1403:
1821:
689:
980:
60:
673:
1646:
1157:
1125:
1758:, as it is called in Swedish, also marks the arrival of spring. The forms of celebration vary in different parts of the country and between different cities. Walpurgis celebrations are not a family occasion but rather a public event, and local groups often take responsibility for organising them to encourage community spirit in the village or neighbourhood. Celebrations normally include lighting the bonfire, choral singing and a speech to honour the arrival of the spring season, often held by a local celebrity.
1107:
2537:, on April 30, the eve of May Day. Walburga was an eighth-century Anglo-Saxon nun and missionary to Franconia, particularly to Bischofsheim on the Tauber, just south of Niklashausen. Her bones were "translated" (that is, moved) on 30 April—which became her feast day—sometime during the 870s to Eichstätt, where her brother Willibald had been bishop. Ever since then an oily liquid has oozed out of the rock on which her tomb rests, and has been renowned among pilgrims for its great healing power.
1137:
2011:
878:
1997:
1762:
1688:' (roughly translated as 'May-Blaze') on that same day, where bonfires are lit near nightfall, just as on Walpurgis, but with the meaning to drive away the remaining cold of winter and welcome spring. Occasional mentions to the ritual occur, and at least once a feminist called group co-opted the name to call for attention to the position of women (following the example of German women's organizations), a variety of the
1897:), where students go to drink and spray champagne or sparkling wine on each other. The walls and floors of the old nation buildings are covered in plastic for this occasion, as the champagne is poured around recklessly and sometimes spilled enough to wade in. Spraying champagne is, however, a fairly recent addition to the Champagne Race. The name derives from the students running down the slope from the
2818:
2771:
the invitation of
Boniface, and there she founded, with her brother, St. Winnibald (d. 761), a double monastery (one for both me and women) at Heidenheim. Walburga was much beloved. She was believed to be able to protect crops and communicate with animals, and her powers were sought as a healer. Images sometimes present her as an earth mother with three ears of corn.
1003:. Huge bonfires up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall with a witch figure are built and burnt in the evening, preferably on top of hills. Young people gather around. Sudden black and dense smoke formations are cheered as "a witch flying away". An effigy of a witch is held up and thrown into a bonfire to burn.
2770:
St. Walburga (Walpurga, Walpurgia, Vaubourg, Falbourg) (710-777) was an Anglo-Saxon woman trained in medicine; she became a nun under St. Tatta at
Wimbourne in Dorset, England. St. Boniface was her uncle, and her father was an under-king of the West Saxons. In 748 she followed St. Lioba to Germany at
2687:
Walpurga, who at the special request of
Boniface had accompanied her brother Winibald and kinsman Willibald from Dorsetshire to help the much-toiling missionary in Thuringia, represents a band of devoted women who founded sisterhoods in many parts of Germany, and tamed the people by their Christ-like
2596:
M. Iohannis Coleri
Calendarium Perpetuum, Et Libri Oeconomici: Das ist, Ein stetswerender Calender, darzu sehr nützliche vnd nötige Haußbücher: Vor die Haußwirt, Ackerleut, Apotecker, Kauffleute, Wanderßleute, Weinhern, Gärtner, den gemeinen Handwerckßleuten, und all den jenigen, so mit Wirtschafften
1873:
as it is called in
Uppsala. For students, Walpurgis Eve heralds freedom. Traditionally the exams were over and only the odd lecture remained before term ends. On the last day of April, the students don their characteristic white caps and sing songs of welcome to spring, to the budding greenery and to
1557:
before leaving for
Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night, and in spite of the hotelier's warning not to be late coming back, the young man later leaves his carriage and wanders toward the direction of an abandoned "unholy" village. As the carriage departs with the frightened and superstitious driver, a
1009:
As evening advances to midnight and fire is on the wane, it is time to go search for a cherry tree in blossom. This is another feast, connected with 1 May. Young women should be kissed past midnight (and during the following day) under a blossoming cherry (or if unavailable, another blossoming) tree,
2371:
The term
Walpurgis Night derives from the eighth-century Saint Walpurga. She came from England to Germany as a Christian missionary and was hailed for her powers against epidemics (except for Covid 19) that role was left to Pope Francis himeself. Francis interceded on the public's behalf and "prayed
1877:
More modern
Valborg celebrations, particularly among Uppsala students, often consist of enjoying a breakfast including champagne and strawberries. During the day, people gather in parks, drink considerable amounts of alcoholic beverages, barbecue, and generally enjoy the weather, if it happens to be
1632:
the
Hungarian population still knows about the fairy of the Thököly castle (Thököly vár), who sweeps the area around the Hungarian well at the dawn of Pentecost, and they still know about the witches who walk on May Day and Pentecost, but in most places, the source of evil was replaced by fire, ice,
2579:
Blockes-Berges
Verrichtung oder ausführlicher geographischer Bericht von den hohen trefflich alt- und berühmten Blockes-Berge: ingleichen von der Hexenfahrt und Zauber-Sabbathe, so auff solchen Berge die Unholden aus gantz Teutschland Jährlich den 1. Maij in Sanct-Walpurgis-Nachte anstellen sollen;
2497:
Walpurgis Night, named for St. Walpurga (d. A.D. 777), an English saint whose feast day falls on May Day, is the evening of 30 April (May Day eve) when, as was widely held—particularly during medieval and Renaissance times—witches celebrate a sabbath. Still today there are places where bonfires are
1852:
Choral singing is a popular pastime in Sweden, and on Walpurgis Eve virtually every choir in the country is busy. Singing traditional songs of spring is widespread throughout the country. The songs are mostly from the 19th century and were spread by students' spring festivities. The strongest and
836:
celebrations and regional traditions, especially in Finland and Sweden. Given that the intercession of Saint Walpurga was believed to be efficacious against evil magic, medieval and Renaissance tradition held that, during Walpurgis Night, witches celebrated a sabbath and evil powers were at their
791:
occurred on 1 May in the year 870, thus leading to the Feast of Saint Walpurga and its eve, Walpurgis Night, being popularly observed on this date. She quickly became one of the most popular saints in England, Germany, and France. When the bishop had Saint Walpurga's relics moved to Eichstätt,
2716:
English and Hiberno‐Scottish monks also provided the Carolingian continent with an abundance of missionaries like St. Columbanus, St. Fridolin, St. Boniface, St. Willibrord, and the often overlooked abbess St. Walpurga. These missionaries led a clerical reform movement within the Carolingian
2277:
During the Walpurgisnacht Walpurgisnacht, or Walpurgis Night, is one of the names given to the night of April 30, the eve of Saint Walpurga's feast day that falls on May 1. Since Saint Walpurga's feast occurs on May 1 the saint is associated with May Day, especially in Finland and
2173:
are preserved the remains of that Saint. They are interred beneath the high altar, and a stream of oil, which obtains the highest repute for its medicinal qualities, flows from them, between October and May. On St. Walpurgis' Day, May 1, many thousand pilgrims repair to her
2651:
The Medical Almanac: A Calendar of Dates of Significance to the Profession of Medicine, Including Fascinating Illustrations, Medical Milestones, Dates of Birth and Death of Notable Physicians, Brief Biographical Sketches, Quotations, and Assorted Medical Curiosities and
1076:
is an important and widespread celebration of the arrival of spring in the country. Influenced by German culture, the night originally stood for the gathering and meeting of witches. Modern people still dress up as witches to wander the streets in a carnival-like mood.
