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146:, edited by Susan Sim the initial idea of the void deck originated from a 1973 conversation he had with former Secretary General S.S. Dhillon while driving at Kim Keat Road towards Toa Payoh. Barker commented on children being drenched in the rain, suggesting, "If only we could raise buildings one level up." Susan Sim and Dhillon suggested that this was how "the idea of a void deck at the foot of each HDB block came about." In 2024, TODAY online posted an article which claimed that HDB "initially built void decks for ventilation and flood prevention in dense urban areas", citing urban planners.
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169:(2013) stated that the intention of the void deck was to provide "a sense of relief" in a highly urbanised environment and create opportunities for community bonding. It also suggested that " introduction of void decks has undeniably improved the lives of HDB flat dwellers as they provide shelter from the rain and sun, promote good airflow and natural light, and allow passers-by easy passage through the estates," mentioning the other possible reasons stated by Sim, Khoo, Cairns, and Tan.
44:. They are one of the most used public spaces in housing estates. The first void deck was implemented in 1963 at Block 26 Jalan Klinik. The void deck is used for a range of casual community activities such as playing board games, exercising, and socialising. It is often booked for Malay weddings, Chinese funerals, and birthday parties. Void decks today are occasionally populated with convenience stores,
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temporary functions, acting as "a space that can serve community needs." The void deck's abundance of uses allows residents to establish a niche experience with other residents. However, scholars such as the late Ooi Giok Ling and Thomas Tan have stated that the void deck can become a place for frequent yet superficial social interactions, especially when limited to passing greetings.
352:“School students have always been advised to stay away from void decks, as it’s where smokers hang out, or card-playing happens. Smoking and card-playing is then associated with loitering/antisocial behaviour/gang-related activity, for some reason. And as such, students are indoctrinated to avoid these spaces, and will tend to do so ‘til even later on in life."
257:. A precinct constitutes up to 750 flats and joins together roughly 4 hectares of flats, creating a common space with which residents can identify. In a precinct, a playground becomes the focal point around which void deck facilities have been built and concentrated. Residents are also within walking distance to conveniences such as small shops, eateries, and
308:. Newer void decks are also smaller in size. Residents have also been allowed a greater say in how the void deck is decorated. Artists may decorate the void deck, but they must first apply for permission from the relevant authorities before displaying their works, as the space belongs to the Town Council of the area where the void deck is located.
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with a feast. Contrary to popular belief, void deck Malay weddings are neither cheap or a more cost-effective option compared to other locations. A Malay wedding is held throughout the day and typically invites over 1000 guests who need not stay the whole period, costing an average couple around S$ 40,000 - S$ 50,000 for the reception alone.
246:. In 1980, HDB announced that every new HDB block and older estates will have electrical and water facilities for usage at the void deck. Until the 1990s, void decks followed similar rectangular designs, which only changed when HDB began encouraging teams of private firms to 'design-and-build' HDB flats in 1991.
