Closed-circuit television

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are analyzed in real-time. Faces on the screen are scanned and can be checked against several databases, such as the police database, to identify a suspect. This analytical system can also help police recreate a suspect's movements around the city. The system searches for related recordings from various CCTV cameras and identifies the same face from several sightings. The Moscow network includes 160,000 CCTV cameras and 95 percent of residential buildings. By the end of the year, residents will be able to install CCTV cameras on private buildings themselves while connecting them to the unified video observation system. This year, over 3,500 cameras have been connected to the General Centre for Data Storage and Processing. This includes cameras in entrance halls, schools and kindergartens, at MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops and bus terminals, and in parks. Video recordings are used to solve 70 percent of offenses and crimes. The cameras also help monitor utility services. A department spokesperson added that Moscow has one of the largest security systems in the world with such a comprehensive identification system.

364:. The NYPD installed it to deter crime in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras. Nevertheless, during the 1980s video surveillance began to spread across the country specifically targeting public areas. It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments. Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance. From the mid-1990s on, police departments across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools and public parks departments. CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft, by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1997, 3,100 CCTV systems were installed in public housing and residential areas in New York City. 1288:. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) is the primary law that governs data privacy in the Philippines. The Act mandates that the privacy of individuals must be respected and protected. The law applies to CCTV cameras as they collect and process personal data. This means that the use of CCTV cameras must respect the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose, and proportionality. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) includes provisions that apply to CCTV usage. Under the Act, the unauthorized access to, interception of, or interference with data is a criminal offense. This means that unauthorized access to CCTV footage could potentially be considered a cybercrime. 1111: 145: 1548: 629: 1297: 473: 678: 956: 153: 712:, or in the concourse or restroom areas to allow fans to view action outside the seating bowl. The cameras send the feed to a central control center where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that fans can view. CCTV monitors for viewing the event by attendees are often placed in lounges, hallways, and restrooms. In a trial with CCTV cameras, football club fans no longer needed to identify themselves manually, but could pass freely after being authorized by the facial recognition system. 1488: 876: 40: 408: 5941: 909: 901: 892: 1469: 1338: 48: 1273:

surveillance cameras, 39% favored regulation in the form of clear signage informing that camera surveillance in public spaces is present, 2% favored regulation in the form of having permits restricting the use of surveillance cameras during certain times of day/week, 10% favored regulation in the form of having restrictive policies for issuing permits for surveillance cameras in public spaces, and 6% were unsure or did not know.

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describe which objects can enter into a specific area, when they are allowed to enter or within what circumstances. Virtually applied rules can also relate to various motion situations. VCA based CCTV systems can be set to detect anomalies in a crowd, for instance a person moving in the opposite direction in which they are normally expected (e.g. debarking from a plane at an airport or exiting through an entrance in a subway).

497:(CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss. Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional Cost Effectiveness Analysis and were omitted from their study. A 2008 Report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV. In London, a 1128: 485:

police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes. Moreover, CCTV has played a crucial role in tracing the movements of suspects or victims and is widely regarded by anti-terrorist officers as a fundamental tool in tracking terrorist suspects. Large-scale CCTV installations have played a key part of the defenses against terrorism since the 1970s. Cameras have also been installed on

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or are in breach of privacy guidelines. In response, the Information Commissioner's Office rebutted the claim and added that any reported abuses of the Data Protection Act are swiftly investigated. Even if there are some concerns arising from the use of CCTV such as involving privacy, more commercial establishments are still installing CCTV systems in the UK.

1520:, 2003, a pilot scheme for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" was put into action; allowing operators of CCTV cameras to order offenders to stop what they were doing, ranging from ordering subjects to pick up their rubbish and put it in a bin to ordering groups of vandals to disperse. In 2005, Ray Mallon, the mayor and former senior police officer of 783:", such as bathrooms, gym locker areas, and private offices (unless consent by the office occupant is given). Cameras are generally acceptable in hallways, parking lots, front offices where students, employees, and parents come and go, gymnasiums, cafeterias, supply rooms, and classrooms. Some teachers object to the installation of cameras. 1407:(LANs) to transmit video across data networks in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras remotely on a computer or phone via an internet connection. For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a private network or 1498:

generations of wireless security cameras relied on analogue technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure and interference-free signal. Now-a-days Smart dual light is used in cameras for night vision and to record brighter videos of dark rooms.

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in case of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for use

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A 2007 report by the UK Information Commissioner's Office, highlighted the need for the public to be made more aware of the growing use of surveillance and the potential impact on civil liberties. In the same year, a campaign group claimed the majority of CCTV cameras in the UK are operated illegally

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The number of CCTV cameras equipped with facial biometrics in Moscow's public surveillance network is set to grow by 70 times from the current 1,500 to 105,000 by the end of the year. The CCTV system in Moscow can now recognize faces using an algorithm based on neural networks. City camera recordings

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as they are entered, without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal. Even lawful surveillance cameras sometimes have their data go

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Organizations use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers. Every action is recorded as an information block with subtitles that explain the performed operation. This helps to track the actions of workers, especially when they are making critical financial transactions, such as correcting or cancelling

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Another question in the effectiveness of CCTV for policing is around uptime of the system; in 2013 City of Philadelphia Auditor found that the $ 15M system was operational only 32% of the time. There is strong anecdotal evidence that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; for example, UK

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The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record and store information. The development of reel-to-reel media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, which was a time-consuming,

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The popularity of CCTV security systems has not gone unnoticed by the manufacturers of camera surveillance systems. ...A leading CCTV manufacturer reported net earnings of $ 120 million in 1995, compared with net earnings of $ 16 million the previous year. ...Over 50 percent of all CCTV surveillance

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to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4,200,000. According to their estimate the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed, it has been widely quoted. Furthermore,

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magazine estimated the number of private and local government operated cameras in the United Kingdom was 1.85 million in 2011. The estimate was based on extrapolating from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within the Cheshire Constabulary jurisdiction. This works out as an average

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There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011. Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported net earnings of $ 120 million in 1995. With lower cost and easier installation, sales of home security

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is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the number plates of vehicles that enter the zone. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed. Similar systems are being developed as a means of locating cars

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Russia has implemented a video surveillance system called 'Safe City', which has the capability to recognize facial features and moving objects, sending the data automatically to government authorities. However, the widespread tracking of individuals through video surveillance has raised significant

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Advanced VCA applications can accurately classify object types based on their shape and motion behavior and they can also measure object speed. Some video analytics applications can be used to virtually apply rules to designated areas. These rules can relate to access control. For example, they can

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compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies included in the review found that CCTV reduced crime by 24-28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores.

