2669:parallelograms
2659:
2604:
2601:
2483:
2480:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2430:Zhenghe bencao
2425:
2422:
2405:climate change
2382:
2379:
2367:Zhao Mingcheng
2351:music measures
2322:Main article:
2319:
2316:
2266:pharmaceutical
2232:climate change
2162:Main article:
2159:
2156:
2093:gate, and the
2009:
2006:
1934:
1792:Main article:
1769:
1766:
1672:, called the "
1643:Main article:
1628:
1625:
1602:sweeping stars
1548:
1521:Legalists (法家
1471:
1470:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1400:Joseph Needham
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Jewish history
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1099:(1949–present)
1088:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1002:
992:
991:
987:
986:
984:
983:
973:
970:
960:
957:
947:
943:
941:
939:
938:
928:
917:
916:
904:
903:
890:
888:
882:
872:
871:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
864:
842:
841:
829:
828:
815:
805:
804:
800:
799:
797:
796:
786:
783:
779:
777:
775:
774:
764:
753:
751:
745:
736:
735:
733:
732:
720:
719:
699:
698:
692:Three Kingdoms
686:
685:
675:
665:
655:
644:
643:
631:
630:
619:
613:
607:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:Warring States
587:
558:
547:
546:
523:
522:
500:
499:
495: 1046 BC
476:
475:
471: 1600 BC
453:
447:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
417:
416:
412: 2000 BC
393:
392:
384:
378:
377:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
368:Historiography
365:
360:
352:
351:
343:
342:
336:
335:
323:
322:
320:
319:
312:
305:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
220:
213:
208:
207:
206:
196:
191:
190:
189:
177:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
139:
138:
133:
121:
116:
115:
114:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
77:
67:
66:
58:
57:
51:
50:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7029:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:Ancient Greek
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Ancient Egypt
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6817:
6815:
6810:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6786:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6585:Combinatorics
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Earth science
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6403:Ancient world
6401:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6373:Pseudoscience
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6069:Space program
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Nuclear power
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Biotechnology
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5955:
5950:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5881:
5880:0-89526-038-7
5877:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:0-7141-1447-2
5839:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:1-84176-759-X
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5762:
5754:
5751:. 7, part II
5750:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:0-521-43519-6
5601:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5563:(7689): 390.
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5536:
5534:9780197682258
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5499:
5497:9781501774157
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5468:9780262047517
5464:
5460:
5459:The MIT Press
5456:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5241:
5235:
5234:0-521-54724-5
5231:
5225:
5219:
5218:0-89073-050-4
5215:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5166:
5163:John Norris,
5160:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5139:0-521-79158-8
5136:
5132:
5126:
5119:
5113:
5106:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5080:
5074:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5051:
5044:
5043:0-674-01828-1
5040:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4992:
4986:
4979:
4973:
4966:
4960:
4953:
4952:0-618-13384-4
4949:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4916:3-540-43183-7
4913:
4909:
4903:
4896:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4834:0-521-49781-7
4831:
4827:
4821:
4814:
4808:
4801:
4795:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4774:1-4020-0039-1
4771:
4767:
4764:Sal Restivo,
4761:
4754:
4748:
4741:
4735:
4726:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4687:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4592:0-19-517665-0
4589:
4585:
4579:
4572:
4571:0-7923-3463-9
4568:
4564:
4558:
4552:), pp. 71–72.
4551:
4550:0-8351-2676-5
4547:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4498:
4491:
4490:0-8351-2676-5
4487:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4466:0-87169-235-X
4463:
4459:
4453:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4373:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4315:0-521-54724-5
4312:
4306:
4300:
4299:2-262-02569-X
4296:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4251:9971-69-259-7
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:0-521-66991-X
4179:
4173:
4166:
4165:0-87023-495-1
4162:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3897:
3886:on 2006-12-08
3885:
3881:
3875:
3869:, p. 10.
