261:
372:
368:
mortality. When cancer is more advanced and polypectomy is not possible surgical resection is necessary. Using imaging and pathologic evaluation of resected tissue the tumor may be staged using AJCC stages. Surgical resection of tumors for staging and for curative purposes requires removal of local blood vessel and lymph nodes. Standard lymph node resection includes three consecutive levels of lymph nodes and is known as a D3 lymphadenectomy. In addition to surgery adjuvant chemotherapy may be used to decrease risk of recurrence. Chemotherapy is standard with stage III cancer, case dependant in stage II and palliative in stage IV. Diet high in processed food and sugary drinks has also been shown to increase recurrence of stage III colon cancer.
411:
505:
taken to prevent leaks when possible. These include creating anastomoses with minimal tension on the connection and aligning the bowel to prevent twisting of the bowel at the anastomosis. However, it is believed that most leaks are caused by poor healing, not surgical technique. Risk factors for poor healing of anastomosis include obesity, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Treatment of the leak includes antibiotics, placement of a drain near the leak or developing abscess, stenting of the anastomosis, surgical repair, or creating of an
392:, or cancer. Bowel obstruction can be an emergency requiring immediate surgery. Original testing and imaging include blood tests for electrolyte levels, and abdominal X-rays or CT scans. Treatment often begins with IV fluids to correct electrolyte imbalances. Obstructions may be complicated by ischemia or perforation of the bowel. These cases are surgical emergencies and often require bowel resection to remove the cause of obstruction. Adhesions are a common causes of obstruction, and frequently resolve without surgery.
166:
29:
341:
466:
538:
managed without surgery with IV fluids, and NG tube to drain the stomach and intestines, and bowel rest (not eating) until the obstruction resolves. If signs of bowel ischemia or perforation are present then emergency surgery is required. Laparoscopic adhesiolysis is the most common surgery used when bowel rest and medical management fail to resolve the obstruction.
364:
survival benefit from surgical resection with clear margins. It is recommended that surgical resection also include lymph node sampling of a minimum of 12 nodes with some groups extolling more extensive resection. When evaluation determines cancer to be stage IV, surgical intervention is no longer curative, and is only used for symptom relief.
521:
Any abdominal surgery may result in an incisional hernia where the abdomen was accessed. Hernias develop when the fascia of the abdominal cavity separates after the surgical closure. This may be due to suture failure, poor wound healing. Other risk factors include obesity and smoking. Smaller closure
504:
An anastomotic leak is a fault in the surgical connection between the two remaining sections of bowel after a resection is performed. This allows the bowel contents to leak into the abdomen. Anastomotic leaks may cause infection, abscess development, and organ failure if untreated. Surgical steps are
435:
When caused by cancer, bowel perforation typically requires surgery, including resection of blood and lymph supply to the cancerous area when possible. When perforation is at the site of the tumor, the perforation may be contained in the tumor and self resolve without surgery. However, surgery may be
363:
Small bowel cancer often presents late in the course due to non-specific symptoms and has poor survival rates. Risk factors for small bowel cancer include genetically inherited polyposis syndromes, age over sixty years, and history of Crohn's or Celiac disease. Cases that present before stage IV show
277:
Bowel resection may be done as an open surgery, with a long incision in the abdomen. It may also be done laparoscopically or robotically by creating several small incisions in the abdomen through which surgical instruments are inserted. Once the abdomen is accessed by one of these methods the surgery
546:
When large amounts of small bowel are resected it can cause short bowel syndrome. Short bowel syndrome is a failure of absorption of nutrients due to resection of portions of the small bowel. It can be limited to a single nutrient or it can be total malabsorption. If the distal ileum is resected it
537:
A common complication of all abdominal surgeries is adhesions. Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that form after surgery or injury to the abdomen. They can displace or obstruct areas of the bowel. Approximately 1 in 5 emergency surgeries are due to adhesive bowel obstruction. When possible this is
439:
Perforated diverticulitis often requires surgery due to risks of infection or recurrence. Recurrent diverticulitis may required resection even in the absence of perforation. Bowel resection or repair is typically initiated earlier in patients with signs of infection, the elderly, immunocompromised,
1483:
Bala, Miklosh; Kashuk, Jeffry; Moore, Ernest E.; Kluger, Yoram; Biffl, Walter; Gomes, Carlos
Augusto; Ben-Ishay, Offir; Rubinstein, Chen; Balogh, Zsolt J.; Civil, Ian; Coccolini, Federico; Leppaniemi, Ari; Peitzman, Andrew; Ansaloni, Luca; Sugrue, Michael; Sartelli, Massimo; Di Saverio, Salomone;
550:
The acute form lasts up to one month following bowel resection. Symptoms include diarrhea, malabsorption, and metabolic derangements. This is treated primarily by IV fluids and electrolyte replacement. Acute short bowel syndrome is followed by the adaptation phase which can last up to two years.
