485:, that occurs when an individual's visual system locates the source of an auditory stimulus at a different position than where the auditory system locates it. When this occurs, the visual cues will override the auditory ones. The individual will perceive the sound as coming from the location where the object is seen. Audition can also affect visual perception. Research has demonstrated this effect by showing two objects on a screen, one moving diagonally from top-right to bottom-left and the other from top-left to bottom-right, intersecting in the middle. The paths of these identical objects could have been interpreted as crossing over each other, or as bouncing off each other. Without any auditory cue, a vast majority of subjects saw the objects crossing paths and continuing in their original trajectory. But with the addition of a small "click" sound, a majority of subjects perceived the objects as bouncing off each other. In this case, auditory cues help interpret visual cues.
668:, though implicit forms of odor memory do provide some understanding of memory. Mammalian olfactory cues play an important role in the coordination of the mother infant bond, and the following normal development of the offspring. Olfactory memory is especially important for maternal behavior. Studies have shown that the fetus becomes familiar with olfactory cues within the uterus. This is demonstrated by research that suggests that newborns respond positively to the smell of their own amniotic fluid, meaning that fetuses learn from these cues in the womb.
123:(1904-1979), based on the Ecological theory of perception. These theories held that no inferences are necessary to accomplish accurate perception. Rather, the visual system is able to take in sufficient cues related to objects and their surroundings. This means that a one:one mapping between the incoming cues and the environment they represent can be made. These mappings will be shaped by certain computational constraints; traits known to be common in an organism's environment. The ultimate result is the same: a visual precept is manifested by the process.
341:, the liquid-filled structure containing the hair cells. These cells serve to transform the incoming vibration to electrical signals, which can then be transmitted to the brain. The auditory nerve carries the signal generated by the hair cells away from the inner ear and towards the auditory receiving area in the cortex. The signal then travels through fibers to several subcortical structures and on to the primary
569:, haptic cues as primers have been looked at as a means of decreasing reaction time for identifying a visual stimulus. Subjects were placed in a chair fitted with a back which provided haptic cues indicating where the stimulus would appear on a screen. Valid haptic cues significantly decreased reaction time while invalid cues increased reaction time.
732:
has shown that auditory cues associated with walking, such as the sound of footsteps in gravel, can improve conditions regarding disturbances in gait in people with
Parkinson's disease. Specifically, the two aspects of cue-continuity (pace) and action-relevance (sounds commonly associated with walking) together can help reduce gait variability.
464:
shortened, listeners are unable to distinguish between the two sounds. Instead, they perceive them as both coming from the location of the lead sound. This effect counteracts the small disparity between the perception of sound caused by the difference in distance between each ear and the source of the auditory stimuli.
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individuals still did not meet standard expectations for motor functions and post-evaluations revealed a slight relapse in motor impairment, the overall results confirm that sensory cues are a beneficial resource in physical therapy and improving motor development in combating
Parkinson's disease symptoms.
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Among the many problems associated with
Parkinson's disease are disturbances with gait, or issues related to walking. One example of this is freezing of gait where a person with Parkinson's disease will stop walking abruptly and struggle with the inability to walk forward for a brief period. Research
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A haptic cue is either a tactile sensation that represents an incoming signal received by the somatic system, or a relationship between tactile sensations which can be used to infer a higher level of information. The results of receiving and processing these cues are collectively known as the sense
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is greater the more the signal comes from the side of the head. Thus, this time delay allows humans to accurately predict the location of incoming sound cues. Interaural level difference is caused by the difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears. This is because the head blocks the
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An olfactory cue is a chemical signal received by the olfactory system that represents an incoming signal received through the nose. This allows humans and animals to smell the chemical signal given off by a physical object. Olfactory cues are extremely important for sexual reproduction, as they
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When one sound is presented for a long interval before the introduction of a second one originating from a different location, individuals will hear them as two distinct sounds, each originating from the correct location. However, when the delay between the onset of the first and second sound is
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is the tone quality or tone character of a sound, independent of pitch. This helps us distinguish between musical instruments playing the same notes. When hearing multiple sounds, the timbre of each sound will be unchanging (regardless of pitch), and thus we can differentiate between sounds from
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The use of sensory cues has also aided in improving motor functions for people with
Parkinson's disease. Research has indicated that sensory cues are beneficial in helping people with Parkinson's disease complete their ADLs (activities of daily living). Although the research showed that these
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A spectral cue is a monaural (single ear) cue for locating incoming sounds based on the distribution of the incoming signal. The differences in distribution (or spectrum) of the sound waves are caused by interactions of the sounds with the head and the outer ear before entering the ear canal.