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Chinese funerals are also common at the void deck for
Buddhist and Taoist traditions. They often take place over few days and family members and relatives take turns looking over the venue overnight, typically playing games such as mahjong to keep themselves awake. A popular misconception is that the
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Singaporean artists Chow Chee Yong and Tang Ling Nah was held at the Private Museum from August to September 2012. The interior design of the exhibition room was modelled after a void deck, featuring iconic smooth grey concrete floors, white walls, and rectangular pillars, creating the impression
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It is common for noise complaints to arise regarding the use of the void decks. When there are such complaints, the government often urges communication between residents rather than taking any cases under the law. Meanwhile, the
Singapore-based website Stomp encourages users to publicise and report
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or bus station with very little social interaction with other residents. However, the void deck is still important for the senior citizens who spent their weeks doing basic housework such as buying groceries from the market and interacting with other seniors while waiting for their family members to
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Depending on its users, the void deck can either be a space for wholesome community bonding or a site for inconsiderate behaviour. For some residents, the void deck has developed a negative association due to occasional instances of loitering, playing of loud music, gambling, drinking, drug-taking,
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In today's
Singapore, Malay wedding receptions are typically conducted at the void deck, as most Singaporeans live in HDB blocks. Traditionally, Malay wedding receptions will be held at the courtyards of the family's house. Malay weddings at a void deck are often heavily decorated and accompanied
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newspaper article, where it was used to describe the in-between floors of mixed-use buildings that separated the shopping levels from the residential blocks above them. In 1973, HDB referred to the open ground level as a 'void area' in the government panel in the newspaper. However, HDB did not
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On August 22, 2023, an HDB estate-themed cafe called Lou Shang by Mama Diam opened on
Prinsep Street. The cafe's entrance and interior mimics the void deck staircase landings and common area. It also serves Singapore-inspired dishes and is furnished with blue-tiled, rounded tables and benches
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The lift lobby at void decks can be treated as the main entrance or "lobby lounges" to HDB blocks. In newer void decks, they are even marked with a different wall and floor design and kept open for the community to furnish and decorate. The void deck's large open spaces allow for a variety of
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that support the residential blocks above it. Smooth white walls coat the verticals, and matte grey covers the base, with some walkways textured to prevent slippage. Although there is some variation, the center of the void deck houses its iconic elevators lobbies and dedicated letterbox area.
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When HDB blocks were first constructed in the 1960s, they did not include void decks. It was only in the 1970s that HDB began building its flats starting from the second level, creating open space on the ground level. However, exceptions to some new HDB blocks were made to allow for greater
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In their book chapter The Social
Significance of Public Spaces in Public Housing Estates, Ooi and Tan noted that the space is a "radical embrace of functional indeterminacy," meaning that the void deck is intentionally designed to have no fixed or predetermined purpose, and claimed that the
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Chow juxtaposes different locations with a single shot, creating an ambiguous “Void” that exists only within the photograph. On the other hand, Tang suggests the extension of space through her charcoal drawings of the city’s transitory spaces such as “Void Decks”, corridors and underground
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William S. W. Lim, Cairns, et. al. dedicated one section called "The Void Deck Gamble", stating that the void deck was meant to be an open space with no particular function, but the hope was for it to promote "community and identity formation" as mentioned explicitly in
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void deck funerals are merely convenient and superstitious. Scholar Tan
Dingwei states that "The heritage surrounding death practices in Taoist belief systems are abundant and sophisticated." Tan published a photo-essay "A Chinese Funeral in a Void Deck" in the book
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However, Scholars like Louisa-May Khoo and
Stephen Cairns echoed the official view that the void deck exists to mix people up, to promote social interaction between people in Singapore's ethnically diverse, multicultural, and multi-religious society. In 1989, the
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From the 1970s to 1980s, Singapore began moving kampong residents into HDB estates, otherwise known as New Towns. During this process, New Town HDB void decks served as the functional equivalent of communal kampong spaces for gathering.
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On 3 November, 2023, an area of the Block 638 Woodlands Ring Road void deck was taped off by the town council due to noise complaints regarding children playing ball games at the void deck. On 23 November 2023, A netizen contacted
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By the 2010s, the void deck had become normalised as a point of departure and rendezvous for people going for work, school, or the market on the weekdays. People heading to work or school normally cut across void decks heading the
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utilise the term "void deck" in their annual reports until 1977–1978. Dr. Yaacob
Ibrahim Former Minister for Ministry of Communications and Information stated that the term "void deck" is a uniquely Singaporean one.
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that sold household necessities and groceries near the lift lobby. After the creation of the precinct, the kiosks were replaced by precinct facilities such as nearby convenience stores.
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from 2020 to 2022, void decks facilities were cordoned off and restricted from public use. Void deck facilities were an everyday leisure spot for many Singaporeans.
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racial composition. It is suggested that the presence of void decks below HDB blocks would promote social interaction and contribute to fostering racial harmony.