461:
ultrasound exam followed by contrast CT abdomen in stable patients. The most common bowel injury in trauma is perforation and is repaired rather than resected if the injury involves less than half the bowel circumference and does not involve loss of blood supply. Resection is indicated with more
367:
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in the USA. Due to its prevalence, screening protocols have been created for prevention of disease. Screening colonoscopies with or without polypectomy have been shown to decrease cancer morbidity and
1423:
Smyth, Luke; Bendinelli, Cino; Lee, Nicholas; Reeds, Matthew G.; Loh, Eu Jhin; Amico, Francesco; Balogh, Zsolt J.; Di
Saverio, Salomone; Weber, Dieter; Ten Broek, Richard Peter; Abu-Zidan, Fikri M.; Campanelli, Giampiero; Beka, Solomon Gurmu; Chiarugi, Massimo; Shelat, Vishal G. (2022-03-04).
307:
between the two ends of the bowel. Following this the hole in the mesentery created by removing the section of bowel is closed with sutures to prevent internal herniation. The resected section of bowel will then be removed from the abdomen and the abdomen closed. This concludes the procedure.
273:
The anatomy and surgical technique for bowel resection varies based on the location of the removed segment and whether or not the surgery is due to malignancy. The below sections describe resection for non-malignant causes. Malignancy may require more extensive tissue resection beyond what is
1241:
Pisano, Michele; Zorcolo, Luigi; Merli, Cecilia; Cimbanassi, Stefania; Poiasina, Elia; Ceresoli, Marco; Agresta, Ferdinando; Allievi, Niccolò; Bellanova, Giovanni; Coccolini, Federico; Coy, Claudio; Fugazzola, Paola; Martinez, Carlos
Augusto; Montori, Giulia; Paolillo, Ciro (2018).
302:
across the bowel and separate the segment of injured bowel from the healthy bowel on each end. Then bowel is then dissected away from the mesentery. Following this the remaining bowel is observed to verify continued blood flow. After resection the surgeon will create an
1081:
Morales-Oyarvide, Vicente; Yuan, Chen; Babic, Ana; Zhang, Sui; Niedzwiecki, Donna; Brand-Miller, Jennie C.; Sampson-Kent, Laura; Ye, Xing; Li, Yanping; Saltz, Leonard B.; Mayer, Robert J.; Mowat, Rex B.; Whittom, Renaud; Hantel, Alexander; Benson, Al (2019-02-01).
559:
use. These may cause complications such as bacteremia and sepsis. Other complications of short bowel syndrome are chronic diarrhea or high output from the ostomy site, intestinal failure associated liver disease, and electrolyte level abnormalities.
486:
in the affected area. This requires emergent surgery as survival without endovascular or operative intervention is around 50%. Ischemic bowel injury often requires multiple surgeries days apart to allow bowel recovery and increase odds of successful
423:
Bowel perforation presents with abdominal pain, free air in the abdomen on standing X-ray, and sepsis. Depending on the cause and size, perforations may be medically or surgically managed. Some common causes of perforation are cancer,
145:. Complications of the procedure may include anastomotic leak or dehiscence, hernias, or adhesions causing partial or complete bowel obstruction. Depending on which part and how much of the intestines are removed, there may be
551:
During this time the small bowel slows movement of bowel contents to allow for more absorption. About half of all patients with short bowel syndrome progress to chronic disease. Chronic short bowel syndrome may require
457:, whether blunt force such as car accidents or penetrating wounds such as gunshot wounds, or stabbings, may also cause bowel perforation or ischemia requiring emergency surgery. Initial evaluation in trauma includes a
450:
infection, smoking, and NSAID use. The standard treatment is medical management, endoscopy followed by surgical omental patch repair. In rare cases where omental patch fails bowel resection may become necessary.