3868:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3648:
3645:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:semiconductor
3617:
3614:In 2014, the
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:bullet trains
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3584:global change
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:Deng Xiaoping
3547:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:semiconductor
3532:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3455:Ding Wenjiang
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3415:Jared Diamond
3412:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3373:pseudoscience
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:Laissez-faire
3290:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:Enlightenment
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3099:, which some
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:pseudoscience
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:counting rods
2984:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:blast furnace
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:deforestation
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:Bencao Tujing
2816:Although the
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:found in the
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:Bencao Tujing
2764:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:solar eclipse
2706:
2705:lunar eclipse
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2617:, written by
2616:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:water soluble
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Qin Shi Huang
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:geomorphology
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2377:(1100–1125).
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2310:, making the
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:geomorphology
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2115:Diamond Sutra
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:as fuel, the
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2018:Fra Mauro map
2014:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Huo Long Jing
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:Novum Organum
1910:, writing in
1909:
1908:Francis Bacon
1906:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:Diamond Sutra
1774:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1682:seismologists
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:Qin Shi Huang
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:Derived from
1553:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1453:December 2022
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Naval history
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:Music history
1181:
1179:
1178:Media history
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Legal history
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1117:1949–present)
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
979:
978:
974:
971:
966:
965:
961:
958:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
942:
934:
933:
932:Southern Song
929:
924:
923:
922:Northern Song
919:
918:
912:
911:
907:
906:
899:
898:
892:
891:
889:
886:
885:
880:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
850:
849:
845:
844:
837:
836:
832:
831:
824:
823:
817:
816:
813:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
780:
778:
770:
769:
765:
760:
759:
755:
754:
752:
749:
748:
743:
728:
727:
723:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
705:
701:
700:
694:
693:
689:
688:
681:
680:
676:
671:
670:
666:
661:
660:
656:
651:
650:
646:
645:
639:
638:
634:
633:
626:
625:
621:
620:
617:
610:
604:
603:
591:
588:
583: 476 BC
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
559:
556:(1046–771 BC)
554:
553:
549:
548:
542: 256 BC
531:
530:
526:
525:
507:
506:
502:
501:
484:
483:
479:
478:
460:
459:
455:
454:
450:
444:
443:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
423:
419:
418:
401:
400:
396:
395:
391:
390:
386:
385:
381:
375:
374:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
349:
345:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
329:
328:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
298:
296:
295:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
275:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
239:
238:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:Silk industry
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
89:
85:
84:
82:
78:
75:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
6938:
6880:
6838:
6724:Neuroscience
6628:Anthropology
6610:Trigonometry
6483:
6088:
6014:Cyberwarfare
5979:Architecture
5871:
5868:Thomas Woods
5847:
5830:
5812:
5793:
5781:
5761:cite journal
5752:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5706:
5701:
5688:
5683:
5656:
5636:
5610:
5595:
5560:
5556:
5512:
5506:
5483:
5477:
5454:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5387:
5378:
5356:(1): 39–50.
5353:
5349:
5343:
5331:
5306:
5302:
5289:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5249:
5240:
5224:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5151:
5146:
5130:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5104:
5099:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5057:
5050:
5034:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4943:
4907:
4906:Peter Mohn,
4902:
4894:
4889:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4846:
4841:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4786:
4781:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4734:
4725:
4717:
4712:
4704:
4703:Derk Bodde,
4699:
4691:
4686:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4583:
4578:
4562:
4557:
4541:
4536:
4528:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4502:
4497:
4481:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4392:
4386:
4372:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4305:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4242:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4172:
4152:
4134:
4129:
4121:
4079:
4069:
4064:Kelly, p. 4.
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3985:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3934:the original
3928:F. Espenak.
