885:
778:
601:
315:, which "affords less freedom of choice than repeated balloting, because it denies voters the opportunity of basing their second or lesser choices on the results of earlier ballots, and because the candidate or proposition in last place is automatically eliminated and may thus be prevented from becoming a compromise choice". In any case, preferential voting can be used only if the bylaws specifically authorize it. It is worth noting that elimination of the candidate with fewest votes is a feature of
2433:
654:. The panel shows the member's name and a light corresponding to how that member voted (green for yea, red for nay, and amber for present), keeps a running count of vote casts, and displays time remaining for a vote (most votes are held open for at least fifteen minutes). The system as used today is much the same as that used in the 1970s, although today, member's voting cards are
144:, as it is also called) has the effect of placing on the record how each member, or sometimes each delegation, votes; therefore, it has exactly the opposite effect of a ballot vote. It is usually confined to representative bodies, where the proceeds are published, since it enables constituents to know how their representatives voted on certain measures. It should not be used in a
533:(public meeting at which issues or candidates were presented). After the presiding magistrate called an end to this, citizens were dispersed into roped-off areas and were called forth in groups across raised gangways. Initially, each voter gave his vote orally to an official who made a note of it on an official tablet, but later in the Republic, the
1067:, relatively few roll call votes have been published that identify individual deputies' votes. The votes of individuals are recorded only if the voting is open and the electronic method is used. While not all votes are officially roll call votes, every time a deputy electronically votes a computer registers the individual deputy's vote.
923:" by asking members to call out their votes, typically saying "As many as are of that opinion, say 'aye'". The supporters of the measure shout "aye". The Speaker then says, "Of the contrary, 'no'" and the opponents of the measure shout "no". The Speaker then makes a determination of which side has won ("I think the Ayes have it.").
819:
In more than half of chambers, the clerk or secretary opens and closes the roll-call system. In seventeen chambers, the presiding officer opens and closes the system; in five chambers, the reading clerk opens and closes the system, and in nine chambers, some other legislative staffer opens and closes
707:
The third method is a recorded vote ("the yeas and nays"), currently taken by a roll call. The clerk calls the roll of senators alphabetical by name, and each
Senator individually responds. Following the call, the clerk then identifies those who voted in the affirmative and those in the negative. The
848:
A minority of state legislative chambers do not use an electronic voting system. Fourteen chambers use a traditional manual roll-call system in which the clerk calls the roll orally, records each member's vote on paper, and then tallies the ayes and nays. Twelve chambers use a hybrid system in which
658:
that contain identification information. Once a representative has voted, he or she may check the vote by reinserting the card and seeing which light is illuminated at the voting station. For the first ten minutes of a vote, a representative may also change his or her vote by reinserting the card to
953:
Before 2020, proposals to adopt electronic voting in
Parliament were considered but rejected.For a temporary period between 22 April and 20 May 2020 due to COVID-19, Parliament sat virtually and both houses conducted electronic voting known as "virtual divisions". Although this no longer applies in
703:
A division vote (taken by having each side stand) is rare in the Senate, but may be requested by any senator or ordered by the presiding officer if the outcome of the voice vote is doubtful. Like the voice vote, a division does not provide a record of how each senator voted. The chair announces the
643:
Under the system implemented in the 1970s, members of the House may vote at any one of a number of stations located throughout the chamber. Each member has a small plastic card, punched identically on either end. To cast a vote, the representative inserts the card into the station in any direction
330:
RONR advises against any such voting rule, saying that "The nominee receiving the lowest number of votes is never removed from the ballot unless the bylaws so require, or unless he withdraws – which, in the absence of such a bylaw, he is not obligated to do. The nominee in lowest place may turn out
938:
to alert members that a vote is to take place. Members then physically separate themselves into the division lobbies, the Aye lobby to the
Speaker's right and the No lobby to the Speaker's left. As members pass through the lobbies, clerks record their names and they are counted by tellers. Members
274:, the chamber, which had been deadlocked for 129 ballots, adopted a plurality rule stating that, if after three more ballots no one garnered a majority of the votes, the person receiving the highest number of votes on the next ensuing ballot would be declared speaker. On the decisive 133rd ballot,
99:
A show of hands is a method of public voting, often used in small boards, committees or also informal gatherings, or some larger assemblies. Members raise their hands to indicate support for the motion, then for opposition to it. The chairperson assesses which side had the most hands, sometimes by
90:
believes a voice vote has been taken with an inconclusive result, or upon a motion to divide the assembly. A rising vote is also often the normal method of voting on motions requiring a two-thirds vote for adoption. It can also be used as the first method of voting when only a majority vote is
218:
states, "The fact that a majority (or a plurality) of the votes are cast for an ineligible candidate does not entitle the candidate receiving the next highest number of votes to be declared elected. In such a case, the voters have failed to make a choice, and they proceed to vote again."
