Waldorf education - Knowledge

603:. These included the idea that animals evolved from humans, that human spirits are physically incarnated into "soul qualities that manifested themselves into various animal forms", that the current geological formations on Earth have evolved through so-called "Lemurian" and "Atlantean" epochs, and that the four kingdoms of nature are "mineral, plant, animal, and man". All of these are directly contradicted by mainstream scientific knowledge and have no basis in any form of conventional scientific study. Contradictory notions found in Waldorf textbooks are distinct from factual inaccuracies occasionally found in modern public school textbooks, as the inaccuracies in the latter are of a specific and minute nature that results from the progress of science. The inaccuracies present in Waldorf textbooks, however, are the result of a mode of thinking that has no valid basis in reason or logic. This unscientific foundation has been blamed for the scarcity of systematic empirical research on Waldorf education as academic researchers hesitate in getting involved in studies of Waldorf schools lest it hamper their future career. 348:(songs, games, and stories), outdoor recess, and practical tasks (e.g. cooking, cleaning, and gardening), with rhythmic variations. Rhythm and repetitive patterns are considered important in anthroposophy and are believed to hold spiritual significance. The classroom is intended to resemble a home, with tools and toys usually sourced from simple, natural materials that lend themselves to imaginative play. The use of natural materials has been praised as fulfilling children's aesthetic needs and reinforcing connections to nature, though some scholars have questioned whether the preference for natural, non-manufactured materials is truly a "reasoned assessment of twenty-first century children's needs", rather than "a reaction against the dehumanizing aspects of nineteenth-century industrialization". 448:– melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, and choleric. Steiner indicated that teaching should be differentiated to accommodate the different needs that these "types" represent. For example, Anthroposophists believe "cholerics are risk takers, phlegmatics take things calmly, melancholics are sensitive or introverted, and sanguines take things lightly". Steiner also believed that teachers must consider their own temperament and be prepared to work with it positively in the classroom, that temperament is emergent in children, and that most people express a combination of temperaments rather than a pure single type. No evidence exists for such "personality types" to be consistent in an individual across time or context, nor that such "types" are useful in providing more effective education. 1330:

development of speaking and listening through an emphasis on oral work; good pacing of lessons through an emphasis on rhythm; emphasis on child development guiding the curriculum and examinations; approach to art and creativity; attention given to teachers' reflective activity and heightened awareness (in collective child study for example); and collegial structure of leadership and management, including collegial study. Aspects of mainstream practice which could inform good practice in Waldorf schools included: management skills and ways of improving organizational and administrative efficiency; classroom management; work with secondary-school age children; and assessment and record keeping.

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wrote that Waldorf schools have "not stirred comparable discussion or controversy... those interested in the Waldorf School today... generally tend to view this school form first and foremost as a representative of internationally recognized models of applied classic reform pedagogy" and that critics tend to focus on what they see as Steiner's "occult neo-mythology of education" and to fear the risks of indoctrination in a worldview school, but lose an "unprejudiced view of the varied practice of the Steiner schools". Ullrich himself considers that the schools successfully foster dedication, openness, and a love for other human beings, for nature, and for the inanimate world.

38: 622:. The researchers found that Waldorf school students scored higher than both the public school students and the national average on the TIMSS test while scoring the same as public school students on the logical reasoning tests. When the logical reasoning tests measured students' understanding of part-to-whole relations, the Waldorf students also outperformed the public school students. The authors of the study noted the Waldorf students' enthusiasm for science, but viewed the science curriculum as "somewhat old-fashioned and out of date, as well as including some doubtful scientific material". 1185:. The school switched to Waldorf methods in the 1990s. A 1999 study of the school found that students had "improved attitudes toward learning, better social interaction and excellent academic progress". This study identified the integration of the arts "into every curriculum unit and almost every classroom activity" as the most effective tool to help students overcome patterns of failure. The study also found significant improvements in reading and math scores, student participation, focus, openness and enthusiasm, as well as emotional stability, civility of interaction and tenacity. 488:, underpins its primary pedagogical goals: to provide an education that enables children to become free human beings, and to help children to incarnate their "unfolding spiritual identity", carried from the preceding spiritual existence, as beings of body, soul, and spirit in this lifetime. Educational researcher Martin Ashley suggests that the latter role would be problematic for secular teachers and parents in state schools, and the commitment to a spiritual background both of the child and the education has been problematic for some committed to a secular perspective. 1505:"Steiner's collected works, moreover, totalling more than 350 volumes, contain pervasive internal contradictions and inconsistencies on racial and national questions." Italian Fascism exploited "his racial and anti-democratic dogma." "It was a meeting of old acquaintances: Nazi leaders such as Rudolf Hess and Heinrich Himmler already recognized a kindred spirit in Rudolf Steiner, with his theories about racial purity, esoteric medicine and biodynamic agriculture." For people who do not believe in reincarnation Steiner is a racist, but for people who do, he is not so. 1459:

rejects any attempt to misappropriate Waldorf pedagogy or Rudolf Steiner's work for racist or nationalistic purposes." Similar statements were put out by the Waldorf school association in Britain ("Our schools do not tolerate racism. Racist views do not accord with Steiner's longer term vision of a society in which such distinctions would be entirely irrelevant & modern Steiner Waldorf schools deplore all forms of intolerance, aiming to educate in a spirit of respect & to encourage open-hearted regard for others among the children they educate") and Germany.

918:) people the most". In 2007, the European Council for Steiner Waldorf Education (ECSWE) issued a statement, "Waldorf schools against discrimination", which said in part, "Waldorf schools do not select, stratify or discriminate amongst their pupils, but consider all human beings to be free and equal in dignity and rights, independent of ethnicity, national or social origin, gender, language, religion, and political or other convictions. Anthroposophy, upon which Waldorf education is founded, stands firmly against all forms of racism and nationalism." 576: 369: 55: 72: 1127: 7401:, Address of 18 May 1995: "One of the strengths of the Waldorf curriculum is its emphasis on the arts and the rich use of the spoken word through poetry and storytelling. The way the lessons integrate traditional subject matter is, to my knowledge, unparalleled. Those in the public school reform movement have some important things to learn from what Waldorf educators have been doing for many years. It is an enormously impressive effort toward quality education." 266:, the adjunct Führer, was a patron of Waldorf schools. Nazis did not like private schools, especially after Hess flew to England. According to Karen Priestman, "Although the Anthroposophy Society was prohibited in November 1935 and Reich Education Minister Bernhard Rust forbade all private schools from accepting new students in March 1936, the last Waldorf school was not closed until 1941." The affected schools reopened after the 196: 744:, who decide on pedagogical issues, normally on the basis of consensus. This group is usually open to full-time teachers who have been with the school for a prescribed period of time. Each school is accordingly unique in its approach, as it may act solely on the basis of the decisions of the college of teachers to set policy or other actions pertaining to the school and its students. 1498:, the school needed to make changes in the "areas of governance, management and teaching to ensure parents' complaints were dealt with appropriately in the future......the school must continue regular communication with the school community regarding the ongoing work being undertaken to address the issues raised and noted that the board has proactively sought support to do this." 2334: 1261:'s education department, said that imaginative teaching approaches used in Waldorf education (drama, exploration, storytelling, routine, arts, discussion and empathy) are effective stimulators of spiritual-aesthetic, intellectual and physical development, expanding "the concept of holistic and imaginative education" and recommends these to mainstream educators. 710:, the methodology of Waldorf teaching, academic subjects appropriate to the future teachers' chosen specialty, and the study of pedagogical texts and other works by Steiner. For early childhood and elementary school teachers, the training includes considerable artistic work in storytelling, movement, painting, music, and handwork. 5010:

both as a way of self-expression and a way of capturing the external world. In Waldorf education, there is an ongoing practice of having students draw. Others would do well to find ways of adapting this approach in public school practice so that drawing is second nature to the students and they are not inhibited in attempting it.

2077: 393:", that focuses on a single theme over one month's time. This typically begins with introductory activities that may include singing, instrumental music, and recitations of poetry, generally including a verse written by Rudolf Steiner for the start of a school day. There is little reliance on standardized textbooks. 389:, drama, movement, music, and crafts. The core curriculum includes language arts, mythology, history, geography, geology, algebra, geometry, mineralogy, biology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, and nutrition. The school day generally begins with a one-and-a-half to two-hour, cognitively oriented academic lesson, or " 1501:

Racist attitudes and behaviour have been reported in particular Waldorf schools, and some teachers have reportedly expressed Steiner's view that individuals reincarnate through various races, however, Kevin Avison, senior advisor for the Steiner Waldorf Schools Fellowship in the UK and Ireland, calls

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also reported that, in a 2019 statement, the International Center for Anthroposophic Medicine and the International Federation of Anthroposophic Medical Associations stressed that anthroposophic medicine, the form of medicine Steiner founded, "fully appreciates the contributions of vaccines to global

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In 2000, educational scholar Heiner Ullrich wrote that intensive study of Steiner's pedagogy had been in progress in educational circles in Germany since about 1990 and that positions were "highly controversial: they range from enthusiastic support to destructive criticism". In 2008, the same scholar

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studies, commented on what he saw as the "high degree of congruence between what the world demands of people, and what Waldorf schools develop in their pupils", placing a high value on creatively and productively applying knowledge to new realms. This enables "deep learning" that goes beyond studying

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Independent schools receive complete or partial funding in much of Europe, particularly in Northern and Eastern Europe. Sweden, Finland, Holland, and Slovakia provide over 90% of independent schools' funding, while Slovenia, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Hungary, Estonia, the Czech Republic,

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oriented", as they expand into different cultural settings they are adapting to "a truly pluralistic spirituality". Waldorf theories and practices are often modified from their European and Christian roots to meet the historical and cultural traditions of the local community. Examples include Waldorf

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Waldorf education aims to educate children about a wide range of religious traditions without favoring any single tradition. One of Steiner's primary aims was to establish a spiritual yet nondenominational setting for children from all backgrounds that recognized the value of role models drawn from a

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The schools primarily assess students through reports on individual academic progress and personal development. The emphasis is on characterization through qualitative description. Pupils' progress is evaluated through portfolio work in academic blocks and discussion of pupils in teacher conferences.

