588:
576:
564:
619:
647:
631:
603:
34:
379:
Sigmoid volvulus is the most-common form of volvulus of the gastrointestinal tract. and is responsible for 8% of all intestinal obstructions. Sigmoid volvulus is particularly common in elderly persons and constipated patients. Patients experience abdominal pain, distension, and absolute constipation.
318:
within the next two days is generally recommended. If the bowel is severely twisted or the blood supply is cut off, immediate surgery is required. In a cecal volvulus, often part of the bowel needs to be surgically removed. If the cecum is still healthy, it may occasionally be returned to a normal
659:
Treatment for sigmoid volvulus may include sigmoidoscopy. If the mucosa of the sigmoid looks normal and pink, a rectal tube for decompression may be placed, and any fluid, electrolyte, cardiac, kidney or pulmonary abnormalities should be corrected. The affected person should then be taken to the
509:
After taking a thorough history, the diagnosis of colonic volvulus is usually easily included in the differential diagnosis. Abdominal plain x-rays are commonly confirmatory for a volvulus, especially if a "bent inner tube" sign or a "coffee bean" sign are seen. These refer to the shape of the
675:
In a cecal volvulus, the cecum may be returned to a normal position and sutured in place, a procedure known as cecopexy. If identified early, before presumed intestinal wall ischemia has resulted in tissue breakdown and necrosis, the cecal volvulus can be detorsed laparoscopically. It has been
528:
is a common condition with different presentations. Although diverticulitis may be the source of a colonic obstruction, it more commonly causes an ileus, which appears to be a colonic obstruction. Endoscopic means can be used to secure a diagnosis although this may cause a perforation of the
353:
Depending on the location of the volvulus, symptoms may vary. For example, in patients with cecal volvulus, the predominant symptoms may be those of small bowel obstruction (nausea, vomiting and lack of stool or flatus), because the obstructing point is close to the ileocecal valve and small
393:
Gastric volvulus causes nausea, vomiting, and pain in the upper abdomen. The
Borchardt triad is a group of symptoms that help doctors to identify gastric volvulus. The symptoms are intractable retching, pain in the upper abdomen and inability to pass nasogastric tube into the stomach.
536:
may cause colonic obstruction. The obstruction may be acute or chronic after years of uncontrolled disease leads to the formation of strictures and fistulas. The medical history is helpful in that most cases of inflammatory bowel disease are well known to both patient and doctor.
521:
The differential diagnosis includes the much more common constricting or obstructing carcinoma. In approximately 80 percent of colonic obstructions, invasive carcinoma is found to be the cause of the obstruction. This is usually easily diagnosed with endoscopic biopsies.
529:
inflamed diverticular area. CT scanning is the more common method to diagnose diverticulitis. The scan will show mesenteric stranding in the involved segment of edematous colon which is usually in the sigmoid region. Micro perforations with free air may be seen.
587:
510:
air-filled closed loop of colon which forms the volvulus. Should the diagnosis be in doubt, a barium enema may be used to demonstrate a "bird's beak" at the point where the segment of proximal bowel and distal bowel rotate to form the volvulus.
365:, and death. This is known as a closed-loop obstruction because there exists an isolated ("closed") loop of bowel. Acute volvulus often requires immediate surgical intervention to untwist the affected segment of bowel and possibly
513:
This area shows an acute and sharp tapering and looks like a bird's beak. If a perforation is suspected, barium should not be used due to its potentially lethal effects when distributed throughout the free intraperitoneal cavity.
1308:
330:, and India. Rates of volvulus in the United States are about 2–3 per 100,000 people per year. Sigmoid and cecal volvulus typically occurs between the ages of 30 and 70. Outcomes are related to whether or not the
1497:
1482:
743:
357:
Volvulus causes severe pain and progressive injury to the intestinal wall, with accumulation of gas and fluid in the portion of the bowel obstructed. Ultimately, this can result in
2419:
575:
1204:
1420:
Ferrer-Inaebnit E, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Molina-Romero FX, González-Argenté X (October 2020). "Oclusión e isquemia por vólvulo de ciego en corea de
Huntington".
954:
Sleisenger and
Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features
596:
of a small bowel volvulus. It shows two juxtaposed segments of narrowing, which is the spot of mesentery rotation. The other signs indicate strangulation.