849:
mountains, a range of wooded hills in central Germany. To ward off evil and protect themselves and their livestock, people would traditionally light fires on the hillsides, a tradition that continues in some regions today. In Bavaria, the feast day is sometimes called
1612:
decorated the houses, which were used to ward off witches this day, because the Hungarians believed that different plants can protect against various diseases or supernatural dangers. But most witchcraft traditions occurred earlier in the spring festival cycle, on
1939:
to listen to student choirs, orchestras, and speeches. An important part of the gathering is the ceremonial donning of the student cap, which stems from the time when students wore their caps daily and switched from black winter cap to white summer cap.
1776:
In the Middle Ages, the administrative year ended on 30 April. Accordingly, this was a day of festivity among the merchants and craftsmen of the town, with trick-or-treat, dancing and singing in preparation for the forthcoming celebration of spring. Sir
3267:
It is the Eve of Hexennacht (also known as Walpurgis Night) is upon us. To the members of The Satanic Temple, Hexennact is an occasion to "honoring those who fell victim to superstition and pseudoscience, whether by witch hunt, Satanic panic, or other
2461:
In his separate poem Goethe seeks to go back to the origin of the first Walpurgis Night. May-day eve was consecrated to Saint Walpurgis, who converted the Saxons from Druidism to Christianity, and on that night the evil spirits were said to be
792:"miraculous cures were reported as her remains traveled along the route". Miracle cures were later reported from ailing people who anointed themselves with a fluid known as Walburga's oil that drained from the rock at her shrine at Eichstatt.
1787:
writes, "The first of May is a great popular festival in the more midland and southern parts of Sweden. On the eve of the festival, huge bonfires, which should be lighted by striking two flints together, blaze on all the hills and knolls."
1561:
In some parts of northern coastal regions of Germany, the custom of lighting huge fires is still kept alive to celebrate the coming of May, while most parts of Germany have a derived Christianized custom around Easter called "Easter fires"
1813:, an older tradition, no longer practiced, was for the younger people to collect greenery and branches from the woods at twilight. These were used to adorn the houses of the village. The expected reward for this task was to be paid in
831:
on Saint Walburga's Day; in the 19th century, the number of pilgrims travelling to the Church of St. Walpurgis was described as "many thousand". Due to 1 May the date of Saint Walpurga's feast, it has become associated with other
2436:
Walpurgis Night falls on the eve of the feast day of St. Walpurga, an English missionary who was celebrated in the Middle Ages as a protectress against magic. It was a night when witches were believed to ride freely through the
600:). In English, it is known as Saint Walpurga's Night, Saint Walburga's Night, Walpurgis Night, Saint Walpurga's Eve, Saint Walburga's Eve, the Feast of Saint Walpurga or the Feast of Saint Walburga. The Germanic term
1474:
The Brocken Spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. The phenomenon was first reported on the
696:, where they are venerated, especially on 25 February (Saint Walpurga's death date) and 1 May (Saint Walpurga's canonization date), both of which are observed as the Feast of Saint Walpurga, depending on locality.
815:
says "Her day and its traditions almost certainly are traceable to pre-Christian celebrations that took place at this time, on the first of May". Art historian Pamela Berger noted Walpurga's association with
1951:
campus. The university organizes student choir singing, as well as other types of entertainment and a speech by the president of the university. Different stalls sell hot dogs, candy, soft drinks, etc.
2580:
Aus vielen Autoribus abgefasset und mit schönen Raritäten angeschmücket sampt zugehörigen Figuren; Nebenst einen Appendice vom Blockes-Berge wie auch des Alten Reinsteins und der Baumans Höle am Hartz
3213:
The Eve of May has been memorialized as the night that all of the demons, specters, afreets, and banshees would come forth and hold their wold revels, symbolizing the fruition of the spring equinox.
2624:
2138:
Early Christians in this region believed that, during Walpurgis Night, evil powers were at their strongest, and people had to protect themselves and their livestock by lighting fires on hillsides.
1571:
In rural parts of southern Germany, it is part of popular youth culture to play pranks such as tampering with neighbours' gardens, hiding possessions, or spraying graffiti on private property.
799:
festival, celebrated in much of northern Europe with the lighting of bonfires at night. A variety of festivals of pre-Christian origin had been celebrated at this time (halfway between the
1394:
Some student organisations reserve areas where they traditionally camp every year. Student caps, mead, streamers and balloons have their role in the picnic and the celebration as a whole.
1372:, have followed suit, marching and making speeches. Left-wing activists of the 1970s still party on May Day. Carnivals are arranged, and many radio stations play leftist songs, such as
1978:, noting the Eve of May has been memorialized as "symbolizing the fruition of the spring equinox", and chose the date well aware of the date's traditional association with witchcraft.
1094:), the night starts with a traditional procession through the streets of Tartu (during which the governing of the city is symbolically handed over to the students for the night by the
864:), literally "Witches' Night", on which revelers dress as witches and demons, set off fireworks, dance and play loud music, which is said to drive the witches and winter spirits away.
1335:
starts a week before the day of celebration. The festivities also include a picnic on 1 May, which is sometimes more lavish, particularly in Ullanlinnanmäki in central Helsinki.
1212:-style festival held in Finland's cities and towns. The celebration, which begins on the evening of 30 April and continues on 1 May, typically centres on the consumption of
1006:
In some places, it is customary to burn a puppet representing a witch on the bonfire. It is still a widespread feast in the Czech Republic, practiced since the pagan times.
2717:
dominions as well as a missionary expansion of Christianity into the regions hitherto untouched by Gallo‐Roman Christianity (Frisia, Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Carinthia).
1391:, and extravagant food. The picnic usually starts early in the morning, where some of the previous night's party-goers continue their celebrations from the previous night.