3923:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:the original
3874:
3862:
3856:
3846:
3839:Needham 1956
3834:
3807:
3787:
3784:Thomas Woods
3750:
3733:
3644:China portal
3624:
3613:
3565:
3558:
3543:
3528:
3517:
3510:
3499:
3484:
3435:
3408:
3407:In his book
3406:
3377:
3357:
3353:Western lens
3349:Nathan Sivin
3346:
3332:
3320:
3283:
3279:Christianity
3263:Matteo Ricci
3256:
3253:
3243:
3238:Thomas Woods
3226:
3171:
3152:
3126:
3108:
3105:
3093:Nathan Sivin
3054:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3002:
2994:
2977:
2930:
2924:towards the
2910:Guo Shoujing
2890:movable type
2879:
2854:motive power
2825:
2817:
2815:
2789:
2766:
2760:
2757:Tang dynasty
2746:
2737:Pharmacology
2727:Matteo Ricci
2665:
2656:
2630:
2624:
2612:
2572:
2539:, and later
2497:Yuan dynasty
2491:
2445:
2429:
2427:
2394:
2384:
2370:
2330:Song dynasty
2327:
2286:
2261:
2243:Astronomical
2236:
2205:
2199:
2170:Song dynasty
2167:
2158:Song dynasty
2142:
2135:Meng Huo You
2124:
2113:
2107:
2103:Song dynasty
2099:Tang dynasty
2059:horse collar
2033:
1992:printing by
1990:movable type
1987:
1942:
1940:
1919:
1911:
1898:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1850:Tang dynasty
1825:sì dà fāmíng
1823:
1797:
1782:Tang dynasty
1740:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1666:Eratosthenes
1648:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1589:Book of Silk
1587:
1580:
1557:
1545:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1474:
1459:
1450:
1443:Please help
1439:
1428:
1404:Lu Gwei-djen
1385:
1381:Qing dynasty
1373:Tang dynasty
1345:
1327:
1292:
1287:Qing dynasty
1204:
1173:LGBT history
1109:
1091:
1064:
1031:
1018:
1005:
975:
962:
949:
930:
920:
908:
897:Ten Kingdoms
893:
846:
833:
820:Northern and
818:
788:
766:
756:
724:
714:
708:
702:
696:(220–280 AD)
690:
677:
667:
657:
653:(206–202 BC)
647:
635:
628:(221–207 BC)
622:
593:(475–221 BC)
566:(771–256 BC)
562:Eastern Zhou
560:
552:Western Zhou
550:
527:
503:
480:
456:
432:
426:
420:
397:
387:
124:Architecture
54:
39:
26:
6906:Renaissance
6691:Engineering
6633:Archaeology
6600:Probability
6567:Mathematics
6433:Romanticism
6418:Renaissance
6282:863 Program
6191:Astronomers
6132:Cartography
6102:Discoveries
6029:Mathematics
5388:skepdic.com
4954:), pp. 158.
4836:), pp. 335.
4813:Imago Mundi
4594:), pp. 235.
4540:Paul Dong,
4480:Paul Dong,
4468:), pp. 171.
4184:), pp. 148.
3622:companies.
3605:aeronautics
3572:agriculture
3561:863 Project
3524:Project 596
3459:Fu Ssu-nien
3451:Weng Wenhao
3443:Cai Yuanpei
3426:in the past
3359:use of the
3173:Huolongjing
3160:hand cannon
3101:sinologists
3091:. However,
3087:types, and
3035:Zhentianlei
2983:zero symbol
2979:Qin Jiushao
2968:Mathematics
2866:Zhang Sixun
2842:chain drive
2824:. His book
2693:Han dynasty
2651:Li Chunfeng
2549:Roger Bacon
2517:Bohemond VI
2505:Kublai Khan
2391:climatology
2338:antiquarian
2334:archaeology
2318:Archaeology
2312:Crab Nebula
2300:Han dynasty
2246:Clock Tower
2174:meritocracy
2079:natural gas
2067:wheelbarrow
2044:piston pump
2020:). Chinese
1971:naval mines
1959:fire lances
1951:fire arrows
1945:written by
1905:philosopher
1869:Jin dynasty
1838:papermaking
1748:, with the
1736:automobiles
1697:chain pumps
1627:Han dynasty
1540:Shusun Tong
1532:Han dynasty
1513:Qin dynasty
1447:if you can.
1369:Middle Ages
1361:papermaking
1315:mathematics
1303:engineering
1220:Discoveries
1215:Cartography
1210:Archaeology
1148:Art history
1037:(1644–1912)
1024:(1368–1644)
1011:(1271–1368)
981:(1115–1234)
968:(1038–1227)
964:Western Xia
936:(1127–1279)
768:Eastern Jin
758:Western Jin
683:(25–220 AD)
679:Eastern Han
659:Western Han
538: 1046
518: 1046
514: 1250
491: 1600
467: 2070
408: 8500
389:Paleolithic
380:Prehistoric
280:agriculture
168:Mathematics
153:Cartography
112:sericulture
107:Agriculture
7006:Categories
6668:Technology
6653:Psychology
6605:Statistics
6452:By culture
6356:Background
6256:Physicists
6251:Physicians
6196:Biologists
6097:Inventions
5045:), pp. 81.