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depends upon increased independence of character, temperament, habits, and memory, one of the markers of which is the loss of the baby teeth. Formal instruction in reading, writing, and other academic disciplines are therefore not introduced until students enter the elementary school, when pupils are

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Het was een ontmoeting van oude bekenden: nazi-kopstukken als Rudolf Hess en Heinrich Himmler herkenden in Rudolf Steiner al een geestverwant, met zijn theorieën over raszuiverheid, esoterische geneeskunst en biologisch-dynamische landbouw. — It was a meeting of old acquaintances: Nazi leaders

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of evidence. See "Transcript of Court Trial" held 9/12/05 before Judge Frank C. Damrell, Jr., PLANS, Inc v Sacramento City Unified School District and Twin Ridges Elementary School District, filed U.S. District Court Eastern District of California No. Civ. S 98–266. Transcript notes trial commenced

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In individuals the temperaments are mixed in the most diverse ways, so that it is possible only to say that one temperament or another predominates in certain traits. Temperament inclines toward the individual, thus making people different, and on the other hand joins individuals together in a group

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The Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA) and European Council for Steiner Waldorf Education have put out statements stating that "racist or discriminatory tendencies are not tolerated in Waldorf schools or Waldorf teacher training institutes. The Waldorf school movement explicitly

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All members of our association are schools or institutions that are free to make independent school policy decisions in accordance with AWSNA's membership and accreditation criteria. Our membership and accreditation criteria require schools to be compliant with national, state, provincial, and local

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said "Waldorf students learn in sequences and paces that are developmentally appropriate, aesthetically stimulating, emotionally supportive, and ecologically sensitive." Professors of education Timothy Leonard and Peter Willis stated that Waldorf education "cultivates the imagination of the young to

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Although studies about Waldorf education tend to be small-scale and vary in national context, a 2005 independent comprehensive review of the literature concluded there was evidence that Waldorf education encourages academic achievement as well as "creative, social and other capabilities important to

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Australia has "Steiner streams" incorporated into a small number of existing government schools in some states; in addition, independent Steiner-Waldorf schools receive partial government funding. The majority of Steiner-Waldorf schools in New Zealand are Integrated Private Schools under The Private

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Educationalist Sandra Chistolini suggests that parents offer their children Waldorf-inspired homeschooling because "the frustration and boredom some children feel in school are eliminated and replaced with constant attention to the needs of childhood connections between content and the real world".

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Main academic subjects are introduced through two-hour morning lesson blocks that last for several weeks. These blocks are horizontally integrated at each grade level in that the topic of the block will be infused into many classroom activities and vertically integrated in that each subject will be

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commended the significant role the arts play throughout Waldorf education as a model for other schools to follow. Waldorf schools have been described as establishing "genuine community" and contrasted to mainstream schools, which have been described as "residential areas partitioned by bureaucratic

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Many private Waldorf schools experience a tension between these social goals and the way tuition fees act as a barrier to access to the education by less well-off families. Schools have attempted to improve access for a wider range of income groups by charging lower fees than comparable independent

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and years 1 to 11 (the Russian education system is an eleven-year system). There are 18 Waldorf schools in Russia and 30 kindergartens. Some are government funded (with no fees) and some are privately funded (with fees for students). As well as five Waldorf schools in Moscow, there are also Waldorf

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in order to continue receiving public funding. Studies of standardized test scores suggest that students at Waldorf-inspired schools tend to score below their peers in the earliest grades and catch up or surpass their peers by middle school. One study found that students at Waldorf-inspired schools

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There are coordinating bodies for Waldorf education at both the national (e.g. the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America and the Steiner Waldorf Schools Fellowship in the UK and Ireland) and international level (e.g. International Association for Waldorf Education and The European Council

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and should grant teachers a high degree of creative autonomy within the school; this is based upon the conviction that a holistic approach to education aiming at the development of free individuals can only be successful when based on a school form that expresses these same principles. Most Waldorf

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spiritual movement based on the notion that an objectively comprehensible spiritual realm exists and can be observed by humans, and of Rudolf Steiner, the movement's founder and spiritual leader. Many of Steiner's ideas influenced the pedagogy of the original Waldorf school and still play a central

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is also a way of focusing attention and closely observing what is happening. However, there are problems when it comes to having students draw. Some are inhibited because they feel they have to have very realistic representations. This can be overcome if throughout the grades drawing is approached

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In US states where nonmedical vaccine exemption is legal, 2015 reports showed Waldorf schools as having a high rate of vaccine exemption within their student populations, however, recent research has shown that in US state schools, child immunization rates often fall below the 95-percent threshold

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Ashley described seven principal ways Waldorf education differed from mainstream approaches: its method of working from the whole to the parts, its attentiveness to child development, its goal of freedom, the deep relationships of teachers to students, the emphasis on experiencing oral traditions,

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Professor of education Bruce Uhrmacher considers Steiner's view on education worthy of investigation for those seeking to improve public schooling, saying the approach serves as a reminder that "holistic education is rooted in a cosmology that posits a fundamental unity to the universe and as such

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judged the Steiner Academy Exeter as inadequate and ordered it to be transferred to a multi-academy trust; it was temporarily closed in October 2018 because of concerns, including significant lapses in safeguarding of students' wellbeing, mistreatment of children with special educational needs and

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Religion classes are typically absent from United States Waldorf schools, but are mandatory in some German federal states, which require teachers who identify with each offered religion to teach such classes in addition to a nondenominational offering. In the United Kingdom, public Waldorf schools

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Waldorf elementary education allows for individual variations in the pace of learning, based upon the expectation that a child will grasp a concept or achieve a skill when he or she is ready. Cooperation takes priority over competition. This approach also extends to physical education; competitive

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For example, melancholic children like sitting together because they are unlikely to be annoyed or disturbed by their neighbors. Livelier temperaments such as sanguine or choleric are said to be likely to rub their liveliness off on each other and calm down of their own accord. Little evidence of

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The first epoch (0–7 years), when the child is intensely sensitive to people and surroundings, is seen by Steiner educators as the empathic stage - where empathy means embracing the unconscious of another with one's own unconscious, to live into the experience of another. The kindergarten teacher

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These statements are the necessary response to Rudolf Steiner's contradictory beliefs about race: he emphasized the core spiritual unity of all the world's peoples, sharply criticized racial prejudice, and articulated beliefs that the individual nature of any person stands higher than any racial,

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Social renewal and transformation remain primary goals for Waldorf schools, which seek to cultivate pupils' sense of social responsibility. Studies suggest that this is successful; Waldorf pupils have been found to be more interested in and engaged with social and moral questions and to have more

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broadcast a segment about accusations that the establishment of a state-funded Waldorf School in Frome was a misguided use of public money. The broadcast reported that concerns were being raised about Rudolf Steiner's beliefs, stating he "believed in reincarnation and said it was related to race,

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Waldorf schools have been popular with some parents working in the technology sector in the United States, including those from some of the most advanced technology firms. A number of technologically oriented parents from one school expressed their conviction that younger students do not need the

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Many subjects and skills not considered core parts of mainstream schools, such as art, music, gardening, and mythology, are central to Waldorf education. Students learn a variety of fine and practical arts. Elementary students paint, draw, sculpt, knit, weave, and crochet. Older students build on

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typically obtain their program information through informal parent groups, online, or by purchasing a curriculum. Waldorf homeschooling groups are not affiliated with the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA), which represents independent schools and it is unknown how many home

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devised by Rudolf Steiner, utilizing distinct learning strategies for each of three developmental stages or "epochs": early childhood, elementary, and secondary education. Steiner believed each stage lasted approximately seven years. Aside from their spiritual underpinnings, Steiner's seven-year

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The first US Waldorf-inspired public school, the Yuba River Charter School in California, opened in 1994. The Waldorf public school movement is currently expanding rapidly; while in 2010, there were twelve Waldorf-inspired public schools in the United States, by 2018 there were 53 such schools.