443:
Peptic ulcer disease may cause perforation of the bowel but rarely requires bowel resection. Peptic ulcer disease is caused by stomach acid overwhelming the protection of mucus production. Risk factors include
332:. The surgery then follows the same steps as small bowel resection. However, due to the colon's placement in the retroperitoneum, more dissection is often required to allow for tension free anastomosis.
522:
stitches and the use of mesh when closing open surgeries may decrease the risk of hernia occurrence. However, the use of mesh is limited by the surgery performed and contamination or risk infection.
563:
Short bowel syndrome is rare and usually follows extensive ischemic bowel caused by internal hernias, volvulus, or mesenteric ischemia where the remaining small bowel is under 200 cm long.
478:
Bowel ischemia is caused by decreased or absent blood flow through the Celiac, Superior
Mesenteric, and Inferior Mesenteric arteries or any combination thereof. Untreated
436:
required later for the malignancy itself. Perforation before the tumor usually requires immediate surgery due to release of fecal material into the abdomen and infection.
294:. This allows for total evaluate of the small bowel to identify any and all pathologic sections. Once the area of concern is located, two small holes are created in the
547:
commonly causes a mild form of short bowel syndrome with deficiency of only vitamin B12. When the entire small bowel is resected it can cause chronic complications.
1971:
1651:
Tansawet, Amarit; Numthavaj, Pawin; Techapongsatorn, Thawin; Techapongsatorn, Suphakarn; Attia, John; McKay, Gareth; Thakkinstian, Ammarin (December 2022).
1304:
Nascimbeni, R.; Amato, A.; Cirocchi, R.; Serventi, A.; Laghi, A.; Bellini, M.; Tellan, G.; Zago, M.; Scarpignato, C.; Binda, G. A. (February 2021).
2872:
776:
724:
2643:
2604:
458:
2669:
2247:
2007:
1084:"Dietary Insulin Load and Cancer Recurrence and Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings From CALGB 89803 (Alliance)"
2674:
1964:
2410:
2567:
752:
700:
2918:
2122:
1957:
2171:
1770:
Massironi, Sara; Cavalcoli, Federica; Rausa, Emanuele; Invernizzi, Pietro; Braga, Marco; Vecchi, Maurizio (March 2020).
2609:
404:
2908:
2867:
2862:
1306:"Management of perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis. A multidisciplinary review and position paper"
371:
2400:
2107:
2058:
260:
2489:
2233:
2081:
1949:
2755:
2474:
2301:
2178:
1998:
662:
286:
Once the abdomen is accessed, the surgeon "runs" the small bowel, viewing the entire small bowel from the
2664:
2499:
2043:
2913:
2572:
2494:
2362:
2221:
552:
852:"Colon cancer and the elderly: from screening to treatment in management of GI disease in the elderly"
2760:
2550:
2464:
2372:
2291:
2063:
2053:
479:
2854:
2709:
2367:
2048:
1990:
1653:"Fascial Dehiscence and Incisional Hernia Prediction Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2803:
2719:
2344:
2102:
1426:"WSES guidelines on blunt and penetrating bowel injury: diagnosis, investigations, and treatment"
556:
203:
114:
525:
When colon is resected hernias may form through the mesenteric defect. This is more common with
2833:
2648:
2112:
1981:
526:
353:
1944:
592:
2808:
2738:
2594:
2188:
2149:
488:
324:. The colon is then mobilized from the retroperitoneum. Care is taken to avoid injury to the
113:, which covers the sense of large bowel resection. Bowel resection may be performed to treat
2877:
2405:
1892:
Billiauws, Lore; Thomas, Muriel; Le Beyec-Le Bihan, Johanne; Joly, Francisca (2018-05-17).