4690:Tony Fry,
4492:), pp. 72.
4155:(Amherst:
4074:arrows”)."
3890:2007-02-19
3853:(196 BCE,
3764:References
3479:See also:
3286:physiocrat
3202:naval mine
3149:fire lance
3007:Zhu Shijie
2918:true north
2858:hydraulics
2794:Huai River
2731:Xu Guangqi
2723:flat Earth
2701:Zhang Heng
2486:See also:
2453:Emperor Wu
2355:Ouyang Xiu
2282:metallurgy
2278:mineralogy
2254:escapement
2224:North Pole
2220:true north
2139:Pen Huo Qi
2131:Greek fire
2129:weapon of
2095:pound lock
2063:seed drill
1967:land mines
1930:navigation
1922:literature
1854:Louen-heng
1828:) are the
1716:waterwheel
1655:Zhang Heng
1576:Bronze Age
1379:up to the
1340:, and the
1330:inventions
1225:Inventions
955:(916–1125)
926:(960–1127)
914:(960–1279)
581: – c.
579: 770
540: – c.
516: – c.
505:Late Shang
493: – c.
469: – c.
410: – c.
228:navigation
194:Metallurgy
101:By subject
6891:Byzantine
6851:Neolithic
6762:Timelines
6739:Pathology
6734:Nutrition
6658:Sociology
6638:Economics
6547:Chemistry
6537:Astronomy
6474:Byzantine
6469:Brazilian
6464:Argentine
6231:Inventors
6221:Engineers
6152:Education
5999:Aviation
5989:Astronomy
5734:4, Part 2
5732:, Volume
5425:0016-7428
5370:0251-1088
5338:, p. 581.
5323:147505060
5263:lse.ac.uk
5002:Needham,
4918:), pp. 1.
4881:154556274
4867:: 29–58.
4776:), pp 32.
4253:) pp. 15.
3814:, p. 218.
3769:Citations
3541:by 1972.
3402:New World
3259:Confucius
3206:wheellock
3182:Liu Bowen
3164:land mine
3137:gunpowder
3085:porcelain
2962:Wang Zhen
2914:pole star
2898:cast iron
2697:Jing Fang
2553:gunpowder
2523:with the
2501:banknotes
2424:Chemistry
2359:epigraphy
2292:supernova
2127:Byzantine
2087:propeller
2075:parachute
2048:cast iron
2040:dry docks
2004:in 1490.
1998:Wang Zhen
1889:saltpeter
1865:alchemist
1834:gunpowder
1583:Near East
1357:gunpowder
1332:were the
1323:astronomy
901:(907–979)
862:(690–705)
852:(618–907)
839:(581–618)
826:(420–589)
794:(304–439)
772:(317–420)
762:(266–316)
730:(266–420)
673:(9–23 AD)
399:Neolithic
363:Dynasties
223:Transport
187:herbology
143:Astronomy
6785:Category
6744:Pharmacy
6701:Medicine
6590:Geometry
6580:Calculus
6499:Japanese
6201:Chemists
6127:Printing
6112:Calendar
6064:Software
6059:Shipping
6044:Railways
6019:Internet
6009:Chemical
5862:43150669
5791:(2006).
5726:(1986).
5699:(1956).
5681:(1954).
5062:Archived
3913:Archived
3829:, p. 10.
