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38:
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739:, believed they were relatively superficial, and that volcanic fires were seated well up within the volcanic cone itself. A number of writers, most notably Thomas Robinson, believed that the Earth was an animal, and that its internal heat, earthquakes and eruptions were all signs of life. This animistic philosophy was waning by the end of the seventeenth century, but traces continued well into the eighteenth. Science wrestled with the ideas of the combustion of
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873:, close to mount Etna, and an important highly venerated (till today) example of virgin martyrs of Christian antiquity. In 253 CE, one year after her violent death, the stilling of an eruption of Mt. Etna was attributed to her intercession. Catania was however nearly completely destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Etna in 1169, and over 15,000 of its inhabitants died. Nevertheless, the saint was invoked again for the
2427:
509:(c. 490-430 BCE) saw the world divided into four elemental forces, of Earth, Air, Fire and Water. Volcanoes, Empedocles maintained, were the manifestation of Elemental Fire. Plato contended that channels of hot and cold waters flow in inexhaustible quantities through subterranean rivers. In the depths of the earth snakes a vast river of fire, the
350:
in 1991 that may have saved 20,000 lives. Short-term forecasts tend to use seismic or multiple monitoring data with long term forecasting involving the study of the previous history of local volcanism. However, volcanology forecasting does not just involve predicting the next initial onset time of an
722:
The causes of these phenomena were discussed in the large number of theories of the Earth that were published in the hundred years after 1650. The authors of these theories were not themselves observers, but combined the observations of others with
Newtonian, Cartesian, Biblical or animistic science
674:
considered volcanoes as conduits for the tears and excrement of the Earth, voiding bitumen, tar and sulfur. Descartes, pronouncing that God had created the Earth in an instant, declared he had done so in three layers; the fiery depths, a layer of water, and the air. Volcanoes, he said, were formed
332:, mantle plume melting depths, the history of recycled subducted crust, matching of tephra deposits to each other and to volcanoes of origin, and the understanding the formation and evolution of magma reservoirs, an approach which has now been validated by real time sampling.
713:(1602–1680) witnessed eruptions of Mount Etna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulfur, bitumen and coal. He published his view of this in
723:
to produce a variety of all-embracing systems. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes were generally linked in these systems to the existence of great open caverns under the Earth where inflammable vapours could accumulate until they were ignited. According to
375:. This painting has been interpreted as a depiction of an erupting volcano, with a cluster of houses below shows a twin peaked volcano in eruption, with a town at its base (though archaeologists now question this interpretation). The volcano may be either
524:, a Roman philosopher, claimed Etna was completely hollow and the fires of the underground driven by a fierce wind circulating near sea level. Ovid believed that the flame was fed from "fatty foods" and eruptions stopped when the food ran out.
493:
was buried beneath Etna by the goddess Athena as punishment for rebellion against the gods; the mountain's rumblings were his tormented cries, the flames his breath and the tremors his railing against the bars of his prison. Enceladus' brother
1515:
Lowe, D. J.; Pearce, N. J. G.; Jorgensen, M. A.; Kuehn, S. C.; Tryon, C. A.; Hayward, C. L. (2017). "Correlating tephras and cryptotephras using glass compositional analyses and numerical and statistical methods: Review and evaluation".
662:, and Johannes Kentmann (1518-1568) showed a deep intense interest in the nature, behavior, origin and history of the terrestrial globe. Many theories of volcanic action were framed during the late sixteenth mid-seventeenth centuries.
311:(electrical, gravity and magnetic observations) include monitoring fluctuations and sudden change in resistivity, gravity anomalies or magnetic anomaly patterns that may indicate volcano-induced faulting and magma upwelling.
149:
samples. One major focus of enquiry is the prediction of eruptions; there is currently no accurate way to do this, but predicting or forecasting eruptions, like predicting earthquakes, could save many lives.