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etc. In his chapter on the Void Deck, Cairns quoted the concerns of Tan Szue Hann, then Principal Designer of Architecture at Jurong International, stating that:
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In newer HDB blocks such as SkyVille@Dawson and Pinnacle@Duxton, void decks are not located on the ground floor but rather integrated with
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Despite the government rhetoric, there are various theories behind the implementation of the void deck. According to the biography of late
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saw frequent and public cases of residents flouting rules which were recorded and shared through social media along with misinformation.
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534:, edited by Beng Huat Chua and Norman Edwards, 69–81. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore, 1992.
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The first section consisted 20 poems about life in Singapore revolving the void deck. The first one goes as follows:
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In a 1995 Singapore Literature Prize Competition, a Commendation Prize was awarded for a collection of poems called
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301:. In 2006, The Committee on Ageing Issues (CAI) called for more void decks to be utilised for senior activities.
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in 1999, there was an increasing demand from seniors to convert more open spaces into gardening areas. In 2005,
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by Kit Ying Lye and Terence Heng which shows that these funerals vary across Taoist beliefs in Singapore.
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154:(EIP) was introduced, which kept the percentage of each racial group in HDB blocks in line the national
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created the "Community in Bloom" programme which provided a platform for seniors to initiate their own
930:"More Than Just a Roof over One’s Head: Lifestyle Diversity and Dynamics in Singapore Public Housing."
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Cairns, Stephen; Jacobs, Jane M.; Yingying, Jiang; Padawangi, Rita; Siddique, Sharon; Tan, Eugene.
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of being at home whilst inside the art gallery. The artist statement on the website is as follows:
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Despite the name, void decks are not completely empty. The void deck is a largely open space with
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884:"The Big Read in Short: HDB Void Decks — Social Bonding Spaces or Pain Points for Residents?"
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1001:"Dense and Ageing: Social Sustainability of Public Places Amidst High-Density Development."
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1140:"The Big Read: Are HDB Void Decks Still the Community Spaces We Know Them to Be?"
1007:, edited by Joo Hwa P. Bay and Steffen Lehmann, 143–158. London: Routledge, 2017.
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811:"The Story Behind When the 'Void Deck' Was Introduced and How It Was Invented."
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In the 1990s, seeing that certain void deck spaces were regularly populated by
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936:, edited by Stephen Hamnett and Belinda Yuen, 70–90. London: Routledge, 2019.
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238:, and advertisement corners, along with safety and security features such as
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institution of void decks was a 'gamble.' In the book chapter "Void Deck" in
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682:"From Void Deck to Livestream: The Changing Face of Funerals in Singapore."
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Death and the Afterlife: Multidisciplinary Perspectives from a Global City
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Since 1982, HDB blocks have been built in a way that links void decks and
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1230:"Lou Shang by Mama Diam: A New HDB Estate-Themed Café on Prinsep Street."
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edited by William Siew Wai Lim, 80–89. Singapore: World Scientific, 2014.
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717:, edited by Kit Ying Lye and Terence Heng, 1st ed., 25. Routledge, 2024.
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528:"The Social Significance of Public Spaces in Public Housing Estates."
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285:, "Senior Citizens' Corners" were created. When the first void deck
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In the 1980s, HDB began incorporating entertainment facilities like
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The earliest record of the term "void deck" dates back to a 1967
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Residents can collect mail before or after using the elevator.
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At the start, void decks featured only basic amenities such as
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979:"Use of Void Decks Changes in Tandem with Community's Needs."
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Ground floor open area on public housing blocks in Singapore
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This article about a Singapore building or structure is a
1214:"Void & Void Decks: Chow Chee Yong and Tang Ling Nah."
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Housing a Nation: 25 Years of Public Housing in Singapore.
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649:, 107-111. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2018.