429:
400:
154:
1244:"2017 WSES guidelines on colon and rectal cancer emergencies: obstruction and perforation"
638:
8:
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2704:
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2504:
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2390:
2334:
2129:
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911:
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851:
827:
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718:
287:
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1923:
1915:
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1821:
1809:
1801:
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1615:
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1517:
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1447:
1405:
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1343:
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832:
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758:
748:
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321:
126:
47:
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1905:
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1111:
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863:
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806:
614:
2882:
2659:
2655:
2638:
2633:
2420:
2316:
2306:
2269:
2256:
2208:
1486:"Acute mesenteric ischemia: guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery"
1181:
Tong, Jia Wei
Valerie; Lingam, Pravin; Shelat, Vishalkumar Girishchandra (2020).
317:
299:
291:
249:
98:
94:
85:
79:
529:. Internal hernias may cause ischemia and require emergency surgery to resolve.
410:
2887:
2714:
2577:
2522:
2228:
2198:
2092:
2033:
2016:
1668:
1650:
1442:
1321:
425:
28:
1787:
1725:
1502:
1260:
867:
762:
710:
2902:
2798:
2527:
2457:
2193:
2028:
1979:
1919:
1862:
1805:
1733:
1676:
1619:
1562:
1451:
1391:
1329:
1269:
1206:
1156:
1107:
1049:
994:
937:
928:
875:
818:
1772:"Understanding short bowel syndrome: Current status and future perspectives"
2775:
2589:
2484:
2469:
2324:
1927:
1893:
1870:
1813:
1771:
1751:
1694:
1637:
1611:
1580:
1521:
1469:
1409:
1347:
1287:
1224:
1164:
1140:
1125:
1067:
1002:
970:
955:
893:
836:
810:
744:
Scott-Conner & Dawson : Essential
Operative Techniques and Anatomy
357:
1099:
2765:
2621:
2584:
2452:
2447:
2432:
2296:
2183:
2166:
2144:
2134:
2038:
1382:
572:
304:
1796:
1024:
Leichsenring, Jona; Koppelle, Adrian; Reinacher-Schick, Ank (May 2014).
971:"Surgical treatment for digestive cancer. Current issues - colon cancer"
173:
Types of enterectomy are named according to the relevant bowel segment:
59:
2828:
2770:
2747:
2514:
2382:
2161:
2139:
1596:"Treatment Modalities for Anastomotic Leakage in Rectal Cancer Surgery"
1553:
150:
106:
1041:
986:
742:
690:
2625:
2428:
2339:
2329:
2286:
2216:
2020:
1910:
1594:
Ds, Keller; K, Talboom; Cpm, van
Helsdingen; R, Hompes (2021-11-23).
1198:
510:
506:
295:
244:
146:
142:
138:
134:
110:
1891:
1023:
93:
in which a part of an intestine (bowel) is removed, from either the
2696:
2437:
1835:
Billiauws, L.; Maggiori, L.; Joly, F.; Panis, Y. (September 2018).
483:
396:
329:
209:
193:
165:
122:
118:
2073:
1769:
340:
221:
90:
2790:
2354:
1303:
454:
389:
325:
1710:"Preventing incisional hernia: closing the midline laparotomy"
1537:"Review of Colonic Anastomotic Leakage and Prevention Methods"
1080:
298:
on either end of the segment. These holes are used to place a
2559:
1894:"Intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome. What is new?"
234:
16:
Surgical procedure in which a part of an intestine is removed
1240:
663:"Small bowel resection Information | Mount Sinai - New York"
130:
1834:
1535:
Fang, Alex H.; Chao, Wilson; Ecker, Melanie (2020-12-16).
1837:"Medical and surgical management of short bowel syndrome"
615:"Large bowel resection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
465:
793:
Chen, Emerson Y.; Vaccaro, Gina M. (September 4, 2018).
1422:
856:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
1364:
Chung, Kin Tong; Shelat, Vishalkumar G. (2017-01-27).