57:(Isole Eolie/Italia), ca. 100m (300ft) vertically. Exposure of several seconds. The dashed trajectories are the result of lava pieces with a bright hot side and a cool dark side rotating in mid-air.
735:
stressed that water was essential. Athanasius
Kircher maintained that the caverns and sources of the heat were deep, and reached down towards the centre of the Earth, while other writers, notably
588:
on May 18, five more explosive eruptions occurred in 1980, including this event on July 22. This eruption sent pumice and ash 6 to 11 miles (10-18 kilometers) into the air, and was visible in
1305:
Bartel, B., 2002. Magma dynamics at Taal
Volcano, Philippines from continuous GPS measurements. Master's Thesis, Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
1437:
Davidson, J.P.; Morgan, D.J.; Charlier, B.L.A.; Harlou, R.; Hora, J.M. (2007). "Microsampling and
Isotopic Analysis of Igneous Rocks: Implications for the Study of Magmatic Systems".
346:
Some of the techniques mentioned above, combined with modelling, have proved useful and successful in the forecasting of some eruptions, such as the evacuation of the locality around
125:
who studies the eruptive activity and formation of volcanoes and their current and historic eruptions. Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe
694:
provided an opportunity to study the nature of volcanic phenomena. Italian natural philosophers living within reach of these volcanoes wrote long and learned books on the subject:
194:. Volcanology advances have required more than just structured observation, and the science relies upon the understanding and integration of knowledge in many fields including
795:, and a spiteful jealous fight ensued. Some Māori will not to this day live on the direct line between Tongariro and Taranaki for fear of the dispute flaring up again. In the
1561:
Halldórsson, S.A.; Marshall, E.W.; Caracciolo, A.; Matthews, S.; Bali, E.; Rasmussen, M.B.; Ranta, E.; Robin, J.G.; Guðfinnsson, G.H.; Sigmarsson, O.; Maclennan, J (2022).
1356:
261:
includes the use of geodetic techniques such as leveling, tilt, strain, angle and distance measurements through tiltmeters, total stations and EDMs. This also includes
1126:
283:
Temperature changes are monitored using thermometers and observing changes in thermal properties of volcanic lakes and vents, which may indicate upcoming activity.
272:
Gas emissions may be monitored with equipment including portable ultra-violet spectrometers (COSPEC, now superseded by the miniDOAS), which analyzes the presence of
907:, the relics of St Januarius are paraded through town at every major eruption of Vesuvius. The register of these processions and the 1779 and 1794 diary of Father
513:, which feeds all the world's volcanoes. Aristotle considered underground fire as the result of "the...friction of the wind when it plunges into narrow passages."
250:
deployed near volcanic areas, watching out for increased seismicity during volcanic events, in particular looking for long period harmonic tremors, which signal
1472:
Davies, D.; Rawlinson, N.; Iaffaldano, G.; Campbell, I.H. (2015). "Lithospheric controls on magma composition along Earth's longest continental hotspot track".
359:
Volcanology has an extensive history. The earliest known recording of a volcanic eruption may be on a wall painting dated to about 7,000 BCE found at the
280:; or by infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Increased gas emissions, and more particularly changes in gas compositions, may signal an impending volcanic eruption.
289:
are widely used to monitor volcanoes, as they allow a large area to be monitored easily. They can measure the spread of an ash plume, such as the one from
678:
The volcanoes of southern Italy attracted naturalists ever since the
Renaissance led to the rediscovery of Classical descriptions of them by wtiters like
544:, gave detailed descriptions of the eruption in which his uncle died, attributing his death to the effects of toxic gases. Such eruptions have been named
1142:
885:, in a quid pro quo manner, or bargaining approach which is sometimes used in prayerful interactions with saints, has been related (in the tradition of
1681:
568:
to the origin of the endogenous energy of the Earth. Restoro maintained that the interior of the Earth was very hot and insisted, following
324:
Compositional analysis has been very successful in the grouping of volcanoes by type, origin of magma, including matching of volcanoes to a
698:'s account of the eruption of Mount Etna in 1669 became a standard source of information, as did Giulio Cesare Recupito's account of the
321:
and lava deposits and dating these to give volcano eruption patterns, with estimated cycles of intense activity and size of eruptions.