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There is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per second, image size, and is affected by the retention period of the videos or images. DVRs store images in a variety of

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Many homeowners choose to install CCTV systems either inside or outside their own homes, sometimes both. CCTV cameras are an effective deterrent to potential intruders as their use increases the risk of identification through the camera footage. If someone scouts through an affluent suburb seeking

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Each of these operations is transmitted with a description, allowing detailed monitoring of all actions of the operator. Some systems allow the user to search for a specific event by time of occurrence and text description, and perform statistical evaluation of operator behaviour. This allows the

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Due to the widespread implementation of surveillance cameras, glasses are being built which can defeat CCTV cameras. In December 2016 a form of anti-CCTV and facial recognition sunglasses called "reflectacles" were invented by a custom-spectacle-craftsman based in Chicago named Scott Urban. They

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Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a

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Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install but lack the reliability of hard-wired cameras. Previous

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operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects, etc. Even homeowners are able to contribute footage. It is estimated to

1426:(PTZ) cameras and multi-sensor cameras. Fixed cameras' resolution can vary based on the application area, but typically does not exceed 20 MP. The main feature of a PTZ is its remote directional and optical zoom capability. With multi-sensor cameras, wider areas can be monitored and hundreds of 1219:

published a code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras by government and local authorities. The aim of the code is to help ensure their use is "characterised as surveillance by consent, and such consent on the part of the community must be informed consent and not assumed by a

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that involve before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas. However, several researchers have pointed to methodological problems associated with this research literature. First, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot

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have held that there is a right to privacy in public areas. Furthermore, while it is true that there may be scenarios wherein a person's right to public privacy can be both reasonably and justifiably compromised, some scholars have argued that such situations are so rare as to not sufficiently

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to register and help consumers understand the complex issues of privacy and safety that confront households when dealing with installations of home security systems. "The SCRAM program enables community members to voluntarily identify and register their residential video surveillance equipment

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In October 2009, an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners

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in August 2017, the general public of Sweden were asked to choose one measure that would ensure their need for privacy when subject to CCTV-operation in public spaces: 43% favored regulation in the form of clear routines for managing, storing and distributing image material generated from

847:− that aim to detect suspicious behaviours of individuals and crowds. It has been argued that terrorists will not be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as an extra channel for 1203:

clarified that this required registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioner, and prompt deletion of archived recordings. However, subsequent case law (Durant vs. FSA) limited the scope of the protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently regulated.

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About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia. In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business and related industries, transportation, sports, and care for the environment.

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but IP cameras did not arrive in South Africa till 2008. To regulate the number of suppliers in 2001 the Private Security Industry Regulation Act was passed requiring all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA).

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Modern CCTV systems can be monitored through mobile phone apps which allows people to view live footage of their house from anywhere they have internet coverage. Some systems provide motion detection so when movement is detected, an alert can be sent to a phone.

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through a simple, secure, confidential, online form." It has not been extended to commercial businesses. A wide-ranging effort to provide registration and monitoring of home security and systems. "Security camera registration and monitoring is a community-based

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A study of high school students in Israeli schools shows that students' views on CCTV used in school are based on how they think of their teachers, school, and authorities. It also stated that most students do not want CCTV installed inside a classroom.

1268:(the European privacy act). The national legislation requires permits for public operators (except for law-enforcement agencies since 1 January 2020) to install CCTV in spaces that allow access to the general public. In an opinion poll commissioned by 1158:, Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only in "certain restrictively defined situations", such as when a specific location has a "comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat". 983:

has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together, there are over 4,000 cameras on the subway system (although nearly half of them do not work), and two-thirds of large apartment and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras. In

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However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.

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The deployment of this technology has facilitated significant growth in state surveillance, a substantial rise in the methods of advanced social monitoring and control, and a host of crime prevention measures throughout the world.

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Mould, Nick; Regens, James L.; Jensen, Carl J.; Edger, David N. (30 August 2014). "Video surveillance and counterterrorism: the application of suspicious activity recognition in visual surveillance systems to counterterrorism".

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Surveillance camera mounted on the walls of Rosenbad, one of the Swedish's government buildings in central Stockholm, which houses the Prime Minister's office; one of the parliament's (Riksdagen) building can be seen in the

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of one camera for every 32 people in the UK, although the density of cameras varies greatly from place to place. The Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day would be seen by 70 CCTV cameras.

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networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents. Many of these cameras however, are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers'

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In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of CCTV cameras are operated not by government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the interiors of shops and businesses. According to the

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expensive and unreliable process, with the operator having to manually thread the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto a take-up reel. Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread.

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reflect infrared and, optionally, visible light which makes the user's face a white blur to cameras. The project passed its funding goal of $ 28,000, and "reflectacles" became commercially available in June 2017.

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A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap, the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive. Gill and Spriggs did a

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in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.

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automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live. The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was

108:, especially if the environments observed are dangerous or inaccessible to humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, using 4867: 1043:

Research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research and based on a survey of all Scottish local authorities, identified that there are over 2,200 public space CCTV cameras in Scotland.

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has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-Zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as

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accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures. Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with

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the easiest house to break into, having an obvious CCTV system, alarm or another security measure, makes the house appear to be a more difficult target so they will likely move on to the next house.

4729:. Jordan University of Science & Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jordan Section, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Piscataway, New Jersey. 2018. 5459: 2598: 1199:

imposes legal restrictions on the uses of CCTV recordings and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection Agency. In 2004, the successor to the Data Protection Agency, the

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There are different approaches to implementing VCA technology. Data may be processed on the camera itself (edge processing) or by a centralized server. Both approaches have their pros and cons.

1777:"Distance education in Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings Of The Regional Seminar On Distance Education, 26 November – 3 December 1986", Asian Development Bank, Bangkok, Thailand, Volume 2, 1987 176:), the system consisted of a manually-operated scanning-transmitting camera and wireless shortwave transmitter and receiver, with a resolution of a hundred lines. Having been commandeered by 3944: 136: 5568: 465: 3437: 1370:. Recordings may be retained for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived, overwritten, or deleted, the period being determined by the organisation that generated them. 3017: 4640: 1102:

In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with the increase of property crime. Installation of CCTV camera is increasing day by day and the crime is somewhat controlled.

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on three levels. Residential video surveillance cameras can deter criminals from entering the area, can prevent crimes from occurring and help solve crimes by providing valuable

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Artificial intelligence in local government services: Public perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2023, 101833

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Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. Video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals'

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which includes several provisions related to controlling and restricting the collection, storage, retention, and use of information about individuals. Under this Act, the

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cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of surveillance in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head.

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Vericon was advertised as not requiring a government permit, due to the system using cabled connections between camera and monitor rather than over-the-air transmission.

2939: 1327:. In the last decade, improved VCA features have been developed. Beyond recognizing specific shapes and colors, VCA applications now can analyze more complex scenarios. 3352: 4505: 1141:

Proponents of CCTV cameras argue that cameras are effective at deterring and solving crime, and that appropriate regulation and legal restrictions on surveillance of

779:, monitoring visitors and maintaining a record of evidence of a crime. There are some restrictions, cameras not being installed in areas where there is a "reasonable 6025: 4039:"You're being watched: there's one CCTV camera for every 32 people in UK - Research shows 1.85m machines across Britain, most of them indoors and privately operated" 2536: 4727:

2018 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) : 3-5 April 2018, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

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Theft is a huge concern for many department stores and shopping malls. CCTV helps to protect stores' assets, and ensures the safety of employees and customers.

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Early CCTV systems were installed in central London by the Metropolitan Police between 1960 and 1965. By 1963 CCTV was being used in Munich to monitor traffic.

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estimated that there were around 1.5 million private and local government CCTV cameras in city centres, stations, airports, and major retail areas in the UK.

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of over 170 million CCTV cameras with 400 million new cameras expected be installed in the next three years, many of which use facial recognition technology.

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In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter loan sharks, nab litterbugs, and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.