1597:
735:
1312:
452:
occurs, usually in adults, with only minor predisposing factors such as redundant (excess, inadequately supported) intestinal tissue and constipation.
563:
2101:
1144:
383:
Cecal volvulus is slightly less common than sigmoid volvulus and is associated with symptoms of abdominal pain and small bowel obstruction.
1696:
799:
1071:
968:
904:
1735:
354:
intestine. In patients with sigmoid volvulus, although abdominal pain may be present, symptoms of constipation may be more prominent.
872:
The
Papyrus Ebers, ca. 1550 BC, described the natural course of volvulus to be spontaneous reduction or "rotting" of the intestines
1590:
372:
Volvulus occurs most frequently in middle-aged and elderly men. Volvulus can also arise as a rare complication in persons with
432:. Segmental volvulus occurs in people of any age, usually with a predisposition because of abnormal intestinal contents (e.g.
1963:
1174:
1065:
993:
962:
935:
898:
793:
1875:
1615:
1342:
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602:
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153:
618:
2554:
2073:
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411:
1768:
387:
2134:
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1664:
1120:
Medical
Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach (Medical Terminology (W/CD & CD-ROM) (Davis))
2407:
2363:
2316:
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1740:
660:
operating room for surgical repair. If surgery is not performed, there is a high rate of recurrence.
44:
630:
2753:
2433:
2068:
2026:
1839:
1714:
1701:
1671:
1642:
1516:
224:. Onset of symptoms may be rapid or more gradual. The mesentery may become so tightly twisted that
2890:
2678:
2455:
2196:
1988:
1647:
1152:
781:
677:
88:
2758:
2482:
2465:
1849:
1725:
1676:
1637:
1607:
481:
468:
429:
275:
may also increase the risk. The most commonly affected part of the intestines in adults is the
248:
113:
1053:
952:
888:
2690:
2609:
2598:
2559:
2487:
1790:
541:
428:
Midgut volvulus occurs in people (usually babies) that are predisposed because of congenital
2729:
2673:
2494:
2390:
1973:
1968:
1802:
1720:
1686:
1419:
1009:
Ballantyne GH (July 1982). "Review of sigmoid volvulus: History and results of treatment".
985:
Diseases in
Antiquity: A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries, and Surgery of Early Populations
373:
256:
133:
121:
927:
8:
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2633:
2526:
2509:
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2443:
2395:
2238:
2215:
2208:
2157:
2129:
2051:
2046:
2041:
1958:
1575:
1501:
229:
93:
1175:"Our sigmoid colon volvulus experience and benefits of colonoscope in detortion process"
2835:
2700:
2683:
2668:
2655:
2638:
2504:
2139:
2031:
2003:
1937:
1763:
1659:
1624:
1445:
1402:
1034:
858:
833:
533:
264:
129:
64:
1510:
1506:
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is more often involved. The stomach can also be affected. Diagnosis is typically with
2813:
2794:
2167:
1527:
1449:
1437:
1394:
1386:
1274:
1247:
1239:
1196:
1123:
1061:
1026:
989:
958:
931:
894:
863:
789:
205:
140:
52:
1433:
1191:
1038:
47:
of the abdomen, demonstrating a volvulus as indicated by twisting of the bowel stock
2860:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2627:
2499:
2427:
2245:
2152:
2147:
2077:
2036:
1844:
1809:
1556:
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1406:
1376:
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1186:
1018:
853:
845:
498:
493:
445:
2818:
2748:
2614:
2549:
2514:
2385:
2250:
2186:
2088:
2007:
1998:
1948:
1888:
1773:
1750:
1521:
1334:
983:
920:
890:
Principles and
Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus, Third Edition
554:
548:
366:
315:
288:
284:
272:
252:
176:
145:
117:
57:
1271:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1266:
1219:
2855:
2770:
2324:
2297:
2162:
2097:
2093:
1983:
1953:
1532:
1381:
1364:
525:
433:
209:
69:
1491:
1220:"Volvulus of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Appearances at Multimodality Imaging"
1088:
2879:
2788:
2741:
2534:
2477:
2460:
2372:
2117:
1944:
1819:
1785:
1730:
1390:
1243:
449:
323:
307:
276:
168:
41:
2663:
2575:
2448:
2351:
2302:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2191:
2016:
1932:
1824:
1814:
1780:
1441:
1398:
1278:
1251:
1218:
Peterson CM, Anderson JS, Hara AK, Carenza JW, Menias CO (September 2009).