304:
and thermal imaging can monitor large, scarcely populated areas where it would be too expensive to maintain instruments on the ground.
1103:
1088:
2067:
Radebaugh, J.; et al. (2004). "Observations and temperatures of Io's Pele Patera from
Cassini and Galileo spacecraft images".
214:, with many advances only being able to occur after the advance had occurred in another field of science. For example the study of
2290:
1740:
A bird’s eye view - of a leopard’s spots. The Çatalhöyük ‘map’ and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory
1360:
963:
783:
and the
Americas, usually invoking the forces of the supernatural or the divine to explain the violent outbursts of volcanoes.
736:
2112:
2051:
1960:
Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Budd, David A.; Dahren, Börje; Schwarzkopf, Lothar M. (2015-03-01).
2758:
2192:
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had nothing to do with volcanoes. Agricola believed vapor under pressure caused eruptions of 'mointain oil' and basalt.
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crystals and ash upon the nearby villages. The crystals resembled the crucifix and this was interpreted as the work of
747:). Of the volcanoes then known, all were near the water, hence the action of the sea upon the land was used to explain
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1888:
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eruption, as it might also address the size of a future eruption, and evolution of an eruption once it has begun.
2431:
2315:
2138:
Volcanoes: Crucibles of Change
Richard V. Fisher, Grant Heiken, Jeffrey B. Hulen Princeton University Press, 1998
1709:"Geomythology, theodicy, and the continuing relevance of religious worldviews on responses to volcanic eruptions"
699:
341:
2168:
1769:
1338:
572:, that the Earth had a molten center and that volcanoes erupted through the rise of molten rock to the surface.
1073:
623:
414:
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by
Hephaestus, and the blood of other defeated giants welled up in the Phlegrean Fields surrounding Vesuvius.
997:
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1685:
975:
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191:
17:
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1904:
Thackray, John (1996). "'The Modern Pliny': Hamilton and
Vesuvius". In Ian Jenkins; Kim Sloan (eds.).
2503:
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2101:
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695:
179:
2219:
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2407:
1840:
727:, much of the Earth itself was inflammable, with pitch, coal and brimstone all ready to burn. In
612:
403:
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with water, that rock was solidified bitumen, and with notions of rock being formed from water (
182:, where subduction fuels volcanic activity at the subduction zones of tectonic plate boundaries.
2276:
1879:
Sigurdsson, H; Houghton, B; Rymer, H; Stix, J; McNutt, S (2000). "The history of volcanology".
1810:
Sigurdsson, H; Houghton, B; Rymer, H; Stix, J; McNutt, S (2000). "The history of volcanology".
258:
1962:"Ancient oral tradition describes volcano–earthquake interaction at merapi volcano, indonesia"
1770:"A message from the 'underground forge of the gods': History and current eruptions at Mt Etna"
1768:
Thomaidis, K; Troll, VR; Deegan, FM; Freda, C; Corsaro, RA; Behncke, B; Rafailidis, S (2021).
764:
731:'s theory the presence of underground air was necessary if ignition were to take place, while
2799:
2458:
2419:
2333:
2244:
1018:(1926–2005), pioneering volcanologist who transformed the subject into a quantitative science
784:
2159:
706:'s account of the eruption of Vesuvius in 1737 (1737, with editions in French and English).
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1973:
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187:
1357:"NASA ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), Volcanology"
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8:
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592:, Washington, 100 miles (160 kilometers) to the north. The view here is from the south.
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noted the presence of earthquakes preceded an eruption; he died in the eruption of
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2016:
1587:
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1002:
923:
860:
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659:
520:, in the fifth century BC, had proposed eruptions were caused by a great wind.