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The visual system can detect motion both using a simple mechanism based on information from multiple clusters of neurons as well as by aggregate through by integrating multiple cues including contrast, form, and texture. One major source of visual information when determining self-motion is
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refers to the frequency of the sound wave reaching us. Although a single object could produce a variety of pitches over time, it is more likely that it would produce sounds in a similar range. Erratic changes in pitch are more likely to be perceived as originating from different sources.
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approaches, converting the visual information into both haptic and auditory outputs, often have the best results. For example, an electronic pen can be drawn across a tablet mapped to the screen and produce different vibrations and sounds depending on what is at that location.
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Unless a sound is directly in front of or behind the individual, the sound stimuli will have a slightly different distance to travel to reach each ear. This difference in distance causes a slight delay in the time the signal is perceived by each ear. The magnitude of the
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of the cue. In these theories, accurate perception requires both the existence of cues with sufficiently high ecological validity to make inference possible, and that the system actually utilizes these cues in an appropriate fashion during the construction of percepts.
450:), sounds that change smoothly or remain constant are often produced by the same source. Sound with the same frequency, even when interrupted by other noise, is perceived as continuous. Highly variable sound that is interrupted is perceived as separate.
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provide an accurate source of information about the location of an object, most times there will be minimal discrepancy between the two. However, it is possible to have a disparity in the information provided by the two sets of cues. An example of
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sound waves for the further ear, causing less intense sound to reach it. This level difference between the two ears allows humans to accurately predict the azimuth of an auditory signal. This effect only occurs for sounds that are high frequency.
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Humans use several cues to determine the location of a given stimuli, mainly by using the timing difference between ears. These cues allow individuals to identify both the elevation, the height of the stimuli relative to the individual, and the
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A major issue that different technologies in this area attempt to overcome is sensory overload. The amount of information that can be quickly related via touch is less than that of vision and is limited by current technology. As a result,
95:, in which cues are used to make probabilistic inferences about the state of the world. These inferences are based on prior experience, assuming that the most commonly correct interpretation of a cue will continue to hold true. A visual
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to make sense of incoming cues, based on the properties of auditory stimuli that usually occur in the environment. Cue grouping refers to how humans naturally perceive incoming stimuli as organized patterns, based on certain rules.
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The somatosensory system assimilates many kinds of information from the environment: temperature, texture, pressure, proprioception, and pain. The signals vary for each of these perceptions, and the receptor systems reflect this:
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memory is highly persistent and has a high resistance to interference, meaning these memories remain within an individual for long times despite possible interference of other olfactory memories. These memories are mostly
81:
There are two primary theory sets used to describe the roles of sensory cues in perception. One set of theories are based on the
Constructivist theory of perception, while the others are based on the Ecological theory.
278:
An auditory cue is a sound signal that represents an incoming sign received through the ears, causing the brain to hear. The results of receiving and processing these cues are collectively known as the sense of
188:
which is the difference between the perceived position of an object given two different viewpoints. In stereopsis the distance between the eyes is the source of the two different viewpoints, resulting in a
585:
is the attempt to extend
Braille to digital media and developing new tools to aid in the reading of web pages and other electronic devices often involves a combination of haptic and auditory cues.
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is an active area of research in perception, that seeks to understand how information from multiple sources is combined by the brain to create a single perceptual experience or response. Recent
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in many species, as well as maternal bonding and survival techniques such as detecting spoiled food. The results of receiving and processing this information is known as the sense of smell.
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Baker, Julie; Parasuraman, A.; Grewal, Dhruv; Voss, Glenn B. (1 April 2002). "The
Influence of Multiple Store Environment Cues on Perceived Merchandise Value and Patronage Intentions".