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has said several of the amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this right. Access to video surveillance recordings may require a judge's

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technology became available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and the use of video surveillance became more common.

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Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics, techniques, and perpetrators of

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To many, the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to computer databases of people's pictures and identity, presents a serious breach of

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warrant the frequent compromising of public privacy rights that occurs in regions with widespread CCTV surveillance. For example, in her book

975:, government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks. In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in 501:

report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras. In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.

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Recently CCTV technology has been enhanced with a shift toward Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments.

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the figure of 500,000 for Greater London is often confused with the figure for the police and local government operated cameras in the

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In the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools due to its success in preventing

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system, the number of cameras on the Highways England's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.

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was the first city in the United States to install CCTV video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.

112:(DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as 5356: 4248: 3489: 1437:

to support IP cameras. These devices are responsible for the recording, storage, video stream processing, and alarm management.

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CCTV surveillance is widely prevalent, but the country has been slow to implement the latest technology. For example, the first

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to previous crime trends. In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.

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cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014 was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras. IP cameras use the

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train CCTV cameras may allow the driver to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the train.

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CCTV can also be used to help solve crimes. In London alone, six crimes are solved each day on average using CCTV footage.

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equipment sales are to industrial and commercial clients. CCTV surveillance is also very common in the American workplace.

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and publication of their acts. In Germany calls for extended video surveillance by the country's main political parties,

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It has been argued that problems of selection bias and endogeneity can be addressed by stronger research designs such as

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Manalo, Dennes M.; Mapoy, Kim Alvin; Villano, Kim Joem K.; Reyes, Kenneth Angelo D.; Bautista, Merwina Lou A. (2015).

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Priks, Mikael (1 November 2015). "The Effects of Surveillance Cameras on Crime: Evidence from the Stockholm Subway".

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China's Golden Shield: corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People's Republic of China

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requests, the total number of local government operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over the entirety of the UK.

5406: 4216: 4190: 4010: 1640: 1578: 67: 4513: 3641: 2995: 2688: 1177:, which is readily available. However, there is little legislation and regulation specific to video surveillance. 74:

in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point-to-point, point-to-multipoint (P2MP), or

5593: 5524: 5489: 5322:"From Personal to Digital: CCTV, the panopticon, and the technological mediation of suspicion and social control" 4170: 1212: 1016:

The Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of

1002: 972: 971:, the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to deter future terrorist attacks. Under the 708:

Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue, either to display on the stadium or arena's

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In the Philippines, barangay San Antonio used CCTV cameras and artificial intelligence software to detect the

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A surveillance camera, aimed at a public street (Kungsgatan) in Stockholm, Sweden, mounted on top of the pole

766: 477: 82:. Even though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for 4964: 4772: 3892: 3840: 2432:

Gustav Alexandrie (2017). "Surveillance cameras and crime: a review of randomized and natural experiments".

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in 1985, led to several larger trial programs later that decade. The first use by local government was in

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In the United States, the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949 from

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professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme. As late as 1996, the

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and motion-only recording. This saved time and money which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.

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Assessing the Impact of CCTV, a UK Home office study on the effectiveness of closed-circuit television

5975: 5835: 5779: 5759: 5484: 5444: 5070: 4794: 2128: 1843: 697: 602: 3220: 2805: 6020: 3123:"School Surveillance in Context: High School Students' Perspectives on CCTV, Privacy, and Security" 2818: 2188: 1787: 1650: 1532: 1491: 1482: 1281: 1196: 809: 609: 300: 121: 20: 3538: 700:

cameras mounted on trams made sure that people who were banned from them did not sneak on anyway.

5830: 5825: 5697: 5479: 3755: 2971:(From 7:35 the video explains about DOO train dispatch anddescribes the use of CCTV at stations.) 1594: 1367: 980: 947:

estimated that the total number of security cameras in Japan is approximately 5 million in 2018.

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Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a hidden camera at an

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Introduction to Intelligent Surveillance: Surveillance Data Capture, Transmission, and Analytics

4939:"Securing IP Surveillance Cameras in the IoT Ecosystem - Noticias de seguridad - Trend Micro MX" 3164:

Surette, Ray. "The thinking eye: Pros and cons of second generation CCTV surveillance systems".

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software to predict deviations from the standard workflow and record only anomalous behaviour.

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boxing fight had 750,000 viewers. Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by

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Other towns have had such cameras installed. In 2007 several of the devices were installed in

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UK Parliament Constitution Committee - Written Evidence. Surveillance: Citizens and the State

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Building the internet of things with IPv6 and MIPv6 the evolving world of M2M communications

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Who's Watching? Video Camera Surveillance in New York City and the Need for Public Oversight

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opportunity and investigative tool that enlists the help of residents and can help prevent

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Implementation of certain operations, such as financial statements or operations with cash;

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Desk in one of the regional control-rooms of the National Police in the Netherlands in 2017

144: 140:

Closed circuit TV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich, Germany in 1973

71: 4641:"Status of Closed Circuit Television Camera Usage in Batangas City: Basis for Enhancement" 4615: 3578: 2630: 1440:

Since 2008, IP video surveillance manufacturers can use a standardized network interface (

16:

Use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors

8: 5886: 5754: 5739: 5689: 5426: 3809:"Chicago's Video SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS: A PERVASIVE AND UNREGULATED THREAT TO OUR PRIVACY" 2571: 2516: 2280: 2071:

The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power

1645: 1221: 1090: 721: 498: 461: 420: 275: 189: 5169: 3207:"Benalla. Trois policiers suspendus pour avoir transmis des images de vidéosurveillance" 2765: 2658: 1300:

Surveillance camera at London Heathrow Airport with a wiper for clear images during rain

70:

to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from

5926: 5249: 4744: 4616:"The perception of surveillance cameras and privacy among the general public in Sweden" 4443:"Memorandum by A A Adams, BSc, MSc, PhD, LLM, MBCS, CITP School of Systems Engineering" 3511: 3263: 3146: 2449: 2381: 2306:"Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2153: 1416: 1412: 1404: 292: 271: 177: 2719: 943:, CCTV cameras are often referred to as "surveillance cameras" or "security cameras". 5896: 5679: 5329: 5306: 5256: 5229: 5102: 4730: 4422: 4345: 4320: 3678: 3621: 3566: 3376: 3150: 3138: 2744: 2453: 2373: 2079: 1972: 1915: 1898: 1888: 1761: 1753: 1729: 1702: 1419:) and have many of the same benefits and security risks as other IP-enabled devices. 1400: 686: 651: 308: 31: 4621:. LUSAX-research group, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Sweden. 3267: 2385: 1319:, also referred to as video analytics, is the capability of automatically analyzing 1024:

High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in

628: 437:

techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.

