303:
The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation, has been extensively studied and documented as part of
Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the
285:
The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in
Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.
102:
in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:
1227:
250:
952:
215:
1027:
703:
156:
552:
1211:
108:
260:
945:
237:
1372:
1243:
938:
907:
869:
201:
However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained
1219:
840:
1405:
1235:
666:* indicates that a form is not directly attested, but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material.
925:
888:
850:
829:
803:
902:. A linguistic history of English. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1356:
1172:
969:
94:
noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from". To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the
1266:
1177:
1167:
1161:
961:
534:
87:
1361:
294:
1115:
982:
977:
305:
1395:
1338:
1182:
526:
129:
1261:
1194:
1135:
1002:
298:
175:
42:
813:
530:
997:
17:
1082:
1366:
1287:
1071:
1320:
1293:
1187:
1105:
1037:
1015:
46:
663:
8:
1325:
1315:
1042:
71:
1400:
1047:
1310:
1032:
921:
903:
884:
865:
846:
825:
817:
799:
62:
342:
1067:
1057:
1052:
992:
987:
137:
86:
Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the
1007:
273:
38:
1333:
1271:
1140:
1125:
1087:
1077:
1062:
930:
606:
258:"brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit
1389:
1110:
277:
310:
229:
611:
598:
348:
330:
320:
261:
238:
189:
176:
130:
121:
1130:
95:
533:
in general. The feature is considered to have been inherited from the
710:
205:, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened
234:
126:
98:
of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *
50:
170:
363:
The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:
91:
117:
1228:
Lexikon der indogermanischen
Partikeln und Pronominalstämme
812:
757:
359:"to be carried" (second grade, lengthened grade, or vṛddhi)
549:(zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")
1116:
1017:
569:
553:
541:
251:
216:
158:
149:
109:
90:originally for forming possessive derivatives of
1387:
960:
709:entry at Indo-European etymological database of
529:it is used in Pāṇini's sense and applied to the
946:
295:Sanskrit grammar § grammatical tradition
141:
732:
730:
67:
1212:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
953:
939:
900:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
758:Meier-Brügger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
520:
727:
859:
824:. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter.
793:
742:
736:
299:Sanskrit grammar § morphophonology
14:
1388:
883:(2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
341:"burden" (first grade, full grade, or
1373:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1244:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
934:
897:
691:
288:
61:
687:
685:
683:
681:
41:given to the strongest grade in the
1220:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
842:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
838:
778:
24:
1236:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon
878:
796:Indo-European Language and Culture
43:vowel gradation system of Sanskrit
27:Strongest grade of vowel gradation
25:
1417:
718:
678:
794:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
173:", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit
787:
772:
656:
647:
638:
629:
763:
751:
697:
620:
591:
13:
1:
1357:Proto-Indo-European mythology
672:
1267:Proto-Indo-European homeland
962:Proto-Indo-European language
609:formed from the verbal root
535:Proto-Indo-European language
248:) → proto-vṛddhi derivative
88:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
1362:Proto-Indo-European society
612:
599:
349:
331:
321:
262:
239:
227:"father-in-law" (cf. Latin
177:
131:
49:. The term is derived from
10:
1422:
1117:
1018:
581:(vṛddhi, lengthened grade)
570:
554:
542:
292:
252:
217:
159:
155:→ proto-vṛddhi derivative
150:
110:
81:
1406:Indo-European linguistics
1349:
1339:North European hypothesis
1303:
1280:
1254:
1203:
1154:
1098:
968:
898:Ringe, Donald A. (2017).
862:Indo-European Linguistics
822:Indo-European Linguistics
527:Indo-European linguistics
37:) is a technical term in
1262:Indo-European migrations
860:Clackson, James (2007).
798:. Blackwell Publishing.