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Experts have called into question the quality of this phenomenological approach if it fails to educate Waldorf students on basic tenets of scientific fact. The Waldorf approach is said to cultivate students with "high motivation" but "average achievement" in the sciences. One study conducted by

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are centrally incorporated into Waldorf curriculum. Other differences include: non-competitive games and free play in younger years as opposed to athletics instruction; instruction in two foreign languages from the beginning of elementary school; and an experiential-phenomenological approach to

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report suggested that Waldorf and state schools could learn from each other's strengths: in particular, that state schools could benefit from Waldorf education's early introduction and approach to modern foreign languages; combination of block (class) and subject teaching for younger children;

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terminated its Waldorf teacher training courses. In a statement, the university said "the courses did not encompass sufficient subject theory and a large part of the subject theory that is included is not founded on any scientific base". The dean, Stefan Nordlund, stated "the syllabus contains

255:) was founded in 1925; the first in the United States (the Rudolf Steiner School in New York City) in 1928. By the 1930s, numerous schools inspired by Steiner's pedagogical principles had opened in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Hungary, the United States, and England. 713:

Waldorf teacher education includes social–emotional development as "an integral and central element", which is unusual for teacher trainings. A 2010 study found that students in advanced years of Waldorf teacher training courses scored significantly higher than students in non-Waldorf teacher

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While anthroposophy underpins the curriculum design, pedagogical approach, and organizational structure, it is explicitly not taught within the school curriculum and studies have shown that Waldorf pupils have little awareness of it. Tensions may arise within the Waldorf community between the

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Waldorf schools build close learning communities, founded on the shared values of its members, in ways that can lead to transformative learning experiences that allow all participants, including parents, to become more aware of their own individual path, but which at times also risk becoming

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Waldorf kindergarten and lower grades generally discourage pupils' use of electronic media such as television and computers. There are a variety of reasons for this: Waldorf educators believe that use of these conflicts with young children's developmental needs, media users may be physically

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E.g. Waldorf schools in East Germany were closed by the DDR educational authorities, who justified this as follows: the pedagogy was based on the needs of children, rather than on the needs of society, was too pacifistic, and had failed to structure itself according to pure Marxist-Leninist

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In comparison to state school pupils, European Waldorf students are significantly more enthusiastic about learning, report having more fun and being less bored in school, view their school environments as pleasant and supportive places where they are able to discover their personal academic

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watch less television and spend more time engaging in creative activities or spending time with friends. Public Waldorf schools' need to demonstrate achievement through standardized test scores has encouraged increased use of textbooks and expanded instructional time for academic subjects.

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Rudolf Steiner founded the first Waldorf school several years before vaccinations for tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough were invented. After such vaccinations became widespread in Europe, Steiner opposed their use in several contexts, writing that vaccination could "impede spiritual

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have also been judged inadequate by Ofsted, because of concerns over safeguarding and bullying. A number of private Steiner schools have additionally been judged inadequate in the ensuing investigation. Overall, several Waldorf schools in the UK have closed in the last decade due to their

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Today, Waldorf teachers may work with these pseudoscientific "temperaments" to design instruction for each student. Seating arrangements and class activities may take into account the supposed temperaments of students but this is often not described to parents, students, or observers.

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In the third developmental stage (14 years old and up), children are supposed to learn through their own thinking and judgment. Students are asked to understand abstract material and expected to have sufficient foundation and maturity to form conclusions using their own judgment.

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Steiner considered children's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development to be interlinked. When students in a Waldorf school are grouped, it is generally not by a focus on academic abilities. Instead, Steiner adapted the pseudoscientific proto-psychological concept of the

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In most Waldorf schools, pupils enter secondary education when they are fourteen years old. Secondary education is provided by specialist teachers for each subject. The curriculum is purported to foster pupils' intellectual understanding, independent judgment, and ethics.

7254:: "Waldorf is healing education. ... It is with a sense of adventure that the staff of Milwaukee Public Schools embraces the Waldorf concept in an urban multicultural setting. It is clear that Waldorf principles are in concert with our goals for educating all children." 1430:

The Association encourages parents to consider their civic responsibility in regards to the decision of whether or not to immunize against any communicable disease, but ultimately, the decision to immunize or not is one made by parents in consultation with their family

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in Germany, serving children of all genders, abilities, and social classes. At Steiner's behest, the early Waldorf schools were "open to all students, regardless of income. If the parents were unable to pay the full tuition, the remaining amount would be subsidized."

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strengths, and have more positive views of the future. Twice as many European Waldorf students as state school pupils report having good relationships with teachers; they also report significantly fewer ailments such as headaches, stomach aches, and disrupted sleep.

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In North America in 1967, there were nine schools in the United States and one in Canada. As of 2021, that number had increased to more than 200 in the United States and over 20 in Canada. There are currently 29 Steiner schools in the United Kingdom and three in the

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and MacArthur grant recipient, while having some "quibbles" about the Waldorf schools, stated: "The adults I know who have come out of Waldorf schools are extraordinary people. That education leaves a strong mark of thoroughness, carefulness, and thoughtfulness."

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for a community. A 2010 report by the UK Government said that Steiner schools should be considered "high risk populations" and "unvaccinated communities" with respect to children's risks of catching measles and contributing to outbreaks. On 19 November 2018, the

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teaches mainly disadvantaged children from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds. It was founded in 1999 and is run by Nepalese staff. In addition, in the southwest Kathmandu Valley a foundation provides underprivileged, disabled and poor adults with work on a

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Waldorf elementary schools (ages 7–14) emphasize cultivating children's emotional life and imagination. In order that students can connect more deeply with the subject matter, academic instruction is presented through artistic work that includes story-telling,

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The Association of Waldorf Schools of North America wishes to state unequivocally that our educational objectives do not include avoidance of, or resistance to, childhood immunization. The health, safety, and wellbeing of children are our forefront concerns.

413:. Starting in first grade, specialized teachers teach many subjects, including music, crafts, movement, and two foreign languages from complementary language families (in English-speaking countries these are typically German and either Spanish or French). 695: 889:

other disabilities, and misspending of funds. In July 2018, two 6-year-old children were found by police having walked out of the Exeter school unnoticed. Their parents were not informed until the end of the day. Subsequently, the Steiner Academies in

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A 2007 German study found that an above-average number of Waldorf students become teachers, doctors, engineers, scholars of the humanities, and scientists. Studies of Waldorf students' artistic capacities found that they averaged higher scores on the

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One study of science curriculum compared a group of American Waldorf school students to American public school students on three different test variables. Two tests measured verbal and non-verbal logical reasoning and the third was an international

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purposefully employs her own empathic ability as she strives to be a role model worthy of imitation by the children, but she also creates a space and ethos conducive to imaginative play that actively develops children's capacity for empathy.

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Steiner's belief that all people are imbued with a spiritual core has fueled Waldorf schools' social mission. The schools have always been coeducational and open to children of all social classes. They were designed from the beginning to be

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reported that several Waldorf schools in California had some of the lowest vaccination rates among kindergarten pupils in the 2017–18 school year, with only 7% of pupils having been vaccinated in one school. In the same article, however,

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wide range of literary and historical traditions in developing children's fantasy and moral imaginations. For Steiner, education was an activity which fosters the human being's connection to the divine and is thus inherently religious.

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Waldorf schools frequently have striking architecture, employing walls meeting at varied angles (not only perpendicularly). The walls are often painted in subtle colors, often with a lazure technique, and include textured surfaces.

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both through personal example and through stories drawn from a variety of cultures, educating by exercising "creative, loving authority". Class teachers are normally expected to teach a cohort for several years, a practice known as

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Although in his reply, Himmler pretended to share Astel's assessment of anthroposophy as a dangerous movement, he admitted to be unable to do anything about the school of Rudolf Steiner because Rudolf Hess supported and protected

2754:, Green Meadow Waldorf School, High Mowing School, Highland Hall Waldorf School, Honolulu Waldorf School, Kimberton Waldorf School, Rudolf Steiner School of New York City, Sacramento Waldorf School, Waldorf School of Garden City. 7247: 114:, intended to develop pupils' intellectual, artistic, and practical skills, with a focus on imagination and creativity. Individual teachers have a great deal of autonomy in curriculum content, teaching methods, and governance. 2546: 756:

for Steiner Waldorf Education (ECSWE)). These organizations certify the use of the registered names "Waldorf" and "Steiner school" and offer accreditations, often in conjunction with regional independent school associations.

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Some observers have noted that Waldorf educators tend to be more concerned to address the needs of weaker students who need support than they are to meet the needs of talented students who could benefit from advanced work.

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Though Waldorf schools are autonomous institutions not required to follow a prescribed curriculum (beyond what is required by law in a given jurisdiction) there are widely agreed upon guidelines for the Waldorf curriculum.

133:, Germany. A century later, it has become the largest independent school movement in the world, with more than 1,200 independent schools and nearly 2,000 kindergartens in 75 countries, as well as more than 500 centers for 1250:

ought to take into account interconnections among the purpose of schooling, the nature of the growing child, and the relationships between the human being and the universe at large", and that a curriculum need not be

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Pre-school and kindergarten programs generally include seasonal festivals drawn from a variety of traditions, with attention placed on traditions brought forth from the surrounding community. Waldorf schools in the

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exposure to computers and technology, but benefit from creative aspects of the education; one Google executive was quoted as saying "I fundamentally reject the notion you need technology aids in grammar school."

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Thus my conclusion is that it is quite uncontroversial to see Anthroposophy as a whole as a religious movement, in the conventional use of the term, although it is not an emic term used by Anthroposophists

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Stockholm University has decided to wind up its Steiner-Waldorf teacher training. Steiner science literature is 'too much myth and too little fact', the university's teacher education committee has ruled.