3630:See also
3580:genetics
3576:medicine
3341:—
3248:—
3223:in China
3145:Dunhuang
3031:Tetsuhau
2999:Jia Xian
2938:charcoal
2894:Bi Sheng
2822:horology
2779:minerals
2677:Shen Kuo
2673:rainbows
2660:—
2647:Yang Hui
2541:Damascus
2521:Hetoum I
2469:chloride
2457:cinnabar
2202:Shen Kuo
2190:Hangzhou
1994:Bi Sheng
1975:bombards
1963:firearms
1935:—
1842:printing
1746:aviation
1701:irrigate
1637:crossbow
1549:—
1501:Ming jia
1481:crossbow
1429:require
1365:printing
1307:medicine
1293:Ancient
1188:Timeline
1115:(Taiwan,
1095:of China
609:Imperial
358:Timeline
332:a series
330:Part of
211:Printing
199:Military
158:Ceramics
148:Calendar
47:a series
45:Part of
6911:Ottoman
6881:Chinese
6719:Anatomy
6643:History
6575:Algebra
6557:Physics
6542:Biology
6519:Spanish
6514:Russian
6509:Mexican
6484:Chinese
6459:African
6089:History
5589:Sources
5565:Bibcode
3841:p. 185.
3447:Hu Shih
3336:Taoists
3221:Jesuits
3196:with a
3178:Jiao Yu
3097:alchemy
3065:alchemy
3061:Taoists
3011:algebra
2950:bellows
2882:compass
2862:Yi Xing
2834:Kaifeng
2783:zoology
2771:Su Song
2639:Bologna
2635:Gratian
2619:Liu Hui
2590:Persian
2574:Chinese
2557:compass
2525:Mongols
2513:Antioch
2409:erosion
2393:in his
2387:geology
2308:SN 1054
2304:SN 1006
2274:zoology
2250:Kaifeng
2239:Su Song
2216:compass
2212:drydock
2186:Kaifeng
2152:Nanjing
2148:Yangtze
2036:matches
2002:Hua Sui
1979:cannons
1955:rockets
1947:Jiao Yu
1926:warfare
1902:English
1885:realgar
1867:of the
1848:in the
1830:compass
1756:(proto
1724:compass
1708:theatre
1572:Eurasia
1538:and by
1431:cleanup
1353:compass
1338:sundial
1319:geology
1295:Chinese
859:Wu Zhou
449:Ancient
428:Yangtze
163:Coinage
136:bridges
119:Alchemy
6926:Modern
6886:Indian
6773:Portal
6504:Korean
6489:Indian
6479:French
6396:By era
6184:People
6034:Mining
5878:
5860:
5852:online
5840:
5823:
5801:
5713:
5663:
5644:
5625:
5602:
5557:Nature
5531:
5494:
5465:
5423:
5368:
5321:
5232:
5216:
5137:
5041:
4950:
4914:
4879:
4832:
4772:
4590:
4569:
4548:
4488:
4464:
4411:
4378:"Home"
4313:
4297:
4249:
4180:
4163:
3851:Lu Jia
3582:, and
3487:Soviet
3385:Haijin
3305:Weimar
3301:Goethe
3297:Wu wei
3271:Deists
3200:, the
3192:, the
3186:cannon
3168:rocket
3166:, and
3081:alloys
2958:Du Shi
2685:Wei Pu
2582:Muslim
2568:Persia
2537:Aleppo
2529:Hulagu
2527:under
2493:Mongol
2476:iodate
2371:Bogutu
2296:SN 185
2280:, and
2270:botany
2176:. The
2097:. The
2091:sluice
2089:, the
2085:, the
2073:, the
2069:, the
2065:, the
2057:, the
2055:plough
2050:, the
1881:sulfur
1822::
1820:pinyin
1814::
1806::
1732:torque
1705:puppet
1689:Ma Jun
1598:comets
1560:Taoist
1552:Lu Jia
1536:Lu Jia
1523:Fa jia
1509:Mohism
1363:, and
1344:. The
1336:, the
1334:abacus
1057:Modern
713:, and
431:, and
422:Yellow
334:on the
242:By era
49:on the
6876:Roman
6861:Mayan
6595:Logic
6024:Logic
5858:JSTOR
5621:(PDF)