1200:
867:
849:
515:
311:
268:
244:
221:
217:
172:
81:
77:
1030:
667:
or an abdominal catastrophe, immediate surgery and resection are advised.
346:
Bowel obstruction manifested as abdominal distension and bilious vomiting.
2843:
2605:
2583:
2414:
2334:
1978:
1879:
1632:
1235:
609:
327:
292:
237:
149:
108:
334:. The term volvulus is from the Latin "volvere"; which means "to roll".
2619:
2292:
2270:
1915:
1854:
1570:
1022:
688:
331:
1474:
646:
2569:
2539:
2402:
2380:
2233:
2084:
2058:
1920:
1910:
1797:
1758:
1691:
1551:
1365:"Laparoscopic detorsion and cecopexy for treatment of cecal volvulus"
551:– tire-like shadow arising from right iliac fossa and passing to left
544:, chronic constipation and impaction may cause a pseudo obstruction.
437:
260:
201:
197:
125:
1117:
2203:
1893:
406:
362:
358:
349:
Ischemia (loss of blood flow) to the affected portion of intestine.
213:
73:
306:
Initial treatment for sigmoid volvulus may occasionally occur via
2255:
2021:
1925:
1897:
1341:. Los Angeles Colon and Rectal Surgical Associates. LAcolon.com.
593:
342:
Regardless of cause, volvulus causes symptoms by two mechanisms:
300:
157:
376:, a normal anatomic variation resulting in extra colonic loops.
2721:
2339:
2225:
1486:
664:
326:
as early as 1550 BC. It occurs most frequently in Africa, the
16:
Twisting of part of the intestine, causing a bowel obstruction
2171:
1901:
475:
441:
280:
233:
225:
1217:
786:
Rosen's
Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice
33:
1605:
1173:
Turan M, Sen M, Karadayi K, et al. (January 2004).
691:
for other forms of volvulus, especially anal volvulus.
228:
flow to part of the intestine is cut off, resulting in
1264:
581:
Coronal view of sigmoid volvulus with "whirlpool sign"
957:(9 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 384.
950:
1464:
779:
981:
919:
569:Coffee bean sign in a person with sigmoid volvulus
1142:
518:, which is safer, can be substituted for barium.
2877:
1332:
1309:Los Angeles Colon and Rectal Surgical Associates
1301:"Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis - For Physicians"
1298:
1172:
886:
1362:
1118:Wedding, Mary Ellen, Gylys, Barbara A. (2004).
982:Brothwell DR, R DW, Sandison AT (14 May 2014).
1265:Le CK, Nahirniak P, Anand S, Cooper W (2023).
831:
1591:
1058:Handbook of Colorectal Surgery: Third Edition
926:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1697:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1166:
283:being second most affected. In children the
238:significant pain when the abdomen is touched
490:volvulus of the splenic flexure, the rarest
1736:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1598:
1584:
1008:
951:Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ (2010).
730:
728:
726:
724:
676:associated to several diseases, including
32:
1380:
1363:Jones RG, Wayne EJ, Kehdy FJ (May 2012).
1190:
1122:. Philadelphia, Pa: F. A. Davis Company.
882:
880:
857:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
736:"Anatomic Problems of the Lower GI Tract"
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
386:Volvulus can also occur in patients with
1051:
988:. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Limited.
645:
314:. Due to the high risk of recurrence, a
1083:
1081:
917:
2878:
1571:CT of an abdomen with sigmoid volvulus
1113:
1111:
1109:
877:
832:Gingold D, Murrell Z (December 2012).
806:
780:Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (2013).
758:
701:
2720:
1964:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1579:
650:Volvulus with gangrene of the sigmoid
337:
1145:"Redundant colon: A health concern?"
1093:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1078:
322:Cases of volvulus were described in
1339:What Can Be Done About Constipation
1106:
838:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
13:
1011:Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
390:due to smooth muscle dysfunction.