585:
1281:Artificial compositions
531:Indo-European languages
521:Vṛddhi in Indo-European
142:
1164:(nouns and adjectives)
1028:Glossary of sound laws
916:Bucknell, Roderick S,
814:Meier-Brügger, Michael
327:"carried" (zero grade)
283:
199:
47:of Proto-Indo-European
1367:Indo-European studies
881:The Sanskrit Language
211:
104:
1321:Anatolian hypothesis
1294:The king and the god
147:"god") → zero grade
1330:Outdated theories:
1326:Armenian hypothesis
1316:Schleicher theories
1072:Edgerton's converse
816:; Fritz, Matthias;
368:
72:Proto-Indo-European
63:[ˈʋr̩d̪ːʱi]
1288:Schleicher's fable
818:Mayrhofer, Manfred
712:The Tower of Babel
366:
309:of the grammarian
289:Vṛddhi in Sanskrit
281:"brother-in-law")
1383:
1382:
1311:Kurgan hypothesis
909:978-0-19-879258-1
871:978-0-521-65313-8
518:
517:
78: 'to grow'.
16:(Redirected from
1413:
1396:Sanskrit grammar
1120:
1119:
1021:
1020:
993:Laryngeal theory
988:Glottalic theory
983:Centum and satem
955:
948:
941:
932:
931:
913:
894:
875:
856:
835:
809:
782:
776:
770:
769:Bucknell, tb. 5.
767:
761:
755:
749:
746:
740:
734:
725:
722:
716:
701:
695:
689:
667:
660:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
604:
595:
580:
579:
564:
563:
548:
547:
369:
367:Vowel gradation
365:
358:
340:
326:
269:
255:
254:
246:
224:
223:
184:
166:
165:
153:
152:
145:
134:
113:
112:
69:
65:
60:
21:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1345:
1299:
1276:
1250:
1199:
1155:Parts of speech
1150:
1094:
964:
959:
918:Sanskrit Manual
910:
891:
872:
853:
839:Rix, H (2001).
832:
806:
790:
785:
777:
773:
768:
764:
756:
752:
747:
743:
735:
728:
724:Clackson, §3.3.
723:
719:
702:
698:
690:
679:
675:
670:
661:
657:
653:originally 'āu'
652:
648:
644:originally 'au'
643:
639:
635:originally 'āi'
634:
630:
626:originally 'ai'
625:
621:
597:in Sanskrit, a
596:
592:
588:
523:
514:
509:
504:
494:
492:
490:
485:
483:
481:
476:
474:
472:
462:
460:
458:
453:
451:
449:
444:
442:
440:
430:
428:
426:
421:
419:
417:
412:
410:
408:
398:
393:
301:
291:
274:Old High German
84:
70:'growth', from
58:
39:morphophonology
33:(also rendered
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1334:Beech argument
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1272:Salmon problem
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:Thematic vowel
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Narten present
1123:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1013:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
929:
928:
914:
908:
895:
889:
876:
870:
857:
851:
845:(2 ed.).
836:
830:
810:
804:
789:
786:
784:
783:
771:
762:
750:
741:
726:
717:
696:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
607:nomen actionis
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
567:
550:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
496:
495:
488:
486:
479:
477:
470:
468:
464:
463:
456:
454:
447:
445:
438:
436:
432:
431:
424:
422:
415:
413:
406:
404:
400:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
361:
360:
346:
328:
290:
287:
83:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1418:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1111:Caland system
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Bartholomae's
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
933:
927:
926:81-208-1188-7
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
901:
896:
892:
890:81-208-1767-2
886:
882:
877:
873:
867:
864:. Cambridge.
863:
858:
854:
852:3-89500-219-4
848:
844:
843:
837:
833:
831:3-11-017433-2
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:1-4051-0316-7
801:
797:
792:
791:
780:
775:
766:
759:
754:
748:Burrow, §2.1.
