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306:. However, the sulphur dioxide in the lower atmosphere remains stable. This could mean that a change in the global atmosphere caused the sulphur dioxide concentration to increase above the clouds. Even though the change in the atmosphere may be evidence that there have been volcanoes that erupted in Venus, it is difficult to determine whether they occurred or not. In 2014, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was located, in the form of infrared "flashes" over the edges of rift zone
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of the elevation of the surface of Venus, which assists in the identification of volcanoes. Volcanic features discovered include flood lavas, edifice clusters, shield volcanoes, volcanic cones, and volcanic domes. Since the
Magellan mission, more than 1,660 volcanic landforms have been identified on the surface of Venus. Further analysis of the Magellan data revealed more than 85,000 volcanoes.
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confidence of whether a surface feature is a volcano or not. The algorithm examines images of a 30 km × 30 km area of the surface of Venus and areas considered to be volcanoes are reshaped into a vector and processed through a series of equations. This algorithm has been used to identify multiple volcanoes in different mapping images from Venus.
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generally unavailable on Venus. Some scientists question that the phosphine levels found are truly as high as indicated. If the phosphine is present in amounts of 1–5 ppb and can be determined to originate in the mantle, it will imply a deep mantle plume system which contains enough volatiles to produce explosive volcanism.
278:. A nova is formed when large quantities of magma are extruded onto the surface to form radiating ridges and trenches which are highly reflective to radar. These dikes form a symmetrical network around the central point where the lava emerged, where there may also be a depression caused by the collapse of the magma chamber.
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Lightning on Venus may serve as a diagnostic of volcanism or atmospheric convection, so some effort has been devoted to detecting possible lightning on Venus. No lightning has been directly observed, but the most compelling evidence is the very low frequency (VLF) radio emissions recorded beneath the
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Arachnoids are so named because they resemble a spider's web, featuring several concentric ovals surrounded by a complex network of radial fractures similar to those of a nova. It is not known whether the 250 or so features identified as arachnoids actually share a common origin, or are the result of
570:
The Gula Mons volcano is 460 km in diameter, 3.2 km high and is in the
Western Eistla Regio Rise. Gula Mons is considered to be a shield volcano. This volcano has a central edifice that is surrounded by the peaks of the volcano. Mapping suggests that there are multiple caldera pits in this
561:
The Sif Mons volcano is 350 km in diameter, 2 km high, and is in the
Western Eistla Regio Rise. Based on the mapping of the volcano, the area around the central caldera is mostly flat with many chain pits surrounding the area. On eastern parts of the volcano, lava has flooded from the main
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Three missions are expected to launch in the 2030s, VERITAS, DAVINCI, and EnVision, all of which will help detect volcanism. Both VERITAS and EnVision will use radar remote sensing to map the surface of Venus at resolution 10 times better than that of
Magellan. These missions will allow mapping over
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Locating volcanoes on Venus became possible during the
Magellan mission in 1990, which mapped over 95% of the surface of Venus. The surface of Venus is hidden by clouds but surface features can be mapped using synthetic aperture radar. Some images created by this mapping can give a perspective view
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discovered that 37 of Venus's coronae show signs of ongoing activity. Maryland professor
Laurent Montesi said, "we are able to point to specific structures and say 'Look, this is not an ancient volcano but one that is active today, dormant perhaps, but not dead...'" The active coronae are clustered
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will also have the Venus
Emissivity Mapper (VEM) and a radar imager VISAR (Venus Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar). These will map lava fields and volcanoes on Venus' surface. Originally set to launch in 2027, this mission has been delayed until 2030. If VERITAS resumes its original launch
100:
flows near the summit and on the northern flank. Although many lines of evidence such as this suggest that volcanoes on Venus have been recently active, present-day eruptions at Maat Mons have not been confirmed. Nevertheless, other more recent studies, in 2020, suggest that Venus, though not Maat
77:
There are over 80,000 volcanoes on Venus detected through radar mapping. For many years scientists debated on whether Venus was currently active or if the volcanic structures were remnants from the past. There are few impact craters on Venus' surface which pointed to relatively recent resurfacing.