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Growing Compact: Urban Form, Density and Sustainability
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Singapore: Housing and Development Board, 1978. p. 45.
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Youth playing games at the void deck precinct pavilion
1038:"Sky Gardens Are Intended to Be Open and Accessible."
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A void deck under a HDB apartment block in Singapore.
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September 28, 1973, 10. Accessed September 19, 2024.
210:. In around every four blocks, early void decks had
1098:"Contemporary Collecting at the National Library."
731:"Multi-use Buildings: First Goes up in Chinatown,"
366:and commented that the decision was 'ridiculous.'
1078:"New Public Wall Art Put Up at Yishun Void Deck."
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1171:September 19, 2024. Accessed September 20, 2024.
893:September 13, 2024. Accessed September 18, 2024.
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1219:November 29, 2023. Accessed September 20, 2024.
1067:December 5, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
916:December 12, 2018. Accessed September 19, 2024.
575:Singapore: National Heritage Board, 2013. 3-9.
32:refer to the open areas on the ground level of
1149:January 27, 2024. Accessed September 21, 2024.
1027:November 4, 2023. Accessed September 19, 2024.
843:November 9, 2022. Accessed September 18, 2024.
623:January 22, 2016. Accessed September 19, 2024.
358:cases of residents who misuse the void deck.
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1087:November 23. 2023, Accessed January 17, 2018.
912:Singapore: Centre for Liveable Cities, 2017.
606:December 5, 2023. Accessed 19 September 2024.
48:, community clubs, senior citizen clubs, and
1235:April 17, 2024. Accessed September 20, 2024.
1100:BiblioAsia 20, no. 1 (April–June 2024): 52.
1047:March 22, 2023. Accessed September 18, 2024.
985:January 27, 2018. Accessed January 17, 2018.
789:Wong, Aline K., and Stephen H. K. Yeh, eds.
733:April 21, 1967. Accessed September 19, 2024.
952:July 24, 1980. Accessed September 19, 2024.
795:Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1985. 76, 370-371.
691:June 22, 2024. Accessed September 21, 2024.
94:Blk 271/274 Waterloo Street HDB 'void area'
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968:May 31, 1991. Accessed September 19, 2024.
866:Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2016. 313.
671:May 26, 2024. Accessed September 21, 2024.
1124:May 21, 2024. Accessed 17 September 2024.
1104:May 8, 2024. Accessed September 19, 2024.
934:Planning Singapore: The Experimental City
579:May 9, 2016. Accessed September 19, 2024.
532:Public Space: Design, Use, and Management
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1203:Singapore: The Private Museum Ltd, 2012.
950:"HDB Will Add Facilities to Void Decks."
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711:"A Chinese Funeral in a Void Deck."
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1304:Ministry of National Development
1189:Singapore: EPB Publishers, 1996.
928:Tan, Ern Ser, and Paveena Seah.
834:"The Secret Life of Void Decks."
63:Chinese funeral at the void deck
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40:, which are commonly known as
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1249:Housing and Development Board
490:"Singapore’s Void Decks." In
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167:Community Heritage Series III
34:Housing and Development Board
1623:. You can help Knowledge by
1576:Additional CPF Housing Grant
430:reminiscent of a void deck.
395:Long after the birdsong ends
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1670:Public housing in Singapore
1380:Interim Upgrading Programme
1309:Singapore Improvement Trust
1285:Public housing in Singapore
647:The Singapore Ethnic Mosaic
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1375:Home Improvement Programme
1115:"COVID-19 Clarifications."
1096:Janice Loo and Lee Meiyu.
643:"The Malays in Singapore."
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253:into territories known as
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1385:Lift Upgrading Programme
1058:"Void Deck | Infopedia."
999:Chong, Keng Hua, et al.
597:"Void Deck | Infopedia."
161:The NHB's e-book titled
1061:National Library Board.
600:National Library Board.
571:The Story of Void Decks
70:Death and the Afterlife
46:early education centres
1016:National Parks Board.