450:
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227:
142:
101:
1656:
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2646:
2582:
2531:
2299:
2123:
1993:
1563:"Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland"
1416:
1381:
Budd, David A.; Troll, Valentin R.; Dahren, Börje; Burchardt, Steffi (2016).
1094:
1050:
993:
932:
882:
724:
495:
118:
42:
2197:
1187:(formerly the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences) (in New Zealand)
564:
devoted two entire chapters (11.6.4.6 and 11.6.4.7) of his seminal treatise
528:
contended that sulfur, alum and bitumen fed the deep fires. Observations by
516:
Wind played a key role in volcano explanations until the 16th century after
2748:
2672:
2605:
2600:
2567:
2383:
2368:
1946:
1616:
1501:
1190:
969:
886:
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800:
458:
325:
314:
273:
174:
134:
89:
2829:
2695:
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1407:
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1184:
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to provide a detailed chronology and description of Vesuvius' eruptions.
848:
376:
247:
211:
85:
1665:
1597:
1493:
2809:
2784:
2763:
2740:
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2353:
2348:
1985:
1546:
1195:
759:
626: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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517:
506:
466:
462:
417: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
308:
2881:
2513:
1796:
1635:
Bebbington, M.S.; Jenkins, S.F. (2019). "Intra-eruption forecasting".
1383:"Persistent multitiered magma plumbing beneath Katla volcano, Iceland"
1117:
2855:
2710:
2577:
2358:
1961:
1560:
1216:
856:
788:
748:
744:
687:
679:
667:
525:
521:
461:
explained volcanoes as sites of various gods. Greeks considered that
445:
360:
286:
207:
199:
122:
93:
54:
49:
31:
1260:"Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents"
601:
392:
265:
and InSAR. Surface deformation indicates magma upwelling: increased
238:
and in other sciences have been applied to volcanology since 1841.
1716:
Living under the shadow: The cultural impacts of volcanic eruptions
1165:
1149:
896:
878:
533:
499:
482:
368:
158:
1682:"Pinatubo: Why the Biggest Volcanic Eruption Wasn't the Deadliest"
791:, according to Māori mythology, were lovers who fell in love with
763:
Pele's hair caught on a radio antenna mounted on the south rim of
2687:
2474:
2343:
2338:
2017:"Living Memory and the Travelling Mountain Narrative of Taranaki"
1471:
1206:
1109:
870:
852:
792:
776:
691:
589:
545:
537:
203:
195:
167:
81:
69:
2268:
2128:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 25 April 2013
881:
in 1886. The way the saint is invoked and dealt with in Italian
453:
in 1822. The eruption of CE 79 would have appeared very similar.
904:
768:
740:
683:
486:
372:
318:
163:
138:
130:
2187:
1234:
1058:
1035:
938:
301:
251:
218:
only commenced in 1896, and its application to the theory of
77:
1906:
Vases and Volcanoes: Sir William Hamilton and His Collection
1436:
927:
Spanish depiction of a volcanic eruption in Guatemala, 1775.
1878:
1809:
1245:
821:
815:
470:
262:
226:
took about 50 years after this. Many other developments in
146:
73:
2443:
754:
2207:
2188:
United States Geological Survey- Volcanic Hazards Program
2182:
1767:
489:, in interpreting the Greek mythos, held that the giant
1514:
1380:
1339:"Archive: NASA Observes Ash Plume of Icelandic Volcano"
45:
sampling lava using a rock hammer and a bucket of water
2212:
877:
and, for an outbreak that was endangering the town of
835:) is the goddess of volcanoes and a popular figure in
2106:, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media
1864:
Williams, Micheal (November 2007). "Hearts of fire".
2148:
Festa: Recipes and Recollections of Italian Holidays
1959:
1198:, developer of the Mogi model of volcano deformation
1161:
839:. Pele was used for various scientific terms as for
818:
812:
230:, experimental physics and chemistry, techniques of
1024:(born 1939), Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist
809:
186:In 1841, the first volcanological observatory, the
269:produces bulges in the volcanic center's surface.