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Biological activity has been suggested as an alternate explanation for the phosphines in Venus' atmosphere, but this is unlikely due to the absence of any other biosignatures. Another hypothesis states that the phosphine could be produced in Venus' clouds, but this process requires water which is
349:
In March 2023, at the 54th Lunar
Planetary Science Conference, a team revealed the first images of volcanic activity on the surface of Venus. The announcement consisted of two radar images from different cycles of Magellan data (8 months apart) that displayed a volcanic vent that had expanded by
105:
orbiter. Using computer simulations they determined that the topography had changed during an 8-month interval, and have concluded that active volcanism was the cause. Until 2023, there had only been hints of active volcanism. In March 2023, Herrick et al. announced that they had imaged a vent
69:
played a major role in shaping its surface. There are more than 1,000 volcanic structures and possible periodic resurfacing of Venus by floods of lava. The planet may have had a major global resurfacing event about 500 million years ago, from what scientists can tell from the density of impact
1960:
With the
Magellan synthetic-aperture radar full-resolution radar map left- and right-look global mosaics at 75 m-per-pixel resolution, we developed a global catalog of volcanoes on Venus that contains ~85,000 edifices, ~99% of which are <5 km in diameter. We find that Venus hosts far more
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After the surface of Venus was mapped, the
California Institute of Technology created an algorithm for automatically identifying volcanoes from the mapping images. Certainty that all the identified features are volcanoes is not possible but a system of categories was developed that label the
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has the VenSAR (Venus Synthetic Aperture Radar) instrument that will map down to 30 m resolution and even down to 1 m in select areas. The SRS (Subsurface Radar Sounder) will penetrate the surface up to a kilometer and receive signals back that can be used to describe the internal
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almost 2 square kilometers. This data was over 30 years old at the time of this discovery. The scientists checked that this expansion could not be explained by the angle at which the images were taken through computer simulations, which revealed that the change must be structural.
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and other gasses will help to learn about out gassing from recent volcanoes. DAVINCI will have a probe that descends into the atmosphere collecting data along the way. Atmospheric analysis will provide important information to pair with the recent discovery of active volcanism.
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volcanoes than previously mapped, and that although they are distributed across virtually the entire planet, size–frequency distribution analysis reveals a relative lack of edifices in the 20–100 km diameter range, which could be related to magma availability and eruption rate.
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The Kunapipi Mons volcano has a diameter of 580 km, is 2.5 km high and is on the Juno Chasma rift. The summit of the volcano is a long plateau region. The main edifice of this volcano consists of many short flows and most of these flows are sheet flows.
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has been orbiting Venus since December 2015 and one of its goals is to scan for active volcanism using its infrared cameras, although the infrared detector that was supposed to do this failed in December 2016 after a relatively short period of observations.
314:. These flashes were detectable during two or three consecutive Earth days in 2008 and 2009 and are thought to be caused either by hot gases or lava released from volcanic eruptions. Scientists suspect that there are four volcanoes that may be active:
510:
structures of the planet. This will help to learn about internal workings of volcanic structures. The Venus Emisivity Mapper (VEM) will map the surface in infrared wavelengths which when added to radar can describe the topography of the surface.
243:, volcanoes are mostly of the shield type. Nevertheless, the morphology of volcanoes on Venus is different: on Earth, shield volcanoes can be a few tens of kilometres wide and up to 10 km (6.2 mi) high in the case of
247:, measured from the sea floor. On Venus, these volcanoes can cover hundreds of kilometres in area, but they are relatively flat, with an average height of 1.5 km (0.93 mi). Large volcanoes cause the Venusian
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observed three volcanoes that have had eruptions about 250,000 years ago or less, which suggests that Venus is periodically resurfaced by lava flows. She has proposed two missions to Venus to elucidate the planet:
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on Earth. The implication of this is not only that Venus has experienced recent volcanism, but that it is capable of explosive eruptions despite the lack of hydrated melts similar to those created at
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date, the data between VERTIAS and EnVision will pair together similarly to the various cycles of Magellan data. They would then have the opportunity to view volcanic changes across a set of years.
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Volcanism on Venus has taken place within the last 2.5 million years; however, until recently there had been no absolute proof that any volcano on Venus has erupted recently. Recent
172:(large regions of highly deformed terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions, which are unique to Venus). The pancakes are thought to be formed by highly viscous,
1179:. Takahashi, Yukihiro; Sato, Mitsuteru; Imai, Masataka. 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference held 23–28 April 2017 in Vienna, Austria., p.11381.
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caldera to smaller calderas nearby. Evidence suggests that there were many flank eruptions at this volcano. Most of the flow fields around this volcano are sheet flow fields.
1771:
Saunders, R. S.; Spear, A. J.; Allin, P. C.; Austin, R. S.; Berman, A. L.; Chandlee, R. C.; Clark, J.; Decharon, A. V.; De Jong, E. M.; Griffith, D. G.; Gunn, J. M. (1992).
232:, together with an inflow of seawater, producing a gummier lava that restricts the exit of the gases, and for that reason, composite volcanoes tend to erupt more violently.
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to flex downward because of their enormous vertical loads, producing flexural moats or ring fractures around the edifices. Large volcano edifice loading also causes
740:"Volcanoes on Venus Might Still Be Smoking - Planetary science experiments on Earth suggest that the sun's second planet might have ongoing volcanic activity"
691:
Schaber, G. G.; Strom, R. G.; Moore, H. J.; Soderblom, L. A.; Kirk, R. L.; Chadwick, D. J.; Dawson, D. D.; Gaddis, L. R.; Boyce, J. M.; Russell, Joel (1992).
191:. They are thought to have undergone mass wasting events such as landslides on their margins. Sometimes deposits of debris can be seen scattered around them.