164:
is sometimes used as a substitute for a roll call vote. It allows the members' votes to be recorded in the minutes without the chair having to call the names of each member individually. A motion to use a signed ballot is one of the motions relating to methods of voting and the polls.
722:
suggested that he would not be opposed to setting up an electronic system similar to that used in the House, but also stated that he didn't see any change occurring "in the near future". Use of an electronic system would make it possible for the Senate to vote more quickly during
226:
or compromise candidate, who received few votes in the first round, to become the candidate that opposing factions agree to settle on. Moreover, it can prevent a candidate who is opposed by the majority of the electorate from being elected, as might happen under plurality.
71:
of the assembly will put the question to the assembly, asking first for those in favor of the motion to indicate so verbally ("aye" or "yes"), and then ask those opposed to the motion to indicate so verbally ("no"). The chair will then estimate which side had more members.
659:
change the vote. If a representative wants to change his or her vote in the last five minutes of a fifteen-minute vote, the representative must use a teller card in the well of the House. A tally clerk then manually enters the vote into the electronic voting system.
91:
required if the chair believes in advance that a voice vote will be inconclusive. The chair can also order the rising vote to be counted. Another use is on a resolution honoring or in memory of a notable person, when the assembly stands in honor or remembrance.
38:(formal proposal by members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting.
823:
In 36 chambers, electronic roll-call votes are not subject to change. In one-third of chambers, however, changes are allowed if requested at the time of the vote. Seventeen chambers allow a roll-call vote to be changed upon a member's request at a later
1022:, decisions are usually made by show of hands. If the show of hands leads to a doubtful result, the vote is taken by standing and sitting. If this, too, leads to a doubtful result, the vote is taken by roll call. (A roll-call vote is also taken if any
939:
have eight minutes to vote before the doors to the division lobbies are locked. In the
Commons, the tally is complete, the tellers approach the presiding officer and announce the tally, and then the Speaker or Lord Speaker announces the result.
695:
first asks those in favor to say "aye", and then opposed to say "no". The presiding officer then announces who appeared to win the vote ("The ayes appear to have it."). One variation of a voice vote is for the presiding officer to state:
632:. The first proposal for automated voting in Congress was made in 1886. Over the next 84 years, fifty bills and resolutions to establish an automatic, electrical, mechanical, or electronic voting system in Congress were introduced. The
261:
Between rounds of balloting, members can make motions to help the assembly complete the election within a reasonable time. For instance, the assembly may vote to drop the candidate having the lowest vote after each successive vote, or
373:. RONR notes that "A minority group, by coordinating its effort in voting for only one candidate who is a member of the group, may be able to secure the election of that candidate as a minority member of the board". Similar, but more
193:
is the standard election method for most parliamentary elections. In it, a candidate is elected if they receive support from a majority of the voters. At no point are any candidates involuntarily eliminated, as they would under
267:
942:
Some votes are "deferred" and instead conducted by means of an open ballot done at a convenient time for members. This is typically done for minor or technical legislation and is not permitted to be done for Bills.
478:
are incidental motions used to obtain a vote on a question in some form other than by voice or by division of the assembly; or to close or reopen the polls. For instance, a motion can be made to vote by ballot.
67:) is the usual method of voting on any motion that does not require more than a majority vote for its adoption. It is considered the simplest and quickest of voting methods used by deliberative assemblies. The
482:
These motions generally cannot be used to specify alternative forms of voting such as cumulative voting or preferential voting. Those methods can only be done through a provision in the bylaws. Likewise,
730:
S. Res. 480, a Senate resolution passed in 1984, created a standing order of the Senate requiring that each senator vote from his or her assigned desk. The resolution was sponsored by
Democratic Senator
946:
The House of Lords follows are similar procedure, though the words "aye" and "no" are replaced by "content" and "not content" and the order given before a division is "Clear the Bar". Since the
212:
is not sufficient. A vote for the election of officers, when no candidate receives a majority vote, is of no effect, and the situation remains exactly as though no vote had been taken."