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and the incorporation of Steiner's esoteric ideas into the curriculum. Waldorf schools have also been linked to the outbreak of infectious diseases due to the vaccine hesitancy of many Waldorf parents.

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laws. While policy decisions regarding immunizations may vary from school to school, such decisions are made in accordance with legal requirements set by local, state, provincial or federal government.

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schools in Israel and Japan, which celebrate festivals drawn from these cultures, and classes in the Milwaukee Urban Waldorf school, which have adopted African American and Native American traditions.

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throughout all elementary, developing as a quasi-familial social group. In elementary years, a core teacher teaches primary academic subjects. A central role of this teacher is to provide a supportive

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began considering removing "Rudolf Steiner" from the name of the school "so that the our best ideals are not burdened by historical, philosophical untruths." In 2014, after an investigation by the NZ

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Public Schools during a period when Milwaukee funded a public Waldorf school, considers Waldorf education a "healing education" whose underlying principles are appropriate for educating all children.

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as being first useful to children in the early teen years, after they have mastered "fundamental, time-honoured ways of discovering information and learning, such as practical experiments and books".

176:. Others have faced regulatory audits and closure due to concerns over substandard treatment of children with special educational needs. Critics of Waldorf education point out the mystical nature of 5373: 4272: 1044:

than students in any other type of schools. Betty Reardon, a professor and peace researcher, gives Waldorf schools as an example of schools that follow a philosophy based on peace and tolerance.

5590: 5670:

Philipp Martzog, Simon Kuttner & Guido Pollak (2016): "A comparison of Waldorf and non-Waldorf student-teachers' social-emotional competencies: can arts engagement explain differences?",

5326: 8422: 7676: 7654: 6124: 3742:, Paper presented to Annual Meeting of the American Education Research Association, 24–28 March 1997, published US Department of Education – Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). 262:

regime limited and ultimately closed most Waldorf schools in Europe, with the exception of some British, Swiss, and Dutch schools (UK and Switzerland did not get occupied by Nazi Germany).

7391: 6639: 2910:

In recent years, China has seen a major expansion of alternative teaching establishments such as those that operate under the educational principles of Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner.

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commitment to Steiner's original intentions and openness to new directions in education, such as the incorporation of new technologies or modern methods of accountability and assessment.

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exclusive. Reports from small-scale studies suggest that there are lower levels of harassment and bullying in Waldorf schools and that European Waldorf students have much lower rates of

7624: 7244: 2550: 1064:

regime in South Africa, the Waldorf school was one of the few schools in which children of all apartheid racial classifications attended the same classes. A Waldorf training college in

1122:, a teacher training program brings together Israeli Arabs and Jews on an equal basis, with the goals of improving Arab education in Israel and offering new career paths to Arab women. 1102:

faculty and students and has extensive contact with the surrounding Arab communities. It also runs an Arab-language Waldorf teacher training. A joint Arab-Jewish Waldorf kindergarten (

6328: 7274: 6213: 2709: 1414:

development" and lead to a loss of "any urge for a spiritual life". Steiner also thought that these effects would carry over into subsequent reincarnations of the vaccinated person.

945:

spokeswoman said "no state school is allowed to teach homeopathy as scientific fact" and that free schools "must demonstrate that they will provide a broad and balanced curriculum".

4968: 1968: 1778: 8386:

such as Rudolf Hess and Heinrich Himmler already recognized a kindred spirit in Rudolf Steiner, with his theories about racial purity, esoteric medicine and biodynamic agriculture.

6668: 1589: 1353:

the role of ritual and routine (e.g. welcoming students with a handshake, the use of opening and closing verses, and yearly festivals), the role arts and creativity play, and the

416:

While class teachers serve a valuable role as personal mentors, establishing "lasting relationships with pupils", Ullrich documented problems when the same teacher continues into

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American state and private schools are drawing on Waldorf education – "less in whole than in part" – in expanding numbers. Professor of Education

7874: 1906: 966:

The first Steiner school in Russia was established in 1992 in Moscow. That school is now an award-winning government-funded school with over 650 students offering classes for

6803: 2108: 1028:, 12-year schools under the direction of their own teachers, rather than the state or other external authorities, all radical principles when Steiner first articulated them. 8257: 8500:). Anthroposophic Press, 1996 (these fundamental lectures on education were given to the teachers just before the opening of the first Waldorf school in Stuttgart in 1919). 4633: 558:, a movement art usually accompanying spoken texts or music which includes elements of drama and dance. Although found in other educational contexts, cooking, farming, and 8284: 7531: 5849: 528:

revisited with increasing complexity as students develop their skills, reasoning capacities and individual sense of self. This has been described as a spiral curriculum.

381:

around seven years of age. Steiner believed that engaging young children in abstract intellectual activity too early would adversely affect their growth and development.

6356: 3140: 6273: 3878: 2831: 765:

Denmark, Spain, and Portugal provide the majority of independent schools' funding. In countries outside of this region, funding for independent schools varies widely.

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administrations' failure to adhere to state-mandated standards of education (e.g. required levels of literacy, safety standards for child welfare, and mistreatment of

8309: 567:

science. In this method, students observe and depict scientific concepts in their own words and drawings rather than encountering the ideas first through a textbook.

6828: 5413: 3572: 2631: 2586: 1739: 8101: 5303: 7562: 7097:

Cox, Maureen V.; Rowlands, Anna (2000). "The effect of three different educational approaches on children's drawing ability: Steiner, Montessori and traditional".

6155: 1708: 7985: 1643: 333:

In Waldorf pedagogy, young children learn best through immersion in unselfconscious imitation of practical activities. The early childhood curriculum focuses on

8222: 6178: 6098: 5945: 3276: 2217: 5349: 4199:

Thinking, Feeling, and Willing: How Waldorf Schools Provide a Creative Pedagogy That Nurtures and Develops Imagination. In Leonard, Timothy and Willis, Peter,

1397: 834: 7243:

Robert S. Peterkin, Director of Urban Superintendents Program, Harvard Graduate School of Education and former Superintendent of Milwaukee Public Schools, in

6615: 8072: 8051: 751:, who decide on governance issues, especially those relating to school finances and legal issues, including formulating strategic plans and central policies. 615: 6563: 6529:

Gidley, Jennifer (2010). "Comparing beliefs and values related to civic and moral issues among students in Swedish mainstream and Steiner Waldorf schools".

5822:

Chistolini, Sandra (2009). "Apart from the Steiner School and Montessori Method, Homeschooling is the answer for families to the social crisis of schools".

2897: 6777: 6699: 1836: 1326: 476:, and creative beings. No independent studies have been published as to whether or not Waldorf education achieves these aims more than any other approach. 8412:

Munoz, Joaquin (23 March 2016). "CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: THE CHALLENGE OF WALDORF EDUCATION FOR ALL YOUTH. Waldorf Education and Racism".

5370: 1342: 4264: 3973:

McDermott, R.; Henry, M. E.; Dillard, C.; Byers, P.; Easton, F.; Oberman, I.; Uhrmacher, B. (1996). "Waldorf education in an inner-city public school".

2735: 1875: 228:

role in modern Waldorf classrooms: reincarnation, karma, the existence of spiritual beings, the idea that children are themselves spiritual beings, and

1032:

positive attitudes than students from mainstream schools, demonstrating activism and self-confidence and feeling empowered to forge their own futures.

532:

these experiences and learn new skills such as pattern-making and sewing, wood and stone carving, metal work, book-binding, and doll or puppet making.

235:

As the co-educational school also served children from outside the factory, it included children from a diverse social spectrum. It was also the first

6015:

Pappano, Laura (November–December 2011). "Waldorf Education in Public Schools: Educators adopt – and adapt – this developmental, arts-rich approach".

5396: 583:

The scientific methodology of modern Waldorf schools utilizes a so-called "phenomenological approach" to science education employing a methodology of

432:, he cited a number of schools where the class teacher accompanies the class for six years only, after which specialist teachers play a greater role. 7206:

Thomas W. Nielsen, "Rudolf Steiner's Pedagogy of Imagination: A Phenomenological Case Study" A paper to complement a presentation given at the first

4862:

Sumner, Jennifer; Heather Mair; Erin Nelson (2010). "Putting the culture back into agriculture: civic engagement and the celebration of local food".

830: 5323: 2486: 8413: 8058:. The statement quoted here is from AWSNA's statement, which is an adapted translation of the "Stuttgart Manifesto" put out by the European Council 7683: 7646: 6303: 6120: 5172: 4547:*"The overarching goal is to help children build a moral impulse within so they can choose in freedom what it means to live morally."—Armon, Joan, 821:. While these schools follow a similar developmental approach as the independent schools, Waldorf-inspired schools must demonstrate achievement on 356:

have traditionally celebrated Christian festivals, though one source states that some North American Waldorf schools also include Jewish holidays.

6914: 6051: 925:

criticized a reference book used to train teachers in Steiner academies for suggesting that the heart is sensitive to emotions and also promoting

797:

Other controversies have centered on Waldorf schools' educational standards and the mystical and antiquated nature of some of Steiner's theories.

325:. The stated purpose of this approach is to awaken the "physical, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, social, and spiritual" aspects of each pupil. 6636: 2777: 6068: 8569: 5976: 2931: 1337:

sees Waldorf education exemplifying embodied learning and fostering a more balanced educational approach than American public schools achieve.