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164:. Pancake dome volcanoes are up to 15 km (9.3 mi) in diameter and less than 1 km (0.62 mi) in height and are 100 times larger than
101:
Mons specifically, is indeed currently volcanically active. In 2023, scientists reexamined topographical images of the Maat Mons region taken by the
925:
1902:"A new catalog pinpoints volcanic cones in the best available surface images of Venus – those gathered 30 years ago by NASA's Magellan spacecraft"
298:. In addition to the radar images, there is supporting evidence that volcanism has taken place, including an unusual change in the amount of
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Scientists are also able to determine the age of volcanoes on Venus using images from the Magellan mission, for example by examining
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3207:
1538:; Helbert, Joern; Piccioni, Giuseppe; Drossart, Pierre (2010), "Recent Hot-Spot Volcanism on Venus from VIRTIS Emissivity Data",
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imagery shows more than 1,000 volcanic structures and evidence of possible periodic resurfacing of the planet by floods of
986:. Mattei, M. F. The Journal of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, Volume 60, Number 2, p.38-39. March 2018.
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on regional plains; if the flanking slopes of a volcano do not have wrinkles ridges, then they would be considered young.
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1711:
Ghail, Richard C.; Hall, David; Mason, Philippa J.; Herrick, Robert R.; Carter, Lynn M.; Williams, Ed (February 2018).
974:. Mattei, M. F. The Journal of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, Volume 53, Number 2, p.6. March 2011.
442:. The phosphines were detected at a height of 70 km, which implies a volcanic eruption on the explosive scale of
27:, is displayed in this perspective view of the surface of Venus, with the vertical scale multiplied by 22.5. Based on
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216:. The lava from these volcanoes is relatively fluid and permits the escape of gases. Composite volcanoes, such as
2083:
1474:"Explosive volcanic activity on Venus: The roles of volatile contribution, degassing, and external environment"
389:
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on Earth. It is thought that Venus may have primordial water in the mantle that could be concentrated through
1926:
Hahn, Rebecca M.; Byrne, Paul K. (April 2023). "A Morphological and Spatial Analysis of Volcanoes on Venus".
1901:
1665:"VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography And Spectroscopy): A Proposed Discovery Mission"
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Phosphide comes from metals such as iron and magnesium, which should exist in great quantities in Venus'
1066:"37 active volcanoes found on Venus, scientists say this suggests planet's interior is still 'churning'"
1980:
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different time periods that could display more, higher resolution, evidence of current day volcanism.
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1862:"Rifts and large volcanoes on Venus: Global assessment of their age relations with regional plains"
275:
141:
1472:
Airey, M. W.; Mather, T. A.; Pyle, D. M.; Glaze, L. S.; Ghail, R. C.; Wilson, C. F. (2015-08-01).
998:"Idunn Mons: Evidence for Ongoing Volcano-tectonic Activity and Atmospheric Implications on Venus"
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Radar mosaic of two 65 km (40 mi) wide (and less than 1 km (0.62 mi) high)
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The second highest mountain and highest volcano of Venus, the 8-km-high (5-mile-high) volcano
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1663:; Dyar, Darby; Helbert, Jörn; Hensley, Scott; Nunes, Daniel; Whitten, Jennifer (2020-10-08).
1192:; Richards, Anita M. S.; Bains, William; Rimmer, Paul B.; Sagawa, Hideo; Clements, David L.;
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1981:"Development of Large Volcanoes on Venus: Constraints from Sif, Gula, and Kunapipi Montes"
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is currently searching for visible lightning on Venus, among other science objectives.
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396:. Historic data from Pioneer Venus also shows the possible detection of phosphine.
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gas in the upper atmosphere. Sulphur dioxide is an important component of volcanic
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948:
A New Episode of Volcanism on Venus. ESA: Science and technology. December 2, 2012
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will not be mapping the surface, but analyzing the atmosphere. The analysis of SO
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near each other, so positioning geologic survey instruments would now be easier.
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693:"Geology and distribution of impact craters on Venus: What are they telling us?"
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Hunt for optical lightning flash in Venus using LAC onboard Akatsuki spacecraft
408:(P) through the following interaction with sulfuric acid in Venus' atmosphere:
267:
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71:
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1473:
1416:"Sulfur Dioxide: Episodic Injection Shows Evidence for Active Venus Volcanism"
1235:
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768:"Present-day volcanism on Venus as evidenced from weathering rates of olivine"
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2012:
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1349:"Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine"
1308:
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D'Incecco, P.; Filiberto, J.; López, I.; Gorinov, D. A.; Komatsu, G. (2021).
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Burl, M. C.; Fayyad, U. M.; Perona, P.; Smyth, P.; Burl, M. P. (June 1994),
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1092:"Surface changes observed on a Venusian volcano during the Magellan mission"
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855:"Surface changes observed on a Venusian volcano during the Magellan mission"
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Mogul, Rakesh; Limaye, Sanjay S.; Way, M. J.; Cordova, Jaime A. (2021).