1482:
1141:"Evaluation and management of intestinal obstruction"
850:
Holt, Peter R.; Kozuch, Peter; Mewar, Seetal (2009).
320:. To access this space an incision is made along the
133:
tissue, volvulus, and hernias. Some patients require
1139:
Jackson, Patrick G.; Raiji, Manish T. (2011-01-15).
1708:van Rooijen, M. M. J.; Lange, J. F. (August 2018).
1484:Fraga, Gustavo P.; Catena, Fausto (December 2017).
516:
2900:
1707:
1180:
639:"What Is a Bowel Resection (Partial Colectomy)?"
595:. MedlinePlus: U.S. National Library of Medicine
33:Drawing showing bowel resection for colon cancer
849:
532:
499:
1183:"Adhesive small bowel obstruction - an update"
692:Mastery of endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery
109:of small bowel resection, in distinction from
2605:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
2006:
1965:
1534:
384:Bowel obstructions are commonly secondary to
141:after this procedure as alternative means of
1138:
775:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
723:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1363:
792:
2255:
1972:
1958:
585:
395:Other causes of bowel obstruction include
27:
2746:
1909:
1852:
1795:
1741:
1684:
1627:
1570:
1552:
1511:
1501:
1459:
1441:
1399:
1381:
1370:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
1337:
1277:
1259:
1214:
1115:
1057:
1026:"Colorectal Cancer: Personalized Therapy"
945:
927:
883:
826:
2411:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
1088:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
464:
409:
370:
339:
311:
281:
259:
164:
2568:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
1593:
909:
541:
2901:
689:L., Swanstrom, Lee (17 October 2013).
335:
1953:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1366:"Perforated peptic ulcer - an update"
1359:
1357:
1299:
1297:
1236:
1234:
1176:
1174:
968:
695:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
440:and those with severe comorbidities.
2123:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
905:
903:
788:
786:
736:
734:
684:
682:
379:
316:The right and left colon sit in the
2172:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1980:Tests and procedures involving the
1600:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
799:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
741:H., Scott-Conner, Carol E. (2015).
13:
2610:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
1758:
1490:World Journal of Emergency Surgery
1476:
1430:World Journal of Emergency Surgery
1354:
1294:
1248:World Journal of Emergency Surgery
1231:
1171:
910:Freeman, Hugh James (2013-12-14).
740:
688:
407:. This is not an exhaustive list.
14:
2930:
1938:
916:World Journal of Gastroenterology
900:
783:
731:
679:
494:
360:may require surgical resection.
2401:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
1885:
1854:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.12.012
1828:
1701:
1644:
1587:
1528:
1416:
1132:
1074:
1017:
962:
517:Internal and incisional hernias
462:extensive or ischemic injuries.
2108:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
2059:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
843:
655:
631:
607:
418:
153:challenges afterward, such as
1:
2490:Lower gastrointestinal series
2234:Upper gastrointestinal series
578:
2756:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
2475:Double-contrast barium enema
2302:Partial ileal bypass surgery
2179:Esophagogastric dissociation
1945:Description of the procedure
1714:Techniques in Coloproctology
1541:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1310:Techniques in Coloproctology
1187:Acute Medicine & Surgery
795:"Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma"
533:Adhesions and post-op SBO/BO
500:Anastomotic leaks/Dehiscence
7:
2919:Surgical removal procedures
2573:Bioartificial liver devices
2500:Transrectal ultrasonography
1841:Journal of Visceral Surgery
1776:Digestive and Liver Disease
566:
473:
175:
10:
2935:
2495:Small-bowel follow-through
2363:Abdominoperineal resection
2222:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
1669:10.1007/s00268-022-06715-6
1443:10.1186/s13017-022-00418-y
1322:10.1007/s10151-020-02346-y
912:"Early stage colon cancer"
553:total parenteral nutrition
268:
2855:Clinical prediction rules
2853:
2821:
2789:
2761:Intraperitoneal injection
2737:
2695:
2620:
2558:
2549:
2513:
2465:Abdominal ultrasonography
2419:
2381:
2373:Total mesorectal excision
2353:
2315:
2292:Intestine transplantation
2246:
2207:
2082:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
2072:
2064:High resolution manometry
2054:Esophageal motility study
2015:
1997:
1988:
1788:10.1016/j.dld.2019.11.013
1726:10.1007/s10151-018-1833-y
1503:10.1186/s13017-017-0150-5
1261:10.1186/s13017-018-0192-3
1145:American Family Physician
868:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.10.010
667:Mount Sinai Health System
480:acute mesenteric ischemia
348:
56:
46:
38:
26:
21:
2909:Digestive system surgery
2710:Pancreas transplantation
2368:Lower anterior resection
2049:Esophageal pH monitoring
1991:Digestive system surgery
1657:World Journal of Surgery
969:Okuno, Kiyotaka (2007).
