42:
417:
315:
The case was argued on April 14, 1886 - April 15, 1886 and was decided on
October 25, 1886, by vote of 6 to 3. Associate Justice Miller wrote for the Court with Associate Justices Field, Harlan, Woods, Matthews, and Blatchford concurring; Associate Justices Bradley and Gray, along with Chief Justice
1583:
2745:
323:, "direct" burdens on interstate commerce were not permitted by the Export Tax Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 9); however, those "indirect" burdens were permitted under the Commerce Clause. This was a standard enacted in
107:
The Court held that
Illinois had violated the Commerce Clause by placing a direct burden on interstate commerce. Under the Commerce Clause only Congress had the power to do so and states could only place indirect burdens on
723:
1180:
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It was one of the first instances in government assuming responsibility for economic affairs that had previously been delegated to the states.
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17:
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1944:
1647:
1623:
349:
It clarified the "direct" v. "indirect" test (though this doctrine was abandoned in the 1930s).
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2004:
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78:
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151:
8:
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1936:
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613:
504:
253:
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2194:
2077:
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1976:
1960:
1726:
1495:
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817:
772:
452:
399:
470:
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2013:
1890:
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1252:
1004:
576:
289:
175:
143:
3874:
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829:
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225:
81:
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1327:
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629:
65:
342:
decision led to the creation in 1887 of the first modern regulatory agency, the
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1992:
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674:
296:
123:
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3830:
3443:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3092:
2706:
College
Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
2605:
2226:
2093:
1926:
1828:
560:
3972:
2761:
2682:
San
Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1229:
Oregon Waste
Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
1736:
691:
Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
304:
167:
1261:
United
Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
2664:
1359:
249:
3283:
Walker
Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
2879:
Quality King
Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1584:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
3235:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
1985:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
416:
3794:
596:
3720:
3451:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
93:
41:
2746:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2616:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
864:
3243:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
3595:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
3563:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
192:
Miller, joined by Field, Harlan, Woods, Matthews, Blatchford
429:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
237:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
35:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
1400:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
718:
526:
3251:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
2847:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
4288:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1680:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1029:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
962:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
422:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
389:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
2714:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
1915:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
4199:
2967:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
2807:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
1883:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1133:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
816:
771:
370:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 118
4397:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
3547:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3133:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
2674:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
1969:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
1768:
1608:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1293:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
543:
3459:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3323:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
981:
3179:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3029:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1711:
1189:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
649:
3839:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
3483:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
3419:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3219:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
2722:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
1724:
1504:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
218:This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
4338:
3992:
3855:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
3697:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
3651:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
2730:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2275:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1277:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1181:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
837:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
4362:United States Constitution Article One case law
4241:
4152:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
3619:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3395:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
2951:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1424:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
4372:United States Dormant Commerce Clause case law
4168:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
3627:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3331:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3117:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3037:International News Service v. Associated Press
2562:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
2554:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
2421:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2283:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
268:The majority's opinion was written by Justice
3681:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
3523:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3045:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
2887:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
1552:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
512:
248:decision that severely limited the rights of
2645:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
2490:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
2360:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
4112:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3149:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
2959:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
2831:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
2799:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
2594:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1472:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1237:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
3467:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
1416:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1269:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
519:
505:
4387:Interstate Commerce Commission litigation
3227:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3125:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
2405:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2368:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
2352:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
2344:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2251:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
240:, 118 U.S. 557 (1886), also known as the
3539:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3259:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3013:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
2935:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2243:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
1456:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1165:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
906:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
4144:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
3555:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
2871:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
2586:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
2546:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2171:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1301:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1221:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1045:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
914:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
14:
4339:
3507:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
3403:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3157:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
2823:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
1464:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
332:
272:; joining him were associate justices
4312:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4240:
4198:
4072:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
3991:
3873:
3793:
3719:
3643:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
3611:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
3411:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3195:United States v. General Electric Co.