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1267:"Venus' Mass Spectra Show Signs of Disequilibria in the Middle Clouds"
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probe revealed evidence for comparatively recent volcanic activity at
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International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
1160:. Ralph D. Lorenz. Prog Earth Planet Sci (2018) 5: 34. 20 June 2018.
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397:
319:
315:
244:
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24:
19:
2028:"Western Eisila Regio, Venus: Radar properties of volcanic deposits"
224:, are associated with tectonic plates. In this type of volcano, the
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expanding in Magellan images, indicating active volcanism on Venus.
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1831:, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 302–309,
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78:
The most likely resurfacing event would have been volcanic flows.
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259:-like pattern, affecting magma propagation beneath the surface.
130:
Computer-generated perspective view of pancake domes in Venus's
126:
3106:
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360:
271:
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74:, with a pressure that is 90 times that of Earth's atmosphere.
61:, and about 65% of the planet consists of a mosaic of volcanic
58:
50:
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formed on Earth. They are usually associated with coronae and
2092:
1713:"VenSAR on EnVision: Taking earth observation radar to Venus"
291:
207:
176:-rich lava erupting under Venus's high atmospheric pressure.
161:
89:
79:
42:
638:"A Morphological and Spatial Analysis of Volcanoes on Venus"
1526:
342:
295:
153:
62:
34:
1188:
690:
1659:
829:"Why the Discovery of an Active Volcano on Venus Matters"
2061:
1770:
70:
craters on the surface. Venus has an atmosphere rich in
1860:
Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W. (2000-10-25).
616:"Magellan: A new view of Venus' geology and geophysics"
1200:; Ranjan, Sukrit; Drabek-Maunder, Emily (2021-07-16).
1824:
1710:
1264:
1471:
1085:
1083:
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and "tick-like" structures which are not present on
989:
228:of one plate is sliding underneath the other in a
1090:Herrick, Robert R.; Hensley, Scott (2023-03-24).
1080:
1043:"Venus has at least 37 recently-active volcanoes"
853:Herrick, Robert R.; Hensley, Scott (2023-03-24).
765:
613:
531:
16:Overview of volcanic activity on the planet Venus
3378:
2026:Campbell, Bruce A.; Campbell, Donald B. (1990).
2025:
1979:; Guest, John E.; Copp, Duncan L. (2001-07-01).
1706:
1704:
1975:
1353:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1158:Lightning detection on Venus: a critical review
636:Hahn, Rebecca M.; Byrne, Paul K. (April 2023).
45:is dominated by volcanic features and has more
1859:
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1151:
1089:
944:
942:
852:
2077:
1701:
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571:volcano that are partially filled with lava.
384:et al. detected phosphine levels of 1–5
262:Other unique features of Venus's surface are
210:from the depths of the Earth in zones called
202:. The shield volcanoes, for example those in
194:On Earth, volcanoes are mainly of two types:
1593:"Spacecraft Spots Active Volcanoes on Venus"
1346:
984:Venus Volcano Observing List for Spring 2018
1202:"Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus"
1148:
1063:
939:
759:
731:
285:
187:because they appear as domes with numerous
2084:
2070:
1828:Automating the Hunt for Volcanoes on Venus
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1282:
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1928:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1866:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1628:
1612:Initial products of Akatsuki 1-μm camera
1413:
1347:Truong, N.; Lunine, J. I. (2021-07-20).
1034:
642:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
375:
136:
125:
113:
18:
1650:
1590:
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926:"Evolution of large Venusian volcanoes"
923:
3379:
1636:"AKATSUKI orbit control at perihelion"
826:
179:The "tick-like" structures are called
33:radar images. In the foreground, long
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1971:
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492:. Meanwhile, the Japanese spacecraft
109:
959:"Hot lava flows discovered on Venus"
766:Filiberto, Justin (3 January 2020).
737:
1669:European Planetary Science Congress
1605:
13:
1966:
1850:
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156:and some unusual volcanoes called
14:
3398:
1591:Overbye, Dennis (April 9, 2010),
1534:; Mueller, Nils; Treiman, Allan;
1414:Esposito, Larry W. (1984-03-09).
827:Kluger, Jeffrey (17 March 2023).
339:Swiss National Science Foundation
3360:
3351:
3350:
738:Hall, Shannon (9 January 2020).
574:
282:different geological processes.
2019:
1919:
1894:
1777:Journal of Geophysical Research
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1520:
1407:
1258:
1182:
977:
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697:Journal of Geophysical Research
57:. It has a surface that is 90%
1041:Jason Goodyer (25 July 2020).
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820:
684:
629:
607:
532:Identifying volcanoes on Venus
465:
1:
1440:10.1126/science.223.4640.1072
1010:American Astronomical Society
1002:The Planetary Science Journal
924:Galgana; et al. (2011).
600:
235:On Venus, where there are no
2032:Geophysical Research Letters
1271:Geophysical Research Letters
1064:Mihika Basu (20 July 2020).
