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forming the ileal orifice. In the dog the ileal orifice is located at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra, in the ox in the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae, in the sheep and goat at the level of the caudal point of the costal arch. By active muscular contraction of the ileum, and closure of the ileal opening as a result of engorgement, the ileum prevents the backflow of ingesta and the equalization of pressure between jejunum and the base of the cecum. Disturbance of this sensitive balance is not uncommon and is one of the causes of colic in horses. During any intestinal surgery, for instance, during appendectomy, distal 2 feet of ileum should be checked for the presence of Meckel's diverticulum.
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The ileum is the short termi of the small intestine and the connection to the large intestine. It is suspended by the caudal part of the mesentery (mesoileum) and is attached, in addition, to the cecum by the ileocecal fold. The ileum terminates at the cecocolic junction of the large intestine
915:. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen. Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen. This process creates the twisted shape of the
867:
812:
828:
957:, and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections known as
1364:
Cuvelier, C.; Demetter, P.; Mielants, H.; Veys, E.M.; De Vos, M (Jan 2001). "Interpretation of ileal biopsies: morphological features in normal and diseased mucosa".
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In veterinary anatomy, the ileum is distinguished from the jejunum by being that portion of the jejunoileum that is connected to the
1290:
Schoenwolf, Gary C.; Bleyl, Steven B.; Brauer, Philip R.; Francis-West, Philippa H. (2009). "Development of the
Urogenital system".
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386:
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half of this loop will form the ileum. The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the
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arranged in circular bundles in the inner layer and in longitudinal bundles in the outer layer. Between the two layers is the
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1744:
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There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum. There are, however, subtle differences between the two:
1406:
Nickel, R., Shummer, A., Seiferle, E. (1979) The viscera of the domestic mammals, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA.
934:. In roughly 2−4% of humans, this duct fails to close during the first seven weeks after birth, leaving a remnant called
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General structure of the gut wall. Brunner's glands are not found in the ileum, but are a distinctive feature of the
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The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the
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that forms the innermost part of the mucosa has five distinct types of cells that serve different purposes:
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1048:(partly digested food and water) to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called
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on its surface. In turn, the epithelial cells that line these villi possess even larger numbers of
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Guillaume, Jean; Praxis
Publishing; Sadasivam Kaushik; Pierre Bergot; Robert Metailler (2001).
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life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the
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It is of importance in medicine as it can be affected in a number of diseases, including:
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is derived from the Greek word εἰλεός (eileós), referring to a medical condition known as
8:
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981:. The DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system) cells of the ileum secrete various hormones (
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at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Center – "Abdominal Cavity: The Jejunum and the Ileum"
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The four layers that make up the wall of the ileum are consistent with those of the
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The ileum is the third and final part of the small intestine. It follows the
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1294:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 237.
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965:. Therefore, the ileum has an extremely large surface area both for the
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468:, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms
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1040:, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal
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are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb
993:) into the blood. Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the
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from the lumen to lymphatic cells of the lamina propria; and
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The ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the jejunum.
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formation that carries the blood vessels supplying them (the
552:. The ileum, along with the jejunum, is suspended inside the
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may be used instead of ileum. Its main function is to absorb
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are smaller and absent in the terminal part of the ileum.
510:(ICV). In humans, the ileum is about 2–4 m long, and the
427:
1187:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 241–246.
511:
1440: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
1237:
670:, a substance that lubricates the wall of the organ;
430:
1013:of the intestine. These enzymes are present in the
424:
770:, formed by nervous tissue and also a part of the
631:. From the inner to the outer surface, these are:
592:While the length of the intestinal tract contains
582:is smaller and has thinner walls than the jejunum.
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1140:
514:is usually between 7 and 8 (neutral or slightly
1182:
721:, which are a distinctive feature of the ileum.
717:and large aggregates of lymphoid tissue called
540:and ends at the ileocecal junction, where the
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1449:Ileum Microscopic Cross Section at nhmccd.edu
1285:
1283:
1150:Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans
678:and release antimicrobial substances such as
394:
1317:"Meckel's diverticulum: A systematic review"
1001:enzymes responsible for the final stages of
946:The main function of the ileum is to absorb
837:in the wall of an ileum vili. At its sides,
1212:
639:, itself formed by three different layers:
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1238:Santaolalla R, Fukata M, Abreu MT (2011).
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1215:Histology: A Text and Atlas. Sixth edition
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46:
34:
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1321:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1240:"Innate immunity in the small intestine"
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1315:Sagar J.; Kumar V.; Shah D. K. (2006).