152:
Recorded votes may either be taken by actually calling the roll (a task typically ordered by the chair and performed by the secretary) or, in some assemblies, by electronic device.
827:
In 42 chambers, a running vote total is displayed to the chamber; running vote totals appear on the presiding officer's monitor in 62 chambers and on the clerk's monitor in 59.
666:
system showing the House chamber. The updates enabled in-progress voting counts to be displayed on the closed-circuit TV system. In-progress vote counts are now also shown on
756:
2217:
785:
chamber, with the electronic vote board on the wall. In 1917, the
Wisconsin State Assembly became the first state legislative chamber to adopt an electronic voting system.
743:. All senators do vote from their desks, however, when asked to do so by the Senate majority leader. This typically is done on particularly solemn or important votes. The
1583:
808:
Today, almost two-thirds of the legislative bodies have installed electronic voting systems. About 40 percent of chambers have made updates to their system since 1990.
595:
487:
is generally prohibited, except in situations in which membership is transferable, as in stock corporations and even then, only by authorization in the bylaws.
2343:
954:
the House of
Commons, the count in that house is now counted and verified by electronic means of members scanning their passes as they enter a division lobby.
700:
the amendment is agreed to ." If any senator objects to the presiding officer's determination, a vote will occur by another method (usually a recorded vote).
214:
2060:
648:
591:
271:
752:
263:
230:
A disadvantage is that if no one drops out of the race, and the voters are unwilling to switch sides, balloting can theoretically go on forever. In the
2198:
1914:
950:, the Lords now vote electronically but members must be physically present in Parliament in order to do so, unless special dispensation is obtained.
301:
Preferential voting allows members to vote on more than one proposal or candidate at a time, and to rank the various options in order of preference.
904:
2407:
1783:
1039:
692:
2335:
2146:
518:
504:
1023:
512:
2357:
1034:
may also decide to hold a vote using the
Parliament's electronic voting system. Electronic voting systems are installed in each of the
748:
508:
86:
A simple rising vote (in which the number of members voting on each side rise to their feet) is used principally in cases in which the
2123:
2085:
2032:
1736:
1655:
1035:
812:
793:
use electronic voting systems for recorded votes. The first state legislative chambers to install electronic voting systems were the
128:
is a vote in which the votes (for or against) of each member of the assembly are recorded (and often later published). RONR explains:
576:
231:
2181:
988:
uses the
Westminster mode of voting; members use "Aye" and "No" lobbies unless a unanimous voice vote is taken. By contrast, the
947:
647:
The representative's vote is then displayed in two summary panels above the press gallery seats and to the right and left of the
831:
More sophisticated electronic voting systems are sometimes linked to other technology to assist the legislatures in their work:
636:
authorized electronic voting for the first time. Electronic voting was first used in the House on
January 23, 1973, to record a
2206:
2156:
1997:
908:
875:
633:
587:
255:
1599:
844:
In ten chambers, the presiding officer has a monitor displaying which legislators wish to speak and the order of the requests.
2386:
1977:
1957:
1942:
1907:
1110:
744:
572:
1031:
879:
1328:
688:
The three means of voting in the Senate are voice, division, and "the yeas and nays" (recorded votes or roll-call votes).
2364:
683:
409:
2194:
1937:
1013:
884:
2202:
2393:
2190:
1859:
1822:
1027:
790:
772:
266:
for the office in order to secure a candidate on whom the majority can agree. This can help break a deadlock. In the
104:
and ensures that each member's vote is counted equally (no advantage for shouting louder). However, it is not a full
2113:
805:(1923). Electronic voting systems continued to spread, and by 1980, nearly half of legislatures used such a system.