5944: 5810: 5769: 5707: 5659: 5416: 5369: 5285: 3255: 3130: 2441: 2412: 2365: 1923: 1296: 1166: 1146: 1058: 989: 985: 960: 840: 655: 593: 486: 472: 441: 416: 328: 283: 223: 113: 94: 2445: 677: 165: 5674: 5664: 5302:

Policing, Surveillance and Social Control: CCTV and police monitoring of suspects

5300: 5223: 4601: 4540: 4177: 4155: 3259: 2894:"AI-equipped CCTV cameras enable a barangay to monitor people out on the streets" 2643: 2602: 2417: 2400: 2002: 1749: 1655: 1346: 1269: 955: 559: 553: 336: 185: 152: 75: 2148: 1487: 1323:

to detect and determine temporal events not based on a single image, but rather

345:

received a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969. (

6015: 5911: 5891: 5764: 4868:"Global value of IP camera sales now close to 50% of CCTV cameras sold, but..." 4665: 4004:"The Price of Privacy: How local authorities spent £515m on CCTV in four years" 1665: 1660: 1619: 1517: 1310: 1192: 1181: 1136: 1030: 576: 446: 372: 316: 219: 204: 193: 87: 5017:"The City of Chicago's OEMC and IBM Launch Advanced Video Surveillance System" 4846: 4126: 3562:

Technocreep : the surrender of privacy and the capitalization of intimacy

3464:"Chinese TV station CCTV provide 'old school' analysis of AFC Asian Cup match" 2959: 2844: 1995: 875: 396:

being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993; this

348: 5959: 5881: 5876: 5774: 5734: 5729: 5290: 5271: 4064: 3142: 3096: 2377: 1629: 1521: 1162: 884: 834: 644: 598: 434: 361: 181: 39: 4594: 1902: 1220:

system operator. Surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to

367:

Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in

208: 5921: 5702: 3778: 2109: 1635: 1624: 1507: 1354: 880: 357: 324: 296: 268: 246: 105: 83: 4536:"Home surveillance CCTV images may breach data protection laws, ECJ rules" 4365: 3181:"Turn an old phone into a security camera in 3 steps. Here's how to do it" 3122: 734:

Scanning of goods, selection of goods, introduction of price and quantity;

407: 104:, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central 5916: 5436: 5326:

Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination

3438:"Australian state government to expand CCTV use across transport network" 3134: 2912:"Pasig Mayor Vico Sotto turns to smart CCTV to enforce social distancing" 2493:"Police are failing to recover crucial CCTV footage, new figures suggest" 1528: 1277: 1253: 1216: 1149:

can reasonably be weighed against the benefits of surveillance. However,

520: 368: 120:, perhaps equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to 5129: 4194: 4158:(2009), Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (Research Report) 3166:

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management

1264:, the use of CCTV in public spaces is regulated both nationally and via 5901: 3645: 2369: 1341:

Eye-in-the-sky surveillance dome camera watching from a high steel pole

908: 848: 709: 401: 212: 3642:"Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool?" 900: 891: 249:

was developed, allowing several cameras to record at once, as well as

5866: 5098:

Digital Video Essentials: Shoot, Transfer, Edit, Share By Erica Sadun

4990: 4304:

from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

4166: 4164: 2114: 2075: 1609: 1513: 1468: 1427: 1389: 1379: 1350: 1086: 867:

for a subjective feeling of security" by a member of the Left party.

776: 672: 288: 117: 4847:"MotionJPEG, JPEG2000, H.264 and MPEG-4 compression methods in CCTV" 4222:. Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority. 25 February 2002. 1698:

Promoting Social Change and Democracy Through Information Technology

1337: 988:

there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools, and the

737:

Input and output of operators in the system when entering passwords;

5188:"Be Seen and Unseen! Reflectacles are the Sunglasses of the Future" 4824: 3841:"NYPD expands surveillance net to fight crime as well as terrorism" 3065: 2793: 2434:

Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention

2279:. Borough Council of King's Lynn & West Norfolk. Archived from 1572: 1304: 1066: 772: 582: 512:

criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development".

466:

Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention

79: 47: 4839: 4161: 3597:"Lawmakers want more surveillance on the ground -- and in the sky" 2401:"Is camera surveillance an effective measure of counterterrorism?" 1145:

spaces can provide sufficient protections so that an individual's

476:

Closed circuit television cameras captured the perpetrator of the

156:

CCTV control-room monitor wall for 176 open-street cameras in 2017

19:"CCTV" redirects here. For the broadcasting company in China, see 5392: 4339: 2932:"Pasig barangay turns to smart CCTV to enforce social distancing" 2617:"CCTV in the spotlight: one crime solved for every 1,000 cameras" 2015: 1567: 1453: 1232: 1188:

which protects individual rights including the right to privacy.

976: 864: 508:-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention. 200: 124:

devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation.

101: 86:

in areas that require additional security or ongoing monitoring (

2832:

New surveillance cameras doing their job, Antioch's top cop says

817:

into the hands of people who have no legal right to receive it.

727:

of a sale, withdrawing money, or altering personal information.

5272:"How Robberies Succeed or Fail: Analyzing Crime Caught on CCTV" 3782: 2982:"Facial recognition cameras to be installed on Rotterdam trams" 2596:"Are CCTV cameras a waste of money in the fight against crime?" 1671:

Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project

1604: 1261: 1228: 1127: 1070: 1025: 1021: 979:, many linked to an integrated camera network. New York City's 844: 516: 4342:

Setting the watch: Privacy and the ethics of CCTV surveillance

4009:. Big Brother Watch. February 2012. p. 30. Archived from 3945:"30,000 Surveillance Cameras Monitor D.C.-Area Public Schools" 3579:"Surveillance Society: New High-Tech Cameras Are Watching You" 3330:"Calls increase for sweeping surveillance after Berlin attack" 2321:"The economics of subjective security and camera surveillance" 2211: 2208:, Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23 1156:

Setting the Watch: Privacy and the Ethics of CCTV Surveillance

388: 5906: 5298: 1588: 1441: 1320: 1062: 940: 730:

Actions which an employer may wish to monitor could include:

640: 5242: 4965:"Selecting the most suitable cameras to monitor large areas" 4714:

Artificial Intelligence Is Going To Supercharge Surveillance

2876:"Pasig village well on its way to becoming 'smart barangay'" 295:

in 1948. Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with

164:

CCTV system was developed in June 1927 by Russian physicist

5845: 5245:"City Watching: Closed-Circuit Television in Public Spaces" 4293:"Facial recognition fitted to 5,000 CCTV cameras in Moscow" 1231:, the use of video surveillance has grown very rapidly. In 1174: 967:

cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following the

5361: 4795:"Image Processing Techniques for Video Content Extraction" 1457:

incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.

820: 4769:"MATE's Analytics Integrate with Hirsch Security Systems" 2916: 2773:

The Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice

2663: 1408: 1131:

A mobile closed-circuit TV van monitoring a street market

752:

Change of settings, reports and other official functions.

587: 239: 3486:"Indian state government uses CCTV to cut forest crimes" 3093:"Legal aspects of the use of video cameras in schools =" 1887:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 46–47. 1349:. Critics fear such technology will lead to the loss of 4638: 4249:

Latin American Physical Security Market Growing Rapidly

3644:. California Research Bureau. June 1997. Archived from 3282:"In the Petabyte Age of Surveillance, Software Polices" 3248:

Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism

2775:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 1990: 1988: 3244: 2858:"Saudi Arabia installs new security cameras in Makkah" 1360: 668:

Government by algorithm § Management of infection

411:

Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras

3867:"Lack of Video Slows Hunt for a Killer in the Subway" 3066:

Bruce McDougall and Katherine Danks (28 March 2012).