14:
2902:
2849:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2696:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1460:
1149:Ask a Digestive System Specialist
746:from the original on 28 July 2016
361:of the affected intestinal wall,
232:. In this situation there may be
204:that supports it, resulting in a
2594:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1207:from the original on 2011-07-11.
1151:. MayoClinic.com. Archived from
1143:Mayo Clinic Staff (2006-10-13).
1074:from the original on 2016-08-16.
971:from the original on 2016-08-16.
907:from the original on 2016-08-17.
887:Gordon PH, Nivatvongs S (2007).
834:"Management of colonic volvulus"
802:from the original on 2016-08-16.
629:
617:
601:
586:
574:
562:
540:Other rare syndromes, including
487:volvulus of the transverse colon
397:
1835:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1830:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1707:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1434:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.03.005
1422:GastroenterologĂa y HepatologĂa
1413:
1356:
1345:from the original on 2012-06-13
1333:Hoffman, Gary H. (2009-10-27).
1326:
1315:from the original on 2013-02-26
1299:Hoffman, Gary H. (2007-08-16).
1292:
1258:
1211:
1192:10.4321/s1130-01082004000100005
1136:
624:Plain X ray of a cecal volvulus
464:volvulus of the small intestine
319:position and sutured in place.
2589:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2439:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2261:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1045:
1002:
975:
944:
922:Professional Guide to Diseases
911:
1:
2646:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
694:
200:twists around itself and the
2555:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2074:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1682:Esophageal motility disorder
788:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
641:
608:An x-ray of a person with a
504:
7:
636:CT scan of a cecal volvulus
388:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
369:any unsalvageable portion.
10:
2907:
2540:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2064:Functional colonic disease
1860:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1382:10.1177/000313481207800503
893:. CRC Press. p. 971.
654:
2834:
2713:
2654:
2568:
2525:
2371:
2362:
2315:
2269:
2224:
2110:
1997:
1887:
1874:
1749:
1741:Acute esophageal necrosis
1623:
1614:
1542:
1468:
1305:Time To Call The Surgeon?
663:For people with signs of
423:
182:
164:
139:
107:
99:
87:
63:
51:
40:
31:
26:
1840:Gastric dumping syndrome
1715:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1702:Diffuse esophageal spasm
1052:Beck D, Beck DE (2012).
683:
670:
474:volvulus of the caecum (
467:midgut volvulus (due to
455:
186:2.5 per 100,000 per year
2456:Alcoholic liver disease
1989:Bile acid malabsorption
1933:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1335:"What is Constipation?"
243:Risk factors include a
2886:Diseases of intestines
2466:Hepatic encephalopathy
1850:Buried bumper syndrome
1781:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1665:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1608:human digestive system
850:10.1055/s-0032-1329535
651:
532:Ulcerative colitis or
482:sigmoid colon volvulus
478:), also cecal volvulus
469:intestinal malrotation
430:intestinal malrotation
249:intestinal malrotation
114:Intestinal malrotation
2691:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2560:Porcelain gallbladder
1672:Zenker's diverticulum
649:
332:bowel tissue has died
103:Rapid or more gradual
2495:Hepatorenal syndrome
2434:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2391:Autoimmune hepatitis
2216:Intestinal adhesions
1974:Short bowel syndrome
1803:Functional dyspepsia
1721:Esophageal stricture
1687:Nutcracker esophagus
1369:The American Surgeon
1236:10.1148/rg.295095011
678:Huntington's disease
257:Hirschsprung disease
134:chronic constipation
122:Hirschsprung disease
2634:Choledocholithiasis
2505:Metabolic disorders
2471:Acute liver failure
2444:Portal hypertension
2396:Alcoholic hepatitis
2239:Radiation proctitis
2158:Mesenteric ischemia
2130:Gastroenterocolitis
1959:Blind loop syndrome
1769:Ménétrier's disease
1677:Barrett's esophagus
918:Wilkins LW (2009).
461:volvulus neonatorum
440:. Volvulus of the
265:abdominal adhesions
208:. Symptoms include
130:abdominal adhesions
2809:Undefined location
2800:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2701:Pancreatic fistula
2684:Pancreatic abscess
2639:Biliary dyskinesia
2610:Mirizzi's syndrome
2111:Large and/or small
1791:Dieulafoy's lesion
1660:Boerhaave syndrome
1543:External resources
1179:Rev Esp Enferm Dig
1060:. JP Medical Ltd.