1912:
where the city laws permit alcohol, to drink champagne breakfast in a similar way to Uppsala. Later, at three o'clock, the students and public gather at the courtyard of
1230:. Since the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper-class feast has been appropriated by university students. Many high school alumni wear the black and white
1010:
as they "will not dry up" for an entire year. The First of May is celebrated then as "the day of those in love", in reference to the famous incipit of the poem
3018:
Over de grenzen van de politiek: een vergelijkende studie naar de opkomst en ontwikkeling van de vrouwenbeweging tegen seksueel geweld in Nederland en Spanje
2395:
The Catholic Church chose May eve to honor St. Walpurga, protectress against magic arts. Walpurga was an English missionary to Germany in the eighth century.
1413:: "The Brocken". Poster for a theatrical performance of Goethe's play showing Mephistopheles conjuring supernatural creatures on the German mountain, the
1091:
2632:
2960:
1717:. The party called for a ban. That such a festival even existed, however, and that it was 'Satanic' was rejected by most others. The local Church in
1947:, there is an old tradition of having local bonfires. During recent years, however, there has also been a tradition of celebrating Walpurgis at the
3283:
2533:
Between Easter and Pentecost were many other celebrations and feast days. In Germany, for example, was celebrated the Feast of St. Walburga, or
1935:, is an important part of the celebration. It is seen by around 250,000 people each year. Another major event is the gathering of students in
1379:
Traditionally, 1 May is celebrated by the way of a picnic in a park. For most, the picnic is enjoyed with friends on a blanket with food and
3182:
The Church of Satan that Anton LaVey founded on the last night of April 1966—Walpurgisnacht, to pagan types—is pretty widely misunderstood.
1861:, where undergraduates, graduates, and alumni gather at events that last most of the day from early morning to late night on 30 April, or
1678:
3321:
1885:
river through the center of town with rickety, homemade, in fact quite easily wreckable, and often humorously decorated rafts. Several
1064:
is celebrated throughout the night of 30 April and into the early hours of 1 May, where 1 May is a public holiday called "Spring Day" (
1820:
3170:
1917:
2896:
2852:
1369:
2336:
Her feast day commemorates both the movement of her relics to Eichstatt and her canonization, both of which occurred on May 1.
942:
772:. Saint Walpurga died on 25 February 777 (some sources say 778 or 779) and her tomb, to this day, produces holy oil (known as
3234:
3206:
3146:
3026:
2999:
2763:
2738:
2709:
2659:
2558:
2526:
2490:
2429:
2364:
2329:
2270:
2240:
2212:
2131:
1402:
2884:
2877:
1368:
as the day to go out on stumps and agitate. This is not limited only to political activists; many institutions, such as the
914:
1329:
has been stuffed inside standard industrial packages, such as sardine cans and milk cartons. For most university students,
1042:, Walpurgis Night was observed in rural communities until the second half of the 20th century, with a tradition of hanging
1529:
3351:
3331:
1689:
921:
483:
1932:
961:
2934:
895:
1841:
1791:
Walpurgis bonfires are part of a Swedish tradition dating back to at least the early 18th century. At Walpurgis (
928:
1659:
was celebrated in areas of what is now the Netherlands. It has not been celebrated recently due to the national
3356:
2203:
1695:
Still, in recent years a renewed interest in pre-Christian religion and culture has led to renewed interest in
899:
3346:
2788:
1467:
Brocken is the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the
1355:
693:
393:
910:
2574:
1936:
607:
1460:
Walpurgisnacht Night (in German folklore) the night of 30 April (May Day's eve), when witches meet on the
1417:(or Blocksberg), which according to the tale is the scenery for the Walpurgisnight, from 30 April to 1 May
1224:. Student traditions, particularly those of engineering students, are one of the main characteristics of
19:
This article is about the eve of the feast day of St Walpurga. For George Balanchine's 1975 ballet, see
3316:
2352:
2186:
764:. In addition, "the monastery became an education center and 'soon became famous as a center of culture
385:
384:
of Saint Walpurga in order to protect themselves from witchcraft, as Saint Walpurga was successful in
3361:
2190:
757:
713:
388:. In parts of Europe, people continue to light bonfires on Saint Walpurga's Eve in order to ward off
3341:
3288:
1908:
many students and former students begin the day at the park Trädgårdsföreningen, in the field below
70:
3336:
3326:
3311:
2030:
1702:
1388:
769:
309:
2456:
888:
24:
1985:
celebrates Hexennacht as "a solemn holiday to honor those who were victimized by superstition".
2421:
2120:
They Do What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World
688:
647:
381:
59:
3016:
415:
festivals in northern Europe, which also involved lighting bonfires at night, for example the
2989:
2829:
1614:
935:
20:
3098:
326:
2682:
1600:, though in both cases, the situation has significantly calmed down in the past few years.
1422:
979:
824:
777:
397:
188:
1920:, and speeches are made by representatives of the students and the university professors.
1090:, the university town in southern Estonia. For Estonian students in student corporations (
1017:
8:
3075:
2885:
https://www.thelocal.de/20140430/why-are-germans-celebrating-on-april-30th-walpurgisnacht
2678:
Short History of Christian Missions: From Abraham and Paul to Carey, Livingstone and Duff
2450:
2016:
1965:
1886:
1853:
most traditional spring festivities are also found in the old university cities, such as
1778:
1383:. Some people arrange extremely lavish picnics with pavilions, white tablecloths, silver
1359:
1026:; "Late evening, on the first of May— / The twilit May—the time of love", translation by
817:
745:
737:
565:
479:
377:
3227:
The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History
1913:
1450:
and await the arrival of spring and is held on the same night as Saint Walpurgis Night (
2628:
2414:
1982:
1828:, participating in the traditional Saint Walpurgis Night celebration with song outside
1645:
1549:
1513:
1373:
1235:
1221:
1146:
651:
145:
31:
1948:
1156:
672:
3230:
3202:
3142:
3042:
3022:
2995:
2759:
2734:
2705:
2655:
2554:
2522:
2486:
2425:
2360:
2325:
2266:
2236:
2208:
2127:
2070:
1970:
1898:
1837:
1195:
655:
555:
3043:"Theoloog Henk Vreekamp: ik ben een heiden; 'Kerk moet terug naar heidense wortels'"
2860:
1840:
towers may be seen in the background. To the right are banners and standards of the
776:), which is said to heal sickness; Benedictine nuns distribute this oil in vials to
504:("Saint Walpurga's night") in German. The name of the holiday is often shortened to
3250:
2804:
The Goddess Obscured: Transformation of the Grain Protectress from Goddess to Saint
2676:
1975:
1890:
1783:
1286:
1258:
1183:
1175:
741:
581:
545:
525:
373:
236:
1124:
3136:
3047:
2594:
2002:
1961:
1587:
1468:
820:
of grain, and suggested that her cult was adapted from pagan agrarian goddesses.