2455:
2308:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1900:
981:
975:
900:
871:
431:
420:
399:
35:
2093:
1612:
867:
2350:
2227:
2075:
1329:"The Institutional Origins of the Republican Party: Spatial Voting and the House Speakership Election of 1855–56"
243:
811:
Electronic voting systems typically have voting controls at the front desk and running vote total displays. The
1584:
All 100 Senators voted on the immigration bill from their desks. That's a rarer occurrence than you might think
1537:
1497:
1266:
1081:
798:
712:
at the start of a two-year Congress, but votes are sometimes held open for longer so that senators may arrive.
2252:
2098:
1049:
If at least 20% of the Parliament requests it before voting begins, the vote will be taken by secret ballot.
926:
If the result of the vote is unclear (or challenged by any member of the house), the Speaker will call for a
605:
1555:
777:
2400:
1301:
740:
609:
378:
370:
1533:
2242:
1847:
1814:
993:
971:
802:
442:
374:
2327:
2171:
2103:
2055:
247:
58:
747:
maintains a list of occasions when senators voted from their desks: these included the passage of the
278:
received the most votes, 103 votes out of 214, or five less than a majority, and was elected speaker.
2002:
985:
963:
663:
1784:"Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament - February 2013 - Rule 169 - Voting by secret ballot"
1571:
1156:
662:
In 1977, the electronic voting system was updated to be compatible with the House's newly installed
2298:
2161:
794:
782:
81:
1757:
2318:
2285:
2141:
1923:
1454:(eds. Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 267.
760:
339:, this procedure by which elimination rules tend to eliminate consensus candidates is called the
23:
208:
states, "In the absence of a special rule, a majority vote is necessary to elect officers and a
2186:
2151:
1851:
1810:
Shocking Mother Russia: Democratization, Social Rights, and Pension Reform in Russia, 1990-2001
716:
629:
568:
2370:
2040:
1947:
1808:
927:
316:
195:
19:
930:. Once a division has been called, the order "Clear the Lobby" is given in the Commons, and
361:, a procedure that allows electors to divide a single vote between multiple candidates into
2275:
2237:
2108:
1842:
Comparing Post-Soviet Legislatures: A Theory of Institutional Design and Political Conflict
1651:
935:
739:. However, the rule is widely ignored, and senators typically vote while milling about the
679:
655:
324:
292:
1728:
8:
2419:
1972:
1708:
1019:
1009:
989:
967:
893:
382:
251:
105:
704:
result of a division vote. As in a voice vote, any senator may ask for a recorded vote.
2379:
2232:
1840:
1343:
863:
849:
the clerk orally calls the roll, but each member's vote is then entered into a system.
275:
209:
2432:
2270:
2260:
2065:
2050:
2022:
1865:
1855:
1818:
1160:
1106:
920:
732:
709:
697:
358:
352:
312:
296:
204:
199:
1043:
258:, where it took six days of debate and 36 ballots to elect Jefferson as the winner.
2303:
997:
320:
235:
600:
2436:
2136:
27:
903:(Westminster), at the close of debate, the presiding officer of the chamber—the
2265:
2131:
2045:
1494:
Electronic Voting System in the House of Representatives: History and Evolution
1493:
1076:
916:
889:
715:
Unlike the House, the Senate does not use electronic voting. In December 2013,
526:
453:
340:
2449:
2176:
931:
736:
621:
534:
336:
308:
188:
174:
912:
484:
464:
145:
1892:
495:
Many legislative bodies use electronic voting systems for recorded votes.
1967:
1144:
724:
637:
327:, will tend to elect compromise candidates in a single round of voting).
109:
2166:
815:
has reported on various differences in state electronic voting-systems:
628:
on the first electric vote recorder, and demonstrated the system to the
448:
To close polls, no; to reopen polls, negative vote only; all others, yes
307:
specifically advises against the use of non-majority procedures such as
2413:
1064:
1058:
719:
332:
239:
223:
148:
or in any assembly whose members are not responsible to a constituency.
52:
1347:
708:
time limit for roll-call votes is nominally fifteen minutes as set by
388:
1952:
1886:
2017:
87:
68:
835:
In 48 chambers, the voting system is linked to journal production.
2293:
2070:
2007:
1869:
1157:
https://journals.house.texas.gov/HJRNL/88R/HTML/88RDAY26FINAL.HTM
542:
1962:
1771:
The European Parliament: What It Is, What It Does, How It Works
667:
625:
613:
538:
100:
counting them individually. This method is more precise than a
31:
1105:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 45.