509:

are generally not given until students enter high school. Pupils are not typically asked to repeat years of elementary or secondary education.

7616: 7963: 7585: 2796: 1384:

affecting 36 students at the Asheville Waldorf School located in North Carolina. Out of 152 students at the school, 110 had not received the

6325: 7265: 6209: 4321: 2717: 1550:

Zdrazil, Tomas (2018). "Theorie-Praxis Verhältnis in der Waldorfpädagogik". In Kern, Holger; Zdrazil, Tomas; Götte, Wenzel Michael (eds.).

1389: 1197:

is an organization whose purpose is to support, finance and advise the Waldorf movement worldwide, particularly in disadvantaged settings.

8368: 5087: 4929: 4523: 2169: 1932: 1770: 794:

among parents. In a 2011 article, Waldorf schools were identified as a risk factor for noncompliance with measles vaccination programmes.

9207: 8345: 7903: 7341: 7228: 6851: 5241: 4216: 4042: 6660: 6513: 5535:

Woods, Philip A.; Woods, Glenys J. (2002). "Policy on School Diversity: Taking an Existential Turn in the Pursuit of Valued Learning?".

3022: 7802: 6445:

Spies, Werner E. (1985), "Gleichrichtung und Kontrast – Schulprogramme und Gesellschaftsprogramme", in Edding, Friedrich et al. (eds),

3685: 1582: 6975: 5749: 5612:

Oberski, Iddo; Alistair Pugh; Astrid MacLean; Peter Cope (February 2007). "Validating a Steiner-Waldorf teacher education programme".

4906: 4450: 3794:

Woods, Philip A.; Glenys J. Woods (2006). "In Harmony with the Child: the Steiner teacher as a co-leader in a pedagogical community".

2872: 1994: 1284:

Robert Peterkin, director of the Urban Superintendents Program at Harvard's Graduate School of Education and former Superintendent of

7448:"Vaccination Coverage with Selected Vaccines and Exemption Rates Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2018–19 School Year" 6495: 4352: 3381: 650: 9131: 8170: 7858: 7772: 2853: 2033:

Uhrmacher, P. Bruce (Winter 1995). "Uncommon Schooling: A Historical Look at Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy, and Waldorf Education".

1898: 1143: 1131: 8489:, Anthroposophic Press, 1996 (includes Steiner's first descriptions of child development, originally published as a small booklet). 7832: 6754: 2100: 300:. More recently, many have opened in Asia, especially China. There are currently over 1,200 independent Waldorf schools worldwide. 8253: 7501: 6574: 4630: 592: 505:

Standardized tests are rare, with the exception of examinations necessary for college entry taken during secondary school years.

8280: 7523: 5841: 4569:), Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, 24–28 March 1997), p. 1. 1805: 7719: 5111:"Explaining Waldorf students' high motivation but moderate achievement in science: is inquiry-based science education the key?" 4479:

this aspect of practice was immediately apparent to outside observers, and teachers did not readily volunteer to talk about it.

535:

Music instruction begins with singing in early childhood and continuing through high school. Pupils also usually learn to play

5031:Østergaard, Edvin; Dahlin, Bo; Hugo, Aksel (1 September 2008). "Doing phenomenology in science education: a research review". 3875: 3132: 2828: 9227: 8462: 8339: 7335: 6266: 5775: 5582: 5235: 5002: 4771: 4596: 4444: 4315: 4210: 4036: 3903:

Thomas William Nielsen, "Rudolf Steiner's Pedagogy of Imagination: A Phenomenological Case Study", Peter Lang Publisher 2004.

3679: 3411: 3016: 2674:

Uhrmacher, P. Bruce (1995). "Uncommon Schooling: A Historical Look at Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy, and Waldorf Education".

2625: 2580: 2442: 8306: 7932: 7035: 6860: 4817: 3500: 2758: 638:

Because they view human interaction as the essential basis for younger children's learning and growth, Waldorf schools view

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Easton, Freda (1 March 1997). "Educating the whole child, "head, heart, and hands": Learning from the Waldorf experience".

3530: 2350: 606:

A Swedish parent wrote a book in 1990 stating that Waldorf schools do not allow questioning the historical accuracy of the

6825: 6778:"Peace in the Middle East? Educational group brings tolerance and conflict resolution to Arab and Jewish kids' classrooms" 4166:

so proving that it has something to do both with the innermost essence of the human being and with universal human nature.

3560: 2247:

Woods, Glenys; O'Neill, Maggie; Woods, Philip A. (December 1997). "Spiritual Values in Education: Lessons from Steiner?".

1311:

describes Waldorf education as embodying original pedagogical ideas and presenting exemplary organizational capabilities.

9126: 8196: 8094: 6946: 5923: 5300: 2139: 1685: 1229:, drew more accurate, detailed, and imaginative drawings, and were able to develop richer images than comparison groups. 1226: 6147: 4752: 8562: 7554: 7372: 7308: 7157: 4247: 3611: 3315:

Uhrmacher, P. Bruce (Winter 1993). "Making Contact: An Exploration of Focused Attention between Teacher and Students".

3171: 1709:"Concerned parents speak up about racism, discrimination at Waldorf School of Philadelphia • Pennsylvania Capital-Star" 1502:

the claim of belief in reincarnation through the races "a complete and utter misunderstanding" of Steiner's teachings.

1174: 4548: 4109:

Ginsberg, Iona H. (1982). "Jean Piaget and Rudolf Steiner:stages of child development and implications for pedagogy".

1640: 377: 337:

and imaginative play. The overall goal of the curriculum is to "imbue the child with a sense that the world is good".

8155: 8134: 6420: 6399: 6378: 6094: 5736: 5708: 5655: 5346: 5206: 4661: 4096: 4072: 3829: 3763: 3714: 3636: 3494: 3465: 3358: 3289: 3108: 2989: 2318: 2200: 1559: 1531: 818: 518: 2524: 9212: 8068: 6607: 5276: 208: 8048: 7411:

Holmes, M. (2000). "How Should Educational Policymakers Address Conflicting Interests within a Diverse Society?".

6799: 6459:

Nicholson, David W. (1 July 2000). "Layers of experience: Forms of representation in a Waldorf school classroom".

8818: 6560: 4265:"Humoural [sic] Theory: Inside the Strange Pseudoscience That Dominated Western Medicine for 2,000 Years" 2889: 293: 6785: 6691: 3931:

Easton, F. (1997). "Educating the whole child, "head, heart, and hands": Learning from the Waldorf experience".

1828: 954:

Schools Integration Act 1975, thus receiving full state funding. In the Canadian provinces of British Columbia,

9217: 8978: 7181: 4698: 3236:

Iona H. Ginsburg, "Jean Piaget and Rudolf Steiner: Stages of Child Development and Implications for Pedagogy",

2448: 360:

inactive, and media may be seen to contain inappropriate or undesirable content and to hamper the imagination.

17: 8328:"'Gustavo Who?' — Notes Towards the Life and Times of Gustavo Rol; Putative Mage and Cosmic 'Drainpipe'" 7392:

Boston Public Schools As Arts-Integrated Learning Organizations: Developing a High Standard of Culture for All

7245:

Boston Public Schools As Arts-Integrated Learning Organizations: Developing a High Standard of Culture for All

6447:

Praktisches Lernen in der Hibernia-Pädagogik: eine Rudolf Steiner-Schule entwickelt eine neue Allgemeinbildung

6033:

The original trial ended in 30 minutes with the case being dismissed after the plaintiff failed to present an

4551: 3769: 3735: 8555: 8415:

The Circle of Mind and Heart: Integrating Waldorf Education, Indigenous Epistemologies, and Critical Pedagogy

8398: 5437:

Oberski, Iddo (February 2011). "Rudolf Steiner's philosophy of freedom as a basis for spiritual education?".

4676:

Formative Assessment Improving Learning in Secondary Classrooms: Improving Assessment in Secondary Classrooms

2732: 1859: 540: 3098: 630:

literature which conveys scientific inaccuracies that are worse than woolly; they are downright dangerous".

344:

employ a regular daily routine that includes free play, artistic work (e.g. drawing, painting or modeling),

5393: 4714:

Nicholson, David W. (2000). "Layers of experience: Forms of representation in a Waldorf school classroom".

3072: 3045: 1441: 1320: 1211: 1194: 922: 595:

researchers outlined numerous theories and ideas prevalent throughout Waldorf curricula that were patently

6877: 270:

ended. A few schools elsewhere in Europe (e.g. in Norway) survived by going underground. Some schools in

9197: 2471: 1393: 203:

The first school based upon the ideas of Rudolf Steiner was opened in 1919 in response to a request from

6299: 5161: 2193:

Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools: Reforming Secular Education Or Reestablishing Religion?

727:

One of Waldorf education's central premises is that all educational and cultural institutions should be

9192: 8963: 6907: 6048: 3295: 1410:

health and firmly supports vaccinations as an important measure to prevent life threatening diseases".

838: 401: 322: 297: 190: 6496:"Going Back to Kindergarten: Applying the Principles of Waldorf Education to Create Ethical Attorneys" 3758:. University of South Australia, Centre for Research in Education Equity and Work. pp. 103, 362. 2774: 8928: 1400:

all recommend that all healthy children 12 months of age and older get vaccinated against Varicella.