804:
717:
535:
346:
300:
140:
135:
2164:
1247:
1106:
752:
often depicts her holding bandages in her hand. As a result of Saint Walpurga's
1829:
1738:
1406:
1380:
1217:
1095:
1027:
1000:
857:
705:
681:
667:
597:
521:
517:
495:
439:
427:
389:
365:
334:
184:
180:
3296:
3070:
1928:
1098:), followed by visiting each other's corporation houses throughout the night.
345:, and is celebrated on the night of 30 April and the day of 1 May. This feast
3305:
2824:
2228:
2080:
2025:
1662:
1497:
1485:
1471:
and for witches' revels which reputedly took place there on Walpurgis night.
1430:
1410:
1043:
800:
773:
749:
405:
841:, Walpurgis Night was believed to be the night of a witches' meeting on the
3171:"Who Was Anton LaVey? An L.A. Exhibit Sheds Light On Satanism's Black Pope"
2086:
2065:
2045:
1683:
1628:
In some places, these beliefs have not yet died out on Wilpurgis Night. In
1591:
1524:
1316:
1262:
1039:
812:
784:
360:
Saint Walpurga was hailed by the Christians of Germany for battling "pest,
350:
330:
1905:
1426:
828:
788:
401:
354:
192:
3194:
2198:
2194:
2060:
2050:
1825:
1726:
1544:
1508:
1239:
1231:
1213:
1162:
1129:
1117:
729:
720:, Saint Walpurga (also known as Saint Walpurgis or Walburga) was born in
431:
2731:
A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science
2158:
1810:
1629:
1442:('Witches' Night'), the night from 30 April to 1 May, is the night when
1924:
1909:
1710:
1634:
1384:
1290:
902: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
753:
701:
426:
Local variants of Walpurgis Night are observed throughout Northern and
369:
74:
1974:
that besides one's own birthday, Walpurgisnacht ranks as an important
1269:, and the biennially alternating publications of ribald matter called
1722:
1701:(Witch's Night) as well. In 1999, suspicions were raised among local
1622:
1583:
1199:
1136:
478:, the tradition with bonfires to ward off the witches is observed as
455:
2754:
Bryan, Mary Lynn; Bair, Barbara; Angury, Maree de (1 October 2010).
877:
2991:
Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective
2357:
Die Erste Walpurgisnacht: Ballade von Goethe für Chor und Orchester
2321:
2123:
1749:
1714:
1609:
1343:
1320:
1300:
1266:
1254:
1209:
838:
761:
733:
677:
447:
443:
3289:
Photos of the traditional Walpurgis celebration in Uppsala, Sweden
1761:
2935:"Jeles Napok - Szent Valburga (Walpurgis) apáca - "Walpurgis-éj""
2416:
The Nuclear Muse: Literature, Physics, and the First Atomic Bombs
2346:
2344:
2055:
2035:
2010:
1854:
1833:
1766:
1618:
1597:
1579:
1558:
tall and thin stranger scares the horses at the crest of a hill.
1553:, an Englishman (whose name is never mentioned) is on a visit to
1461:
1447:
1421:
On the Feast of Saint Walburga, "many thousand" people have made
1414:
1358:
parade. Expanding from the parties of the left, the whole of the
1171:
1055:
842:
833:
808:
796:
725:
640:
of Johann Coler, who also refers to the following day, 1 May, as
471:
467:
463:
435:
420:
412:
342:
218:
170:
166:
1996:
1944:
1194:) is one of the four biggest holidays along with Christmas Eve,
2921:
2075:
2040:
1770:
1718:
1706:
1575:
1554:
1480:
1280:
1150:
475:
459:
451:
361:
338:
222:
2341:
1272:
1012:
254:
2965:
1882:
1674:
1443:
1339:
1087:
721:
684:
used in liturgical processions on the Feast of Saint Walpurga
416:
272:
1881:
In Uppsala, since 1975, students honor spring by rafting on
1023:
Byl pozdní večer – první máj – / večerní máj – byl lásky čas
287:
2350:
1858:
1243:
846:
700:
The festival of Walpurgis Night is named after the English
2897:"The other Halloween is coming up and it has history here"
411:
It is suggested that Walpurgis Night is linked with older
1814:
1729:
to, according to the church, counter the Satanic action.
1429:
on the Feast of Saint Walburga, often obtaining vials of
768:". Saint Walpurga was also known to repel the effects of
404:
on the Feast of Saint Walpurga, often obtaining vials of
260:
257:
242:
1261:, fixtures include the capping (on 30 April at 6 pm) of
1667:(Queen's Day) falling on the same date, though the new
1901:
libra to drink champagne, toward the Student Natione.
1867:("The Last Day of April") as it is called in Lund, or
1824:
A big crowd, mostly students in typical Swedish white
1582:
May Day riots usually start at Walpurgis Night in the
2654:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 80.
1964:
was founded on Sankt Walpurgisnacht in 1966. Founder
1633:
caterpillars and diseases as the country become more
263:
1992:
1931:, which has been held since 1909 by the students at
1797:), farm animals were let out to graze and bonfires (
1309:
is always a gimmick. Classic forms have included an
795:
The date of Walpurgis Night coincided with an older
353:
of Saint Walpurga and the movement of her relics to
284:
275:
269:
251:
245:
239:
3297:
Walpurgis Night Celebration Gråbo Sweden 2012 Video
3101:(in Dutch). RTV Noordoost Friesland. 2 January 2003
2702:
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity
2693:
281:
248:
2413:
1737:"Valborg" redirects here. For the given name, see
1617:(Szent György napja), because of the proximity of
823:In modern times, many Christians continue to make
3138:Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science
3099:"Rennie Schoorstra te gast in Geloven en Beleven"
2700:Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael (23 May 2016).
2498:kept burning all night to repel the evil spirits.
16:Germanic festival celebrating the start of summer
3303:
2733:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 67.
2600:(in German). Wittemberg: Paul Helwig. p. 89
559:
30:"Hexennacht" redirects here. For the album, see
3071:"RPF/GPV staat alleen in geloof in heksenfeest"
2785:Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life
2753:
2699:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
1446:are reputed to hold a large celebration on the
2644:
2642:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2256:
2254:
2252:
1081:
1071:
1065:
1059:
787:of Walpurga and the movement of her relics to
549:
3134:
2758:. University of Illinois Press. p. 361.