838:
In 40 chambers, the voting system is linked with the calendar.
644:
and presses one of three buttons: "Yea," "Nay," or "Present."
555:
2233:
Rescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted
651:
1211:
National Conference of State Legislatures (2000).
394:
Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls (RONR)
1327:
Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Nokken, Timothy P. (February 2000).
581:
1273:. Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives
596:
Procedures of the United States House of Representatives
537:
was introduced, and the voter recorded his vote with a
1682:(Cambridge University Press, 3d ed. 1950), pp. 125-26.
2199:
Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion
608:
taking a roll-call vote to elect its speaker for the
592:
History of the United States House of Representatives
469:
Majority, except two-thirds for motion to close polls
108:
of the assembly, and can produce a larger number of
2344:
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure
2167:
Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls
1226:
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure
857:
476:
Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls
389:
Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls
1839:
1758:How does Holyrood's electronic voting system work?
1183:
1181:
545:tablet, then dropped the completed ballot in the
490:
2447:
727:" sessions on amendments to budget resolutions.
335:' on whom all factions may prefer to agree". In
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1421:
286:
1887:Robert's Rules of Order on Preferential Voting
1613:Senate passes sweeping immigration legislation
1452:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
1267:"Electoral College & Indecisive Elections"
1178:
868:Division of the assembly § United Kingdom
841:In 24 chambers, the system has a debate timer.
1908:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1326:
2336:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
2147:Objection to the consideration of a question
1714:
1556:Voting by Electronic Device — in the Senate?
1534:Voting in the Senate: Forms and Requirements
1254:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
757:confirmation votes of Supreme Court justices
753:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act
505:Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic
1922:
1802:
1800:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1528:
1526:
513:Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom
2408:Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms
1915:
1901:
1543:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
509:Legislative assemblies of the Roman Empire
2013:Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
1656:National Conference of State Legislatures
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
813:National Conference of State Legislatures
1806:
1797:
1685:
1661:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1163:uses the practice in memory of notables.
883:
776:
599:
577:Procedures of the United States Congress
2358:Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure
1652:Roll Call Voting Machines and Practices
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1503:
1213:Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure
1145:Robert's Rules Online: Art. VIII. Vote.
673:
2448:
2157:Consideration by paragraph or seriatim
1837:
1763:
1600:Voting from Desk in the Senate Chamber
1457:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1316:– via The Times's print archive.
1240:
1236:
1234:
1199:
1187:
1172:
1140:
1125:
1101:Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
1100:
1003:
957:
876:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
634:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
588:United States House of Representatives
582:United States House of Representatives
2328:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
1943:Principles of parliamentary procedure
1896:
1103:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
1052:
766:
573:History of the United States Congress
346:
179:
1739:from the original on 28 October 2022
1618:
1611:Richard Cowan & Thomas Ferraro,
1136:
1134:
1032:president of the European Parliament
880:House of Lords of the United Kingdom
553:(voting urn), sometimes also called
281:
2365:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
1711:, Parliament of the United Kingdom.
1385:
1373:
1231:
1036:European Parliament's two locations
684:History of the United States Senate
410:In order when another has the floor
13:
2387:Odgers' Australian Senate Practice
1938:History of parliamentary procedure
1014:History of the European Parliament
250:the election was determined via a
232:U.S. presidential election of 1800
41:
14:
2467:
2394:House of Representatives Practice
2182:Request to be excused from a duty
1880:
1131:
852:
773:State legislature (United States)
246:each, and in accordance with the
63:(RONR) states that a voice vote (
2431:
2114:Fix the time to which to adjourn
2061:Limit or extend limits of debate
1760:, BBC News (September 23, 2016).
1224:Demeter, George (1969).
976:Devolution in the United Kingdom
901:Parliament of the United Kingdom
872:Parliament of the United Kingdom
858:Parliament of the United Kingdom
562:
155:
119:
113:
94:
2207:Request for any other privilege
2172:Motions relating to nominations
1831:
1776:
1751:
1605:
1593:
1576:
1565:
1445:
1433:
1409:
1397:
1361:
1320:
1294:
1285:
1259:
1252:Sturgis, Alice (2001).
1246:
1000:use electronic voting systems.