5319:S2CID
5307:XXIII
5299:(PDF)
5259:(PDF)
4877:S2CID
3267:Latin
3143:from
2944:from
2806:Hebei
2798:Anhui
2775:herbs
2533:Syria
2150:near
2110:Japan
2022:junks
1893:honey
1891:with
1846:China
1798:The "
1780:from
1663:Greek
1489:Mo Di
482:Shang
285:space
6866:Inca
5876:ISBN
5838:ISBN
5821:ISBN
5799:ISBN
5782:Isis
5774:help
5711:ISBN
5661:ISBN
5642:ISBN
5600:ISBN
5529:ISBN
5492:ISBN
5463:ISBN
5421:ISSN
5366:ISSN
5230:ISBN
5214:ISBN
5135:ISBN
5039:ISBN
4948:ISBN
4912:ISBN
4830:ISBN
4770:ISBN
4588:ISBN
4567:ISBN
4546:ISBN
4486:ISBN
4462:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4295:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4178:ISBN
4161:ISBN
3855:前漢書
3436:The
3389:Cixi
3227:The
3204:and
3180:and
3089:dyes
2942:coke
2920:and
2787:crab
2777:and
2576:and
2413:silt
2403:and
2389:and
2188:and
2168:The
2137:and
2052:iron
1977:and
1969:and
1961:and
1953:and
1887:and
1840:and
1816:四大發明
1808:四大发明
1752:and
1750:kite
1710:for
1693:loom
1649:The
1505:ming
1499:(名家
1475:The
1386:The
1351:the
1321:and
1033:Qing
1020:Ming
1007:Yuan
951:Liao
910:Song
848:Tang
529:Zhou
268:Yuan
263:Song
258:Tang
204:navy
5573:doi
5561:553
5521:doi
5413:doi
5358:doi
5311:doi
4869:doi
4401:doi
4358:doi
3383:as
3307:".
3176:of
3131:to
2832:in
2643:fl.
2637:of
2633:by
2503:by
2472:ion
2248:of
1802:" (
1699:to
977:Jin
835:Sui
726:Jin
710:Shu
704:Wei
669:Xin
637:Han
624:Qin
520:BC)
458:Xia
253:Han
7008::
5870:,
5819:,
5815:,
5765::
5763:}}
5759:{{
5736::
5677:;
5571:.
5559:.
5555:.
5543:^
5527:.
5519:.
5515:.
5490:.
5461:.
5433:^
5419:.
5409:89
5407:.
5386:.
5364:.
5352:.
5317:.
5305:.
5301:.
5261:.
5024:^
4935:^
4923:^
4875:.
4865:26
4863:.
4473:^
4423:^
4407:.
4356:.
4354:25
4352:.
4348:.
4329:.
4231:^
4189:^
4159:,
4144:^
4110:^
4094:^
3994:^
3984:.
3980:.
3968:^
3902:^
3895:,
3819:^
3795:^
3786:,
3776:^
3607:,
3603:,
3599:,
3595:,
3578:,
3574:,
3563:.
3556:.
3457:,
3453:,
3449:,
3445:,
3413:,
3281:.
3162:,
3083:,
3067:.
3017:.
2989:.
2808:.
2570:.
2543:.
2515:,
2284:.
2276:,
2272:,
2143:c.
2133:,
2077:,
2046:,
2038:,
1981:,
1973:,
1965:,
1957:,
1916::
1883:,
1836:,
1832:,
1818:;
1810:;
1764:.
1738:.
1594:c.
1578:.
1527:.
1517:fa
1503:,
1493:fa
1406:.
1383:.
1359:,
1355:,
1325:.
1317:,
1313:,
1309:,
1305:,
1301:,
716:Wu
707:,
576:c.
535:c.
511:c.
488:c.
464:c.
425:,
405:c.
6820:e
6813:t
6806:v
6341:e
6334:t
6327:v
5960:e
5953:t
5946:v
5864:.
5807:.
5776:)
5772:(
5719:.
5669:.
5650:.
5623:.
5606:.
5581:.
5575::
5567::
5537:.
5523::
5500:.
5471:.
5427:.
5415::
5390:.
5372:.
5360::
5354:5
5325:.
5313::
5265:.
4883:.
4871::
4417:.
4403::
4360::
4333:.
3988:.
3893:.
3037:(
2641:(
1788:)
1525:)
1466:)
1460:(
1455:)
1451:(
1349:,
1289:.
1266:e
1259:t
1252:v
585:)
574:(
544:)
533:(
509:(
497:)
486:(
473:)
462:(
414:)
403:(
316:e
309:t
302:v
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.