928:. American Geophysical Union
618:. American Geophysical Union
565:
353:
7:
3283:Artificial objects on Venus
3278:Geological mapping of Venus
1478:Planetary and Space Science
583:
556:
551:
388:in Venus' atmosphere using
183:. They are commonly called
10:
3403:
1773:"Magellan mission summary"
614:D.L. Bindschadler (1995).
359:clouds by all four of the
310:, near the shield volcano
3346:
3333:Neith (hypothetical moon)
3295:
3270:
3241:
3195:
3159:
3134:
2850:
2841:
2809:
2761:
2735:
2728:
2688:
2505:
2452:
2419:
2225:
2193:
2162:
2155:
2119:
2112:
2099:
2091:
1737:10.1016/j.jag.2017.02.008
1624:10.1186/s40623-017-0773-5
1618:. 2018, vol. 70, nbr. 6.
1495:10.1016/j.pss.2015.01.009
1236:10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4
1166:10.1186/s40645-018-0181-x
3061:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
2411:List of coronae on Venus
1616:Earth, Planets and Space
1196:; Petkowski, Janusz J.;
286:Recent volcanic activity
144:surface feature on Venus
122:in Venus's Eistla region
65:plains, indicating that
3203:European Venus Explorer
2819:Venus-crosser asteroids
2052:10.1029/GL017i009p01353
1638:. JAXA. 1 November 2011
1562:10.1126/science.1186785
1486:2015P&SS..113...33A
1374:10.1073/pnas.2021689118
1117:10.1126/science.abm7735
880:10.1126/science.abm7735
366:. The Japanese orbiter
3063: / Pioneer 13
3057: / Pioneer 12
2005:10.1006/icar.2001.6633
795:10.1126/sciadv.aax7445
486:Venus Origins Explorer
335:University of Maryland
181:scalloped margin domes
145:
134:
123:
38:
3055:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2376:Scalloped margin dome
2346:Quetzalpetlatl Corona
376:Atmospheric phosphine
140:
129:
117:
22:
1948:10.1029/2023JE007753
1934:(4): e2023JE007753.
1887:10.1029/2000JE001260
1872:(E10): 24583–24611.
1686:10.5194/epsc2020-447
1536:Elkins-Tanton, Linda
1301:10.1029/2020GL091327
1277:(7): e2020GL091327.
662:10.1029/2023je007753
333:In 2020, a study by
266:(radial networks of
2044:1990GeoRL..17.1353C
1997:2001Icar..152...75S
1940:2023JGRE..12807753H
1906:skyandtelescope.org
1878:2000JGR...10524583B
1789:1992JGR....9713067S
1729:2018IJAEO..64..365G
1677:2020EPSC...14..447S
1554:2010Sci...328..605S
1528:Smrekar, Suzanne E.
1432:1984Sci...223.1072E
1426:(4640): 1072–1074.
1365:2021PNAS..11821689T
1293:2021GeoRL..4891327M
1228:2021NatAs...5..655G
1108:2023Sci...379.1205H
1102:(6638): 1205–1208.
1018:2021PSJ.....2..215D
972:Venus Volcano Watch
871:2023Sci...379.1205H
865:(6638): 1205–1208.
786:2020SciA....6.7445F
709:1992JGR....9713257S
654:2023JGRE..12807753H
92:'s highest volcano
3387:Volcanism on Venus
2434:Guinevere Planitia
2326:Nightingale Corona
1480:. 113–114: 33–48.
1198:Sousa-Silva, Clara
1027:10.3847/PSJ/ac2258
745:The New York Times
472:Suzanne E. Smrekar
404:) is derived from
146:
135:
124:
110:Types of volcanoes
39:
37:flows are visible.
3374:
3373:
3291:
3290:
3187:Venus Life Finder
2858:Sputnik programme
2837:
2836:
2724:
2723:
2221:
2220:
1838:978-0-8186-5825-9
1797:10.1029/92JE01397
717:10.1029/92je01246
595:Volcanism on Mars
386:parts per billion
255:to fracture in a
198:and composite or
96:, in the form of
3394:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3256:Inspiration Mars
2848:
2847:
2733:
2732:
2706:Surface features
2361:Sacajawea Patera
2160:
2159:
2147:Mapping of Venus
2117:
2116:
2104:Outline of Venus
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2038:(9): 1353–1356.
2023:
2017:
2016:
1977:Stofan, Ellen R.
1973:
1964:
1963:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1532:Stofan, Ellen R.
1524:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1376:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1221:
1206:Nature Astronomy
1190:Greaves, Jane S.