916:

in New York, with cameras visible on the side of the

740:

Deleting operations and modifying existing documents;

315:

million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975. In 1985, the

192:, and subsequently installed in the courtyard of the 4595:

Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act

3725:"Privacy Fears Grow as Cities Increase Surveillance" 1985: 1245:

Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act

843:. Furthermore, there are various projects − such as 211:, Nazi Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of 5228:. Berg (originally, University of Michigan Press). 4688:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

4569:. UK Government Home Office. June 2013. p. 5. 3120: 2740:

Governing the Police: Experience in Six Democracies

1165:, the Constitution does not explicitly include the 992:has nearly 6,000 cameras in use across the system. 5841:International Association of Privacy Professionals 5248: 5225:The maximum surveillance society: the rise of CCTV 5202:"Reflectacles - Reflective Eyewear and Sunglasses" 4971:. International Security Journal. 19 November 2020 4460: 4291: 3975:"Metro Plans to Triple Number of Security Cameras" 3397:"Rise of Surveillance Camera Installed Base Slows" 2819:TfL hands out contracts for congestion charge tags 2766:"A Market Survey on Body Worn Camera Technologies" 2764:Hung, Vivian; Babin, Steven; Coberly, Jacqueline. 1247:outline very specific guidelines that control how 673:Increasing safety and security in public transport 4500: 4498: 3814:. ACLU of Illinois. February 2011. Archived from 3121:Birnhack, Michael D.; Perry-Hazan, Lotem (2020). 2431: 2206:Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts 2105:"History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights" 1422:Main types of IP cameras include: fixed cameras, 1313:, and categorize objects in their field of view. 746:Moving goods, revaluation scrapping and counting; 643:, CCTV cameras are used for monitoring (and thus 307:million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974, and the " 6026:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1942 5957: 5806:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 4907:"Dispelling the Top 10 Myths of IP Surveillance" 4033: 4031: 2133:. Frederick A. Kugel Company. 1965. p. 78. 2018:(in Finnish). fennoturvapalvelut. 27 March 2015. 1882: 1305:Computer-controlled analytics and identification 1257:can be gathered by this method and or released. 749:Control in the kitchen of fast food restaurants; 523:conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies. 267:Closed-circuit television was used as a form of 116:and email alerts). More recently, decentralized 43:Surveillance cameras on the corner of a building 5221: 5037: 4666:"Republic Act 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012" 4125:. CCTV User Group. 18 June 2008. Archived from 2843:Prof. Eugene Volokh, The Wall Street Journal. " 2530:"National community Crime Prevention Programme" 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 1810:"Surveillance Cameras and the Right to Privacy" 449:since the introduction of CCTV was potentially 440:The studies included in the meta-analysis used 5269: 5247:. In Fyfe, Nicholas; Kenny, Judith T. (eds.). 4991:"ONVIF: a guide to the open security platform" 4495: 4462:"Privacy watchdog wants curbs on surveillance" 4099:. Channel 4 News. 18 June 2008. Archived from 2737:Bayley, David H.; Stenning, Philip C. (2016). 2736: 2676:Angels of Silence see crime where others don't 2308:. Journalist's Resource.org. 11 February 2014. 2149:"Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines" 2099: 2097: 2095: 1788:"What's wrong with public video surveillance?" 1752:, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005, pp.166, 1728:. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 78. 1563:Artificial intelligence for video surveillance 1020:published in 2002. Based on a small sample in 504:Cities such as Manchester in the UK are using 51:Surveillance camera in a residential community 5377: 5319: 4506:"Majority of UK's CCTV cameras 'are illegal'" 4396:"What's Wrong With Public Video Surveillance" 4028: 2996:"Doe mee aan de proef met gezichtsherkenning" 2720:"'Six crimes a day' solved by CCTV, Met says" 1694: 1291: 601:. With the addition of fixed cameras for the 425:A 2009 systematic review by researchers from 180:, Theremin's CCTV system was demonstrated to 5277:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 4416: 4147:Bannister, J., Mackenzie, S. and Norris, P. 3613: 3421: 3068:"School security CCTV puts bullies on pause" 2938:. Philippines. 27 March 2020. Archived from 2763: 2559: 2557: 2217: 1695:Kumar, Vikas; Svensson, Jakob, eds. (2015). 1591:, uncompressed analog streaming video format 1476: 1444:) to support compatibility between systems. 4820:"Microchips in humans spark privacy debate" 4716:." 23 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019 4485:"CCTV, computers and the 'climate of fear'" 3381:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2689:"Network of CCTV cameras proving effective" 2092: 959:Surveillance camera mounted on a tripod in 863:have been dismissed as "little more than a 681:Digital Video Recorder for Public Transport 199:Another early CCTV system was installed by 172:). Originally requested by CTO (the Soviet 5384: 5370: 4817: 4749:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4340:Beatrice Von Silva-Tarouca Larsen (2011). 3998: 3996: 2834:." 11 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 2136:pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight. 2005:" We C U Surveillance Retrieved 2011-10-20 1909: 1447: 1433:Industrial video surveillance systems use 1309:Computer-controlled cameras can identify, 1052:Project SCRAM is a policing effort by the 661: 565: 5289: 3512:"Smart cameras catch man in 60,000 crowd" 3043:. ATL the education union. Archived from 2847:." 26 March 2002. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 2554: 2416: 2300: 2298: 2048:"Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 2" 2030:"Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 1" 1885:Theremin : ether music and espionage 1280:, the main laws governing CCTV usage are 5299:Newburn, Tim; Hayman, Stephanie (2001). 5040:"Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere" 4613: 4289: 3751:"Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere" 2468:"Orphaned Video System in Philadelphia?" 1546: 1524:implemented "Talking CCTV" in his area. 1486: 1467: 1411:. IP cameras are considered part of the 1383: 1336: 1295: 1126: 1109: 954: 907: 899: 890: 879:A crowdsourced map of CCTV cameras near 874: 676: 627: 471: 406: 387: 356:Another early appearance was in 1973 in 151: 143: 135: 46: 38: 5243:Fyfe, Nicholas; Bannister, Jon (2005). 4648:College of Criminology Research Journal 4314: 3993: 3779:"Chicago Links Police, Private Cameras" 3743: 3565:. : Greystone Books. 2014. p. 28. 3389: 2821:." 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2019. 2398: 2318: 2177:. Active Interest Media, Inc.: 35 1976. 2063: 2061: 2016:"Internet based CCTV on cloud services" 1964: 1750:Distance Education In Technological Age 1721: 1211:In 2012, the UK government enacted the 821:Use in shopping malls and retail stores 790: 321:Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya 5958: 5058:Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere 4564:"Surveillance Camera Code of Practice" 4180:(2014), Halton Regional Police Service 3670: 2830:Rowena Coetsee, Bay Area News Group. " 2295: 1996:History of Video Surveillance and CCTV 715: 5821:Electronic Privacy Information Center 5365: 5094: 4473:from the original on 11 January 2022. 