2747:
2294:Neuer immerwährender Gregorianischer Kalender
2207:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2160:A handbook for travellers in southern Germany
1868:
1862:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1753:
1363:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1278:
1270:
1225:
1203:
1140:
1111:
807:) to mark the beginning of summer, including
575:
569:
539:
529:
511:
386:converting the local populace to Christianity
3224:
2503:
2483:Brahms's Vocal Duets and Quartets with Piano
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2286:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1725:organized a Service in 2003 to pray for the
1654:
1563:
1535:
1518:
1502:
1490:
1451:
1437:
983:Burning of the witches in the Czech Republic
851:
629:
623:
617:
611:
601:
505:
499:
303:
64:
2639:
2400:
2249:
1696:
1673:(King's Day) is on 27 April. The island of
1668:
1660:
1464:mountain and hold revels with the Devil...
1021:
994:
988:
692:The relics of Saint Walpurga are housed at
641:
635:
591:
585:
3225:Hendrix, Scott E.; Okeja, Uchenna (2018).
2981:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2573:
2542:
58:
3014:
2722:
2668:
2485:. Indiana University Press. p. 100.
2467:
2442:
2420:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
2377:
2300:
2283:
2263:Celebrating Life Customs around the World
2143:
2102:
962:Learn how and when to remove this message
2958:
2883:, 30 April 2014. Accessed 8 May 2019 at
2872:
2870:
2822:
2810:
2521:. Indiana University Press. p. 46.
2516:
2260:
2204:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1819:
1760:
1713:of a Heksennacht festival celebrated by
1644:
1401:
1234:and many higher education students wear
1155:
1135:
1123:
1105:
1086:celebrations are especially vigorous in
978:
687:
671:
2782:
2648:
2612:
2411:
2296:(in German). Jaquet. 1856. p. 330.
2261:Williams, Victoria (21 November 2016).
1342:, it has become a tradition to cap the
1166:are typical Vappu delicacies in Finland
357:, both of which occurred on 1 May 870.
3304:
3168:
3119:
2987:
2878:"Why do Germans celebrate April 30th?"
2801:
2548:
2455:. A.C. McClurg & Company. p.
2388:
2315:
2156:
2117:
1748:is taken from the 8th-century British
1590:. There is a similar tradition in the
867:
3193:
3021:(in Dutch). Van Gorcum. p. 172.
2867:
2728:
2704:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80.
2674:
2649:Accardo, Pasquale (6 December 2012).
2592:
2586:
2567:
2553:. Gracewing Publishing. p. 146.
2480:
2448:
2227:
2185:
1918:Linköping University Male Voice Choir
1752:Christian missionary Saint Walburga,
308:
2393:. Folklore Village Farm. p. 3.
1677:celebrates a festival known as the '
1507:." The last chapter of book five in
1092:Estonian fraternities and sororities
900:adding citations to reliable sources
871:
498:'s canonization came to be known as
191:to the Church of Saint Walpurgis in
3169:Stuart, Gwyendd (25 October 2017).
2833:. New York: Robert Appleton Company
1208:). Walpurgis witnesses the biggest
811:in Ireland and Britain. Folklorist
728:, in AD 710. Born into a prominent
13:
3015:Roggeband, Cornelia Maria (2002).
2756:The Selected Papers of Jane Addams
2729:Noble, David F (23 January 2013).
2118:Galván, Javier A. (19 June 2014).
1809:) lit to scare away predators. In
484:Nativity of Saint John the Baptist
14:
3373:
3322:Christian festivals and holy days
3277:
3201:. HarperCollins. pp. 96–97.
1933:Chalmers University of Technology
974:
780:who visit Saint Walpurga's tomb.
3284:The Favors of St. Walpurga - OSV
2959:Hielkema, Haro (19 April 2003).
2859:. Catholic Forum. Archived from
2827:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2816:
2233:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2009:
1995:
1955:
876:
740:to Germany, where she founded a
396:. Others have historically made
235:
23:. For the album by GFriend, see
3243:
3218:
3187:
3162:
3128:
3113:
3091:
3063:
3035:
3008:
2952:
2927:
2915:
2889:
2845:
2806:. Beacon Press. pp. 61–64.
2795:
2776:
2631:. 16 April 2006. Archived from
2582:(in German). Leipzig: Scheiber.
1916:. Spring songs are sung by the
1530:Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
887:needs additional citations for
732:family, Saint Walpurga studied
2961:"Pasen in het Finkersgebergte"
2688:tenderness and self-sacrifice.
2351:Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix;
2221:
2179:
1653:As in all Germanic countries,
1640:
993:('Burning of the witches') or
712:710 – 777/9). The daughter of
694:Saint Peter's Church in Munich
634:is in the 1603 edition of the
310:[zaŋktvalˈpʊʁɡɪsˌnaxt]
1:
3051:(in Dutch). 27 September 2003
2789:University of Tennessee Press
2681:. T. & T. Clark. p.
2517:Wunderli, Richard M. (1992).
2449:Upton, George Putnam (1912).
2391:A Festival of the English May
2095:
1889:also hold "Champagne Races" (
1845:
1354:coincides with the socialist
1285:, by engineering students of
756:in Germany, the people there
709:
3124:. Anchor Books. p. 356.
2625:"The favors of St. Walburga"
1937:Garden Society of Gothenburg
1425:to Saint Walburga's tomb in
1246:, along with freshly cooked
1238:. One tradition is to drink
827:to Saint Walburga's tomb in
646:, feast day of the apostles
400:to Saint Walpurga's tomb in
7:
2994:. Stanford UP. p. 90.
2823:Casanova, Gertrude (1913).
2353:Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
1988:
1160:Sugar-coated doughnuts and
10:
3378:
2452:The Standard Concert Guide
2316:Melton, J. Gordon (2011).
1736:
1603:
1397:
1370:Lutheran Church of Finland
1356:International Workers' Day
1265:, a nude female statue in
1242:, a home-made low-alcohol
1145:celebration in front of a
1101:
1049:
1033:
845:, the highest peak in the
665:
661:
29:
18:
3352:Traditions involving fire
3332:International observances
3229:. ABC-CLIO. p. 360.
3120:Frazer, James G. (1961).
2265:. ABC-CLIO. p. 217.
2235:(3rd ed.). Longman.
1732:
758:converted to Christianity
714:Saint Richard the Pilgrim
530:
482:, which commemorates the
214:
206:
198:
176:
162:
154:
128:
81:
57:
41:
3079:(in Dutch). 23 June 1999
2031:Bald Mountain (folklore)
1836:. The silhouette of the
1649:Walpurgis night bonfires
622:. An earlier mention of
3251:"Hexennacht Is Upon Us"
2802:Berger, Pamela (1985).
2597:oder Gastungen umbgehen
2389:Chapru, Doleta (1977).