2923: 243:

Waldorf education became more widely known in 1922 through lectures Steiner gave at a conference at

9141: 8604: 5871:

Morgan, Richard E. (1973). "The Establishment Clause and Sectarian Schools: A Final Installment?".

1417:

The Association of Waldorf Schools of North America released the following in a statement in 2019:

1292: 1114:) in 2005. An Arabic language multi-cultural Druze/Christian/Muslim Waldorf school has operated in 942: 862: 858: 829:

A legal challenge alleging that California school districts' Waldorf-inspired schools violated the

646: 278: 146: 7955: 4307: 2804: 1453: 9105: 9080: 2401:

Reinsmith, William A. (31 March 1990). "The Whole in Every Part: Steiner and Waldorf Schooling".

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theories. An independent investigation concluded that while there were no racist elements in the

842: 559: 169: 7149: 4295: 809:

Most Waldorf-inspired schools in the United States are elementary schools established as either

9202: 9100: 9085: 8828: 8823: 7896: 5700: 5075: 4588: 4581: 4549:"The Waldorf Curriculum as a Framework for Moral Education: One Dimension of a Fourfold System" 4492: 3603: 3404:

Meeting the Child in Steiner Kindergartens: An Exploration of the beliefs, values and practices

2751: 2161: 1258: 1167: 1080: 584: 442: 334: 99: 8327: 7325: 7220: 6848: 5223: 4197: 4026: 3457: 2615: 2568: 9222: 9136: 8923: 8738: 8708: 8703: 6991:

Bildungserfahrungen an Waldorfschulen: Empirische Studie zu Schulqualität und Lernerfahrungen

3862: 3669: 3006: 2599:

Organisations which Hess had supported, such as the Rudolf Steiner schools, were closed down.

1479: 1182: 1025: 878: 791: 252: 115: 37: 7794: 5692: 4898: 4434: 3595: 3449: 1740:"Steiner schools chief: what my time in prisons taught me about the UK's education mistakes" 8848: 8673: 8023: 5801:

Regulating Publicly Funded Private Schools: A Literature Review on Equity and Effectiveness

5753: 5040: 4944: 3912:

Carolyn P. Edwards, "Three Approaches from Europe: Waldorf, Montessori and Reggio Emilia",

3376: 2869: 2338: 1990: 1444:, as well as reticence to incorporate public health measures relating to disease outbreak. 938: 714:

trainings on three measures of empathy: perspective taking, empathic concern, and fantasy.

626: 506: 469: 251:

in 1924, Steiner delivered a Waldorf teacher training course. The first school in England (

236: 119: 4344: 1463:

ethnic, national or religious affiliation, yet he asserted a hierarchy of races, with the

8: 9059: 8813: 8718: 8693: 8648: 8521:

Interactive map of Waldorf kindergartens, schools and teacher training colleges worldwide

7742: 6750: 4028:

Chapter 11: Alternative Education for the 21st Century: Philosophies, Approaches, Visions

3732: 2850: 1277: 1246:

provide them a firm emotional foundation upon which to build a sound intellectual life".

1015:. The Association of Russian Waldorf Schools was founded in 1995 and now has 21 members. 410: 286: 224: 7824: 7677:

HPA (Health Protection Agency) National Measles Guidelines Local & Regional Services

5347:"Waldorf School Of The Peninsula In California Succeeds With No- And Low-Tech Education" 5044: 4948: 3708:

Anthroposophy A-Z: A Glossary of Terms Relating to Rudolf Steiner's spiritual philosophy

1349:

Many elements of Waldorf pedagogy have been used in all Finnish schools for many years.

1308: 8773: 8748: 8698: 8688: 8454:

Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era

8019: 7759: 7493: 7480: 7428: 7142: 7122: 7027: 6476: 5896: 5888: 5629: 5560: 5552: 5504: 5454: 5137: 5110: 5056: 4960: 4879: 4731: 4515: 4410: 4375: 4126: 3990: 3948: 3483:"Steiner Waldorf Early Childhood Education: Offering a Curriculum for the 21st Century" 3332: 3219: 2691: 2383: 2291: 2050: 1264: 1041: 822: 817:. The first Waldorf-inspired high school was launched in 2008 with assistance from the 733: 353: 111: 8643: 7447: 6571: 6210:"Exclusive: Top Steiner school ordered to close by Government over child safety fears" 2982:

Rudolf Steiner : an introduction to his spiritual world-view : anthroposophy

9090: 9064: 9054: 9044: 9029: 9019: 9014: 8888: 8883: 8753: 8663: 8458: 8392: 8335: 8151: 8130: 7866: 7764: 7497: 7485: 7467: 7432: 7368: 7331: 7304: 7177: 7153: 7114: 7077:

The Comparative Status of the Creative Thinking Ability of Waldorf Education Students

6661:"Teacher from Rudolf Steiner School to help disadvantaged students from Sierra Leone" 6480: 6416: 6395: 6374: 5900: 5732: 5704: 5693: 5651: 5633: 5564: 5458: 5231: 5202: 5142: 4998: 4883: 4735: 4694: 4657: 4592: 4519: 4440: 4415: 4397: 4311: 4243: 4206: 4130: 4092: 4068: 4032: 3994: 3855: 3850: 3825: 3759: 3710: 3675: 3632: 3607: 3596: 3490: 3461: 3450: 3407: 3354: 3285: 3223: 3167: 3104: 3012: 2985: 2621: 2576: 2438: 2387: 2346: 2314: 2295: 2196: 1960: 1952: 1867: 1801: 1555: 1527: 1385: 707: 575: 563: 468:

The overarching goals are to provide young people the basis on which to develop into

445: 309: 244: 134: 9024: 8683: 7711: 7126: 7031: 5508: 5109:

Salchegger, Silvia; Wallner-Paschon, Christina; Bertsch, Christian (December 2021).

5060: 4964: 4345:"Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review" 4147:

Grant, M. (1999). "Steiner and the Humours: The Survival of Ancient Greek Science".

3952: 941:, said that Waldorf schools "seem to have an anti-science agenda". A United Kingdom 554:

Certain subjects are largely unique to the Waldorf schools. Foremost among these is

9034: 8913: 8873: 8728: 8609: 7754: 7475: 7459: 7420: 7106: 7019: 6468: 5880: 5675: 5621: 5544: 5496: 5446: 5132: 5122: 5048: 4952: 4871: 4723: 4507: 4405: 4387: 4303: 4156: 4118: 3982: 3940: 3803: 3324: 3211: 3008:

The Best Schools: How Human Development Research Should Inform Educational Practice

2683: 2410: 2375: 2283: 2256: 2042: 1944: 1354: 1107: 1004: 972: 694: 654: 639: 600: 536: 421: 267: 173: 138: 123: 8485:

Steiner, Rudolf. "The Education of the Child, and early Lectures on Education" in

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Eric Gidseg, "Waldorf education", In Moncrieff Cochran and Rebecca S. New (eds.),

2954: 2287: 2274:

Goldshmidt, Gilad (14 February 2017). "Waldorf Education as Spiritual Education".

1072:

for being an organization that was working towards reconciliation in South Africa.

8893: 8793: 8768: 8763: 8653: 8452: 8313: 8174: 8055: 7928: 7398: 7251: 7232: 7084: 7007: 6982: 6918: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6832: 6643: 6578: 6567: 6517: 6332: 6235: 6055: 5810: 5450: 5420: 5400: 5377: 5353: 5330: 5307: 4756: 4749: 4637: 4566: 4555: 4436:

Hands, Hearts, and Heads: Childhood and Esotericism in American Waldorf Education

3882: 3739: 3482: 3385: 2876: 2857: 2835: 2781: 2762: 2755: 2739: 2343:

Basiswissen Pädagogik. Reformpädagogische Schulkonzepte Band 6: Waldorf-Pädagogik

1948: 1647: 814: 728: 44: 3807: 3522: 1483: 9049: 8968: 8953: 8943: 8863: 8853: 8843: 8838: 8808: 8778: 8733: 8633: 8599: 8594: 8015: 5127: 4818:"Ithaca Waldorf School: An education based in music, movement and neuroscience" 4511: 4122: 2773:

Founded in 1968, Toronto Waldorf School was the first Waldorf school in Canada.

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at the top, and associated intelligence with having blonde hair and blue eyes.

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schools, by offering a sliding scale of fees, and/or by seeking state support.

142: 103: 8188: 6950: 6736:"Salaam Shalom Educational Foundation : Arabic Waldorf Teaching Training" 6547:

Gidley, J. (1998). "Prospective Youth Visions through Imaginative Education",

6472: 6264: 5915: 5625: 5500: 5052: 4956: 4727: 4376:"The Prevalence of Pseudoscientific Ideas and Neuromyths Among Sports Coaches" 3944: 2414: 2131: 1677: 790:

Some Waldorf schools in English-speaking countries have met opposition due to

9186: 8999: 8958: 8918: 8908: 8898: 8803: 8723: 8638: 8578: 7870: 7859:"As anti-vaxx dispute rages, attention turns to California's Waldorf schools" 7471: 7195:

Pedagogies of the Imagination: Mythopoetic Curriculum in Educational Practice

5884: 5162:"Does Waldorf Offer a Viable Form of Science Education? A Research Monograph" 4401: 4392: 4201:

Pedagogies of the Imagination: Mythopoetic Curriculum in Educational Practice

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Understanding the Steiner Waldorf Approach: Early Years Education in Practice

2260: 1956: 1899:"As anti-vaxx dispute rages, attention turns to California's Waldorf schools" 1871: 1372: 1334: 1273: 1190: 1115: 899: 846: 810: 774: 683: 607: 596: 485: 417: 220: 177: 158: 150: 107: 8933: 8713: 7424: 7110: 5611: 5548: 5230:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 204 fn. 10, 208. 4374:

Bailey, Richard P.; Madigan, Daniel J.; Cope, Ed; Nicholls, Adam R. (2018).