3178: 3116: 3114: 3041:"Use of CCTV surveillance in schools" 3014:"Using CCTV to monitor the workplace" 2619:. Independent News and Media Limited. 2614: 2355: 2274: 2052:Professional Security Magazine Online 2034:Professional Security Magazine Online 1864: 623: 442:quasi-experimental evaluation designs 4807:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4628:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4290:McGoogan, Cara (29 September 2017). 3614:Dempsey, John; Forst, Linda (2015). 3172: 2782:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2757: 2268: 2067: 2058: 1878: 1876: 932:In 2018, China was reported to have 828: 616:Other surveillance cameras serve as 5801:Center for Democracy and Technology 5170:"'Talking' CCTV cameras are tested" 4919:from the original on 9 October 2022 4690:. 12 September 2012. Archived from 4576:from the original on 9 October 2022 4421:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 110. 4419:CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar? 4317:CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar? 4229:from the original on 9 October 2022 4097:"FactCheck: how many CCTV cameras?" 4077:from the original on 9 October 2022 3350: 3163: 3038: 2256:from the original on 9 October 2022 2189:"Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10" 1361:Retention, storage and preservation 1186:European Convention on Human Rights 383: 13: 5215: 5152:"Town trials talking CCTV cameras" 4263: 3536: 3483: 3111: 2678:Globe & Mail, 20 November 2013 1939:, August 16, 1950,, New York Times 1937:"Agreement Seen Spur to Color TV" 1538: 914:headquarters of the United Nations 703: 570: 480:, Aaron Alexis, during his rampage 282:, and from 1964 through 1970, the 14: 6037: 5350: 5095:Sadun, Erica (26 December 2006). 4368:. American Civil Liberties Union. 4171:One Vision, One Mission, One Team 3789:from the original on 6 April 2010 3677:. New Jersey: Wiley. p. 86. 3620:. Cengage Learning. p. 485. 2955:FCC Train Dispatch training video 2517:"Taxi CCTV cameras are installed" 1965:Kruegle, Herman (15 March 2011). 1955:small article, bottom of page 179 1873: 1842:. 9 November 2019. Archived from 1836:"Best PoE Security Camera System" 1286:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 1201:Information Commissioner's Office 995: 760: 196:to monitor approaching visitors. 68:closed-circuit television cameras 5940: 5939: 5407:Right of access to personal data 5194: 5180: 5162: 5144: 5130:"Smart Dual Light - thaiccd.com" 5122: 5088: 5071:"CCTV Camera Installation Guide" 5063: 5050: 5031: 5009: 4983: 4969:internationalsecurityjournal.com 4957: 4931: 4899: 4874: 4860: 4811: 4787: 4761: 4719: 4706: 4684:"Republic Act No. 10175 | GOVPH" 4676: 4658: 4632: 4607: 4588: 4556: 4528: 4477: 4453: 4435: 4410: 4398:. American Civil Liberties Union 4388: 4372: 4358: 4344:. Hart Publishing. p. 160. 4333: 4308: 4283: 4266:"CCTV Camera Installation Guide" 4257: 4241: 4209: 4183: 4141: 4115: 4089: 4057: 3951:. 1 January 2015. Archived from 2794:http://www.motorwaycameras.co.uk 2659:Public to Monitor CCTV From Home 2505:"CCTV to drive down cab attacks" 1953:, February 1949, Popular Science 1926:1954, ASIN: B000P6L1ES, page 14. 1725:Introduction to private security 1641:The Convention on Modern Liberty 1579:Closed-circuit television camera 1460:The system is used by Chicago's 1097: 950: 533: 489:in the hope of deterring crime. 5966:Applications of computer vision 3967: 3937: 3911: 3885: 3859: 3833: 3801: 3771: 3717: 3691: 3664: 3634: 3553: 3530: 3504: 3477: 3456: 3430: 3415: 3344: 3322: 3300: 3274: 3238: 3213: 3199: 3157: 3085: 3059: 3032: 3006: 2988: 2974: 2958:, 25 March 2013, archived from 2946: 2924: 2904: 2886: 2868: 2850: 2837: 2824: 2811: 2798: 2786: 2730: 2712: 2703: 2681: 2669: 2652: 2644:Digital CCTV Scheme Switches On 2636: 2623: 2608: 2589: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2460: 2425: 2392: 2349: 2312: 2234: 2199: 2181: 2161: 2141: 2121: 2040: 2022: 2008: 1958: 1943: 1929: 1501: 1465:as evidence in criminal cases. 1076: 1033:, which was about 650 in 2011. 1003:Freedom of Information Act 2000 973:Homeland Security Grant Program 803: 634:Rotterdam central metro station 5816:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5796:American Civil Liberties Union 5750:Privacy-enhancing technologies 2615:Hughe, Mark (25 August 2009). 2565:"Assessing the impact of CCTV" 1858: 1828: 1802: 1780: 1771: 1742: 1715: 1688: 1462:Office of Emergency Management 1054:Halton Regional Police Service 519:hired deaf police officers to 299:in the 1960s and 1970s, with " 259: 170:Television in the Soviet Union 1: 5222:Armstrong, Gary, ed. (1999). 4512:. 31 May 2007. Archived from 4149:Public Space CCTV in Scotland 4123:"How many cameras are there?" 3919:"The Building Has 1,000 Eyes" 3699:"The great surveillance boom" 3484:Ng, Kelly (11 October 2014). 3221:"Retail surveillance systems" 2792:Motorway Cameras in England, 2446:10.1080/14043858.2017.1387410 1682: 1575:—not to be confused with CCTV 1373: 870: 767:Video surveillance in schools 478:Washington Navy Yard shooting 464:. A 2017 review published in 232: 3260:10.1080/18335330.2014.940819 2691:. straitstimes. 8 March 2016 2418:10.1080/10242694.2011.650481 1430:resolution can be achieved. 1395:A growing branch in CCTV is 1114:Soviet motorized CCTV camera 918:UN General Assembly Building 558:In recent years, the use of 547: 458:randomized controlled trials 174:Council of Labor and Defense 7: 5541:Data protection authorities 5391: 4712:James Vincent, The Verge. " 4670:National Privacy Commission 3893:"The State Of Surveillance" 3617:An Introduction to Policing 3537:吉野, 次郎 (13 November 2018). 2845:Traffic Enforcement Cameras 2405:Defence and Peace Economics 1555: 1151:anti-surveillance activists 1081:In South Africa due to the 934:a huge surveillance network 618:traffic enforcement cameras 495:Cost-effectiveness analysis 398:narrow-bandwidth television 10: 6042: 5981:Law enforcement techniques 5745:Social networking services 5251:The Urban Geography Reader 5060:", The Wall Street Journal 4818:Todd Lewan (7 July 2007). 2808:." Retrieved 7 March 2019. 2743:. Transaction Publishers. 2470:. May 2015. Archived from 1701:. IGI Global. p. 75. 1615:Security operations center 1573:"CATV" as cable television 1505: 1480: 1472:An integrated systems unit 1377: 1292:Technological developments 1213:Protection of Freedoms Act 1134: 1122: 832: 764: 719: 665: 574: 551: 537: 414: 245:During the 1990s, digital 131: 90:is seldom called "CCTV"). 29: 18: 5935: 5859: 5836:Global Network Initiative 5788: 5780:Virtual assistant privacy 5760:Privacy-invasive software 5688: 5652: 5539: 5435: 5399: 5101:. John Wiley & Sons. 4614:Lahtinen, Markus (2017). 4600:24 September 2007 at the 4154:27 September 2012 at the 3426:. Rights & Democracy. 2817:Kablenet, The Register. " 2806:Closed Circuit Television 1951:"Television Rides Wires" 1883:Glinsky, Albert. (2000). 1869:. Routledge. p. 114. 1722:Dempsey, John S. (2008). 1477:Wireless security cameras 1105: 1047: 603:active traffic management 56:Closed-circuit television 5324:. In Lyon, David (ed.). 5305:. Taylor & Francis. 5291:10.1177/0022427817715754 5132:(in Thai). 27 March 2024 2605:Forward Edge, 7 May 2008 2001:21 December 2019 at the 1867:Encyclopedia of the City 1651:Under vehicle inspection 1533:East Riding of Yorkshire 1492:Wireless security camera 1483:Wireless security camera 1368:proprietary file formats 1282:Data Privacy Act of 2012 1197:Data Protection Act 1998 1089:was released in 1996 by 1008:An article published in 610:London congestion charge 301:The Rumble in the Jungle 122:network-attached storage 30:Not to be confused with 21:China Central Television 5831:Future of Privacy Forum 5826:European Digital Rights 5270:Nassauer, Anne (2018). 