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The chief use of the vocal fry register in singing is to obtain pitches of very low frequency, which are not available to the singer in the modal register. The physiological production of the vocal fry register may be extended up into the modal register. In some cases, vocal pedagogues have found the
178:
to compress rather tightly and become relatively slack and compact. This process forms a large and irregularly vibrating mass within the vocal folds that produces the characteristic low popping or rattling sound when air passes through the glottal closure. The register (if well controlled) can extend
306:
A national study of 800 listeners across age groups found that people making hiring decisions preferred a voice without vocal fry to one with vocal fry. A limitation of the study was that the vocal fry samples were produced by imitators rather than natural vocal fry speakers. That suggests that more
302:
A 2014 national study of
American adults found that speech with vocal fry was perceived more negatively than a voice without vocal fry, particularly in a labor market context. In young adult women, it was perceived as sounding less trustworthy, less competent, less attractive, and less hireable. The
247:
It is simply our intent to suggest that ordinarily vocal fry constitutes one of several physiologically available types of voice production on the frequency-pitch continuum and hence, of itself, is not logically classified among the laryngeal pathologies. While the excessive use of fry could result
334:
however, as the recordings used as stimuli were of participants imitating vocal fry, rather than of speakers who use it in their normal speaking voice, with participants naturally sounding less confident when imitating a speaking style not their own. Some have argued that negative perceptions are
329:
Some people seek out the help of speech pathologists as they feel vocal fry makes them appear unsure and less confident. A study in 2014 found that young adult women who use vocal fry are perceived as less competent and less hireable, compared to males using vocal fry. This study has since been
293:
Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of
American English in the early 21st century, but its frequency's extent and significance are disputed. Researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa suggests that the tendency is a product of young women trying to
212:
and did not enter the vocabulary of vocal music pedagogists until the early 1970s, when it was initially controversial. However, controversy surrounding the term within vocal music has subsided as more research into the use of the vocal fry register within the context of singing ensued. In
259:
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use of vocal fry therapeutically helpful to students who have trouble producing lower notes. Singers often lose their low notes or never learn to produce them because of the excessive tension of the laryngeal muscles and of the support mechanism that leads to too much breath pressure.
203:
The vocal fry register has been a recognized and identifiable register in
American English only within the past few decades, but its characteristic sound was recognized much earlier. Discussion of the vocal fry or pulse register began first within the field of
99:
248:
in a diagnosis of voice disorder, this quality is too often heard in normal voices (especially in descending inflections where the voice fundamentally falls below frequencies in the modal register) to be exclusively a disorder.
342:, creaky voice is an integrated part of the pronunciation and is used regardless of gender. A study from Finland showed that the absence of voice fry in spoken Finnish was perceived as the speaker being less fluent.
298:
by means of reaching for the male register and found that "college-age
Americans ... perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile."
194:
Vocal fry is thought to have become more common among young female speakers of
American English in the early 21st century, with the style of speaking being considered informal, nonaggressive and urban-oriented.
257:
310:
In native speakers of
American English, young women use vocal fry more frequently than men. When asked to read a passage, female speakers used vocal fry at a rate four times higher than male speakers.
239:
Discussion of vocal fry is much more frequent in books related to phonetics and speech therapy than it is in those dealing with singing. Some authorities consider the use of vocal fry in speech a
354:
is produced by moving from this to the modal register. Within choral music, when true basses are not available, choirs often rely on singers who can "fry" the low bass notes. Singers such as
362:
and various other gospel basses use this technique to sing very low tones. Some styles of folk singing showcase the vocal fry register in the female voice. Vocal fry is also used in
252:
Many are quick to point out that although vocal fry is minimally a part of routine speaking patterns, the continued use of such a pattern makes it non-utilitarian or pathological.
700:
644:
669:
217:
in the vocal fry register offered solid evidence that this type of vocal phonation should be considered a vocal register from the perspectives of both
1001:
321:, use vocal fry (creaky voice) as a linguistically significant marker; the presence or absence of vocal fry can then change the meaning of a word.
836:
Abdelli-Beruh, Nassima B.; Wolk, Lesley; Slavin, Dianne (March 2014). "Prevalence of Vocal Fry in Young Adult Male
American English Speakers".
221:
and vocal music. Like any other vocal register, the vocal fry register has a unique vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of
797:
84:
925:
335:
part of a broad attack on women's speech, noting how male voices with vocal fry carry different, and sometimes opposite, connotations.
708:
213:
particular, vocal pedagogist
Margaret Greene's videotaping of the physiological processes occurring in the body while singers were
1169:
270:
During the 20th century, vocal fry in
English was most commonly associated to intonational falls produced by male speakers of
1126:
1094:
899:
1048:
875:"Creaky voice and utterance fluency measures in predicting perceived fluency and oral proficiency of spontaneous L2 Finnish"
563:
Wolk, Lesley; Abdelli-Beruh, Nassima B.; Slavin, Dianne (2012). "Habitual Use of Vocal Fry in Young Adult Female
Speakers".