1023:10.1007/BF02553666
652:
542:Ogilvie's syndrome
484:(sigmoid volvulus)
419:Recurrent volvulus
416:Faecal peritonitis
338:Signs and symptoms
214:abdominal bloating
196:is when a loop of
74:abdominal bloating
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2709:
2708:
2311:
2310:
2168:Bowel obstruction
1870:
1869:
1566:
1565:
1067:978-1-907816-20-8
995:978-0-398-08909-2
964:978-1-4377-2767-8
937:978-0-7817-7899-2
900:978-1-4200-1799-1
795:978-1-4557-4987-4
206:bowel obstruction
190:
189:
141:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
2898:
2861:Pneumoperitoneum
2718:
2717:
2628:Common bile duct
2510:Wilson's disease
2500:Peliosis hepatis
2369:
2368:
2246:Proctalgia fugax
2153:Abdominal angina
2078:Ogilvie syndrome
2027:Pseudomembranous
1885:
1884:
1845:Gastric volvulus
1810:Pyloric stenosis
1621:
1620:
1606:Diseases of the
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1230:(5): 1281–1293.
1215:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
973:
972:
948:
942:
941:
925:
915:
909:
908:
884:
875:
874:
861:
829:
804:
803:
777:
756:
755:
753:
751:
732:
633:
621:
605:
590:
578:
566:
499:ileosigmoid knot
494:gastric volvulus
446:transverse colon
36:
24:
23:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2830:
2819:Internal hernia
2705:
2650:
2615:Biliary fistula
2573:
2564:
2550:Adenomyomatosis
2545:Cholesterolosis
2521:
2515:Hemochromatosis
2386:Viral hepatitis
2358:
2307:
2265:
2251:Rectal prolapse
2220:
2187:Fecal impaction
2177:Intussusception
2140:Crohn's disease
2106:
2089:Toxic megacolon
2001:
1999:Large intestine
1993:
1938:Curling's ulcer
1891:
1889:Small intestine
1878:
1866:
1774:Gastroenteritis
1745:
1610:
1604:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1538:
1537:
1477:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1428:(10): 633–634.
1418:
1414:
1375:(5): E251–252.
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1311:. LAcolon.com.
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1263:
1259:
1216:
1212:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1116:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1068:
1050:
1046:
1007:
1003:
996:
980:
976:
965:
949:
945:
938:
916:
912:
901:
885:
878:
830:
807:
796:
778:
759:
749:
747:
734:
733:
702:
697:
686:
673:
657:
644:
637:
634:
625:
622:
613:
606:
597:
591:
582:
579:
570:
567:
555:Upper GI series
549:Abdominal x-ray
534:Crohn's disease
507:
458:
426:
400:
374:redundant colon
340:
316:bowel resection
289:medical imaging
285:small intestine
273:high fiber diet
177:bowel resection
146:Medical imaging
58:General surgery
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2891:Abdominal pain
2888:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:Hemoperitoneum
2853:
2852:
2851:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2580:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2325:Blood in stool
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2298:Anal dysplasia
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2163:Angiodysplasia
2160:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2098:Diverticulosis
2094:Diverticulitis
2091:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:Milroy disease
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Tropical sprue
1951:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1882:
1876:Lower GI tract
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1616:Upper GI tract
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1494:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:Classification
1462:
1461:External links
1459:
1456:
1455:
1424:(in Spanish).
1412:
1355:
1325:
1291:
1257:
1210:
1165:
1135:
1128:
1105:
1077:
1066:
1044:
1017:(5): 494–501.