4654:– via Pubatangas. 4385:Retrieved 6 August 1982 4366:"Your Right to Privacy" 4176:14 January 2016 at the 3756:The Wall Street Journal 3671:Minoli, Daniel (2013). 3127:SSRN Electronic Journal 3039:ATL (22 October 2013). 3016:. icaew. Archived from 1595:Eye in the sky (camera) 1448:Networking CCTV cameras 1435:network video recorders 1184:are signatories to the 981:Domain Awareness System 923: 662:Management of infection 566:Traffic flow monitoring 431:University of Cambridge 427:Northeastern University 378: 343:Marie Van Brittan Brown 110:digital video recorders 5872:Cellphone surveillance 5789:Advocacy organizations 5412:Expectation of privacy 5320:Norris, Clive (2003). 4319:. Ashgate Publishing. 4315:Kroener, Inga (2014). 3310:. WDR. 26 October 2016 2631:http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 2068:Ezra, Michael (2013). 1632:(inverse surveillance) 1552: 1494: 1473: 1392: 1388:Easy Connect Wireless 1342: 1317:Video content analysis 1301: 1132: 1115: 963: 920: 905: 897: 888: 781:expectation of privacy 682: 647:) the flow of crowds. 636: 540:Criminal investigation 481: 412: 404: 280:professional wrestling 157: 149: 141: 52: 44: 23:. For other uses, see 5851:Privacy International 5422:Right to be forgotten 5038:William M. Bulkeley. 4753:) CS1 maint: others ( 4417:Inga Kroener (2014). 4379:Department of Justice 3422:Walton, Greg (2001). 3225:videosurveillance.com 2495:, The Daily Telegraph 2275:Staff (August 2007). 1865:Caves, R. W. (2004). 1550: 1490: 1471: 1387: 1340: 1325:object classification 1299: 1180:All countries in the 1130: 1113: 958: 911: 903: 894: 878: 833:Further information: 812:can capture people's 765:Further information: 680: 666:Further information: 656:outbreak of a disease 631: 538:Further information: 475: 415:Further information: 410: 391: 349:U.S. patent 3,482,037 155: 147: 139: 97:even when in public. 50: 42: 25:CCTV (disambiguation) 5996:Security engineering 5971:Assistive technology 5328:. Psychology Press. 5255:. Psychology Press. 5158:. 17 September 2006. 4016:on 23 September 2015 3135:10.2139/ssrn.3587450 2984:. 11 September 2011. 2601:4 March 2016 at the 2358:The Economic Journal 1600:Fake security camera 1584:Day and night camera 969:September 11 attacks 791:Use in private homes 687:driver-only operated 375:, Norfolk, in 1987. 226:, called "Vericon". 72:broadcast television 6001:Security technology 5887:Global surveillance 5755:Privacy engineering 5740:Personal identifier 5690:Information privacy 5427:Post-mortem privacy 5342:Wei Qi Yan (2019). 5044:Wall Street Journal 4775:on 16 February 2009 3585:. 30 September 2009 3539:"日本の防犯カメラ、500万台に迫る" 3099:on 15 February 2016 3072:The Daily Telegraph 2804:Networx Security. " 2726:. 26 December 2010. 2577:on 18 February 2011 2542:on 29 February 2016 2249:. 2006. p. 5. 2157:. 18 November 1974. 1646:TV Network Protocol 1405:local area networks 1222:policing by consent 1091:Axis Communications 722:Employee monitoring 716:Employee monitoring 652:formation of crowds 499:Metropolitan Police 462:natural experiments 421:predictive policing 335:In September 1968, 276:professional boxing 274:for sports such as 190:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 6011:Video surveillance 5927:Personality rights 5346:, Springer London. 4943:www.trendmicro.com 4694:on 9 December 2021 4544:. 11 December 2014 4383:Video Surveillance 4251:," 8 October 2009 4129:on 23 October 2008 3923:The New York Times 3897:Bloomberg Business 3871:The New York Times 3759:. 17 November 2009 3729:The New York Times 3492:on 11 October 2014 3363:on 25 October 2014 3179:Wollerton, Megan. 3047:on 9 November 2016 3020:on 14 October 2016 2942:on 7 January 2022. 2898:www.topgear.com.ph 2862:Al Arabiya English 2474:on 28 October 2017 2370:10.1111/ecoj.12327 2364:(588): F289–F305. 2328:WWZ Research Paper 2154:The Morning Herald 1916:Dornberger, Walter 1846:on 28 January 2022 1676:Surveillance Drone 1553: 1551:Anti-CCTV graffiti 1495: 1474: 1413:Internet of Things 1403:(IP) used by most 1393: 1343: 1302: 1133: 1116: 964: 921: 906: 898: 889: 698:facial recognition 683: 637: 624:Pedestrian traffic 482: 413: 405: 303:" fight drawing 50 272:theatre television 178:Kliment Voroshilov 158: 150: 142: 64:video surveillance 53: 45: 5986:Physical security 5953: 5952: 5897:Mass surveillance 4870:19 December 2013. 4253:Security Magazine 3955:on 6 October 2015 3731:. 13 October 2013 3583:Popular Mechanics 3286:Popular Mechanics 2117:. 24 August 2017. 1968:CCTV Surveillance 1766:978-81-261-2210-3 1401:Internet Protocol 1397:internet protocol 841:terrorist attacks 829:Counter-terrorism 613:reported stolen. 400:system had a low 392:The two-year-old 309:Thrilla in Manila 102:industrial plants 62:), also known as 32:Closed captioning 6033: 5976:Crime prevention 5943: 5942: 5811:Data Privacy Lab 5770:Privacy software 5417:Right to privacy 5386: 5379: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5339: 5316: 5295: 5293: 5266: 5254: 5239: 5210: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5176:. 25 March 2007. 5166: 5160: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5023:. Archived from 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4771:. Archived from 4765: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4740: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4620: 4611: 4605: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4491:. 30 April 2007. 4489:Evening Standard 4481: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4392: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4270:NP Tech Solution 4261: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4193:. Archived from 4187: 4181: 4168: 4159: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4065:"CCTV in London" 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3925:. 4 October 2013 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3821:on 27 March 2016 3820: 3813: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3648:on 17 April 2017 3638: 3632: 3631: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3488:. Archived from 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3434: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3359:. Archived from 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3332:. Deutsche Welle 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3095:. Archived from 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3002:. 26 March 2019. 2992: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2882:. 12 March 2020. 2872: 2866: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2570:. Archived from 2569: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2541: 2535:. Archived from 2534: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2399:Stutzer (2013). 2396: 2390: 2389: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2330:. Archived from 2325: 2319:Zehnder (2009). 2316: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2238: 2232: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2101: 2090: 2089: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2006: 1994:Roberts, Lucy. " 1992: 1983: 1982: 1962: 1956: 1947: 1941: 1933: 1927: 1924:Ballantine Books 1913: 1907: 1906: 1880: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1816:. 13 August 2010 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1748:Verman, Romesh. 1746: 1740: 1739: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1692: 1243:versions of the 1167:right to privacy 1147:right to privacy 1059:crime prevention 986:Washington, D.C. 961:Sunriver, Oregon 594:Highways England 581:Many cities and 530:privacy issues. 