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1052:. The remaining chyme is passed to the
568:), lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers.
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1206:
1204:
789:with varying quantities of underlying
1462:
1217:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1183:Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM (2013).
662:, which digest and absorb nutrients;
1434:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1428:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1308:
1173:
16:Final section of the small intestine
1244:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
1201:
1185:Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed
548:of the large intestine through the
13:
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742:dense irregular connective tissue
1378:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01070.x
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748:and a nervous component called
52:The cecal fossa. The ileum and
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1130:Essentials of Human Physiology
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926:the ileum is connected to the
882:
857:Cross section of ileum with a
690:, which take up and transport
604:that contain large numbers of
596:, only the ileum has abundant
444:) is the final section of the
56:are drawn backward and upward.
1:
1110:
1444:Ileal Villi at endoatlas.com
1256:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283438dea
877:of the human terminal ileum.
797:. This layer represents the
616:
544:ileum communicates with the
531:
272:Lower gastrointestinal tract
232:Upper gastrointestinal tract
7:
1729:Enterochromaffin-like cells
941:
873:Cross-section histology of
841:are visible over a core of
801:and is continuous with the
10:
2150:
1333:10.1177/014107680609901011
1213:Ross M, Pawlina W (2011).
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562:superior mesenteric artery
502:and is separated from the
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1454:Ileum 20x at deltagen.com
1438:Histology image: 12001oca
1292:Larsen's human embryology
1126:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"
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1420:Anatomy photo:37:11-0101
1153:. Springer. p. 31.
762:formed by two layers of
744:that carries the larger
19:Not to be confused with
2053:External anal sphincter
2048:Intersphincteric groove
2043:Internal anal sphincter
1560:Pterygomandibular raphe
905:primary intestinal loop
899:. By the fifth week of
760:external muscular layer
752:, which is part of the
711:loose connective tissue
608:and other cells of the
1834:Duodenojejunal flexure
1829:Minor duodenal papilla
1824:Major duodenal papilla
1575:Pharyngobasilar fascia
1570:Buccopharyngeal fascia
1491:gastrointestinal tract
973:molecules and for the
772:enteric nervous system
754:enteric nervous system
629:gastrointestinal tract
494:The ileum follows the
368:Anatomical terminology
363:Human digestive system
223:Gastrointestinal tract
189:Anatomical terminology
1791:Enteroendocrine cells
1084:Neuroendocrine tumors
1060:Clinical significance
936:Meckel's diverticulum
696:enteroendocrine cells
623:Gastrointestinal wall
358:Gastrointestinal wall
785:, a single layer of
578:The diameter of its
1724:Gastric chief cells
1026:hepatic portal vein
1009:digestion into the
799:visceral peritoneum
470:posterior intestine
1432:Anatomy image:8755
1426:Anatomy image:7787
897:primitive gut tube
891:develops from the
730:muscularis mucosae
650:of the organ. The
642:A single layer of
450:higher vertebrates
373:Outline of anatomy
217:Major parts of the
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2113:Muscularis mucosa
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1975:epiploic appendix
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1819:Suspensory muscle
1781:Intestinal glands
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1224:978-0-7817-7200-6
1194:978-1-4511-8447-1
1124:Nosek, Thomas M.
750:submucosal plexus
676:intestinal glands
600:, unencapsulated
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1995:Transverse folds
1952:Descending colon
1942:Transverse colon
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1856:No substructures
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1769:Intestinal villi
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1649:Angular incisure
1565:Pharyngeal raphe
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1132:. Archived from
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969:(attachment) of
875:intestinal villi
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768:myenteric plexus
724:A thin layer of
715:germinal centers
698:, which secrete
666:, which secrete
602:lymphoid nodules
474:distal intestine
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318:Transverse colon
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89:ileocolic artery
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1947:Splenic flexure
1937:Hepatic flexure
1932:Ascending colon
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1897:Large intestine
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1878:Peyer's patches
1873:Ileocecal valve
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1538:parapharyngeal
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889:small intestine
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713:and containing
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1136:on 2016-03-24.