536:
Yuasa, I. P. (2010). "Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women?".
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496:
1139:
Creaky voice and utterance fluency measures in predicting perceived fluency and oral proficiency of spontaneous L2 Finnish
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275:
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that permits air to bubble through slowly with a popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency. During this
1104:
Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers".
1026:
Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers".
986:
521:
1162:
814:
70:
947:
815:"The Truth About 'Vocal Fry' — The Speech Trend That's Supposedly Hurting Your Chances Of Getting Hired"
243:, but others consider it so only if it is used excessively such as Hollien, Moore, Wendahl, and Michel:
951:
1472:
318:
1155:
1002:"Heard of Vocal Fry? The phenomenon is taking pop culture by storm and it's not going anywhere"
739:
Anderson, Rindy C.; Klofstad, Casey A.; Mayew, William J.; Venkatachalam, Mohan (28 May 2014).
271:
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752:
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180:
317:, where it serves as a cue for phrase-boundaries and turn-taking. Some languages, such as
8:
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948:"You don't even try to understand!: Interdisciplinarity in language and gender studies"
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research is needed, as the negative reaction could be attributable to other factors.
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who holds the world record for lowest frequency note ever produced by a human, a G
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The croaking sound produced by male singers at the start of phrases in American
225:, and a certain type of sound that distinguishes it from other vocal registers.
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Kallio, Heini; Suviranta, Rosa; Kuronen, Mikko; Zansen, Anna von (May 2022).
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366:, usually in combination with air from the diaphragm, in order to create a "
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Crossing Borders, Making Connections: Interdisciplinarity in Linguistics
741:"Vocal Fry May Undermine the Success of Young Women in the Labor Market"
522:
https://www.englishspeechservices.com/blog/britney-pitney-and-vocal-fry/
1421:
1411:
1223:
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645:"Vocal fry or creaky voice in young American women, on Lexicon Valley"
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negative evaluation was stronger when the evaluator was also a woman.
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926:"From Upspeak To Vocal Fry: Are We 'Policing' Young Women's Voices?"
274:(Received Pronunciation). Notable examples are the movie characters
266:
Pathé news reel where the speaker uses vocal fry termination (1932).
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1203:
390:
295:
42:
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511:
Cooper, Morton (1973). Modern Techniques of Vocal Rehabilitation
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183:, in some cases up to 8 octaves lower, such as in the case of
1305:
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Creaky voice is frequent in a number of languages, including
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191:, which is only 0.189 Hz, inaudible to the human ear.
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606:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
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626:"Get Your Creak On: Is 'Vocal Fry' a Female Fad?"
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701:"The Linguistic Phenomenon Du Jour: Vocal Fry"
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798:"Employers look down on women with vocal fry"
477:
397:, use vocal techniques similar to vocal fry.
78:
1119:The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults
936:
531:
529:
487:Greene, Margaret; Mathieson, Lesley (2001).
461:The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults
443:
290:who turned creaky voice into his trademark.
1085:Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson (2001).
1170:
1156:
1142:. Speech Prosody 2022. Lissabon, Portugal.
894:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
888:Ashby, Michael; Maidment, John A. (2005).
85:
71:
1070:Modern Techniques of Vocal Rehabilitation
774:
764:
699:Veronique Greenwood (December 13, 2011).
526:
1116:
812:
806:
670:"Vocal Fry Isn't Just for College Girls"
668:Rebecca Greenfield (December 12, 2011).
458:
254:
96:
984:
942:
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813:Sterbenz, Christina (August 12, 2014).
600:"'Vocal Fry' Creeping Into U.S. Speech"
1460:
1089:. John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition.
1067:
920:
918:
324:
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1103:
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956:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 63–64.
642:
598:Marissa Fessende (December 9, 2011).
535:
174:are drawn together, which causes the
864:
985:Lindsey, Geoff (February 2, 2012).
915:
13:
520:Lindsey, Geoff (February 2, 2012)
199:History of register classification
14:
1484:
158:and is produced through a loose
104:Short demonstration of vocal fry
1038:
1019:
987:"Britney, Pitney and vocal fry"
978:
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374:", which sounds aggressive and
676:. The Atlantic. Archived from
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618:
591:
556:
514:
505:
1:
1060:
1000:Scott, Elfy (April 4, 2017).
345:
1045:"The Throat singers of Tuva"
891:Introducing Phonetic Science
850:10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.08.011
766:10.1371/journal.pone.0097506
577:10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.04.007
228:
7:
1087:The Voice and its Disorders
489:The Voice and its Disorders
400:
330:criticised by the linguist
10:
1489:
643:Vuolo, Mike (2013-01-02).