2975:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
2943:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
2778:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
2698:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
1767:
1710:
1488:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
1384:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1013:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
980:
863:
815:
770:
717:
648:
598:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
595:
542:
500:
29:1886 United States Supreme Court case
4136:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3077:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
2991:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
2690:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
2624:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
2413:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2267:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2259:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
1632:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
1344:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1173:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1125:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
3689:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
3635:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
2911:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
2738:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
2445:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
2388:International Copyright Act of 1891
1149:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
24:
3499:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
2863:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
2754:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
1592:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
1576:National League of Cities v. Usery
1141:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1093:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
683:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
622:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
569:Department of Commerce v. New York
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4408:
4367:United States Supreme Court cases
3515:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
3475:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
3347:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3187:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
2538:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
2522:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
2376:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
1480:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1368:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1245:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
439:557 (1886) is available from:
409:
4320:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
3427:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3203:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3053:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1117:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1101:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1077:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1037:Swift & Co. v. United States
415:
256:. It led to the creation of the
40:
3933:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3061:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
2919:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2291:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
1520:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1069:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
66:Wabash, St. L. & P. Ry. Co.
4377:1886 in United States case law
2110:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1053:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
922:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
382:
344:Interstate Commerce Commission
258:Interstate Commerce Commission
200:Bradley, joined by Waite, Gray
68:v. People of State of Illinois
13:
1:
4120:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4048:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2636:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2429:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2335:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
1907:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
1808:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1285:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1205:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
797:United States v. Munoz-Flores
375:
4222:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
2895:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
1899:Schillinger v. United States
1536:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1085:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
263:
7:
3722:Necessary and Proper Clause
3491:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
2815:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2299:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1440:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1213:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
845:Clinton v. City of New York
489:Supreme Court cases citing
356:
310:
10:
4413:
4128:City of El Paso v. Simmons
3775:United States v. Kebodeaux
3267:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
1528:Henderson v. United States
1109:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1021:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
866:Taxing and Spending Clause
326:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
4392:Legal history of Illinois
4264:Virginia v. West Virginia
4250:
4236:
4208:
4194:
4031:
4008:
4004:
3987:
3887:
3876:No Bills of Attainder or
3869:
3809:
3789:
3767:United States v. Comstock
3729:
3715:
3669:
3167:
3109:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3001:
2788:
2663:
2634:
2604:
2514:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2471:
2461:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2386:
2333:
2128:
2003:
1925:
1863:
1818:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1720:
1706:
1664:United States v. Morrison
1616:New York v. United States
1512:North American Co. v. SEC
1448:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1311:
994:
990:
976:
898:Springer v. United States
876:
859:
825:
811:
783:
766:
730:
713:
661:
644:
608:
591:
555:
538:
223:
216:
209:
204:
196:
188:
183:
117:
112:
106:
101:
73:
60:
53:
39:
34:
4056:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3949:Barr v. City of Columbia
3901:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3659:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3291:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3085:KVOS v. Associated Press
2855:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2653:Dowling v. United States
2437:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2397:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2315:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
789:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
744:United States v. Johnson
56:Decided October 25, 1886
54:Argued April 14–15, 1886
4160:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3363:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3141:Goldstein v. California
3069:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2482:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2453:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1688:Taylor v. United States
996:Dormant Commerce Clause
930:United States v. Butler
882:Hylton v. United States
752:Gravel v. United States
720:Speech or Debate Clause
475:InfoPlease Encyclopedia
299:and associate justices
4352:1886 in rail transport
4296:New Jersey v. New York
3751:Sabri v. United States
3579:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3379:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3299:United States v. Adams
2578:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2498:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2323:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2163:Schreiber v. Sharpless
1945:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1656:Jones v. United States
1648:United States v. Locke
1624:United States v. Lopez
954:Sabri v. United States
211:U.S. Const. amend. XIV
4272:Virginia v. Tennessee
3735:McCulloch v. Maryland
2790:Copyright Act of 1976
2530:Douglas v. Cunningham
2473:Copyright Act of 1909
2179:Thornton v. Schreiber
2130:Copyright Act of 1870
2005:Copyright Act of 1831
1783:Copyright Act of 1790
1745:Juilliard v. Greenman
1560:Katzenbach v. McClung
1392:Hoke v. United States
1157:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1061:Edwards v. California
252:to control or impede
4304:Virginia v. Maryland
4201:Import-Export Clause
4088:Stone v. Mississippi
3743:Lambert v. Yellowley
3603:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3339:Gottschalk v. Benson
3315:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3275:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2235:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2102:Bolles v. Outing Co.