929:10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8468
160:
2804:Inguinal hernia surgery
2720:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
2103:Adjustable gastric band
2044:Impedance–pH monitoring
1030:Gastrointestinal Tumors
593:"Small bowel resection"
115:gastrointestinal cancer
2834:Exploratory laparotomy
2649:Hepatoportoenterostomy
2113:Gastric bypass surgery
1982:human digestive system
1898:Nutricion Hospitalaria
1612:10.1055/s-0041-1736465
811:10.1055/s-0038-1660482
527:gastric bypass surgery
470:
415:
376:
345:
265:
170:
42:Enterectomy, Colectomy
2809:Femoral hernia repair
2595:Liver transplantation
2189:Nissen fundoplication
468:
413:
374:
343:
312:Large bowel resection
282:Small bowel resection
264:Small bowel resection
263:
168:
2406:Rubber band ligation
2345:Hartmann's operation
1383:10.4240/wjgs.v9.i1.1
542:Short bowel syndrome
469:Ischemic small bowel
430:peptic ulcer disease
155:short bowel syndrome
105:is reserved for the
2781:Peritoneal dialysis
2600:Portal hypertension
2505:Virtual colonoscopy
2480:Endoanal ultrasound
2396:Anorectal manometry
2391:Anal sphincterotomy
2335:Colonic polypectomy
2130:Collis gastroplasty
1100:10.1093/jnci/djy098
403:, inflammation and
336:Medical Indications
2275:Jejunoileal bypass
2118:Sleeve gastrectomy
1554:10.3390/jcm9124061
747:. Wolters Kluwer.
471:
455:Traumatic injuries
416:
414:Abdominal free air
377:
346:
288:ligament of treitz
266:
171:
91:surgical procedure
2914:Surgical oncology
2896:
2895:
2841:Rapid urease test
2817:
2816:
2733:
2732:
2725:Puestow procedure
2687:Cholescintigraphy
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2533:Stool guaiac test
2443:Capsule endoscopy
2265:Bariatric surgery
2242:
2241:
2157:Gastroenterostomy
2098:Bariatric surgery
1663:(12): 2984–2995.
1042:10.1159/000380790
987:10.1159/000101897
975:Digestive Surgery
922:(46): 8468–8473.
754:978-1-4698-3064-3
702:978-1-4698-3120-6
380:Bowel obstruction
258:
257:
169:Abdominal Anatomy
101:. Often the word
67:
66:
2926:
2878:Child–Pugh score
2845:Urea breath test
2744:
2743:
2705:Frey's procedure
2682:Cholecystography
2556:
2555:
2253:
2252:
2088:Nasogastric tube
2013:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1931:
1913:
1911:10.20960/nh.1952
1889:
1883:
1882:
1856:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1799:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1556:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1445:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1385:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1263:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1199:10.1002/ams2.587
1178:
1169:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1021:
1015:
1014:
966:
960:
959:
949:
931:
907:
898:
897:
887:
847:
841:
840:
830:
790:
781:
780:
774:
766:
738:
729:
728:
722:
714:
686:
677:
676:
674:
673:
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
589:
482:can cause bowel
300:surgical stapler
274:described here.