1001:
994:
974:
963:
943:
936:
910:
899:
876:
805:
794:
757:
699:
698:
696:
693:
685:
682:
672:
669:
656:
653:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
628:
626:
623:
616:
614:
607:
600:
598:
592:
585:
583:
580:
573:
571:
568:
561:
558:
557:
552:
526:Diverticulitis
506:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
488:
485:
479:
472:
465:
462:
457:
454:
434:meconium ileus
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
414:
409:
404:
399:
396:
351:
350:
347:
339:
336:
251:, an enlarged
230:ischemic bowel
210:abdominal pain
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
166:
162:
161:
143:
137:
136:
111:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
94:Ischemic bowel
91:
85:
84:
70:Abdominal pain
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:Diaphragmatic
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Cholecystitis
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:Liver abscess
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:Liver failure
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:Enterocolitis
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:Malabsorption
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Gastroparesis
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Cushing ulcer
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Megaesophagus
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:RadioGraphics
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1155:on 2007-09-29
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1129:0-8036-1249-4
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
987:
986:
978:
970:
966:
960:
956:
955:
947:
939:
933:
929:
924:
923:
914:
906:
902:
896:
892:
891:
883:
881:
873:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
844:(4): 236–44.
843:
839:
835:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
801:
797:
791:
787:
783:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
745:
742:. July 2013.
741:
737:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
700:
692:
690:
681:
679:
668:
666:
661:
648:
632:
627:
620:
615:
611:
604:
599:
595:
589:
584:
577:
572:
565:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
545:
543:
538:
535:
530:
527:
523:
519:
517:
511:
500:
497:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
459:
453:
451:
450:sigmoid colon
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:Strangulation
402:
401:
398:Complications
395:
391:
389:
384:
381:
377:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
348:
345:
344:
343:
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:ancient Egypt
320:
317:
313:
309:
308:sigmoidoscopy
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:sigmoid colon
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
169:Sigmoidoscopy
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
89:Complications
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
2808:
2787:
2664:Pancreatitis
2626:
2576:biliary tree
2449:Nutmeg liver
2426:
2352:Hematochezia
2303:Pruritus ani
2288:Anal abscess
2283:Anal fistula
2279:Anal fissure
2192:Constipation
2181:
2146:
2017:Appendicitis
1825:Gastroptosis
1815:Achlorhydria
1654:
1643:Eosinophilic
1550:
1526:
1515:
1496:
1481:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1148:
1138:
1119:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1057:
1047:
1014:
1010:
1004:
984:
977:
953:
946:
921:
913:
889:
871:
841:
837:
785:
748:. Retrieved
739:
687:
674:
662:
658:
539:
531:
524:
520:
516:Gastrografin
512:
508:
427:
392:
385:
382:
378:
371:
356:
352:
341:
321:
312:barium enema
305:
293:plain X-rays
269:constipation
267:. Long term
245:birth defect
242:
222:bloody stool
218:constipation
216:, vomiting,
193:
191:
173:barium enema
150:plain X-rays
109:Risk factors
82:bloody stool
78:constipation
76:, vomiting,
18:
2844:Peritonitis
2606:Cholestasis
2584:Cholangitis
2527:Gallbladder
2415:Fatty liver
2335:Hematemesis
2317:GI bleeding
2123:Necrotizing
2052:Lymphocytic
2047:Collagenous
2042:Microscopic
1979:Steatorrhea
1880:Enteropathy
1726:Inlet patch
1648:Herpetiform
1633:Esophagitis
1185:(1): 32–5.
610:small bowel
412:Perforation
328:Middle East
116:, enlarged
100:Usual onset
2880:Categories
2836:Peritoneal
2814:Incisional
2735:Congenital
2679:Hereditary
2656:Pancreatic
2620:Haemobilia
2293:Hemorrhoid
2271:Anal canal
2209:Infectious
2197:Functional
2032:Ulcerative
1916:Duodenitis
1855:Gastrinoma
1528:DiseasesDB
1349:2012-07-06
1319:2012-07-07
1267:"Volvulus"
1159:2007-06-11
1089:"Volvulus"
695:References
689:Laparotomy
310:or with a
2824:Richter's
2781:Spigelian
2776:Obturator
2766:Umbilical
2599:Ascending
2570:Bile duct
2403:Cirrhosis
2381:Hepatitis
2364:Accessory
2234:Proctitis
2085:Megacolon
2059:Dysentery
1969:Whipple's
1921:Jejunitis
1911:Enteritis
1798:Dyspepsia
1759:Gastritis
1692:Achalasia
1625:Esophagus
1552:eMedicine
1450:241550167
1391:1555-9823
1244:0271-5333
642:Treatment
612:volvulus.