487:public transport 417:crime prevention 384:Crime prevention 351: 329:cable television 314: 306: 284:Indianapolis 500 224:CBS Laboratories 222:and designed by 114:motion detection 95:right to privacy 66:, is the use of 6041: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6021:Warning systems 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5931: 5855: 5784: 5684: 5648: 5535: 5529:amended in 2020 5431: 5395: 5390: 5353: 5336: 5313: 5263: 5236: 5218: 5216:Further reading 5213: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5051: 5036: 5032: 5027:on 24 May 2009. 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4995:ifsecglobal.com 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4882:"Remote Escort" 4880: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4602:Wayback Machine 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4541:TheGuardian.com 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4449:. January 2007. 4441: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4313: 4309: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4262: 4258: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4197:on 2 April 2017 4189: 4188: 4184: 4178:Wayback Machine 4169: 4162: 4156:Wayback Machine 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3899:. 7 August 2005 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3873:. 29 March 2010 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3705:. 26 April 2013 3697: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3606: 3604: 3603:. 20 April 2013 3595: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3518:. 13 April 2018 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3444:on 2 April 2015 3436: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3209:. 20 July 2018. 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3158: 3119: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2962:on 30 June 2014 2952: 2951: 2947: 2936:GMA News Online 2930: 2929: 2925: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2735: 2731: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2609: 2603:Wayback Machine 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2430: 2426: 2397: 2393: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2218: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2195:. 1 April 2017. 2187: 2186: 2182: 2169:"Karriem Allah" 2167: 2166: 2162: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2103: 2102: 2093: 2086: 2078:. p. 105. 2066: 2059: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2003:Wayback Machine 1993: 1986: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1930: 1914: 1910: 1895: 1881: 1874: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1656:Video analytics 1558: 1541: 1539:Countermeasures 1510: 1504: 1485: 1479: 1450: 1382: 1376: 1363: 1347:civil liberties 1307: 1294: 1270:Lund University 1139: 1125: 1108: 1100: 1083:high crime rate 1079: 1050: 1038:CCTV User Group 998: 953: 945:Nikkei Business 926: 873: 837: 831: 823: 806: 793: 769: 763: 724: 718: 706: 704:Sporting events 675: 670: 664: 632:Dome camera in 626: 579: 573: 571:Vehicle traffic 568: 560:body worn video 556: 554:Body worn video 550: 542: 536: 423: 386: 381: 347: 337:Olean, New York 312: 304: 262: 235: 186:Semyon Budyonny 134: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6039: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Search warrant 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5892:Identity theft 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5765:Privacy policy 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5644:United Kingdom 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:European Union 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5517: 5515:United Kingdom 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475:European Union 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5351:External links 5349: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5284:(1): 125–154. 5267: 5261: 5240: 5234: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5193: 5179: 5161: 5143: 5121: 5107: 5087: 5062: 5049: 5030: 5008: 4997:. IFSEC Global 4982: 4956: 4930: 4898: 4873: 4859: 4838: 4810: 4786: 4760: 4735: 4718: 4705: 4675: 4657: 4631: 4606: 4587: 4555: 4527: 4516:on 2 June 2007 4494: 4476: 4469:. 1 May 2007. 4452: 4434: 4427: 4409: 4387: 4371: 4357: 4350: 4332: 4325: 4307: 4282: 4256: 4240: 4208: 4191:"CCTV Systems" 4182: 4160: 4140: 4114: 4103:on 11 May 2010 4088: 4056: 4045:. 2 March 2011 4027: 3992: 3981:. 1 April 2013 3979:NBC Washington 3966: 3949:NBC Washington 3936: 3910: 3884: 3858: 3847:. 21 June 2013 3832: 3800: 3770: 3742: 3716: 3690: 3683: 3663: 3633: 3626: 3572:978-1771641227 3571: 3552: 3529: 3503: 3476: 3455: 3429: 3414: 3388: 3353:"The CCTV Map" 3343: 3321: 3299: 3273: 3254:(2): 151–175. 3237: 3212: 3198: 3171: 3156: 3110: 3084: 3058: 3031: 3005: 2987: 2973: 2945: 2923: 2903: 2885: 2867: 2864:. 26 May 2016. 2849: 2836: 2823: 2810: 2797: 2785: 2756: 2750:978-1412862318 2749: 2729: 2711: 2702: 2680: 2668: 2651: 2635: 2622: 2607: 2588: 2553: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2459: 2440:(2): 210–222. 2424: 2391: 2348: 2337:on 6 July 2017 2311: 2294: 2283:on 23 May 2009 2267: 2233: 2216: 2210: 2198: 2180: 2160: 2140: 2120: 2091: 2084: 2057: 2039: 2021: 2007: 1984: 1977: 1957: 1942: 1928: 1908: 1893: 1872: 1857: 1827: 1801: 1779: 1770: 1741: 1734: 1714: 1707: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1666:Videotelephony 1663: 1661:Video evidence 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1620:Security smoke 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1540: 1537: 1506:Main article: 1503: 1500: 1481:Main article: 1478: 1475: 1449: 1446: 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1306: 1303: 1293: 1290: 1193:United Kingdom 1182:European Union 1137:Visual privacy 1124: 1121: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1078: 1075: 1049: 1046: 1031:City of London 1026:Greater London 997: 996:United Kingdom 994: 952: 949: 925: 922: 872: 869: 830: 827: 822: 819: 805: 802: 792: 789: 762: 761:Use in schools 759: 754: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 717: 714: 705: 702: 674: 671: 663: 660: 625: 622: 577:Traffic camera 575:Main article: 572: 569: 567: 564: 552:Main article: 549: 546: 535: 532: 447:selection bias 385: 382: 380: 377: 317:WrestleMania I 261: 258: 234: 231: 220:Remington Rand 205:Test Stand VII 194:Moscow Kremlin 133: 130: 88:videotelephony 80:wireless links 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6038: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:Public safety 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882:Eavesdropping 5880: 5878: 5877:Data security 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5775:Secret ballot 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Personal data 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5520:United States 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5335:9780415278737 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 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4384: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4351:9781849460842 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4326:9781472400963 4322: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4298:The Telegraph 4294: 4286: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4073: 4066: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3686: 3684:9781118647134 3680: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3629: 3627:9781305544680 3623: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3541:(in Japanese) 3540: 3533: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3288:. 10 May 2010 3287: 3283: 3277: 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