2171:Church of St. Walpurgis
1927:, the carnival parade,
1409:as "Mephistopheles" in
1360:Finnish political scene
999:('The witches') in the
606:is recorded in 1668 by
489:
317:(alternatively spelled
115:Feast of Saint Walburga
112:Feast of Saint Walpurga
25:Walpurgis Night (album)
3135:Lewis, Hammer (2010).
2783:Santino, Jack (1994).
2675:Smith, George (1884).
2593:Coler, Johann (1603).
2481:Stark, Lucien (1998).
2412:Canaday, John (2000).
2318:Religious Celebrations
1894:
1869:
1863:
1849:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1773:
1754:
1697:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1564:
1536:
1519:
1503:
1491:
1477:
1452:
1438:
1418:
1364:
1350:
1331:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1279:
1271:
1226:
1204:
1187:
1179:
1167:
1153:
1141:
1133:
1128:The crowd in front of
1121:
1112:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1022:
995:
989:
984:
861:
852:
697:
685:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
602:
592:
586:
576:
570:
560:
550:
540:
512:
506:
500:
304:
295:), an abbreviation of
94:Saint Walburga's Night
65:
3357:Witchcraft in Germany
3141:. BRILL. p. 88.
2988:Ferree, Myra (2012).
2830:Catholic Encyclopedia
2549:Elvins, Mark (2002).
1823:
1764:
1648:
1534:Act Two is entitled "
1501:is called "Classical
1458:
1423:Christian pilgrimages
1405:
1159:
1139:
1127:
1109:
982:
837:strongest. In German
825:religious pilgrimages
691:
675:
637:Calendarium perpetuum
398:Christian pilgrimages
368:, as well as against
297:Saint Walpurgis Night
45:Saint Walpurgis Night
21:Walpurgisnacht Ballet
3347:Supernatural legends
3195:LaVey, Anton Szandor
3122:The New Golden Bough
2575:Praetorius, Johannes
2359:. Yushodo Press Co.
1656:Sankt Walpurgisnacht
1453:Sankt Walpurgisnacht
1431:Saint Walburga's oil
1205:Juhannus - Midsommar
1132:in Helsinki, in 1960
896:improve this article
774:Saint Walburga's oil
738:Christian missionary
658:calendar of saints.
501:Sankt Walpurgisnacht
406:Saint Walpurga's oil
319:Saint Walburga's Eve
315:Saint Walpurga's Eve
305:Sankt-Walpurgisnacht
109:Saint Walburgis' Day
106:Saint Walburga's Day
103:Saint Walpurga's Day
100:Saint Walpurgis' Eve
97:Saint Walburga's Eve
49:Saint Walpurga's Eve
3076:Utrechts Nieuwsblad
2924:Phrase & Fable.
2863:on 27 October 2007.
2857:Patron Saints Index
2157:Murray, J. (1843).
2017:Christianity portal
1966:Anton Szandor LaVey
1874:a brighter future.
1779:James George Frazer
1690:Take Back the Night
1222:alcoholic beverages
1174:, Walpurgis night (
868:Regional variations
608:Johannes Praetorius
158:Christian, cultural
2939:jelesnapok.oszk.hu
2876:Colthorpe, Julie.
2629:Our Sunday Visitor
1983:The Satanic Temple
1850:
1774:
1651:
1514:The Magic Mountain
1419:
1374:The Internationale
1259:surrounding region
1168:
1154:
1147:Kuopio Market Hall
1134:
1122:
1046:to ward off evil.
985:
778:Christian pilgrims
698:
686:
631:S. Walpurgis Abend
619:S. Walpurgis Abend
613:S. Walpurgis Nacht
561:Valpurgijos naktis
513:Valborgsmässoafton
185:Service of Worship
146:Anglican Communion
32:Hexennacht (album)
3317:April observances
3236:978-1-4408-4138-5
3208:978-0-380-01539-9
3199:The Satanic Bible
3148:978-90-04-18791-7
3028:978-90-232-3830-0
3001:978-0-8047-5760-7
2901:Grimsby Telegraph
2765:978-0-252-09067-7
2740:978-0-307-82852-1
2711:978-1-4051-5376-8
2661:978-1-4612-0365-0
2635:on 25 March 2018.
2560:978-0-85244-559-4
2528:978-0-253-20751-7
2492:978-0-253-33402-2
2431:978-0-299-16854-4
2366:978-4-8419-0396-6
2331:978-1-59884-205-0
2272:978-1-4408-3659-6
2242:978-1-4058-8118-0
2214:978-0-521-15255-6
2133:978-1-61069-342-4
2071:Chaharshanbe Suri
1971:The Satanic Bible
1899:Carolina Rediviva
1236:student coveralls
1018:Karel Hynek Mácha
990:Pálení čarodějnic
972:
971:
964:
946:
911:"Walpurgis Night"
750:Christian artwork
656:Western Christian
337:, an 8th-century
313:), also known as
228:
227:
50:
3369:
3362:Medieval legends
3293:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2853:"Saint Walburga"
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2621:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2419:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2372:the Virus away".
2348:
2339:
2338:
2313:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2115:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1914:Linköping Castle
1872:
1866:
1847:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1784:The Golden Bough
1765:Walpurgis Night
1757:
1700:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1567:
1547:'s short story,
1539:
1522:
1517:is also called "
1506:
1494:
1455:
1441:
1367:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1287:Aalto University
1284:
1276:
1253:In the capital,
1229:
1207:
1144:
1115:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1025:
998:
992:
967:
960:
956:
953:
947:
945:
904:
880:
872:
855:
767:
742:double monastery
711:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
605:
595:
589:
579:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
515:
509:
503:
480:Saint John's Eve
312:
307:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
278:
277:
274:
271:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
202:30 April – 1 May
129:Observed by
71:open-air theatre
68:
62:
48:
39:
38:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3337:May observances
3327:German folklore
3312:Walpurgis Night
3302:
3301:
3291:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3257:. 29 April 2020
3249:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3048:Friesch Dagblad
3041:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2903:. 29 April 2018
2895:
2894:
2890:
2875:
2868:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2698:
2694:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2647:
2640:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2591:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2551:Catholic Trivia
2547:
2543:
2529:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2479:
2468:
2447:
2443:
2432:
2410:
2401:
2387:
2378:
2367:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2324:. p. 915.