232:
1389:
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1222:
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962:10.1515/9781501514371-006
550:10.1215/00031283-2010-018
294:infuse their speech with
1179:Musical range or compass
1117:McKinney, James (1994).
459:McKinney, James (1994).
437:
1121:. Genovex Music Group.
1068:Cooper, Morton (1973).
267:
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105:
1072:. Charles C. Thomas.
1051:July 6, 2010, at the
265:
245:
233:Further information:
103:
632:. December 15, 2011.
417:High rising terminal
181:modal voice register
168:arytenoid cartilages
16:Human vocal register
757:2014PLoSO...997506A
325:Social implications
1427:Organ registration
1316:Tenore contraltino
817:. Business Insider
711:on January 8, 2012
680:on January 2, 2013
463:. Waveland Press.
286:, voiced by actor
268:
110:vocal fry register
106:
1455:
1454:
1128:978-1-56593-940-0
1106:The NATS Bulletin
1096:978-1-86156-196-1
1028:The NATS Bulletin
901:978-0-521-00496-1
674:The Atlantic Wire
393:, which includes
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1321:Tenore di grazia
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340:Finnish language
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219:speech pathology
154:) is the lowest
118:laryngealization
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160:glottal closure
122:pulse phonation
112:(also known as
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23:Vocal registers
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844:(2): 185–190.
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319:Jalapa Mazatec
288:George Sanders
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210:speech therapy
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179:far below the
156:vocal register
152:glottal scrape
148:glottal rattle
114:pulse register
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384:
380:
360:Mike Holcomb
349:
337:
328:
312:
309:
305:
301:
292:
280:Sean Connery
269:
251:
246:
238:
235:Creaky voice
202:
193:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:creaky voice
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
54:
53:
47:
41:
35:
1442:Vocal range
1397:Chest voice
1326:Heldentenor
1232:Boy soprano
604:Science Now
432:Valleyspeak
427:Slack voice
364:metal music
176:vocal folds
144:glottal fry
1462:Categories
1422:Pedal tone
1412:Head voice
1242:Coloratura
1224:Voice type
1078:B000JC1U76
1061:References
821:5 December
654:2015-07-28
356:Tim Storms
346:In singing
284:Shere Khan
276:James Bond
185:Tim Storms
140:popcorning
1468:Phonation
1432:Tessitura
1417:Passaggio
1407:Extension
1333:Baritenor
1299:Sopranist
1279:Contralto
1247:Soubrette
1214:Vocal fry
1006:Happy Mag
241:dysphonia
229:In speech
215:phonating
206:phonetics
164:phonation
55:Vocal fry
1376:Sub-bass
1338:Baritone
1289:Castrato
1262:Dramatic
1204:Falsetto
1183:register
1112:: 30–35.
1049:Archived
1034:: 18–36.
946:(2021).
858:24315658
785:24870387
745:PLOS ONE
705:Discover
585:21917418
401:See also
296:gravitas
43:Falsetto
1237:Soprano
1199:Whistle
907:30 June
776:4037169
753:Bibcode
391:kargyra
315:Finnish
223:pitches
170:in the
37:Whistle
30:Highest
1437:Timbre
1381:Treble
1257:Spinto
1125:
1093:
1076:
1011:May 7,
968:
898:
856:
783:
773:
583:
495:
467:
372:scream
370:" or "
282:, and
172:larynx
166:, the
61:Lowest
1364:Sound
1306:Tenor
1252:Lyric
1209:Modal
649:Slate
438:Notes
385:Some
376:harsh
368:growl
136:croak
132:creak
49:Modal
1402:Clef
1371:Bass
1348:Bass
1283:Alto
1181:and
1123:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1074:ASIN
1013:2024
966:ISBN
909:2012
896:ISBN
854:PMID
823:2014
781:PMID
717:2011
686:2011
630:Time
612:2011
581:PMID
493:ISBN
465:ISBN
208:and
108:The
958:doi
930:NPR
846:doi
771:PMC
761:doi
573:doi
546:doi
338:In
1464::
1110:28
1108:.
1047:.
1032:28
1030:.
1004:.
964:.
950:.
928:.
917:^
866:^
852:.
842:28
840:.
779:.
769:.
759:.
747:.
743:.
725:^
703:.
672:.
647:.
628:.
602:.
579:.
569:26
567:.
542:85
540:.
528:^
491:.
479:^
445:^
378:.
358:,
272:RP
189:−7
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
124:,
120:,
116:,
1285:)
1281:(
1171:e
1164:t
1157:v
1131:.
1099:.
1080:.
1015:.
989:.
974:.
960::
911:.
877:.
860:.
848::
825:.
787:.
763::
755::
749:9
719:.
688:.
657:.
614:.
587:.
575::
552:.
548::
501:.
473:.
86:e
79:t
72:v
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