704:
Environmental cues play a direct role in mediating the behavior of both plants and animals. For example, environmental cues, such as temperature change or food availability, affect the
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where dots represent the joints of an animal. Recent research suggests that this mechanism can also reveal the gender, emotional state, and action of a given human light point model.
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The auditory system of humans and animals allows individuals to assimilate information from the surroundings, represented as sound waves. Sound waves first pass through the
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If two sounds start at different times, they are likely to have originated from different sources. Sounds that occur simultaneously likely originate from the same source.
414:) helps an individual to separate them perceptually. If a sound is moving, it will move continuously. Erratically jumping sound is unlikely to come from the same source.
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In the study of perception, environmental cues play a large role in experimental design since these mechanisms evolved within a natural environment which gives rise to
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The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and estimate the size and distance to an object depends heavily on depth cues. The two major depth cues,
954:
Posner, Michael I.; Nissen, Mary J.; Klein, Raymond M. (March 1976). "Visual dominance: An information-processing account of its origins and significance".
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Cues originating at the same or slowly changing positions usually have the same source. When two sounds are separated in space, the cue of location (see:
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of fish. In addition to cues generated by the environment itself, cues generated by other agents, such as ant pheromone trails, can influence behavior
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of an environment (particularly in experimental psychology and physiology), but it is often used to refer to the whole of the somesthetic experience.
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629:. There are 350 types of olfactory receptors, each sensitive to a narrow range of odorants. These neurons send signals to the glomeruli within the
157:. Since the visual system is dominant in many species, especially humans, visual cues are a large source of information in how the world is
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Humans in particular have evolved a particularly keen ability to detect if motion is being generated by biological sources, even with
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is some organization of the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation. For example, sensory cues include
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and the desire to create a natural scene. If the experimental environment is too artificial, it can damage external validity in an
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Alaerts, Kaat; Nackaerts, Evelien; Meyns, Pieter; Swinnen, Stephan P.; Wenderoth, Nicole; Valdes-Sosa, Mitchell (June 9, 2011).
633:. Each glomerulus collects information from a specific olfactory receptor neuron. The olfactory signal is then conducted to the
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Haptic cues are used frequently to allow those who have impaired vision to have access to a greater wealth of information.
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and the auditory canal, the parts of the ear that comprise the outer ear. Sound then reaches the tympanic membrane in the
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Gerend, Mary A.; Sias, Tricia (July 2009). "Message framing and color priming: How subtle threat cues affect persuasion".
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2007:"The role of sensory cues in the rehabilitation of parkinsonian patients: a comparison of two physical therapy protocols"
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Varendi, H; Porter, RH; Winberg, J (1 September 1997). "Natural odour preferences of newborn infants change over time".
1955:"Auditory cueing in Parkinson's patients with freezing of gait. What matters most: Action-relevance or cue-continuity?"
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686:, an environmental cue becomes an attended cue. However, most environmental cues are assimilated subconsciously, as in
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by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving.
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11th
Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, 2003. HAPTICS 2003. Proceedings
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Elder, Ryan S.; Krishna, Aradhna (2010). "The
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Bregman, Albert (1971). "Primary Auditory Stream Segregation and Perception of Order in Rapid Sequences of Tones".
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Contrast, or the difference in luminance and/or color that helps make an object distinguishable, is important in
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Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (1 July 2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments".
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212:. Optic flow not only indicates whether an agent is moving but in which direction and at what relative speed.
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Environmental cues serve as the primary context that shapes how the world is perceived and as such they can
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The ability to distinguish between colors allows an organism to quickly and easily recognize danger since
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is a tactile written language which is read via touch, brushing the fingers over the raised patterns.
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as there is evidence to suggest a store's atmosphere and layout can influence purchasing behavior.