1966:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1634:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1030:(1942–1991 and 1946–1991, respectively), died at
719:with volcanoes acting as a type of safety valve.
666:argued the rays of the sun, as later proposed by
2924:
1872:
1044:(1949–1980), killed during the 1980 eruption of
911:allowed British diplomat and amateur naturalist
473:. The Greek word used to describe volcanoes was
1756:Çatalhöyük Şehir Plani: Town Plan of Çatalhöyük
1554:
1803:
1744:http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/195777
1623:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1321:, Oxford University Press, USA 2003, 2nd ed.,
2459:
2284:
2060:
2039:
1761:
1718:. Walnut Creek: Left Coast. pp. 203–24.
1706:
1439:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1097:, a thermal area in the Southwest of Iceland.
675:where the rays of the sun pierced the earth.
2245:"Frank A. Perret, Volcanologist (Concluded)"
2150:Helen Barolini Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2002
2014:
566:La composizione del mondo colle sue cascioni
457:The classical world of Greece and the early
2213:World Organization of Volcano Observatories
2043:Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai'i: A History
1908:. London: British Museum Press. p. 65.
1700:
1423:
575:
2466:
2452:
2291:
2277:
1132:Erosional dissection of an ash deposit at
889:) to earlier pagan beliefs and practices.
379:, or its smaller neighbour, Melendiz Dağ.
2066:
1936:
1664:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1545:
1406:
1313:
1311:
1257:
918:
642:Learn how and when to remove this message
465:, the god of fire, sat below the volcano
433:Learn how and when to remove this message
382:
2242:
2217:
1903:
1863:
1837:Pyrite. A Natural History of Fool's Gold
1281:
1279:
1277:
922:
892:In 1660 the eruption of Vesuvius rained
758:
579:
536:in 79 CE while investigating it at
444:
173:
157:
48:
36:
2250:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
2225:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
2193:Volcano Live – What is a volcanologist?
1834:
1748:
755:Interaction with religion and mythology
14:
2925:
2117:
1679:
1459:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140211
1308:
830:
129:, collect eruptive products including
2447:
2272:
2095:
2033:
1918:
1732:
1714:. In Grattan, J; Torrence, R (eds.).
1317:Peter Francis and Clive Oppenheimer,
1274:
964:George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
654:During the Renaissance, observers as
153:
2426:
2124:Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Agatha."
1387:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
624:adding citations to reliable sources
595:
415:adding citations to reliable sources
386:
254:movement through volcanic conduits.
246:Seismic observations are made using
2905:
851:(Pele's seaweed). A volcano on the
24:
1883:. Academic Press. pp. 15–37.
1814:. Academic Press. pp. 15–37.
1680:Pappas, Stephanie (15 June 2011).
1285:Robert Decker and Barbara Decker,
586:first eruption of Mount St. Helens
485:, the son of Zeus. The Roman poet
25:
2949:
2298:
2176:
2904:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2512:
2425:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2220:"Frank A. Perret, Volcanologist"
1707:Chester, DK; Duncan, AM (2007).
1164:
1141:
1125:
1102:
1087:
1072:
805:
600:
391:
2218:Strother, French (April 1915).
2183:European Volcanological Society
2153:
2141:
2132:
2008:
1953:
1912:
1897:
1857:
1828:
1742:Anatolian Studies 56:1-16. See
1673:
1538:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.003
1508:
1465:
700:1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
611:needs additional citations for
402:needs additional citations for
342:Prediction of volcanic activity
1374:
1349:
1331:
1299:
1289:4th ed., W. H. Freeman, 2005,
1251:
1228:
702:(1632 and later editions) and
551:
548:in honour of the two authors.
335:
13:
1:
2243:Strother, French (May 1915).