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1704:Fundic glands
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1685:Microanatomy
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1681:Gastric folds
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859:Peyer's patch
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746:blood vessels
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610:immune system
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349:
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341:
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328:Sigmoid colon
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55:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2033:Anal sinuses
2023:Anal columns
1864:
1801:Paneth cells
1796:Goblet cells
1762:Microanatomy
1689:Gastric pits
1553:prevertebral
1402:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1291:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1214:
1184:
1164:. Retrieved
1149:
1142:
1134:the original
1129:
1119:
1105:
1094:
1074:Tuberculosis
1063:
1023:
1007:carbohydrate
999:carbohydrase
945:
921:
886:
835:Goblet cells
781:composed of
709:composed of
672:Paneth cells
664:goblet cells
626:
570:
535:
521:
520:
493:
473:
469:
452:, including
415:
412:
288:
158:A05.6.04.001
133:
2028:Anal valves
1965:taenia coli
1961:Continuous
1786:Enterocytes
1635:Curvatures
1597:Sphincters
1372:(1): 1–12.
1086:(carcinoid)
1050:peristalsis
1044:enable the
883:Development
839:enterocytes
783:mesothelium
656:enterocytes
606:lymphocytes
123:Identifiers
101:Ileal veins
2083:Adventitia
2010:Anal canal
1774:Microvilli
1166:2009-01-09
1111:References
1034:fatty acid
975:absorption
967:adsorption
963:microvilli
955:bile salts
791:connective
787:flat cells
740:formed by
660:microvilli
652:epithelium
644:tall cells
558:peritoneal
485:bile salts
2098:Submucosa
2088:Subserosa
1590:Esophagus
1015:cytoplasm
979:digestion
948:vitamin B
913:umbilicus
803:mesentery
738:submucosa
617:Histology
554:mesentery
532:Structure
478:vitamin B
249:Esophagus
68:Precursor
2128:Category
1914:Appendix
1811:Duodenum
1394:28873753
1386:11135039
1351:17021300
1274:21248635
1079:Lymphoma
1038:glycerol
1030:Lacteals
995:protease
987:secretin
942:Function
909:proximal
861:circled.
820:duodenum
700:hormones
692:antigens
684:lysozyme
542:terminal
496:duodenum
458:reptiles
448:in most
352:See also
306:Appendix
259:Duodenum
2000:Ampulla
1970:haustra
1849:Jejunum
1671:Pylorus
1639:greater
1628:Stomach
1524:Spaces
1520:Muscles
1512:Pharynx
1342:1592061
1265:3502877
1099:by the
1017:of the
1003:protein
983:gastrin
930:by the
922:In the
895:of the
728:called
538:jejunum
506:by the
500:jejunum
489:jejunum
454:mammals
284:Jejunum
254:Stomach
244:Pharynx
146:D007082
62:Details
2108:Mucosa
2079:Serosa
1987:Rectum
1666:Fundus
1656:Cardia
1644:lesser
1613:glands
1548:danger
1392:
1384:
1349:
1339:
1298:
1272:
1262:
1221:
1191:
1157:
1097:caecum
971:enzyme
907:. The
893:midgut
779:serosa
460:, and
333:Rectum
80:Artery
73:Midgut
1924:Colon
1906:Cecum
1865:Ileum
1745:Lower
1606:lower
1601:upper
1503:Upper
1495:mouth
1390:S2CID
1054:colon
1046:chyme
1011:lumen
959:villi
928:navel
924:fetus
668:mucin
658:with
648:lumen
580:lumen
546:cecum
526:ileus
522:Ileum
516:basic
504:cecum
464:. In
462:birds
416:ileum
301:Cecum
289:Ileum
239:Mouth
193:[
134:ileum
129:Latin
117:vagus
108:Nerve
54:cecum
29:Ileum
21:Ilium
2071:Wall
2018:Anus
1661:Body
1618:crop
1382:PMID
1347:PMID
1296:ISBN
1270:PMID
1219:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1036:and
1005:and
997:and
887:The
793:and
682:and
585:Its
566:vein
564:and
556:, a
498:and
466:fish
414:The
340:Anus
182:7208
170:2959
153:TA98
141:MeSH
96:Vein
1374:doi
1337:PMC
1329:doi
1260:PMC
1252:doi
758:An
518:).
472:or
177:FMA
165:TA2
2130::
2081:/
1388:.
1380:.
1370:38
1368:.
1345:.
1335:.
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1319:.
1282:^
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1203:^
1175:^
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1103:.
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1021:.
989:,
985:,
953:,
950:12
938:.
919:.
777:A
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686:;
635:A
528:.
512:pH
491:.
483:,
480:12
456:,
437:əm
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428:ɪ
425:ˈ
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418:(
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