529:, the voting was preceded by a
498:
101:
2094:Call for the orders of the day
1538:Congressional Research Service
1498:Congressional Research Service
1218:
1205:
1193:
1166:
1149:
1119:
1094:
1082:Voting system (disambiguation)
799:Texas House of Representatives
491:Voting systems in legislatures
75:
1:
2218:Motions that bring a question
2099:Raise a question of privilege
1773:(Pergamon: 1981), pp. 91, 94.
1336:Legislative Studies Quarterly
1087:
606:U.S. House of Representatives
46:
2351:Riddick's Rules of Procedure
1733:Parliament of United Kingdom
371:single non-transferable vote
321:modern ranked voting methods
287:Runoff and elimination rules
222:Repeated balloting allows a
168:
16:Methods of voting on motions
7:
1848:Ohio State University Press
1815:University of Toronto Press
1680:Ourselves and the Community
1602:, Senate Historical Office.
1070:
994:National Assembly for Wales
972:National Assembly for Wales
803:Virginia House of Delegates
10:
2474:
2056:Postpone to a certain time
1615:, Reuters (June 27, 2013).
1056:
1007:
961:
861:
770:
677:
585:
566:
502:
350:
290:
172:
79:
50:
2429:
2401:Bourinot's Rules of Order
2319:Parliamentary authorities
2317:
2284:
2251:
2220:again before the assembly
2216:
2122:
2084:
2031:
1930:
1807:Chandler, Andrea (2004).
1302:"The Election of Speaker"
986:Northern Ireland Assembly
964:Northern Ireland Assembly
664:closed-circuit television
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
408:
398:
30:– use several methods of
2299:Declare the chair vacant
2162:Division of the assembly
1838:Ostrow, Joel M. (2000).
934:ring out throughout the
795:Wisconsin State Assembly
783:Wisconsin State Assembly
745:Senate Historical Office
517:In the various types of
256:House of Representatives
82:Division of the assembly
2456:Parliamentary procedure
2286:Disciplinary procedures
2195:Request for information
1924:Parliamentary procedure
1256:, 4th ed., p. 135 (TSC)
761:articles of impeachment
305:Robert's Rules of Order
59:Robert's Rules of Order
24:parliamentary procedure
20:Deliberative assemblies
2253:Legislative procedures
2203:Request to read papers
2187:Requests and inquiries
2152:Division of a question
896:
786:
717:Senate Majority Leader
630:United States Congress
617:
569:United States Congress
519:legislative assemblies
365:parts; the case where
150:
2238:Discharge a committee
2191:Parliamentary inquiry
2041:Postpone indefinitely
1948:Deliberative assembly
1057:Further information:
1008:Further information:
962:Further information:
928:division of the house
887:
862:Further information:
780:
771:Further information:
691:On a voice vote, the
678:Further information:
656:magnetic stripe cards
603:
586:Further information:
567:Further information:
503:Further information:
341:center squeeze effect
317:instant-runoff voting
196:instant-runoff voting
130:
2276:Recall of Parliament
1228:, Blue Book, p. 213
936:Parliamentary Estate
680:United States Senate
674:United States Senate
325:median voter theorem
309:ranked-choice voting
293:Ranked-choice voting
272:Speaker of the House
2420:ABC of Chairmanship
2228:Take from the table
1562:(December 4, 2013).
1532:Walter J. Oleszek,
1342:(1): 114, 128–130.
1020:European Parliament
1010:European Parliament
1004:European Parliament
990:Scottish Parliament
982:devolved assemblies
968:Scottish Parliament
958:Devolved assemblies
894:Parliament Act 1911
749:Affordable Care Act
443:May be reconsidered
395:
252:contingent election
2380:Lex Parliamentaria
2124:Incidental motions
2086:Privileged motions
2033:Subsidiary motions
1554:Niels Lesniewski,
1442:, pp. 428–429
1394:, pp. 443–444
1308:. January 10, 1860
1306:The New York Times
1053:Russian State Duma
897:
864:Westminster system
791:state legislatures
787:
767:State legislatures
618:
612:, as broadcast by
393:
347:Multiwinner voting
319:, but not of most
276:Nathaniel P. Banks
264:reopen nominations
185:Repeated balloting
180:Repeated balloting
22:– bodies that use
2443:
2442:
2271:Motion to pass on
2261:Call of the house
2142:Suspend the rules
2066:Previous question
2023:Unanimous consent
2003:Order of business
1492:Jacob R. Straus,
1271:history.house.gov
1161:Texas Legislature
1155:See for example,
1112:978-0-306-82020-5
948:COVID-19 pandemic
733:Jennings Randolph
710:unanimous consent
698:Without objection
693:presiding officer
541:on a wax-covered
473:
472:
359:cumulative voting
353:Cumulative voting
313:exhaustive ballot
297:Exhaustive ballot
282:Nonstandard rules
200:exhaustive ballot
132:Taking a vote by
2463:
2435:
2339:(TSC or Sturgis)
2076:Lay on the table
1917:
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1903:
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1678:E. E. Reynolds,
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1590:(June 28, 2013).