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1119:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:
955:
949:
946:
937:
936:
934:
933:
921:
915:
909:
908:
882:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
818:
817:
807:
797:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
735:
729:
728:
688:
682:
681:
633:
627:
626:
624:
623:
611:
452:subduction zones
434:
433:
432:
429:
218:Mount St. Helens
196:shield volcanoes
150:shield volcanoes
82:sounding by the
3402:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3342:
3287:
3266:
3243:
3237:
3191:
3155:
3130:
3101:Cassini–Huygens
3003:Mariner program
2833:
2805:
2757:
2720:
2684:
2501:
2457:
2448:
2424:
2415:
2231:
2229:
2217:
2203:Aphrodite Terra
2189:
2151:
2108:
2095:
2090:
2060:
2059:
2024:
2020:
1974:
1967:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1823:
1812:
1769:
1762:
1709:
1702:
1658:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1610:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1548:(5978): 605–8,
1525:
1521:
1470:
1463:
1412:
1408:
1345:
1334:
1263:
1259:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1156:
1149:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1035:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
957:
956:
952:
947:
940:
931:
929:
922:
918:
912:
851:
847:
837:
835:
825:
821:
780:(1): eaax7445.
764:
760:
750:
748:
736:
732:
689:
685:
634:
630:
621:
619:
612:
608:
603:
590:Volcanism on Io
586:
577:
568:
559:
554:
534:
519:
477:published that
468:
430:
427:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
378:
356:
300:sulphur dioxide
288:
237:tectonic plates
230:subduction zone
200:stratovolcanoes
112:
49:than any other
41:The surface of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Goeppert-Mayer
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Artemis Chasma
2469:
2467:Aikhulu Chasma
2463:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2444:Sedna Planitia
2441:
2439:Lakshmi Planum
2436:
2430:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Siddons Patera
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Pavlova Corona
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Maxwell Montes
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Ciuacoatl Mons
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Artemis Corona
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2018:
1965:
1918:
1893:
1849:
1837:
1810:
1760:
1700:
1649:
1627:
1604:
1598:New York Times
1583:
1519:
1461:
1406:
1332:
1257:
1212:(7): 655–664.
1181:
1169:
1147:
1079:
1056:
1033:
988:
976:
964:
950:
938:
916:
910:
845:
819:
758:
730:
683:
628:
605:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
592:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:wrinkle ridges
533:
530:
517:
467:
464:
436:
435:
422:
418:
414:
401:
377:
374:
355:
352:
287:
284:
253:magma chambers
222:Mount Pinatubo
111:
108:
72:carbon dioxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3399:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3126:Venus Express
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:Pioneer Venus
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Venus trojans
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Maria Celeste
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Devana Chasma
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Baltis Vallis
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Onatah Corona
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Jaszai Patera
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Heng-o Corona
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Baʽhet Corona
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Asteria Regio
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1834:
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1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:(E8): 13067.
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:10044/1/44367
1742:
1738:
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1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:10044/1/38966
1501:
1496:
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1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
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1437:
1433:
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1215:
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1199:
1195:
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1154:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
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954:
945:
943:
927:
920:
914:
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902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
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876:
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868:
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849:
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830:
823:
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796:
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783:
779:
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774:
769:
762:
747:
746:
741:
734:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:(E8): 13257.
702:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
617:
610:
606:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
581:
575:Kunapipi Mons
572:
563:
549:
547:
542:
538:
529:
526:
522:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
496:
491:
487:
482:
481:
480:Venus Express
476:
473:
463:
459:
457:
456:fractionation
453:
449:
445:
441:
411:
410:
409:
407:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:
370:
365:
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351:
347:
344:
340:
337:supported by
336:
331:
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321:
317:
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309:
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297:
293:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:oceanic crust
223:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:pancake domes
155:
152:, widespread
151:
143:
139:
133:
128:
121:
120:pancake domes
116:
107:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
81:
75:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
31:
26:
21:
3262:Terraforming
3251:Colonization
3233:Shukrayaan-1
3148:
3141:
3118:
3111:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3069:Vega program
3038:Zond program
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2901:Venera 1964A
2497:Ganis Chasma
2492:Diana Chasma
2366:Sachs Patera
2351:Pancake dome
2281:Fotla Corona
2266:Boala Corona
2232:
2208:Ishtar Terra
2035:
2031:
2021:
1991:(1): 75–95.
1988:
1984:
1959:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1869:
1865:
1842:, retrieved
1827:
1780:
1776:
1720:
1716:
1668:
1661:Smrekar, Sue
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1615:
1607:
1596:
1586:
1545:
1539:
1522:
1477:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1356:
1352:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1209:
1205:
1194:Seager, Sara
1184:
1172:
1099:
1095:
1070:. Retrieved
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1036:
1005:
1001:
991:
979:
967:
953:
930:. Retrieved
919:
913:
862:
858:
848:
836:. Retrieved
822:
777:
771:
761:
749:. Retrieved
743:
733:
700:
696:
686:
645:
641:
631:
620:. Retrieved
609:
578:
569:
560:
543:
539:
535:
523:
512:
505:
501:
494:
478:
474:
469:
460:
437:
379:
368:
361:
357:
348:
332:
308:Ganis Chasma
289:
280:
263:
261:
234:
211:
193:
188:
184:
178:
169:
147:
102:
83:
76:
55:Solar System
40:
28:
3150:BepiColombo
2843:Exploration
2696:Geodynamics
2680:Yablochkina
2482:Dali Chasma
2406:Zisa Corona
2356:Renpet Mons
2306:Irnini Mons
2296:Iaso Tholus
2246:Akna Montes
2241:Abeona Mons
2170:Alpha Regio
2137:Dune fields
1723:: 365–376.