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1049:"Action and Emotion Recognition from Point Light Displays: An Investigation of Gender Differences"
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of the cue, which is its likelihood of correlating with a property of the world, and the system's
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1226:"Relevance of spectral cues for auditory spatial processing in the occipital cortex of the blind"
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experiments have shown that the adult human visual system can learn to utilize new cues through
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There are strong interactions between visual and auditory stimuli. Since both auditory and
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1869:"Idea Habitats: How the Prevalence of Environmental Cues Influences the Success of Ideas"
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prior experience to influence memory recall and decision making. This has applied use in
248:, usually harboring some kind of toxin. Color also serves as an inferential cue that can
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Godden, D; Baddeley, A. (1975). "Context dependent memory in two natural environments".
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89:(1821–1894) held that the visual system constructs visual percepts through a process of
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Voss, Patrice; Lepore, Franco; Gougoux, Frédéric; Zatorre, Robert J. (March 28, 2011).
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The process of smelling begins when chemical molecules enter the nose and reach the
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Jay, Caroline; Stevens, Robert; Hubbold, Roger; Glencross, Mashhuda (1 May 2008).
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Brown, Andrew D.; Stecker, G. Christopher; Tollin, Daniel J. (December 6, 2014).
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The finger in flight: Real-time motor control by visually masked color stimuli.
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Olfactory memory is the recollection of a given smell. Research has found that
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1167:"Anatomical limits on interaural time differences: an ecological perspective"
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2006:
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1616:"Validity of Haptic Cues and Its Effect on Priming Visual Spatial Attention"
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Marchese, R.; Diverio, M.; Zucchi, F.; Lentino, C.; Abbruzzese, G. (2000).
1983:
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337:, which separates the middle and inner ear. The inner ear contains the
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Sensory info indicating to the perceiver some quality of the perceived
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10.1002/1531-8257(200009)15:5<879::aid-mds1018>3.0.co;2-9
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1016:"Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis"
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Young, William R.; Shreve, Lauren; Quinn, Emma Jane; Craig, Cathy;
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both the motor action and interpretation of a persuasive message.
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many brightly colored plants and animals pose some kind of threat
625:, a dime-sized region located in the nasal cavity that contains
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103:(1903-1955) later went on to formalize these concepts with the
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Hartmann, William M.; Macauley, Eric J. (February 28, 2014).
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into vibration. The stapes transmits these vibrations to the
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107:, which breaks the system's use of a cue into two parts: the
85:
Basing his views on the Constructivist theory of perception,
39:
2004:
453:
446:
Similar to the Gestalt principle of good continuation (see:
317:(also known as the eardrum). The tympanic membrane sets the
3244:
2997:
1716:
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are all of the sensory cues that exist in the environment.
660:
1677:"Using haptic cues to aid nonvisual structure recognition"
2224:
1479:
Sekuler, Robert; Sekuler, Allison B.; Lau, Renee (1997).
1436:
Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology
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69:
cues. Sensory cues are a fundamental part of theories of
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is a statistic or signal that can be extracted from the
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Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective
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experiment that makes use of natural scene statistics.
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73:, especially theories of appearance (how things look).
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1948:
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to indirectly coordinate actions between those agents
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and are the subject of research within the fields of
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645:, where higher level processing of the odor occurs.
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Chapter 12: Auditory System: Structure and Function
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498:, and are the subject of research in the fields of
1867:Berger, Jonah A.; Heath, Chip (March–April 2010).
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894:Rogers, edited by William Epstein, Sheena (1995).
834:Rogers, edited by William Epstein, Sheena (1995).
774:Rogers, edited by William Epstein, Sheena (1995).
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989:Steinman, Scott B.; Garzia, Ralph Philip (2000).
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468:The interaction between auditory and visual cues
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557:The interaction between haptic and visual cues
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1432:"The Precedence Effect in Sound Localization"
145:Visual cues are sensory cues received by the
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99:is the final manifestation of this process.
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573:Use in technology for the visually impaired
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993:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 2–5.
551:
513:The word "haptic" can refer explicitly to
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149:in the form of light and processed by the
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1125:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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879:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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454:Factors affecting auditory cue perception
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333:by pushing on the membrane covering the
119:A second set of theories was posited by
1481:"Sound alters visual motion perception"
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1975:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.034
1684:ACM Transactions on Applied Perception
1330:Journal of Research in Music Education
1154:. McGovern Medical School at UTHealth.