946:South Dakota v. Dole
736:Kilbourn v. Thompson
4021:Hepburn v. Griswold
3965:Kansas v. Hendricks
3941:De Veau v. Braisted
3211:Altvater v. Freeman
2219:Belford v. Scribner
2203:Thompson v. Hubbard
2187:Banks v. Manchester
2038:Stevens v. Gladding
1937:Pennock v. Dialogue
1865:Patent infringement
1544:Boynton v. Virginia
1408:Hammer v. Dagenhart
614:Powell v. McCormack
462:Library of Congress
333:Effects of decision
254:interstate commerce
4256:Florida v. Georgia
4011:Legal Tender Cases
3925:Samuels v. McCurdy
3917:Hawker v. New York
3847:Boumediene v. Bush
3435:Dickinson v. Zurko
2903:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2506:Manners v. Morosco
2307:Scribner v. Straus
2211:Higgins v. Keuffel
2195:Callaghan v. Myers
2078:Higgins v. Keuffel
2070:Callaghan v. Myers
1977:Egbert v. Lippmann
1961:Cochrane v. Deener
1820:Patent Act of 1793
1727:Legal Tender Cases
1496:Wickard v. Filburn
938:Helvering v. Davis
818:Presentment Clause
773:Origination Clause
545:Enumeration Clause
528:U.S. Supreme Court
316:Waite, dissented.
292:. Dissenting were
128:Associate Justices
18:Wabash v. Illinois
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4232:
4231:
4214:Brown v. Maryland
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4080:Bronson v. Kinzie
4064:Ogden v. Saunders
3983:
3982:
3865:
3864:
3823:Ex parte Merryman
3799:Suspension Clause
3785:
3784:
3759:Gonzales v. Raich
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3307:Brenner v. Manson
3101:Buck v. Gallagher
3021:Ferris v. Frohman
2770:Iancu v. Brunetti
2139:Perris v. Hexamer
2118:Mifflin v. Dutton
2014:Wheaton v. Peters
1953:O'Reilly v. Morse
1891:Rowell v. Lindsay
1792:Wheaton v. Peters
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1672:Gonzales v. Raich
1568:Maryland v. Wirtz
1432:Gold Clause Cases
1253:Granholm v. Heald
1005:Brown v. Maryland
972:
971:
855:
854:
807:
806:
762:
761:
709:
708:
640:
639:
587:
586:
577:Trump v. New York
420:Works related to
290:Samuel Blatchford
233:
232:
176:Samuel Blatchford
144:Joseph P. Bradley
16:(Redirected from
4404:
4357:Railway case law
4347:1886 in case law
4238:
4237:
4196:
4195:
4040:Fletcher v. Peck
4006:
4005:
3989:
3988:
3909:Ex parte Garland
3871:
3870:
3815:Ex parte Bollman
3791:
3790:
3717:
3716:
3531:Bilski v. Kappos
3387:Diamond v. Diehr
3355:Dann v. Johnston
2839:Stewart v. Abend
2147:Trade-Mark Cases
2030:Stephens v. Cady
1853:Evans v. Hettich
1779:
1778:
1770:Copyright Clause
1765:
1764:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1376:Champion v. Ames
1336:Paul v. Virginia
1320:Gibbons v. Ogden
992:
991:
978:
977:
890:Collector v. Day
861:
860:
830:Pocket Veto Case
813:
812:
768:
767:
715:
714:
667:Ex parte Siebold
651:Elections Clause
646:
645:
593:
592:
540:
539:
521:
514:
507:
498:
497:
485:
483:
481:
466:
460:
457:
451:
448:
442:
419:
403:
386:
364:Munn v. Illinois
286:Stanley Matthews
226:Munn v. Illinois
164:Stanley Matthews
156:William B. Woods
140:Stephen J. Field
132:Samuel F. Miller
113:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4382:Wabash Railroad
4337:
4336:
4335:
4326:
4280:Wharton v. Wise
4246:
4228:
4204:
4182:
4027:
4000:
3994:Contract Clause
3979:
3883:
3861:
3805:
3781:
3725:
3724:of Section VIII
3703:
3672:trademark cases
3665:
3571:Kappos v. Hyatt
3371:Parker v. Flook
3163:
3004:copyright cases
2997:
2983:Allen v. Cooper
2927:Golan v. Holder
2784:
2659:
2630:
2600:
2467:
2382:
2329:
2155:Merrell v. Tice
2124:
2086:Holmes v. Hurst
2062:Baker v. Selden
2022:Backus v. Gould
1999:
1921:
1875:Evans v. Jordan
1859:
1814:
1773:
1772:of Section VIII
1751:
1716:
1715:of Section VIII
1694:
1600:EEOC v. Wyoming
1352:Kidd v. Pearson
1328:Passenger Cases
1307:
1197:Maine v. Taylor
986:
985:of Section VIII
983:Commerce Clause
968:
872:
851:
821:
803:
779:
758:
726:
705:
699:Moore v. Harper
657:
636:
630:Cook v. Gralike
604:
583:
551:
534:
525:
479:
477:
469:
464:
458:
455:
449:
446:
440:
412:
407:
406:
387:
383:
378:
359:
335:
313:
266:
219:
166:
154:
142:
97:
92:7 S. Ct. 4; 30
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4243:Compact Clause
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:Sveen v. Melin
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4104:Block v. Hirsh
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3957:Teague v. Lane
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3893:Calder v. Bull
3888:
3885:
3884:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3587:Gunn v. Minton
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2570:Mazer v. Stein
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2054:Paige v. Banks
2050:
2046:Little v. Hall
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:Voss v. Fisher
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1845:Evans v. Eaton
1841:
1837:Evans v. Eaton
1833:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1800:Paige v. Banks
1796:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1713:Coinage Clause
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1640:Reno v. Condon
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1000:
998:
988:
987:
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
886:
877:
874:
873:
857:
856:
853:
852:
850:
849:
841:
833:
826:
823:
822:
820:of Section VII
809:
808:
805:
804:
802:
801:
793:
784:
781:
780:
764:
763:
760:
759:
757:
756:
748:
740:
731:
728:
727:
711:
710:
707:
706:
704:
703:
695:
687:
679:
675:Smiley v. Holm
671:
662:
659:
658:
642:
641:
638:
637:
635:
634:
626:
618:
609:
606:
605:
589:
588:
585:
584:
582:
581:
573:
565:
556:
553:
552:
536:
535:
524:
523:
516:
509:
501:
495:
494:
486:
467:
425:
411:
410:External links
408:
405:
404:
380:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
367:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
347:
334:
331:
312:
309:
301:Joseph Bradley
297:Morrison Waite
265:
262:
231:
230:
221:
220:
217:
214:
213:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
179:
178:
152:John M. Harlan
129:
126:
124:Morrison Waite
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
104:
103:
99:
98:
91:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4409:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:Smyth v. Ames
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3882:of Section IX
3881:
3879:
3878:Ex post facto
3872:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:Ex parte Endo
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:Habeas corpus
3792:
3788:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:Gibbs v. Buck
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
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2607:
2606:Patent misuse
2603:
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2253:
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2240:
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2229:
2228:
2227:Brady v. Daly
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
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2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
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2099:
2096:
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2094:Brady v. Daly
2091:
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2067:
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2027:
2024:
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1995:
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1990:
1987:
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1966:
1963:
1962:
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1955:
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1931:
1928:
1927:Patentability
1924:
1917:
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1829:Tyler v. Tuel
1826:
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819:
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579:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
562:
561:Utah v. Evans
558:
557:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
532:
529:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
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492:
487:
476:
472:
471:"Wabash Case"
468:
463:
454:
445:
438:
434:
430:
426:
424:at Wikisource
423:
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348:
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306:
302:
298:
295:
294:Chief Justice
291:
287:
283:
282:William Woods
279:
275:
274:Stephen Field
271:
270:Samuel Miller
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Supreme Court
243:
239:
238:
228:
227:
222:
215:
212:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:Case opinions
182:
177:
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169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
125:
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120:Chief Justice
119:
118:
116:
111:
105:
100:
95:
89:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4245:of Section X
4220:
4212:
4203:of Section X
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4019:
4009:
3973:Smith v. Doe
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3877:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3796:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
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3641:
3633:
3625:
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3593:
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3577:
3569:
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3529:
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3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
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3449:
3441:
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3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
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3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3170:patent cases
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
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2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2776:
2768:
2762:Matal v. Tam
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2651:
2643:
2622:
2614:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
870:Section VIII
843:
835:
795:
787:
750:
742:
734:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
628:
620:
612:
575:
567:
559:
490:
478:. Retrieved
474:
428:
402: (1886).
388:
384:
362:
339:
324:
320:
318:
314:
267:
241:
236:
235:
234:
224:
205:Laws applied
171:
159:
147:
135:
85:
64:
26:
3880:Laws Clause
1737:Knox v. Lee
777:Section VII
305:Horace Gray
278:John Harlan
242:Wabash Case
168:Horace Gray
4341:Categories
3803:Section IX
2665:Lanham Act
1360:In re Debs
724:Section VI
655:Section IV
549:Section II
376:References
3998:Section X
531:Article I
264:The court
108:commerce.