488:(VOX), and
466:Exploration
448:Yellowstone
249:lithosphere
132:Alpha Regio
3338:Phosphorus
3313:In fiction
3308:In culture
3030:Mariner 10
2956:Kosmos 482
2931:Kosmos 167
2891:Sputnik 21
2886:Sputnik 20
2881:Sputnik 19
2716:Venusquake
2711:Venus snow
2640:Merit Ptah
2575:De Lalande
2401:Ushas Mons
2396:Theia Mons
2391:Skadi Mons
2371:Sapas Mons
2301:Idunn Mons
2251:Anala Mons
2213:Lada Terra
2185:Ovda Regio
2180:Beta Regio
2132:Atmosphere
1844:2022-05-14
1642:3 December
1284:2009.12758
1219:2009.06593
932:2011-07-25
751:10 January
622:2007-09-13
601:References
328:Idunn Mons
324:Sapas Mons
312:Sapas Mons
304:outgassing
276:arachnoids
166:lava domes
154:lava flows
148:Venus has
3328:Mythology
3303:Cytherean
3113:MESSENGER
3023:Mariner 5
3016:Mariner 2
3009:Mariner 1
2996:Venera 16
2991:Venera 15
2986:Venera 14
2981:Venera 13
2976:Venera 12
2971:Venera 11
2966:Venera 10
2921:Kosmos 96
2906:Kosmos 27
2896:Kosmos 21
2863:Sputnik 7
2811:Asteroids
2729:Astronomy
2645:Mona Lisa
2590:Golubkina
2580:Dickinson
2560:Cleopatra
2336:Ozza Mons
2316:Maat Mons
2286:Gula Mons
2276:Fand Mons
2233:volcanoes
2227:Mountains
2127:Arachnoid
2113:Geography
2013:0019-1035
1956:257745255
1805:0148-0227
1755:1569-8432
1695:133252459
1578:206525323
1514:0032-0633
1383:0027-8424
1309:1944-8007
1252:256704669
1244:2397-3366
1142:257571905
1126:0036-8075
905:257571905
889:0036-8075
725:0148-0227
678:257745255
670:2169-9097
566:Gula Mons
470:In 2010,
413:2 P + 3 H
406:phosphide
398:Phosphine
380:In 2020,
354:Lightning
320:Ozza Mons
316:Maat Mons
245:Mauna Kea
213:hot spots
142:Arachnoid
94:Maat Mons
67:volcanism
47:volcanoes
25:Maat Mons
3381:Category
3356:Category
3318:Hesperus
3242:Proposed
3196:Proposed
3182:Venera-D
3172:EnVision
3143:Akatsuki
3087:Magellan
2961:Venera 9
2951:Venera 8
2946:Venera 7
2941:Venera 6
2936:Venera 5
2926:Venera 4
2916:Venera 3
2911:Venera 2
2876:Venera 1
2872:program
2763:Transits
2675:Wheatley
2665:Stefania
2610:Isabella
2605:Guilbert
2570:Danilova
2426:plateaus
2386:Sif Mons
2142:Features
1911:16 April
1570:20378775
1456:12832924
1448:17830154
1401:34253608
1327:34219837
1134:36921020
1072:1 August
1049:1 August
897:36921020
838:19 March
814:31922004
584:See also
557:Sif Mons
552:Examples
507:EnVision
495:Akatsuki
444:Krakatau
369:Akatsuki
241:seawater
206:, eject
170:tesserae
103:Magellan
85:Magellan
30:Magellan
3296:Related
3258:(flyby)
3177:VERITAS
3167:DAVINCI
3160:Planned
3135:Current
3120:Shin'en
3094:Galileo
2743:Aspects
2736:General
2701:Geology
2650:Nanichi
2635:Meitner
2600:Gregory
2540:Aurelia
2535:Ariadne
2507:Craters
2459:valleys
2454:Canyons
2156:Regions
2120:General
2040:Bibcode
1993:Bibcode
1936:Bibcode
1874:Bibcode
1785:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1673:Bibcode
1550:Bibcode
1541:Science
1482:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1420:Science
1392:8307446
1361:Bibcode
1318:8244101
1289:Bibcode
1224:Bibcode
1104:Bibcode
1096:Science
1068:. MEAWW
1014:Bibcode
1012:: 215.
961:. 2015.