4160: 2070:"'From Waldorf Tobacco to Waldorf Education' Emil Molt meets Rudolf Steiner" 1056:

Waldorf schools have linked polarized communities in a variety of settings.

368: 9166: 9039: 9009: 8903: 8858: 8833: 8798: 8788: 8783: 8668: 8167: 7768: 7489: 7463: 7387: 7118: 5146: 4875: 4583:

Alternative approaches to education : a guide for parents and teachers

4419: 4343:

Coffield, Frank; Moseley, David; Hall, Elaine; Ecclestone, Kathryn (2004).

1964: 1471: 1464: 1338: 1076: 967: 934: 271: 7740: 5804: 2434:

Illusion of Coexistence: The Waldorf Schools in the Third Reich, 1933–1941

1933:"Anthroposophy: A Risk Factor for Noncompliance With Measles Immunization" 1771:"Waldorf School in Princeton Must Pay $ 58,000 in Discrimination Suit: AG" 1151: 1126: 118:

of student work are integrated into the daily life of the classroom, with

9004: 8994: 8948: 8878: 8868: 8758: 8743: 3846: 3164:

Sun at midnight : the Rudolf Steiner movement and gnosis in the West

2512: 1993:. waldorfeducation.org. Association of Waldorf Schools of North America. 1487: 1475: 1251: 1178: 1119: 390: 386: 345: 314: 263: 162: 71: 5268: 1051: 9151: 8938: 8678: 8617: 8515: 6735: 5892: 5556: 5371:"Garden City's Waldorf School takes 'no-tech' approach in lower grades" 3986: 3336: 3215: 2695: 2054: 1495: 1381: 1037: 1012: 926: 645:

In the United Kingdom, Waldorf schools are granted an exemption by the

405: 61: 54: 8973: 8542: 6721: 3561:"Three Approaches from Europe: Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia" 1436:

In 2021, Waldorf schools in Germany were associated with outbreaks of

587:

aiming to "strengthen the interest and ability to observe" in pupils.

8658: 8223:"Steiner schools have some questionable lessons for today's children" 7795:"NC DPH, WCH: Immunization: Family: Vaccines: Varicella (Chickenpox)" 6179:"Steiner schools have some questionable lessons for today's children" 5946:"Steiner schools have some questionable lessons for today's children" 3667: 3166:(Rev. and expanded ed.). James Clarke & Co. pp. 20–21. 1285: 1181:, California, serves high-risk juvenile offenders, many of whom have 1162: 1084: 1065: 1061: 980: 930: 619: 341: 275: 212: 204: 130: 8520: 6531:

Journal of Beliefs & Values: Studies in Religion & Education

6348: 4899:"For Forest Kindergarteners, Class is Back to Nature, Rain or Shine" 3328: 2687: 2432: 2046: 9146: 9095: 7741:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC). (19 July 2013).

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Seven Curricular Landscapes: An Approach to the Holistic Curriculum

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Education Section at the Rudolf Steiner Archive, An Online Library

8020:"What does Rudolf Steiner have to do with vaccination scepticism?" 5525:, dissertation, Columbia University Teachers College, 2000, p. 87. 5224:"The Anthroposophical movement and the Waldorf educational system" 195: 8510: 8035: 7852: 7850: 7647:"Vaccine exemptions exceed 10% at dozens of Seattle-area schools" 7144:

Schools Where Children Matter: Exploring Educational Alternatives

6034: 4476:. UK Department for Education and Skills (DfES). pp. 89–90. 4367: 4238:

Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2015).

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Beginnings & Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education

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that the Centers for Disease Control say is necessary to provide

976: 890: 874: 425: 248: 154: 137:

in more than 40 countries. There are also numerous Waldorf-based

82: 8547: 8532: 7743:"Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG—United States, 2013" 7617:"Waldorf school in Belmont Heights reports low vaccination rate" 6121:"Ofsted inspections find three Steiner schools to be inadequate" 6095:"Ofsted reveals why it had to close down Exeter Steiner Academy" 5108: 2955:"HUMAN VALUES IN EDUCATION GA 310 IV. Three Epochs of Childhood" 1659:

M. L. Stevens, "The Normalisation of Homeschooling in the USA",

1189:

In 2008, 24 Waldorf schools in 15 countries were members of the

958:

and Alberta, all private schools receive partial state funding.

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Mind, Brain, and Education as a Framework for Curricular Reform

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European Council for Steiner Waldorf Education (October 2007).

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Martin Ashley (2009). Philip A. Woods; Glenys J. Woods (eds.).

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Barnes, Henry (1980). "An Introduction to Waldorf Education".

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or head teacher, but rather by a number of groups, including:

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Israeli Arabs and Jews work together to boost Arab education

6349:"The First Waldorf School in Russia: A Postcard from Moscow" 5824:

New Jersey Journal of Supervision and Curriculum Development

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is "rooted in reductionist thinking and Victorian ethics".

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Neuroscience in Education: The good, the bad, and the ugly

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6113: 4995:

Exploration and Meaning Making in the Learning of Science

4803:

Introduction to Waldorf Education: Curriculum and Methods

4373: 1314: 1291:

Waldorf education has also been studied as an example of

1000: 618:

test. The TIMSS test covered scientific understanding of

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1524:

An Introduction to Steiner Education: The Waldorf School

1068:, the Novalis Institute, was referenced during UNESCO's 7061:

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6572:"Study of racist attitudes among Waldorf school pupils" 6170: 5977:"Is This Grade School a 'Cult'? (And Do Parents Care?)" 5699:. London: Continuum International Pub. Group. pp. 5648:

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The first Waldorf school in West Africa was founded in

673:

Waldorf schools were historically "Christian based and

313:

stages are broadly similar to those later described by

308:

The structure of Waldorf education follows a theory of

7324:

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5803:, OECD Education Working Papers No. 147, 11 Nov 2016, 4472:

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North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services

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The philosophical foundation of the Waldorf approach,

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Evaluation report: Thomas E. Mathews Community School

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built by the local community, including the students.

1052:

Intercultural links in socially polarized communities

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Geometric growth of the nautilus shell – student work

551:

recorders and orchestral instruments are introduced.

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6936:, Stanford University 1999, cited in Monks, op. cit. 5269:"Stockholm University ends Steiner teacher training" 4864:

International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability

4849:

Handbook of Psychology Vol. 7 Educational Psychology

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to educate boys and girls orphaned by the country's

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Waldorf teacher education programs offer courses in

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Journal of Court, Community and Alternative Schools

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Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