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842:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp.
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782:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp.
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2288:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
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2273:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
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362:Interaural time and level difference
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385:Principles of auditory cue grouping
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2268:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1774:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01468.x
1731:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb15184.x
1285:Journal of Experimental Psychology
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184:and motion parallax, both rely on
135:classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
25:
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2283:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2278:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
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389:The auditory system uses several
2535:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
561:In addition to the interplay of
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1998:
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838:Perception of space and motion
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756:Virtual Reality cue reactivity
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2405:Auditory perception (hearing)
1935:10.1016/s0364-0213(03)00009-0
1762:British Journal of Psychology
1547:. Cengage Learning. pp.
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727:Cueing in Parkinson's disease
426:different sources over time.
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3051:Olfactory reference syndrome
2828:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1797:Journal of Consumer Research
1539:Goldstein, Bruce E. (2007).
1074:10.1371/journal.pone.0020989
7:
3250:Sensory processing disorder
2420:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2410:Equilibrioception (balance)
1886:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_10
1846:10.1509/jmkg.66.2.120.18470
1641:10.1109/HAPTIC.2003.1191265
1113:, Nr. 13, 2002, S. 112-118.
739:
405:
255:
10:
3327:
3204:Supernumerary phantom limb
2540:Infrared sensing in snakes
2400:Visual perception (vision)
1137:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.002
968:10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.157
652:
627:olfactory receptor neurons
614:
524:
369:interaural time difference
302:
259:
237:
219:
200:
173:
76:
3267:
3212:
3181:
3150:
3102:
3069:
3021:
2983:
2955:Microwave auditory effect
2915:
2813:
2806:
2779:
2756:
2728:
2687:
2629:
2618:
2586:
2563:
2510:
2501:
2454:
2392:
2349:
2296:
2253:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2140:
2122:Transduction (physiology)
2102:
2089:
1448:10.1007/s10162-014-0496-2
1171:Frontiers in Neuroscience
196:
2960:Music-specific disorders
2316:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1543:Sensation and Perception
1243:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00048
1184:10.3389/fnins.2014.00034
688:visual contextual cueing
233:
169:
2940:Auditory verbal agnosia
2794:Juxtacapillary receptor
1696:10.1145/1279920.1279922
1230:Frontiers in Psychology
567:nonverbal communication
552:Haptic cues in research
349:Cues for locating sound
343:auditory receiving area
2935:Auditory hallucination
2545:Surface wave detection
2150:Multimodal integration
1150:Gray, Lincoln (1997).
448:principles of grouping
345:in the temporal lobe.
3194:Phantom limb syndrome
3142:Tactile hallucination
2331:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
2132:Active sensory system
1951:Bronte-Stewart, Helen
1111:Psychological Science
1014:G. Johansson (1973).
751:Stimulus (psychology)
643:orbitalfrontal cortex
459:The precedence effect
270:and serves as a cue.
92:unconscious inference
32:perceptual psychology
3306:Cognitive psychology
3003:Labyrinthine fistula
2970:Spatial hearing loss
2669:Campaniform sensilla
2384:Somatosensory cortex
1834:Journal of Marketing
1625:. pp. 166–170.
1586:10.1109/MMUL.2006.69
956:Psychological Review
563:haptic communication
527:Somatosensory system
521:Somatosensory system
483:ventriloquism effect
418:Similarity of timbre
228:point light displays
2789:Nociceptin receptor
2659:Merkel nerve ending
2644:Mechanotransduction
1614:; Gray, R. (2003).
1497:1997Natur.385..308S
1393:1972Sci...176.1149W
1387:(4039): 1149–1151.
1065:2011PLoSO...620989A
1020:Percept. Psychophys
442:Auditory continuity
430:Similarity of pitch
191:Binocular disparity
109:ecological validity
3151:Nociception (pain)
2743:Olfactory receptor
2695:Photoreceptor cell
2649:Lamellar corpuscle
2573:Photomorphogenesis
2435:nociception (pain)
2127:Sensory processing
1953:(April 28, 2016).