867:Bibcode
859:Science
805:6941908
782:Bibcode
773:Science
705:Bibcode
650:Bibcode
525:VERITAS
514:DAVINCI
490:VERITAS
421:→ 2 PH
382:Greaves
364:landers
272:grabens
53:in the
3366:Portal
3244:crewed
3218:VISAGE
3107:IKAROS
3079:Vega 2
3074:Vega 1
3043:Zond 1
2870:Venera
2829:Zoozve
2753:Phases
2625:Mariko
2615:Jeanne
2595:Grimke
2565:Cunitz
2550:Barton
2530:Alcott
2525:Agnesi
2520:Adivar
2515:Addams
2421:Plains
2195:Terrae
2011:
1985:Icarus
1954:
1835:
1803:
1753:
1693:
1576:
1568:
1512:
1454:
1446:
1399:
1389:
1381:
1359:(29).
1325:
1315:
1307:
1250:
1242:
1140:
1132:
1124:
903:
895:
887:
812:
802:
723:
676:
668:
475:et al.
440:mantle
425:+ 3 SO
362:Venera
274:) and
204:Hawaii
174:silica
59:basalt
51:planet
3271:Other
2748:Orbit
2689:Other
2670:Wanda
2655:Riley
2545:Balch
2163:Regio
2093:Venus
1952:S2CID
1691:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1452:S2CID
1279:arXiv
1248:S2CID
1214:arXiv
1138:S2CID
1045:. BBC
1008:(5).
901:S2CID
674:S2CID
648:(4).
292:radar
268:dikes
264:novae
208:magma
185:ticks
162:Earth
90:Venus
80:Radar
43:Venus
3323:Life
3223:VICI
3213:VISE
3208:VAMP
2851:Past
2801:2012
2796:2004
2791:1882
2786:1874
2781:1769
2776:1761
2771:1639
2660:Ruth
2630:Mead
2555:Buck
2009:ISSN
1913:2023
1833:ISBN
1801:ISSN
1751:ISSN
1644:2011
1566:PMID
1510:ISSN
1444:PMID
1397:PMID
1379:ISSN
1323:PMID
1305:ISSN
1240:ISSN
1130:PMID
1122:ISSN
1074:2020
1051:2020
893:PMID
885:ISSN
840:2023
833:Time
810:PMID
753:2020
721:ISSN
666:ISSN
394:JCMT
392:and
390:ALMA
343:NASA
341:and
326:and
296:lava
257:sill
220:and
189:legs
63:lava
35:lava
3228:VOX
2456:and
2423:and
2230:and
2048:doi
2001:doi
1989:152
1944:doi
1932:128
1882:doi
1870:105
1793:doi
1741:hdl
1733:doi
1681:doi
1620:doi
1558:doi
1546:328
1500:hdl
1490:doi
1436:doi
1424:223
1387:PMC
1369:doi
1357:118
1313:PMC
1297:doi
1232:doi
1162:doi
1112:doi
1100:379
1022:doi
875:doi
863:379
800:PMC
790:doi
713:doi
658:doi
646:128
446:or
400:(PH
270:or
239:or
98:ash
3383::
2046:.
2036:17
2034:.
2030:.
2007:.
1999:.
1987:.
1983:.
1968:^
1958:.
1950:.
1942:.
1930:.
1904:.
1880:.
1868:.
1864:.
1852:^
1813:^
1799:.
1791:.
1781:97
1779:.
1775:.
1763:^
1749:.
1739:.
1731:.
1721:64
1719:.
1715:.
1703:^
1689:.
1679:.
1671:.
1667:.
1652:^
1614:.
1595:,
1572:,
1564:,
1556:,
1544:,
1530:;
1508:.
1498:.
1488:.
1476:.
1464:^
1450:.
1442:.
1434:.
1422:.
1418:.
1395:.
1385:.
1377:.
1367:.
1355:.
1351:.
1335:^
1321:.
1311:.
1303:.
1295:.
1287:.
1275:48
1273:.
1269:.
1246:.
1238:.
1230:.
1222:.
1208:.
1204:.
1150:^
1136:.
1128:.
1120:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1082:^
1020:.
1004:.
1000:.
941:^
899:.
891:.
883:.
873:.
861:.
857:.
831:.
808:.
798:.
788:.
776:.
770:.
742:.
719:.
711:.
701:97
699:.
695:.
672:.
664:.
656:.
644:.
640:.
458:.
428:2−
417:SO
330:.
322:,
318:,
2085:e
2078:t
2071:v
2054:.
2050::
2042::
2015:.
2003::
1995::
1946::
1938::
1915:.
1890:.
1884::
1876::
1807:.
1795::
1787::
1757:.
1743::
1735::
1727::
1697:.
1683::
1675::
1646:.
1622::
1602:.
1581:.
1560::
1552::
1516:.
1502::
1492::
1484::
1458:.
1438::
1430::
1403:.
1371::
1363::
1329:.
1299::
1291::
1281::
1254:.
1234::
1226::
1216::
1210:5
1164::
1144:.
1114::
1106::
1076:.
1053:.
1030:.
1024::
1016::
1006:2
935:.
907:.
877::
869::
842:.
816:.
792::
784::
778:6
755:.
727:.
715::
707::
680:.
660::
652::
625:.
518:2
431:4
423:3
419:4
415:2
402:3
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