2314:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2273:
2259:
2250:
2243:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2184:
2180:
2155:
2144:
2134:
2116:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2015:
2008:
2003:Holidays portal
2001:
1994:
1991:
1976:Satanic holiday
1962:Church of Satan
1958:
1949:Umeå University
1895:Champagnegalopp
1842:student nations
1811:Southern Sweden
1744:While the name
1742:
1735:
1681:
1643:
1615:St George's Day
1606:
1593:Schanzenviertel
1588:Prenzlauer Berg
1550:Dracula's Guest
1469:Brocken spectre
1400:
1389:classical music
1104:
1052:
1036:
977:
968:
957:
951:
948:
905:
903:
893:
881:
870:
805:summer solstice
765:
718:Saint Willibald
670:
664:
643:Jacobi Philippi
536:Finland Swedish
492:
280:
268:
238:
234:
231:Walpurgis Night
215:Related to
150:
141:Lutheran Church
136:Catholic Church
124:
91:Walpurgis Night
77:
53:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3278:External links
3276:
3273:
3272:
3255:Satanic Living
3242:
3235:
3217:
3207:
3186:
3161:
3147:
3127:
3112:
3090:
3062:
3034:
3027:
3007:
3000:
2980:
2951:
2926:
2914:
2888:
2866:
2844:
2825:"St. Walburga"
2809:
2794:
2791:. p. xix.
2775:
2764:
2746:
2739:
2721:
2710:
2692:
2667:
2660:
2638:
2611:
2585:
2566:
2559:
2541:
2535:Walpurgisnacht
2527:
2502:
2491:
2466:
2441:
2430:
2399:
2376:
2365:
2340:
2330:
2299:
2282:
2271:
2248:
2241:
2229:Wells, John C.
2220:
2213:
2178:
2142:
2132:
2126:. p. 51.
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2006:
1990:
1987:
1981:Additionally,
1957:
1954:
1739:Valborg (name)
1734:
1731:
1703:Reformed party
1642:
1639:
1605:
1602:
1578:, traditional
1537:Walpurgisnacht
1520:Walpurgisnacht
1504:Walpurgisnacht
1498:Faust Part Two
1495:," and one in
1492:Walpurgisnacht
1486:Faust Part One
1407:Lewis Morrison
1399:
1396:
1381:sparkling wine
1299:is a standard
1218:sparkling wine
1196:New Year's Eve
1103:
1100:
1096:mayor of Tartu
1051:
1048:
1035:
1032:
1028:Edith Pargeter
1001:Czech Republic
976:
975:Czech Republic
973:
970:
969:
884:
882:
875:
869:
866:
801:spring equinox
716:and sister of
706:Saint Walpurga
682:Saint Walpurga
668:Saint Walpurga
666:Main article:
663:
660:
648:James the Less
603:Walpurgisnacht
593:Valpuržina noc
571:Valpurģu nakts
507:Walpurgisnacht
496:Saint Walpurga
491:
488:
470:. In Finland,
440:Czech Republic
428:Central Europe
372:". Christians
366:whooping cough
335:Saint Walpurga
323:Walpurgisnacht
226:
225:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
178:
174:
173:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
149:
148:
143:
138:
132:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:Walpurgisnacht
85:
83:
79:
78:
66:Walpurgisnacht
63:
55:
54:
52:
51:
46:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3374:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3172:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3100:
3094:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2813:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2519:Peasant Fires
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Jones, Daniel
2182:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:Bonfire Night
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Allhallowtide
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1956:United States
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1844:. Image from
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1663:Koninginnedag
1657:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:'s 1962 play
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1002:
997:
991:
981:
966:
963:
955:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913: –
912:
908:
907:Find sources:
901:
897:
891:
890:
885:This section
883:
879:
874:
873:
865:
863:
859:
854:
848:
844:
840:
835:
830:
826:
821:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:and became a
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
690:
683:
679:
674:
669:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
583:
578:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
523:
519:
514:
508:
502:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:feast day of
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
306:
302:
298:
292:
232:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
61:
56:
47:
44:
43:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
3342:Saints' days
3292:(in Swedish)
3268:injustices."
3266:
3259:. Retrieved
3254:
3245:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3198:
3189:
3181:
3174:. Retrieved
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3137:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3046:
3037:
3017:
3010:
2990:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2964:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2900:
2891:
2880:
2861:the original
2856:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2828:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2650:
2633:the original
2602:. Retrieved
2595:
2588:
2578:
2569:
2550:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2518:
2496:
2482:
2460:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2415:
2394:
2390:
2370:
2356:
2335:
2317:
2293:
2276:
2262:
2232:
2223:
2202:
2199:Esling, John
2195:Setter, Jane
2191:Roach, Peter
2181:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2137:
2119:
2087:Noc Walpurgi
2085:
2066:Holika Dahan
2046:Easter witch
1980:
1969:
1959:
1942:
1922:
1903:
1880:
1876:
1851:
1826:student caps
1790:
1782:
1775:
1745:
1743:
1694:
1692:phenomenon.
1652:
1627:
1610:elderberries
1607:
1596:district of
1592:
1573:
1570:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1528:
1525:Edward Albee
1512:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1436:In Germany,
1435:
1420:
1393:
1378:
1362:has adopted
1348:
1337:
1317:toilet paper
1293:; but while
1263:Havis Amanda
1252:
1191:
1169:
1161:
1110:People at a
1079:
1053:
1040:Lincolnshire
1037:
1011:
1008:
1005:
987:30 April is
986:
958:
949:
939:
932:
925:
918:
906:
894:Please help
889:verification
886:
822:
813:Jack Santino
794:
785:canonization
782:
699:
676:A Christian
494:The date of
493:
425:
410:
390:evil spirits
382:intercession
380:through the
359:
351:canonization
347:commemorates
322:
318:
314:
296:
230:
229:
163:Celebrations
36:
2090:, 2015 film
2061:Mefistofele
2051:Easter fire
1929:The Cortège
1878:favorable.
1870:sista april
1864:siste april
1727:Holy Spirit
1705:members in
1698:Heksennacht
1682: [
1641:Netherlands
1608:In Hungary
1545:Bram Stoker
1509:Thomas Mann
1489:is called "
1479:A scene in
1385:candelabras
1315:printed on
1289:. Both are
1232:student cap
1130:Lasipalatsi
1118:Kaivopuisto
996:čarodějnice
862:heksennacht
748:. As such,
730:Anglo-Saxon
704:missionary
587:čarodějnice
432:Netherlands
177:Observances
82:Also called
3306:Categories
2969:(in Dutch)
2163:. p.