505:Diagnosis
438:adhesions
297:GI series
279:with the
261:pregnancy
247:known as
202:mesentery
198:intestine
183:Frequency
165:Treatment
154:GI series
126:pregnancy
53:Specialty
2754:Indirect
2749:Inguinal
2483:Pyogenic
2428:Vascular
2204:Diarrhea
2182:Volvulus
2148:Vascular
2087: /
2076: /
2037:Ischemic
2004:Appendix
1894:Duodenum
1764:Atrophic
1638:Candidal
1557:ped/2415
1442:33051047
1399:22546094
1343:Archived
1313:Archived
1279:28722866
1252:19755596
1205:Archived
1201:14971995
1072:Archived
1039:37405850
969:Archived
905:Archived
868:24294126
800:Archived
750:3 August
744:Archived
407:Gangrene
363:acidosis
359:necrosis
291:such as
194:volvulus
65:Symptoms
27:Volvulus
2795:Petit's
2771:Femoral
2674:Chronic
2488:Amoebic
2256:Anismus
2022:Colitis
1949:Coeliac
1926:Ileitis
1898:Jejunum
1751:Stomach
1655:Rupture
1522:D045822
1407:5812146
1284:12 July
1098:12 July
1031:7047106
859:3577612
655:Sigmoid
594:CT scan
301:CT scan
158:CT scan
42:Coronal
2789:Lumbar
2759:Direct
2742:Hiatus
2722:Hernia
2574:Other
2340:Melena
2226:Rectum
1709:(GERD)
1448:
1440:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1277:
1250:
1242:
1199:
1126:
1064:
1037:
1029:
992:
961:
934:
897:
866:
856:
792:
665:sepsis
424:Causes
367:resect
271:and a
263:, and
220:, and
2714:Other
2669:Acute
2420:MASLD
2373:Liver
2347:Lower
2330:Upper
2172:Ileus
2008:Colon
1902:Ileum
1717:(LPR)
1533:13996
1511:560.2
1507:537.3
1492:K56.2
1446:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1035:S2CID
740:NIDDK
684:Other
671:Cecal
476:cecum
456:Types
448:, or
442:cecum
436:) or
299:, or
281:cecum
253:colon
234:fever
226:blood
118:colon
2102:SCAD
1517:MeSH
1502:9-CM
1438:PMID
1395:PMID
1387:ISSN
1286:2021
1275:PMID
1248:PMID
1240:ISSN
1197:PMID
1124:ISBN
1100:2021
1062:ISBN
1054:"23"
1027:PMID
990:ISBN
959:ISBN
932:ISBN
895:ISBN
864:PMID
790:ISBN
782:"95"
752:2016
295:, a
2408:PBC
2135:IBD
2069:IBS
1498:ICD
1483:ICD
1430:doi
1377:doi
1232:doi
1187:doi
1019:doi
928:283
854:PMC
846:doi
236:or
2882::
2572:/
2170::
2151::
1947::
1555::
1531::
1520::
1509:,
1505::
1490::
1487:10
1444:.
1436:.
1426:43
1401:.
1393:.
1385:.
1373:78
1371:.
1367:.
1337:.
1307:.
1303:.
1273:.
1269:.
1246:.
1238:.
1228:29
1226:.
1222:.
1203:.
1195:.
1183:96
1181:.
1177:.
1147:.
1108:^
1091:.
1080:^
1070:.
1056:.
1033:.
1025:.
1015:25
1013:.
967:.
930:.
903:.
879:^
870:.
862:.
852:.
842:25
840:.
836:.
808:^
798:.
784:.
760:^
738:.
703:^
680:.
444:,
303:.
259:,
255:,
240:.
212:,
192:A
175:,
171:,
156:,
152:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
80:,
72:,
45:CT
2608:/
2281:/
2100:/
2096:/
2010:)
2006:/
2002:(
1904:)
1900:/
1896:/
1892:(
1599:e
1592:t
1585:v
1500:-
1485:-
1475:D
1452:.
1432::
1409:.
1379::
1352:.
1322:.
1288:.
1254:.
1234::
1189::
1162:.
1132:.
1102:.
1041:.
1021::
998:.
940:.
848::
754:.
471:)
160:)
148:(
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