1684:. LiveScience. Archived from
1222:
954:
293:'s 2010 eruption, as well as
241:
2169:Volume 60 Issue 7 July 2010
2089:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.019
1005:(1914–1998), advisor to the
998:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
996:(1871–1953), founder of the
982:George Julius Poulett Scrope
7:
2537:Geological history of Earth
2473:
1157:
1148:The eruption of the geysir
1136:volcano in the Philippines.
192:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
10:
2954:
2510:
2046:. McFarland. p. 208.
1588:10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x
1518:Quaternary Science Reviews
1248:, accessed 29 August 2016.
1065:
930:
354:
339:
166:horizons in south-central
110:. Vulcan was the ancient
29:
2874:
2848:
2777:
2739:
2686:
2660:
2624:
2591:
2551:Composition and structure
2550:
2522:
2504:Index of geology articles
2481:
2397:
2324:
2306:
2126:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1925:Annals of Medical History
1881:Encyclopedia of volcanoes
1812:Encyclopedia of volcanoes
1657:10.1007/s00445-019-1294-9
1258:Becquerel, Henri (1896).
976:Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu
469:, forging the weapons of
1738:Meece, Stephanie, (2006)
1180:Global Volcanism Program
1028:Katia and Maurice Krafft
696:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
576:Renaissance observations
180:destructive plate margin
162:Volcanologist examining
30:Not to be confused with
2102:Foley O.F.M., Leonard.
1841:Oxford University Press
1835:Rickard, David (2015).
1637:Bulletin of Volcanology
1082:, Costa Rica at night.
2040:H. Arlo Nimmo (2011).
1754:Ülkekul, Cevat, (2005)
928:
919:Notable volcanologists
772:
593:
505:The Greek philosopher
454:
383:Greco-Roman philosophy
315:Stratigraphic analyses
309:geophysical techniques
259:deformation monitoring
232:mathematical modelling
183:
171:
58:
46:
2800:Environmental geology
2334:Environmental science
2160:The Lure of Volcanoes
2015:Ngāwhare-Pounamu, D.
1120:in Big Island, Hawaii
1053:(1958–1991), died at
926:
762:
583:
448:
190:, was founded in the
177:
161:
52:
40:
2759:Planetary geophysics
1921:"Athanasius Kircher"
1408:10.1002/2015GC006118
913:Sir William Hamilton
781:Pacific Ring of Fire
620:improve this article
411:improve this article
188:Vesuvius Observatory
100:is derived from the
2861:Petroleum geologist
2825:Forensic geophysics
2795:Engineering geology
2542:Timeline of geology
2494:Glossary of geology
2329:Atmospheric science
2081:2004Icar..169...65R
1978:2015GeAnA..97..137T
1789:2021GeolT..37..141T
1649:2019BVol...81...34B
1579:2022Natur.609..529H
1530:2017QSRv..175....1L
1494:10.1038/nature14903
1486:2015Natur.525..511D
1451:2007AREPS..35..273D
1399:2016GGG....17..966B
1022:Haraldur Sigurdsson
1016:George P. L. Walker
869:is patron saint of
716:Mundus Subterraneus
556:Thirteenth century
498:was buried beneath
317:includes analyzing
2887:Geology portal
2815:Geologic modelling
2754:Geophysical survey
2706:Geodetic astronomy
2632:Structural geology
2593:Historical geology
2524:History of geology
2499:History of geology
2489:Outline of geology
2379:Physical geography
1986:10.1111/geoa.12099
1919:Major, RH (1939).
1758:Dönence, Istanbul.
1240:2018-03-22 at the
1152:in early morning.
929:
875:1669 Etna eruption
837:Hawaiian mythology
775:Tribal legends of
773:
711:Athanasius Kircher
594:
455:
224:radiometric dating
184:
172:
154:Modern volcanology
127:volcanic eruptions
68:) is the study of
59:
47:
27:Study of volcanoes
2920:
2919:
2805:Planetary geology
2721:Planetary geodesy
2441:
2440:
2113:978-0-86716-887-7
2053:978-0-7864-6347-3
1797:10.1111/gto.12362
1573:(7927): 529–534.