74:Citations
2608:case law
1929:case law
1867:case law
533:case law
480:March 1,
427:Text of
357:See also
329:(1852).
311:The case
244:, was a
189:Majority
444:Findlaw
197:Dissent
102:Holding
4323:(2018)
4315:(2009)
4307:(2003)
4299:(1998)
4291:(1985)
4283:(1894)
4275:(1893)
4267:(1871)
4259:(1855)
4225:(1951)
4217:(1827)
4179:(2018)
4171:(1987)
4163:(1983)
4155:(1983)
4147:(1978)
4139:(1977)
4131:(1965)
4123:(1935)
4115:(1934)
4107:(1921)
4099:(1898)
4091:(1880)
4083:(1843)
4075:(1837)
4067:(1827)
4059:(1819)
4051:(1819)
4043:(1810)
4032:Others
4024:(1870)
3976:(2003)
3968:(1997)
3960:(1989)
3952:(1964)
3944:(1960)
3936:(1951)
3928:(1925)
3920:(1898)
3912:(1866)
3904:(1819)
3896:(1798)
3858:(2020)
3850:(2008)
3842:(2001)
3834:(1944)
3826:(1861)
3818:(1807)
3778:(2013)
3770:(2010)
3762:(2005)
3754:(2004)
3746:(1926)
3738:(1819)
3700:(2020)
3692:(1938)
3684:(1915)
3670:Other
3662:(2019)
3654:(2017)
3646:(2016)
3638:(2015)
3630:(2015)
3622:(2014)
3614:(2014)
3606:(2013)
3598:(2013)
3590:(2013)
3582:(2013)
3574:(2012)
3566:(2012)
3558:(2011)
3550:(2011)
3542:(2011)
3534:(2010)
3526:(2008)
3518:(2007)
3510:(2007)
3502:(2007)
3494:(2006)
3486:(2006)
3478:(2006)
3470:(2005)
3462:(2002)
3454:(2001)
3446:(1999)
3438:(1999)
3430:(1998)
3422:(1997)
3414:(1996)
3406:(1990)
3398:(1989)
3390:(1981)
3382:(1980)
3374:(1978)
3366:(1976)
3358:(1976)
3350:(1973)
3342:(1972)
3334:(1971)
3326:(1969)
3318:(1969)
3310:(1966)
3302:(1966)
3294:(1966)
3286:(1965)
3278:(1964)
3270:(1964)
3262:(1964)
3254:(1961)
3246:(1950)
3238:(1950)
3230:(1948)
3222:(1945)
3214:(1943)
3206:(1942)
3198:(1926)
3190:(1916)
3182:(1908)
3168:Other
3160:(1975)
3152:(1974)
3144:(1973)
3136:(1968)
3128:(1962)
3120:(1960)
3112:(1949)
3104:(1939)
3096:(1939)
3088:(1936)
3080:(1934)
3072:(1932)
3064:(1931)
3056:(1923)
3048:(1919)
3040:(1918)
3032:(1914)
3024:(1912)
3016:(1911)
3002:Other
2994:(2020)
2986:(2020)
2978:(2019)
2970:(2019)
2962:(2017)
2954:(2014)
2946:(2014)
2938:(2013)
2930:(2012)
2922:(2010)
2914:(2005)
2906:(2003)
2898:(2001)
2890:(1998)
2882:(1998)
2874:(1996)
2866:(1994)
2858:(1994)
2850:(1991)
2842:(1990)
2834:(1989)
2826:(1985)
2818:(1985)
2810:(1984)
2802:(1977)
2781:(2020)
2773:(2019)
2765:(2017)
2757:(2014)
2749:(2014)
2741:(2003)
2733:(2003)
2725:(2001)
2717:(2001)
2709:(1999)
2701:(1995)
2693:(1992)
2685:(1987)
2677:(1982)
2656:(1985)
2648:(1941)
2627:(1942)
2619:(1917)
2597:(1973)
2589:(1964)
2581:(1956)
2573:(1954)
2565:(1952)
2557:(1943)
2549:(1940)
2541:(1939)
2533:(1935)
2525:(1931)
2517:(1923)
2509:(1920)
2501:(1917)
2493:(1914)
2485:(1911)
2464:(1911)
2456:(1911)
2448:(1909)
2440:(1909)
2432:(1908)
2424:(1908)
2416:(1907)
2408:(1903)
2400:(1896)