2096:References
1968:states in
1925:Gothenburg
1910:Belvederen
1830:the Castle
1711:Gelderland
1670:koningsdag
1565:Osterfeuer
1439:Hexennacht
1291:sophomoric
1257:, and its
1248:tippaleipä
1220:and other
1116:picnic in
952:April 2018
922:newspapers
853:Hexennacht
770:witchcraft
762:heathenism
754:evangelism
746:Heidenheim
680:depicting
566:Lithuanian
510:(German),
370:witchcraft
299:(from the
189:pilgrimage
75:Heidelberg
2881:The Local
2604:15 August
1906:Linköping
1838:cathedral
1800:majbrasor
1750:Dumnonian
1746:Walpurgis
1723:Friesland
1715:Satanists
1679:Meierblis
1623:Pentecost
1584:Mauerpark
1427:Eichstätt
1323:. Often,
1319:and on a
1200:Midsummer
1067:Kevadpüha
829:Eichstätt
789:Eichstätt
702:Christian
625:Walpurgis
456:Lithuania
419:festival
402:Eichstätt
355:Eichstätt
331:Christian
325:, is the
207:Frequency
193:Eichstätt
3197:(1969).
3176:30 April
3154:30 April
3105:8 August
3083:8 August
3055:8 August
2973:8 August
2944:30 March
2907:30 April
2837:30 April
2577:(1668).
2355:(2005).
2322:ABC-CLIO
2231:(2008).
2201:(eds.).
2189:(2011).
2124:ABC-CLIO
1989:See also
1475:Brocken.
1346:statue.
1344:Posankka
1321:bedsheet
1301:magazine
1267:Helsinki
1255:Helsinki
1210:carnival
1083:Volbriöö
1073:Volbriöö
1061:Volbriöö
1044:cowslips
839:folklore
734:medicine
678:gonfalon
577:Valpurģi
556:Estonian
551:Volbriöö
448:Slovenia
444:Slovakia
167:Bonfires
2462:abroad.
2278:Sweden.
2174:shrine.
2169:In the
2056:May Day
2036:Beltane
1891:Swedish
1887:nations
1855:Uppsala
1834:Uppsala
1794:Valborg
1767:bonfire
1755:Valborg
1635:secular
1630:Késmárk
1619:May Day
1604:Hungary
1598:Hamburg
1580:leftist
1462:Brocken
1448:Brocken
1444:witches
1415:Brocken
1398:Germany
1192:Valborg
1184:Swedish
1176:Finnish
1172:Finland
1120:in 2008
1102:Finland
1056:Estonia
1050:Estonia
1034:England
936:scholar
843:Brocken
834:May Day
818:sheaves
809:Beltane
797:May Eve
726:England
662:History
654:in the
584:), and
582:Latvian
546:Finnish
526:Swedish
518:Valborg
472:Denmark
468:Estonia
464:Finland
436:Germany
430:in the
421:Beltane
413:May Day
394:witches
343:Francia
329:of the
219:May Day
171:dancing
121:Valborg
69:at the
3233:
3205:
3145:
3025:
2998:
2922:Oxford
2821:
2762:
2737:
2708:
2658:
2652:Trivia
2557:
2525:
2489:
2428:
2363:
2328:
2269:
2239:
2211:
2130:
2076:Trndez
2041:Diwali
1771:Sweden
1733:Sweden
1719:Dokkum
1707:Putten
1576:Berlin
1555:Munich
1523:." In
1481:Goethe
1411:Faust!
1296:Julkku
1281:Julkku
1198:, and
1188:Vappen
1151:Kuopio
938:
931:
924:
917:
909:
652:Philip
531:Vappen
524:Eve",
476:Norway
466:, and
460:Latvia
452:Sweden
438:, the
417:Gaelic
374:prayed
364:, and
362:rabies
339:abbess
321:) and
301:German
223:Easter
210:Annual
3261:1 May
2966:Trouw
2437:land.
1883:Fyris
1848:1920.
1806:kasar
1686:]
1675:Texel
1543:From
1365:Vappu
1351:Vappu
1340:Turku
1332:Vappu
1227:Vappu
1180:Vappu
1142:Vappu
1113:Vappu
1088:Tartu
943:JSTOR
929:books
858:Dutch
760:from
722:Devon
598:Czech
541:Vappu
118:Vappu
3263:2020
3231:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3178:2020
3156:2020
3143:ISBN
3107:2013
3085:2013
3057:2013
3023:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2975:2013
2946:2024
2909:2018
2839:2016
2760:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2606:2011
2555:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2128:ISBN
1960:The
1945:Umeå
1859:Lund
1857:and
1815:eggs
1621:and
1277:and
1244:mead
1240:sima
1214:sima
1163:sima
1080:The
915:news
847:Harz
803:and
783:The
650:and
628:and
522:Mass
490:Name
474:and
392:and
349:the
199:Date
183:and
181:Mass
155:Type
2457:294
1943:In
1923:In
1904:In
1832:in
1781:in
1769:in
1637:.
1586:in
1574:In
1568:).
1540:."
1511:'s
1483:'s
1456:).
1338:In
1326:Äpy
1312:Äpy
1306:Äpy
1273:Äpy
1170:In
1149:in
1070:).
1054:In
1038:In
1030:).
1016:by
1013:Máj
898:by
744:in
616:or
610:as
590:or
574:or
568:),
558:),
548:),
538:),
528:),
520:'s
378:God
376:to
341:in
327:eve
288:ɜːr
279:-,-
255:ʊər
73:in
3308::
3265:.
3253:.
3211:.
3180:.
3073:.
3045:.
2963:.
2937:.
2899:.
2869:^
2855:.
2787:.
2768:.
2714:.
2685:.
2683:89
2641:^
2627:.
2614:^
2531:.
2505:^
2495:.
2469:^
2459:.
2434:.
2424:.
2422:98
2402:^
2379:^
2369:.
2343:^
2334:.
2320:.
2302:^
2285:^
2275:.
2251:^
2197:;
2193:;
2167:.
2165:90
2145:^
2136:.
2122:.
2104:^
1893::
1846:c.
1817:.
1803:,
1721:,
1709:,
1684:nl
1625:.
1433:.
1387:,
1376:.
1303:,
1250:.
1216:,
1190:,
1186::
1182:;
1178::
1058:,
860::
724:,
710:c.
516:("
486:.
462:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
434:,
423:.
408:.
291:-/
273:ɑː
221:,
187:;
169:,
3239:.
3158:.
3109:.
3087:.
3059:.
3031:.
3004:.
2977:.
2948:.
2911:.
2841:.
2743:.
2664:.
2608:.
2563:.
2245:.
2217:.
1741:.
1562:(
1532:,
1202:(
1020:(
965:)
959:(
954:)
950:(
940:·
933:·
926:·
919:·
892:.
856:(
766:'
708:(
596:(
580:(
564:(
554:(
544:(
534:(
285:p
282:ˈ
276:l
270:v
267:,
264:s
261:ɪ
258:ɡ
252:p
249:ˈ
246:l
243:æ
240:v
237:/
233:(
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.