857:The first state-funded Steiner-Waldorf school, the 397:team sports are not introduced until upper grades. 258:From 1933 to 1945, political interference from the 168:Many Waldorf schools have faced controversy due to 8069:"Steiner/Waldorf Schools Fellowship Press Release" 7141: 6599: 5199:Rudolf Steiner: The Relevance of Waldorf Education 5076:"Waldorf Schools Teach Odd Science, Odd Evolution" 4580: 4237: 3854: 479: 6976:"Namen tanzen, fit in Mathe – Waldorf im Vorteil" 6434:Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy 6300:"Homeopathy? Sorry, we're just not swallowing it" 6228: 6201: 5729:Kölner Veröffentlichungen zur Religionsgeschichte 5583:"Waldorf School Critics Wary of Religious Aspect" 5301:"Reading is a habit that we can't afford to lose" 5228:Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4293: 4091:, Rebecca Marlow-Ferguson (ed.), v. 1. Gale 2002 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 2345:. 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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7404: 7317: 7096: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7001: 6999: 6648:Freunde der Erziehungskunst Rudolf Steiners 6493: 6291: 5916:"Why are Steiner schools so controversial?" 5480: 5465: 4997:(Vol. 18 ed.). Springer. p. 231. 4439:. 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North Carolina DPH. 7464:10.15585/mmwr.mm6841e1 7327:Cultures of Curriculum 6917:1 October 2005 at the 6577:18 August 2016 at the 6561:"Liebe Waldorfschüler" 6516:14 August 2021 at the 5809:14 August 2021 at the 4876:10.3763/ijas.2009.0454 4579:Carnie, Fiona (2003). 4554:14 August 2021 at the 4491:Oberski, Iddo (2006). 3738:14 August 2021 at the 3077:Rudolf Steiner Archive 2959:Rudolf Steiner Archive 2875:4 January 2014 at the 2856:4 January 2014 at the 2752:Detroit Waldorf School 1650:, Guardian 25 May 2012 1434: 1259:University of Canberra 1134: 1085:passive solar building 929:, while claiming that 841:and Article IX of the 703: 657:education (ages 3–5). 634:Information technology 585:inquiry-based learning 580: 373: 335:experiential education 304:Developmental approach 200: 100:educational philosophy 27:Educational philosophy 9218:Progressive education 9137:Demeter International 8924:George Adams Kaufmann 8739:Walter Johannes Stein 8709:Walter Burley Griffin 8704:John Fentress Gardner 8148:The Essential Steiner 7590:Burlington Free Press 6436:, SAGE 2014, p. 847-8 6369:"Steiner Waldorf" in 6054:11 April 2008 at the 5419:16 March 2017 at the 5352:10 April 2017 at the 4636:11 March 2015 at the 4196:Stehlik, Tom (2008). 3881:15 March 2017 at the 2834:15 March 2017 at the 2761:21 March 2013 at the 2720:on 24 September 2015. 2403:The Educational Forum 1480:Ministry of Education 1419: 1357:approach to science. 1319:Further information: 1210:Further information: 1183:learning disabilities 1129: 697: 578: 517:Further information: 371: 310:childhood development 198: 189:Further information: 8849:Michael Henry Wilson 8694:Daniel Nicol Dunlop 8674:Sergei O. Prokofieff 8326:Hill, Chris (2023). 8305:Peter Staudenmaier, 8018:(21 November 2021). 7718:. 19 November 2018. 7231:26 July 2011 at the 7065:, 27 September 2012. 6882:krmecofoundation.org 6854:8 April 2010 at the 6849:Tashi Waldorf School 6738:. 28 September 2007. 6724:. 28 September 2007. 6696:Northern Rivers Echo 6665:The Watford Observer 6642:16 June 2015 at the 6566:2 April 2015 at the 6373:, Denis Hayes (ed.) 6242:. 19 November 2012. 5489:Theory into Practice 5399:14 July 2014 at the 5376:14 July 2014 at the 4302:. pp. 215–221. 4182:. London: Continuum. 3933:Theory into Practice 3349:Ginsburg and Opper, 3011:. 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McDermott 8649:Ehrenfried Pfeiffer 7986:"USA Today Network" 7799:www.immunize.nc.gov 7653:. 4 February 2015. 7397:30 May 2014 at the 6788:on 17 January 2016. 6411:"Waldorf schools", 6390:"Waldorf schools", 6123:. 17 January 2019. 6097:. 12 October 2018. 6071:. 6 December 2018. 5782:on 24 December 2006 5333:, 30 November 2011. 5306:2 July 2013 at the 5197:Dahlin, Bo (2017). 5045:2008SScEd..44...93O 4949:2008SScEd..44...93O 3384:14 May 2008 at the 2479:Journal of Organics 1775:Princeton, NJ Patch 1295:ideas in practice. 1278:Mission Hill School 1272:for the next test. 742:college of teachers 723:Independent schools 474:morally responsible 456:Secondary education 287:Republic of Ireland 185:Origins and history 9198:1919 introductions 8988:Notable supporters 8774:Hermann Poppelbaum 8749:Herbert Witzenmann 8699:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 8689:Aasmund Brynildsen 8664:Bernard Lievegoed 8312:2017-09-16 at the 8146:Robert McDermott, 7413:Curriculum Inquiry 7219:Edgar Allen Beem, 7075:Earl J. 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The Telegraph. 5237:978-90-04-22187-1 5004:978-90-481-2496-1 4598:978-0-415-24817-4 4446:978-0-549-26917-5 4317:978-0-19-960049-6 4269:Discover Magazine 4212:978-1-4020-8350-1 4063:Vivienne Walkup, 4038:978-0-230-61836-7 3681:978-0-335-20942-2 3413:978-0-415-60392-8 3392:, September 1999. 3018:978-1-4166-0457-0 2953:Steiner, Rudolf. 2657:Staudenmaier 2014 2627:978-1-4987-5489-7 2582:978-1-78057-791-3 2444:978-0-494-54260-6 1386:Varicella vaccine 1106:) was founded in 1070:Year of Tolerance 1019:Social engagement 792:vaccine hesitancy 773:Waldorf-inspired 749:board of trustees 708:child development 690:Teacher education 564:outdoor education 446:four temperaments 436:Four temperaments 245:Oxford University 135:special education 106:, the founder of 96:Steiner education 92:Waldorf education 16:(Redirected from 9235: 9035:Andrei Tarkovsky 8914:Violetta Plincke 8874:Margaret Bennell 8729:Douglas M. Sloan 8627:Anthroposophists 8610:Elisabeth Vreede 8572: 8565: 8558: 8549: 8548: 8498:The Study of Man 8475: 8473: 8471: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8427: 8420: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8369:"Groene vingers" 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8323: 8317: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8218: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8184: 8178: 8165: 8159: 8144: 8138: 8129:, Rowohlt 1992, 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8106: 8099: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8065: 8059: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7854: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7762: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7708: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7483: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7408: 7402: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7279: 7272: 7261: 7255: 7241: 7235: 7227:, 16 April 2001 7217: 7211: 7204: 7198: 7191: 7185: 7172:Clifford Mayes, 7170: 7164: 7163: 7147: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7094: 7088: 7072: 7066: 7059: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7003: 6994: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6953:on 12 April 2013 6943: 6937: 6930: 6921: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6884:. 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655:Foundation Stage 601:magical thinking 597:pseudoscientific 422:authority figure 268:Second World War 174:magical thinking 94:, also known as 74: 57: 40: 21: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9115: 9069: 8983: 8894:Eileen Hutchins 8794:Francis Edmunds 8769:Oskar Schmiedel 8764:Rudolf Hauschka 8654:Theodor Schwenk 8644:Georg Kühlewind 8622: 8587: 8581: 8576: 8529: 8507: 8496:(also known as 8482: 8480:Further reading 8469: 8467: 8465: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8390: 8389: 8378: 8376: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8324: 8320: 8314:Wayback Machine 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8227:The Independent 8219: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8185: 8181: 8175:Wayback Machine 8168:"Anthroposophy" 8166: 8162: 8145: 8141: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8056:Wayback Machine 8047: 8043: 8029: 8027: 8013: 8009: 7999: 7997: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 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In 1090:In Israel, the 1054: 1021: 964: 951: 865:have opened in 855: 815:charter schools 803: 788: 771: 762: 725: 720: 692: 667: 636: 599:and steeped in 573: 521: 515: 502: 482: 458: 438: 366: 331: 329:Early childhood 306: 193: 187: 149:, as well as a 143:charter schools 89: 88: 87: 86: 85: 75: 66: 65: 64: 58: 49: 48: 47: 45:Ghent, New York 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9241: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9050:Nicanor Perlas 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9025:Selma Lagerlöf 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8969:Johannes Tautz 8966: 8961: 8956: 8954:Wolfgang Schad 8951: 8946: 8944:Carlo Pietzner 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8864:Arnold Freeman 8861: 8856: 8854:Margaret Cross 8851: 8846: 8844:Ernst Weissert 8841: 8839:Alfred Rexroth 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8809:Daphne Olivier 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8779:Alfred Meebold 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734:Marjorie Spock 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8684:Jens Bjørneboe 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8634:Hilma af Klint 8630: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8600:Albert Steffen 8597: 8595:Rudolf Steiner 8591: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8575: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8505:External links 8503: 8502: 8501: 8490: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8463: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8404: 8359: 8340: 8318: 8298: 8271: 8244: 8210: 8179: 8160: 8139: 8127:Rudolf Steiner 8118: 8086: 8060: 8041: 8007: 7977: 7946: 7920: 7888: 7846: 7816: 7786: 7733: 7700: 7668: 7638: 7607: 7576: 7545: 7530:. 3 May 2019. 7515: 7438: 7403: 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4540: 4506:(3): 336–349. 4483: 4464: 4445: 4425: 4366: 4335: 4316: 4286: 4255: 4249:978-1462517893 4248: 4230: 4211: 4185: 4180:Rudolf Steiner 4170: 4136: 4117:(2): 327–337. 4101: 4099:. pp. 488–489. 4077: 4056: 4037: 4000: 3958: 3918: 3905: 3891: 3868: 3843:Gesell, Arnold 3834: 3813: 3783: 3764: 3744: 3719: 3699: 3680: 3657: 3644: 3637: 3619: 3613:978-0807744703 3612: 3586: 3544: 3514: 3495: 3473: 3466: 3452:Rudolf Steiner 3423: 3412: 3394: 3363: 3342: 3323:(4): 433–444. 3304: 3290: 3242: 3229: 3179: 3173:978-0227172933 3172: 3154: 3123: 3109: 3089: 3063: 3036: 3017: 2997: 2990: 2972: 2945: 2914: 2880: 2861: 2843: 2818: 2785: 2766: 2743: 2723: 2701: 2682:(4): 381–406. 2661: 2659:, p. 111. 2649: 2626: 2603: 2581: 2556: 2538: 2503: 2462: 2443: 2420: 2393: 2374:(3): 323–336. 2358: 2351: 2335:Heiner Ullrich 2326: 2319: 2301: 2282:(3): 346–363. 2266: 2239: 2208: 2201: 2183: 2153: 2122: 2091: 2060: 2041:(4): 381–406. 2008: 1982: 1943:(3): 187–189. 1920: 1889: 1850: 1819: 1792: 1761: 1730: 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