176:
60:edit on Wikidata
52:Gastroenterology
31:
19:
18:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2883:Ranson criteria
2849:
2813:
2785:
2729:
2691:
2660:Cholangiography
2656:Medical imaging
2639:Cholecystostomy
2634:Cholecystectomy
2616:
2537:
2509:
2421:Medical imaging
2415:
2377:
2349:
2311:
2307:Strictureplasty
2282:Bowel resection
2270:Duodenal switch
2238:
2209:Medical imaging
2203:
2068:
1999:Digestive tract
1993:
1984:
1978:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1890:
1886:
1833:
1829:
1768:
1759:
1706:
1702:
1649:
1645:
1592:
1588:
1533:
1529:
1481:
1477:
1421:
1417:
1362:
1355:
1302:
1295:
1239:
1232:
1179:
1172:
1137:
1133:
1079:
1075:
1022:
1018:
967:
963:
908:
901:
848:
844:
791:
784:
768:
767:
755:
739:
732:
716:
715:
703:
687:
680:
671:
669:
661:
660:
656:
647:
645:
637:
636:
632:
623:
621:
619:medlineplus.gov
613:
612:
608:
598:
596:
591:
590:
586:
581:
569:
544:
535:
519:
502:
497:
476:
421:
405:intussusception
382:
375:Bowel stricture
351:
338:
318:retroperitoneum
314:
292:ileocecal valve
284:
271:
163:
99:large intestine
95:small intestine
71:bowel resection
63:
34:
22:Bowel resection
17:
12:
11:
5:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2888:Milan criteria
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2739:Abdominopelvic
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Pancreatectomy
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2578:Liver dialysis
2575:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Fecal fat test
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2248:Lower GI tract
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:Barium swallow
2226:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2199:Schilling test
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2093:Gastric lavage
2090:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Heller myotomy
2031:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2008:Upper GI tract
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:External links
1937:
1934:
1933:
1904:(3): 731–737.
1884:
1847:(4): 283–291.
1827:
1782:(3): 253–261.
1757:
1720:(8): 623–625.
1700:
1643:
1606:(6): 431–438.
1586:
1527:
1475:
1415:
1353:
1316:(2): 153–165.
1293:
1230:
1170:
1151:(2): 159–165.
1131:
1094:(2): 170–179.
1073:
1036:(4): 209–220.
1016:
981:(2): 108–114.
961:
899:
862:(6): 889–907.
842:
805:(5): 267–277.
782:
753:
730:
701:
678:
654:
630:
606:
583:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
568:
565:
543:
540:
534:
531:
518:
515:
501:
498:
496:
493:
475:
472:
426:diverticulitis
420:
417:
381:
378:
350:
347:
337:
334:
313:
310:
283:
280:
270:
267:
256:
255:
252:
247:
241:
240:
237:
232:
228:
227:
224:
219:
215:
214:
212:
206:
200:
199:
196:
191:
187:
186:
183:
180:
162:
159:
65:
64:
57:
54:
53:
50:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Hernia repair
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Fecal pH test
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:Sigmoidoscopy
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Pyloromyotomy
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Esophagectomy
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
904:
895:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
778:
772:
764:
760:
756:
750:
746:
745:
737:
735:
726:
720:
712:
708:
704:
698:
694:
693:
685:
683:
668:
664:
658:
644:
640:
634:
620:
616:
610:
594:
588:
584:
574:
571:
570:
564:
561:
558:
554:
548:
539:
530:
528:
523:
514:
512:
508:
495:Complications
492:
490:
485:
481:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
342:
333:
331:
327:
323:
322:line of Toldt
319:
309:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
278:may proceed.
275:
262:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
230:
229:
225:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
211:
208:duodenum and
207:
205:
202:
201:
197:
195:
192:
189:
188:
184:
182:Bowel segment
181:
178:
177:
174:
167:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:
82:
81:
76:
72:
61:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2776:Paracentesis
2590:Liver biopsy
2485:Enteroclysis
2470:Defecography
2325:Appendectomy
2281:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1797:10281/261052
1779:
1775:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1547:(12): 4061.