1480:(7570): 511–514.
1042:David A. Johnston
1007:French Government
988:Giuseppe Mercalli
951:Pliny the Younger
797:Hawaiian religion
664:Georgius Agricola
652:
651:
644:
542:Pliny the Younger
443:
442:
435:
263:GNSS observations
16:(Redirected from
2945:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2820:Forensic geology
2790:Economic geology
2716:Gravity of Earth
2611:Paleoclimatology
2516:
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2104:Saint of the Day
2099:
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1359:. Archived from
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1303:
1297:
1283:
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1202:Tephrochronology
1174:
1172:Volcanoes portal
1169:
1168:
1145:
1129:
1106:
1091:
1076:
1046:Mount St. Helens
1011:Jacques Cousteau
959:
956:
834:
828:
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824:
823:
820:
817:
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811:
779:abound from the
647:
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604:
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562:Restoro d'Arezzo
438:
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328:of a particular
291:Eyjafjallajökull
21:
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2840:Mineral physics
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2642:Plate tectonics
2620:
2616:Palaeogeography
2587:
2563:Crystallography
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2374:Paleogeoscience
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2019:
2013:
2009:
1958:
1954:
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1891:
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1843:. p. 128.
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1688:on 19 July 2022
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945:Pliny the Elder
935:
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909:Antonio Piaggio
901:Saint Januarius
832:[ˈpɛlɛ]
808:
804:
771:, July 22, 2005
757:
729:William Whiston
704:Francesco Serao
672:Johannes Kepler
656:Bernard Palissy
648:
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530:Pliny the Elder
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236:instrumentation
220:plate tectonics
178:A diagram of a
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28:
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2163:James Hamilton
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2032:
2007:
1972:(1): 137–166.
1952:
1911:
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1445:(1): 273–311.
1422:
1393:(3): 966–980.
1373:
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1298:
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1264:Comptes Rendus
1250:
1235:Vulcani attivi
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1212:Volcano Number
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1003:Haroun Tazieff
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961:
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859:is also named
756:
753:
737:Georges Buffon
660:Conrad Gessner
650:
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608:
606:
599:
577:
574:
553:
550:
540:. His nephew,
511:Pyriphlegethon
441:
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399:
397:
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384:
381:
356:
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348:Mount Pinatubo
340:Main article:
337:
334:
296:
278:sulfur dioxide
274:volcanic gases
243:
240:
228:fluid dynamics
155:
152:
96:). The term
64:(also spelled
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2866:Volcanologist
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2532:Geochronology
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2166:History Today
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2018:
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1991:
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1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
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1956:
1948:
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1939:
1934:
1931:(2): 105-20.
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1890:9780123859396
1886:
1882:
1875:
1868:(11–2007): 6.
1867:
1860:
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1850:9780190203689
1846:
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1838:
1831:
1823:
1821:9780123859396
1817:
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1777:Geology Today
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1384:
1377:
1363:on 2010-05-28
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1327:0-19-925469-9
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1051:Harry Glicken
1049:
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1029:
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1017:
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994:Thomas Jaggar
992:
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958: 113 AD
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933:Volcanologist
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883:folk religion
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733:John Woodward
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725:Thomas Burnet
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609:This section
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400:This section
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2778:Applications
2749:Geomagnetism
2673:Hydrogeology
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2606:Paleontology
2601:Stratigraphy
2568:Geochemistry
2430:
2418:
2406:
2388:
2384:Soil science
2369:Oceanography
2259:. Retrieved
2254:
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1191:Igneous rock
1114:Halemaʻumaʻu
970:James Hutton
941:(428–348 BC)
891:
887:James Frazer
867:Saint Agatha
865:
845:Pele's tears
774:
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618:Please help
613:verification
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459:Roman Empire
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409:Please help
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300:emissions.
