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The Waitākere volcano began erupting 23 million years ago, beginning life as a seamount adjacent to a deep sedimentary basin. Periodically, the volcano would breach the surface, and be capped by a series of volcanic islands. At its peak, the volcano rose from between 3,000 and 4,000 metres above the
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While fossils are rarely found in the Waitākere volcano rocks, some
Miocene fossils exist in the Nihotupu Formation of the Manukau Subgroup. These specimens represent deep sea species which lived on the underwater slopes of the volcano.
443:
17 million years ago, tectonic forces in the
Auckland Region changed, and the Waitākere volcano was uplifted from the seafloor. Vulcanism at the site ceased two million years afterwards. The final two vents were along the
789:
Hayward, Bruce W; Triggs, Christopher M (2016). "Using multi-foraminiferal-proxies to resolve the paleogeographic history of a lower
Miocene, subduction-related, sedimentary basin (Waitemata Basin, New Zealand)".
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and as a volcanic island, before tectonic forces raised the volcano up from the seafloor 17 million years ago. Volcanism at the site ceased 15 million years ago and the cone has mostly eroded, however the modern
666:
Hayward, Bruce W.; Black, Philippa M.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Ballance, Peter F.; Itaya, Tetsumaru; Doi, Masako; Takagi, Miki; Bergman, Steve; Adams, Chris J.; Herzer, Richard H.; Robertson, David J. (2001).
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are formed from the remnants of the volcano's eastern slopes. A number of visible volcanic sites associated with the Waitākere volcano remain around
Auckland, including
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721:(1979). "Eruptive history of the early to mid Miocene Waitakere volcanic arc, and palaeogeography of the Waitemata Basin, northern New Zealand".
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379:. Erupting intermittently between 23 million and 15 million years ago, the volcano was at one point one of the tallest mountains in
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Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
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Most of the volcanic cone eroded five million years ago, except for its uplifted eastern slopes, which form the modern
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Out of the Ocean, Into the Fire: History in the Rocks, Fossils and
Landforms of Auckland, Northland and Coromandel
592:"Magmatic and Tectonic Interactions Revealed by Buried Volcanoes in Te Riu-a-Māui/Zealandia Sedimentary Basins"
546:"Seismic stratigraphy of a buried volcanic arc, Northland, New Zealand and implications for Neogene subduction"
853:
Eagle, Michael K (1999). "A new Early
Miocene Pseudarchaster (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) from New Zealand".
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ridge and the modern west coast. Lava from these above sea eruptions form the Lone Kauri
Formation of rock.
420:. This belt forms the western part of a two part extended volcanic arc, which included vents located at the
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The volcano is part of
Northland-Mohakatino Volcanic Belt which to the south is still potentially active at
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sea floor. The volcano had two cones: the major central vent and a smaller cone to the northwest.
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Bischoff, Alan; Barriera, Andrea; Begg, Mac; Nicola, Andrew; Colea, Jim; Sahoo, Tusar (2020).
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828:(2006). "Fossils: Relics of the Past". In Harvey, Bruce; Harvey, Trixie (eds.).
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764:(2006). "The Structure of the Land". In Harvey, Bruce; Harvey, Trixie (eds.).
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Waitakere Ranges: Ranges of
Inspiration, Nature, History, Culture
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Inspiration, Nature, History, Culture
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North New Zealand: a natural history of the upper North Island
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Waitākere volcano (also Waitakere volcano, Manukau volcano)
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279: undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in
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era volcano that formed off the west coast of the modern
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832:. Waitakere Ranges Protection Society. p. 41.
768:. Waitakere Ranges Protection Society. p. 38.
27:Former volcano in the Auckland Region, New Zealand
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638:. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. title page.
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383:. The volcano alternated between periods as a
855:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
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673:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
596:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
346:. White shading is selected caldera features.
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544:Herzer, Richard H. (1 January 1995).
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523:. Random House. pp. 8–10, 13.
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910:Volcanoes of the Auckland Region
515:(2009). "Land, Sea and Sky". In
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521:West: The History of Waitakere
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608:10.1080/00288306.2020.1773510
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337:is lighter shades of violet),
562:10.1016/0264-8172(95)91506-K
550:Marine and Petroleum Geology
484:. Wairau Press. p. 74.
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480:Hadden, Peter (2014).
295: arc ring basalts
130:Northland Volcanic Arc
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41:Stratigraphic range
408:Geological history
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231:Type section
204:-36.9; 174.3
161:conglomerate
43:: Miocene, ~
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651:20 February
602:: 378–401.
394:Pukematekeo
381:New Zealand
373:New Zealand
270:monogenetic
226:New Zealand
202: /
177:Coordinates
46:23–15
889:Categories
467:References
335:ignimbrite
875:0028-8306
812:0096-1191
743:0303-6758
693:128957126
616:221380777
570:0264-8172
457:Lion Rock
402:Lion Rock
251:volcanics
236:Named for
149:Lithology
143:Greywacke
703:20 April
436:and the
418:Taranaki
398:Karekare
385:seamount
363:, was a
331:rhyolite
314:andesite
218:Auckland
190:174°18′E
171:Location
158:Andesite
136:Overlies
575:30 June
365:Miocene
272:basalts
223:Country
187:36°54′S
165:breccia
154:Primary
126:Unit of
121:Igneous
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215:Region
689:S2CID
636:(PDF)
612:S2CID
871:ISSN
834:ISBN
808:ISSN
770:ISBN
739:ISSN
705:2010
653:2022
640:ISBN
577:2022
566:ISSN
525:ISBN
486:ISBN
400:and
355:The
339:and
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118:Type
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