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1500:(Feb. 11, 2008).
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998:States of Jersey
909:House of Commons
396:
392:
383:Phragmen's rules
377:, rules include
268:1855-56 election
242:were tied at 73
236:Thomas Jefferson
215:Demeter's Manual
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1582:Sean Sullivan,
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244:electoral votes
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120:Recorded vote
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92:
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61:Newly Revised
60:
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39:
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26:to arrive at
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2371:Jefferson's
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2012:
1841:
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1788:. Retrieved
1786:. 2013-01-31
1778:
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1741:. Retrieved
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1351:. Retrieved
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1310:. Retrieved
1305:
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1291:TSC, p. 211
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
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1195:
1175:, p. 53
1168:
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992:(Holyrood),
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913:Lord Speaker
898:
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801:(1919), and
788:
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646:
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624:filed for a
619:
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485:proxy voting
481:
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375:proportional
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248:Constitution
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146:mass meeting
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125:
123:
98:
85:
64:
57:
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18:
1998:Main motion
1978:Recognition
1889:, Fairvote.
1850:. pp.
1729:"Divisions"
1440:Robert 2011
1428:Robert 2011
1416:Robert 2011
1404:Robert 2011
1392:Robert 2011
1380:Robert 2011
1368:Robert 2011
1241:Robert 2011
1200:Robert 2011
1188:Robert 2011
1173:Robert 2011
1141:Robert 2011
1126:Robert 2011
820:the system.
725:vote-a-rama
638:quorum call
114:rising vote
110:abstentions
76:Rising vote
2414:Morin code
2243:Reconsider
1790:2018-09-25
1159:where the
1088:References
1065:State Duma
1059:State Duma
1040:Strasbourg
1026:or any 21
980:Among the
720:Harry Reid
404:Incidental
333:dark horse
240:Aaron Burr
224:dark horse
173:See also:
102:voice vote
53:Voice vote
47:Voice vote
1953:Committee
1870:99-059121
1743:6 January
1709:Divisions
1560:Roll Call
1215:, p. 391
649:speaker's
620:In 1869,
525:) of the
454:Amendable
432:Debatable
331:to be a '
210:plurality
169:Balloting
135:roll call
65:viva voce
28:decisions
2450:Category
2018:Majority
1737:Archived
1353:April 5,
1312:April 5,
1277:April 5,
1071:See also
1044:Brussels
797:(1917),
106:division
2304:Impeach
2294:Censure
2109:Adjourn
2071:Cloture
2008:Minutes
1958:Session
1028:members
1018:In the
915:of the
911:or the
907:of the
905:Speaker
899:In the
547:sitella
543:boxwood
523:comitia
311:or the
254:in the
198:or the
187:or the
138:(or by
112:than a
36:motions
2373:Manual
2331:(RONR)
2309:Naming
2137:Appeal
2104:Recess
2051:Commit
1993:Debate
1988:Second
1983:Motion
1963:Quorum
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668:C-SPAN
626:patent
614:C-SPAN
594:, and
575:, and
539:stylus
531:contio
511:, and
32:voting
2266:Hoist
2046:Amend
1973:Floor
1968:Chair
1854:–25.
1344:JSTOR
1332:(PDF)
824:time.
789:Many
556:cista
400:Class
88:chair
69:chair
1866:LCCN
1856:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1745:2023
1355:2019
1314:2019
1279:2019
1107:ISBN
1042:and
1012:and
996:and
888:The
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682:and
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604:The
551:urna
295:and
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549:or
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381:or
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