2379:(1979)
2371:(1948)
2363:(1941)
2355:(1939)
2347:(1913)
2326:(1912)
2318:(1909)
2310:(1908)
2302:(1908)
2294:(1908)
2286:(1908)
2278:(1907)
2270:(1907)
2262:(1907)
2254:(1903)
2246:(1903)
2238:(1899)
2230:(1899)
2222:(1892)
2214:(1891)
2206:(1889)
2198:(1888)
2190:(1888)
2182:(1888)
2174:(1884)
2166:(1884)
2158:(1881)
2150:(1879)
2142:(1879)
2121:(1903)
2113:(1903)
2105:(1899)
2097:(1899)
2089:(1899)
2081:(1891)
2073:(1888)
2065:(1879)
2057:(1872)
2049:(1856)
2041:(1854)
2033:(1853)
2025:(1849)
2017:(1834)
1996:(1885)
1988:(1885)
1980:(1881)
1972:(1878)
1964:(1876)
1956:(1853)
1948:(1851)
1940:(1829)
1918:(1938)
1910:(1913)
1902:(1894)
1894:(1885)
1886:(1885)
1878:(1815)
1856:(1822)
1848:(1822)
1840:(1818)
1832:(1810)
1811:(1908)
1803:(1872)
1795:(1834)
1748:(1884)
1740:(1871)
1691:(2016)
1683:(2012)
1675:(2005)
1667:(2000)
1659:(2000)
1651:(2000)
1643:(2000)
1635:(1996)
1627:(1995)
1619:(1992)
1611:(1985)
1603:(1983)
1595:(1981)
1587:(1981)
1579:(1976)
1571:(1968)
1563:(1964)
1555:(1964)
1547:(1960)
1539:(1951)
1531:(1950)
1523:(1949)
1515:(1946)
1507:(1944)
1499:(1942)
1491:(1942)
1483:(1941)
1475:(1940)
1467:(1938)
1459:(1937)
1451:(1936)
1443:(1935)
1435:(1935)
1427:(1935)
1419:(1923)
1411:(1918)
1403:(1914)
1395:(1913)
1387:(1911)
1379:(1903)
1371:(1895)
1363:(1895)
1355:(1888)
1347:(1885)
1339:(1869)
1331:(1849)
1323:(1824)
1312:Others
1304:(2023)
1296:(2019)
1288:(2018)
1280:(2015)
1272:(2008)
1264:(2007)
1256:(2005)
1248:(1994)
1240:(1994)
1232:(1994)
1224:(1992)
1216:(1992)
1208:(1989)
1200:(1986)
1192:(1984)
1184:(1983)
1176:(1982)
1168:(1981)
1160:(1980)
1152:(1978)
1144:(1978)
1136:(1977)
1128:(1977)
1120:(1976)
1112:(1970)
1104:(1967)
1096:(1959)
1088:(1954)
1080:(1951)
1072:(1945)
1064:(1941)
1056:(1935)
1048:(1925)
1040:(1905)
1032:(1886)
1024:(1852)
1016:(1829)
1008:(1827)
965:(2012)
957:(2004)
949:(1987)
941:(1937)
933:(1936)
925:(1922)
917:(1916)
909:(1895)
901:(1881)
893:(1871)
885:(1796)
848:(1998)
840:(1983)
832:(1929)
800:(1990)
792:(1911)
755:(1972)
747:(1966)
739:(1881)
702:(2023)
694:(2015)
686:(1995)
678:(1932)
670:(1879)
633:(2001)
625:(1995)
617:(1969)
580:(2020)
572:(2019)
564:(2002)
491:Wabash
465:
459:
456:
453:Justia
450:
447:
441:
391:,
340:Wabash
321:Wabash
288:, and
250:states
229:(1877)
174:
172:·
170:
162:
160:·
158:
150:
148:·
146:
138:
136:·
134:
94:L. Ed.
435:
395:
600:and
482:2005
437:U.S.
397:U.S.
338:The
303:and
87:more
79:U.S.
77:118
3996:of
3801:of
868:of
775:of
722:of
653:of
602:III
547:of
433:118
400:557
393:118
319:In
96:244
82:557
4343::
473:.
431:,
307:.
284:,
280:,
276:,
260:.
520:e
513:t
506:v
484:.
346:.
90:)
84:(
20:)
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