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80:and related
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53:Eruption of
2933:Volcanology
2849:Occupations
2830:Meteoritics
2696:Cartography
2652:Volcanology
2637:Geodynamics
2389:Volcanology
2364:Meteorology
2203:In Our Time
2198:Vulcanology
2025:12 November
1547:10289/11352
1185:GNS Science
1112:deposit at
1055:Mount Unzen
1032:Mount Unzen
990:(1850–1914)
984:(1797–1876)
978:(1750–1801)
972:(1726–1797)
966:(1707–1788)
849:Limu o Pele
841:Pele's hair
709:The Jesuit
552:Middle Ages
365:Çatal Höyük
336:Forecasting
212:mathematics
98:volcanology
92:phenomena (
90:geochemical
86:geophysical
66:vulcanology
62:Volcanology
18:Vulcanology
2927:Categories
2810:Geobiology
2785:Biogeology
2764:Seismology
2741:Geophysics
2668:Glaciology
2573:Mineralogy
2354:Glaciology
2349:Geophysics
2261:2009-08-04
2236:2009-08-04
1692:17 January
1367:2010-09-03
1287:Volcanoes,
1270:: 501–503.
1223:References
1196:Kiyoo Mogi
947:(23–79 AD)
931:See also:
584:After the
570:Empedocles
518:Anaxagoras
507:Empedocles
463:Hephaestus
287:Satellites
242:Techniques
82:geological
2856:Geologist
2711:Geomatics
2578:Petrology
2482:Overviews
2359:Hydrology
2232:: 688–706
2002:129186824
1994:0435-3676
1417:1525-2027
1319:Volcanoes
1217:Volcanism
789:Tongariro
777:volcanoes
765:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
749:volcanism
745:Neptunism
688:Stromboli
680:Lucretius
668:Descartes
558:Dominican
526:Vitruvius
522:Lucretius
491:Enceladus
377:Hasan Dağ
361:Neolithic
208:chemistry
200:tectonics
133:(such as
123:geologist
114:of fire.
112:Roman god
94:volcanism
70:volcanoes
55:Stromboli
32:Volcanism
2408:Category
1947:33943407
1617:36104557
1524:: 1–44.
1502:26367795
1238:Archived
1158:See also
1150:Strokkur
1134:Pinatubo
1095:Krýsuvík
897:pyroxene
879:Nicolosi
785:Taranaki
632:May 2024
560:scholar
534:Vesuvius
500:Vesuvius
483:Heracles
481:, after
451:Vesuvius
423:May 2024
369:Anatolia
363:site at
276:such as
257:Surface
2911:Geology
2899:Geology
2688:Geodesy
2475:Geology
2432:Commons
2344:Geology
2339:Geodesy
2311:Outline
2257:: 85–98
2206:at the
2077:Bibcode
1974:Bibcode
1938:7939598
1785:Bibcode
1645:Bibcode
1608:9477742
1575:Bibcode
1526:Bibcode
1482:Bibcode
1447:Bibcode
1395:Bibcode
1207:Volcano
1118:Kīlauea
1110:Sulphur
1066:Gallery
894:twinned
871:Catania
829:Pel-a;
793:Pihanga
769:Hawaiʻi
692:Vulcano
590:Seattle
546:Plinian
538:Stabiae
355:History
330:hotspot
204:physics
196:geology
168:Iceland
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1038:, 1991
953:(61 –
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853:Jovian
847:, and
741:pyrite
684:Strabo
487:Virgil
373:Turkey
319:tephra
307:Other
164:tephra
139:pumice
131:tephra
107:vulcan
2661:Water
2316:Index
2020:(PDF)
1998:S2CID
1773:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1059:Japan
1036:Japan
939:Plato
903:. In
855:moon
496:Mimas
479:hiera
477:, or
302:InSAR
252:magma
121:is a
104:word
102:Latin
78:magma
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2230:XXIX
2109:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2027:2023
1990:ISSN
1943:PMID
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1816:ISBN
1720:ISBN
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1613:PMID
1498:PMID
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1291:ISBN
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