761:Annual Report, 1977/78
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1581:Lease Buyback Scheme
1368:Upgrading programmes
1212:The Private Museum.
1200:Void and Void Decks.
1145:, January 15, 2024.
1083:, November 6, 2017.
1041:Letters to the Media
889:, January 12, 2024.
295:National Parks Board
1327:Building programmes
1021:Gardening Singapore
687:, August 28, 2021.
289:was established in
905:Khoo, Louisa-May.
839:, March 10, 2020.
820:December 28, 2016.
641:Suriani Suratman.
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1063:27 January 2015.
962:The Straits Times
946:The Straits Times
743:The Straits Times
727:The Straits Times
680:Liotta, Edoardo.
602:27 January 2015.
332:Covid-19 pandemic
326:Covid-19 pandemic
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1076:Ng, Jun Seng.
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809:Tan, Martino.
797:
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693:
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663:Wong, Julian.
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244:defibrillators
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882:Loh, Renald.
879:
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850:
842:
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835:
832:Yang, Joyce.
829:
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391:
389:
388:Colin Cheong.
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196:bicycle racks
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83:Straits Times
73:
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23:
16:
1625:expanding it
1618:
1595:
1555:Central Area
1224:
1208:
1198:
1194:
1184:
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1117:
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1080:
1072:
1060:
1056:Koh, Jaime.
1052:
1040:
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1020:
1012:
1004:
973:
961:
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886:
861:
859:Sim, Susan.
836:
813:
790:
760:
754:
742:
738:
726:
722:
714:
684:
676:
646:
611:
599:
595:Koh, Jaime.
570:
568:Tan, Alvin.
531:
491:
428:
425:passageways.
423:
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148:
137:
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115:
107:
104:Architecture
81:
79:
69:
66:
54:
50:coffee shops
29:
28:
15:
1550:Bukit Timah
1468:Jurong West
1463:Jurong East
1433:Bukit Merah
1428:Bukit Batok
747:"Untitled,"
440:Common area
306:sky gardens
261:. Precinct
251:playgrounds
200:letterboxes
165:from their
144:E.W. Barker
130:documents.
1664:Categories
1492:Queenstown
1413:Ang Mo Kio
685:Rice Media
451:References
445:Undercroft
128:government
42:HDB blocks
30:Void decks
1596:Void deck
1527:Woodlands
1522:Toa Payoh
1507:Serangoon
1497:Sembawang
1482:Pasir Ris
1405:New towns
263:pavilions
255:precincts
204:elevators
186:The 1960s
163:Void Deck
76:Etymology
38:Singapore
1512:Tampines
1502:Sengkang
1448:Clementi
1233:Archived
1217:Archived
1169:Archived
1147:Archived
1122:Archived
1102:Archived
1085:Archived
1065:Archived
1045:Archived
1025:Archived
983:Archived
914:Archived
891:Archived
841:Archived
818:Archived
689:Archived
669:Archived
621:Archived
604:Archived
577:Archived
434:See also
322:return.
291:Tampines
234:tables,
1542:Estates
1487:Punggol
1477:Whampoa
1473:Kallang
1458:Hougang
1453:Geylang
1163:TODAY.
837:Dear SG
232:checker
173:History
134:Origins
1532:Yishun
1517:Tengah
1423:Bishan
1118:gov.sg
619:AHTC.
212:kiosks
206:, and
99:Design
1569:Other
1418:Bedok
887:Today
228:chess
1621:stub
364:TMSG
242:and
230:and
156:CMIO
140:SNOC
1003:In
932:In
713:In
645:In
530:In
386:by
319:MRT
1666::
1176:^
1167:"
1154:^
1129:^
1120:.
1023:.
990:^
964:,
948:.
921:^
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202:,
198:,
52:.
1652:e
1645:t
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1627:.
1475:/
1277:e
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1263:v
910:.
864:.
763:.
573:,
494:,
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