1544:
1540:
1530:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1373:
1369:
1313:
1309:
1251:
1247:
1190:
1186:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1033:
1029:
1019:
978:
974:
964:
919:
915:
859:
855:
845:
802:
798:
743:
691:
670:. Retrieved
666:
657:
646:. Retrieved
642:
633:
622:. Retrieved
618:
609:
597:. Retrieved
587:
562:
557:central line
555:and chronic
549:
545:
536:
524:
520:
503:
477:
453:
446:
442:
438:
434:
422:
394:
383:
366:
362:
358:colon cancer
352:
344:Colon Cancer
315:
285:
276:
272:
190:duodenectomy
172:
102:
84:
78:
74:
70:
68:
2766:Laparoscopy
2622:Gallbladder
2585:Hepatectomy
2515:Stool tests
2453:Proctoscopy
2448:Enteroscopy
2433:Colonoscopy
2317:Large bowel
2297:Jejunostomy
2257:Small bowel
2184:Hill repair
2167:Gastrostomy
2145:Billroth II
2135:Gastrectomy
2039:Sialography
1376:(1): 1–12.
1193:(1): e587.
573:Gastrectomy
489:anastomosis
419:Perforation
354:Small bowel
305:anastomosis
218:jejunectomy
127:obstruction
103:enterectomy
75:enterectomy
39:Other names
2903:Categories
2829:Laparotomy
2771:Omentopexy
2748:Peritoneum
2383:Anal canal
2162:Gastropexy
2140:Billroth I
763:1044713141
711:1141430815
672:2023-03-22
648:2023-03-22
624:2023-03-22
579:References
401:strictures
2626:bile duct
2551:Accessory
2429:Endoscopy
2340:Colostomy
2330:Colectomy
2287:Ileostomy
2217:Endoscopy
2150:Roux-en-Y
2021:Esophagus
1920:1699-5198
1863:1878-7886
1822:209524482
1806:1878-3562
1734:1128-045X
1677:1432-2323
1620:1531-0043
1563:2077-0383
1496:(1): 38.
1452:1749-7922
1436:(1): 13.
1392:1948-9366
1330:1128-045X
1270:1749-7922
1207:2052-8817
1157:1532-0650
1108:1460-2105
1050:2296-3774
995:0253-4886
938:2219-2840
876:1532-1916
819:1531-0043
771:cite book
719:cite book
511:colostomy
507:ileostomy
447:H. pylori
386:adhesions
296:mesentery
245:colectomy
231:ileectomy
179:Procedure
151:metabolic
147:digestive
143:excretion
139:colostomy
135:ileostomy
111:colectomy
48:Specialty
2697:Pancreas
2438:Anoscopy
1928:29974785
1879:51715999
1871:30041905
1814:31892505
1752:30094713
1695:36102959
1638:34853566
1581:33339209
1522:28794797
1470:35246190
1410:28138363
1348:33155148
1288:30123315
1225:33173587
1165:21243991
1126:30726946
1068:26676107
1003:17446704
956:24379564
894:19942166
837:30186048
567:See also
484:necrosis
474:Ischemia
397:volvulus
330:duodenum
210:Pancreas
194:duodenum
123:necrosis
119:ischemia
117:, bowel
2074:Stomach
1743:6154121
1686:9636101
1629:8610642
1572:7765607
1513:5545843
1461:8896237
1401:5237817
1339:7884367
1279:6090779
1216:7642618
1117:6376913
1059:4668783
1011:4779034
947:3870492
885:3742312
828:6123009
390:hernias
326:ureters
290:to the
269:Surgery
254:
239:
226:
222:jejunum
204:Whipple
198:
129:due to
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86:-ectomy
2791:Hernia
2355:Rectum
1926:
1918:
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1869:
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428:, and
349:Cancer
185:Notes
80:enter-
2873:UKELD
2822:Other
2560:Liver
1875:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1007:S2CID
643:WebMD
250:colon
235:ileum
161:Types
125:, or
107:sense
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2868:PELD
2863:MELD
2670:MRCP
2644:ERCP
1924:PMID
1916:ISSN
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697:ISBN
601:2013
459:FAST
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149:and
131:scar
2675:PTC
2017:SGs
1906:doi
1849:doi
1845:155
1792:hdl
1784:doi
1738:PMC
1722:doi
1681:PMC
1665:doi
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1096:doi
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