1033:10.3758/BF03212378
932:has generic name (
872:has generic name (
812:has generic name (
684:directed attention
677:Environmental cues
672:Environmental cues
641:, and then to the
583:Braille technology
515:active exploration
412:sound localization
3311:Visual perception
3283:
3282:
3268:Biases and errors
3263:
3262:
3199:Somatoparaphrenia
3168:Pain dissociation
3013:Ménière's disease
2945:Cortical deafness
2823:Visual impairment
2802:
2801:
2664:Bulbous corpuscle
2654:Tactile corpuscle
2622:sensory receptors
2614:
2613:
2497:
2496:
2450:
2449:
2415:Olfaction (smell)
2369:Vestibular cortex
2351:Cerebral cortices
2188:
2187:
2175:Motion perception
1922:Cognitive Science
1873:Cognitive Science
1650:978-0-7695-1890-9
1558:978-0-495-60149-4
1000:978-0-8385-2670-5
706:spawning behavior
504:cognitive science
289:cognitive science
262:Contrast (vision)
222:Biological motion
216:Biological motion
203:Motion perception
155:visual perception
16:(Redirected from
3318:
2930:Auditory agnosia
2862:Optic neuropathy
2811:
2810:
2679:Stretch receptor
2627:
2626:
2525:Magnetoreception
2520:Electroreception
2508:
2507:
2430:mechanoreception
2379:Gustatory cortex
2374:Olfactory cortex
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2117:Sensory receptor
2100:
2099:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1962:Neuropsychologia
1959:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1719:Acta Paediatrica
1714:
1708:
1707:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1634:
1620:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1506:10.1038/385308a0
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1307:10.1037/h0031163
1300:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1186:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1011:
1005:
1004:
986:
980:
979:
951:
945:
944:
937:
931:
927:
925:
917:
901:
891:
885:
884:
877:
871:
867:
865:
857:
841:
831:
825:
824:
817:
811:
807:
805:
797:
781:
771:
717:scene statistics
655:Olfactory Memory
649:Olfactory memory
623:olfactory mucosa
617:Olfactory System
611:Olfactory system
538:mechanoreceptors
176:Depth perception
21:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3301:Sensory systems
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3259:
3208:
3177:
3146:
3098:
3065:
3017:
2979:
2911:
2902:Stereoblindness
2843:Color blindness
2798:
2775:
2752:
2724:
2683:
2631:Mechanoreceptor
2620:
2610:
2606:Machine hearing
2601:Computer vision
2596:Robotic sensing
2582:
2559:
2493:
2446:
2388:
2364:Auditory cortex
2345:
2292:
2255:Sensory systems
2249:
2184:
2136:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2046:
2003:
1999:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1914:
1910:
1865:
1861:
1830:
1826:
1810:10.1.1.497.1394
1793:
1789:
1758:
1754:
1715:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1651:
1632:10.1.1.130.7119
1618:
1608:
1601:
1574:IEEE MultiMedia
1570:
1566:
1559:
1537:
1530:
1477:
1473:
1428:
1424:
1377:
1373:
1342:10.2307/3344200
1326:
1322:
1298:10.1.1.615.7744
1281:
1277:
1222:
1218:
1163:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1131:(4): 999–1002.
1121:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1045:
1041:
1012:
1008:
1001:
987:
983:
952:
948:
938:
929:
928:
919:
918:
914:
892:
888:
878:
869:
868:
859:
858:
854:
832:
828:
818:
809:
808:
799:
798:
794:
772:
768:
764:
742:
729:
674:
657:
651:
635:piriform cortex
619:
613:
605:mating behavior
600:
575:
559:
554:
534:thermoreceptors
529:
523:
491:
470:
461:
456:
444:
432:
420:
408:
400:
387:
378:
364:
351:
307:
301:
299:Auditory system
276:
264:
258:
242:
236:
224:
218:
205:
199:
178:
172:
167:
143:
131:cue recruitment
127:Cue combination
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3182:Proprioception
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2758:Thermoreceptor
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Taste receptor
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Proprioception
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:Trigeminal (V)
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:Sensory organs
2205:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2017:(5): 879–883.