745:
738:
737:Fortson (2004
733:
731:
721:
715:
713:
708:
706:
700:
693:
688:
686:
684:
682:
677:
665:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
616:
614:
608:
603:
602:
594:
590:
578:
576:
568:
565:
562:
560:
551:
546:
540:
539:
538:
536:
532:
528:
511:
506:
501:
498:
497:
487:
478:
469:
466:
465:
455:
446:
437:
434:
433:
423:
414:
405:
402:
401:
395:
390:
387:
384:
383:
379:
377:← 1st grade →
376:
373:
371:
370:
364:
357:
356:
354:
347:
344:
339:
338:
336:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
317:
316:For example:
314:
312:
308:
307:
300:
296:
286:
282:
280:
279:
275:
271:
270:
268:
266:
257:
256:
247:
245:
243:
236:
232:
231:
226:
225:
221:
210:
208:
204:
198:
196:
195:
193:
186:
185:
183:
181:
172:
168:
167:
163:
154:
146:
144:
139:
135:
133:
128:
124:
123:
119:
115:
114:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
77:
73:
64:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1371:
1292:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1204:Main sources
1145:
1121:-conjugation
1083:Szemerényi's
1043:Fortunatov's
1016:
1008:
917:
899:
880:
861:
841:
821:
795:
788:Bibliography
774:
765:
753:
744:
720:
711:
704:
699:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:vṛdh-/vardh-
610:
600:
593:
574:
572:
566:(full grade)
558:
556:
544:
524:
362:
352:
350:
334:
332:
322:
315:
304:
302:
284:
276:
264:
259:
249:
241:
228:
219:
214:
212:
206:
202:
200:
191:
188:
179:
174:
161:
157:
148:
140:
120:
107:
105:
99:
85:
75:
54:
34:
30:
29:
1131:Nasal infix
1048:Grassmann's
1033:Brugmann's
879:Burrow, T.
692:Ringe (2017
116:"sky" (cf.
1390:Categories
1195:Vocabulary
1099:Morphology
1019:*kʷetwóres
1003:Sound laws
673:References
525:In modern
467:Retroflex
380:2nd grade
374:Zero grade
306:Aṣṭādhyāyī
293:See also:
253:*swēḱur-ó-
96:zero-grade
1401:Vyakarana
1173:Particles
1068:Sievers's
1058:Pinault's
1053:Osthoff's
970:Phonology
779:Rix (2001
707:'to grow'
617:'to grow'
92:ablauting
1350:See also
1304:Theories
1178:Pronouns
1168:Numerals
1162:Nominals
1009:boukólos
998:s-mobile
820:(2003).
760:, L 413)
664:asterisk
403:Palatal
235:Sanskrit
197:, etc.)
187:, Latin
127:Sanskrit
51:Sanskrit
1255:Origins
1088:Weise's
1078:Stang's
1063:Siebs's
920:(2000)
714:project
705:*werdʰ-
499:Dental
435:Labial
323:bhṛ-tá-
171:sky god
138:Hittite
136:"day";
82:Origins
74: *
53:वृद्धि
35:vr̥ddhi
1246:(IEED)
1230:(LIPP)
1188:copula
1146:Vṛddhi
1106:Ablaut
978:Accent
924:
906:
887:
868:
849:
828:
802:
739::116f)
337:r-aṇa-
311:Pāṇini
297:, and
278:swāgur
222:ḱur-o-
169:"god,
164:yw-ó-s
111:*dyew-
76:werdʰ-
55:vṛddhi
31:Vṛddhi
18:Vrddhi
1375:(EIE)
1238:(NIL)
1222:(LIV)
1214:(IEW)
1183:Verbs
781::76f)
586:Notes
545:bʰr̥-
385:Open
355:r-yá-
230:socer
151:*diw-
118:Latin
1136:Root
1023:rule
1011:rule
922:ISBN
904:ISBN
885:ISBN
866:ISBN
847:ISBN
826:ISBN
800:ISBN
694::15)
662:The
439:u/ū
407:i/ī
343:guṇa
267:śurá
244:śura
213:PIE
143:šīu-
122:diēs
106:PIE
68:lit.
59:IPA:
45:and
1118:h₂e
601:-tí
491:ār
489:ār
482:ar
480:ar
459:āv
457:au
450:av
443:u/ū
427:āy
425:ai
418:ay
411:i/ī
233:,
218:*sw
132:dyú
1392::
729:^
680:^
577:r-
573:bʰ
561:r-
557:bʰ
537:.
513:āl
508:al
493:rā
484:ra
473:r
471:ṛ
461:vā
452:va
448:o
441:v
429:yā
420:ya
416:e
409:y
351:bh
333:bh
313:.
272:,
263:śv
240:śv
209::
207:*ē
203:*e
194:us
182:vá
160:*d
125:,
66:,
57:,
1074:)
1070:(
954:e
947:t
940:v
912:.
893:.
874:.
855:.
834:.
808:.
605:-
575:ē
571:*
559:e
555:*
543:*
503:ḷ
475:ṛ
397:ā
392:a
388:∅
353:ā
345:)
335:á
265:ā
242:á
220:é
192:e
190:d
180:e
178:d
162:e
100:e
20:)
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