1997:
1941:
1928:(3): 379–402.
1908:
1879:(2): 195–221.
1859:
1840:(2): 120–141.
1824:
1819:10.1086/605327
1787:
1768:(3): 325–331.
1752:
1725:(9): 985–990.
1709:
1664:
1649:
1599:
1564:
1557:
1528:
1471:
1422:
1371:
1336:(1): 135–143.
1320:
1291:(2): 244–249.
1275:
1216:
1157:
1142:
1115:
1098:
1039:
1026:(2): 201–211.
1006:
999:
981:
962:(2): 157–171.
946:
913:978-0080538617
912:
886:
853:978-0080538617
852:
826:
793:978-0080538617
792:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
741:
738:
728:
725:
721:ideal observer
673:
670:
653:Main article:
650:
647:
631:olfactory bulb
615:Main article:
612:
609:
599:
598:Olfactory cues
596:
574:
571:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:chemoreceptors
525:Main article:
522:
519:
490:
487:
479:visual capture
469:
466:
460:
457:
455:
452:
443:
440:
431:
428:
419:
416:
407:
404:
399:
396:
386:
383:
377:
374:
363:
360:
350:
347:
303:Main article:
300:
297:
275:
272:
268:edge detection
260:Main article:
257:
254:
238:Main article:
235:
232:
220:Main article:
217:
214:
201:Main article:
198:
195:
174:Main article:
171:
168:
166:
163:
142:
139:
78:
75:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Hallucination
3238:
3236:
3235:Derealization
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Asomatognosia
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Hyperesthesia
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Astereognosis
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Labyrinthitis
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2730:Chemoreceptor
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:Photoreceptor
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Slit sensilla
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2489:Visceral pain
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2440:thermoception
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Visual cortex
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Olfactory (I)
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2303:spinal nerves
2300:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Consciousness
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:(5): 748–56.
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
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1669:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:Young, J.J.;
1606:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:(6614): 308.
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1105:Schmidt, T.:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:(6): e20989.
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
996:
992:
985:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
942:
935:
923:
915:
909:
905:
900:
899:
890:
882:
875:
863:
855:
849:
845:
840:
839:
830:
822:
815:
803:
795:
789:
785:
780:
779:
770:
766:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
737:
733:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
680:
678:
669:
667:
662:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
618:
608:
606:
595:
592:
586:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
518:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
486:
484:
480:
475:
465:
451:
449:
439:
436:
427:
424:
415:
413:
403:
395:
392:
382:
373:
370:
359:
357:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
274:Auditory cues
271:
269:
263:
253:
251:
247:
241:
231:
229:
223:
213:
211:
204:
194:
192:
187:
183:
177:
165:Types of cues
162:
160:
156:
152:
151:visual system
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
88:
83:
74:
72:
68:
67:environmental
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
40:sensory input
37:
33:
19:
3173:Phantom pain
3158:Hyperalgesia
3132:Hypoesthesia
2950:Hearing loss
2771:TRP channels
2748:Osmoreceptor
2715:Photopigment
2639:Baroreceptor
2578:Gravitropism
2550:Frog hearing
2530:Echolocation
2326:Facial (VII)
2014:
2010:
2000:
1965:
1961:
1944:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1622:
1580:(3): 24–30.
1577:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1023:
1019:
1009:
990:
984:
959:
955:
949:
930:|first=
897:
889:
870:|first=
837:
829:
810:|first=
777:
769:
734:
730:
714:
703:
692:
681:
676:
675:
658:
620:
601:
587:
576:
560:
530:
512:
508:neurobiology
492:
471:
462:
445:
433:
421:
409:
401:
388:
379:
376:Spectral cue
365:
352:
308:
293:neurobiology
277:
265:
243:
240:Color vision
227:
225:
206:
179:
144:
126:
125:
118:
112:
104:
90:
84:
80:
46:
44:
35:
29:
3255:Synesthesia
3163:Hypoalgesia
3137:Paresthesia
3122:Formication
3117:CMT disease
3084:Hypergeusia
2907:Visual snow
2882:Photophobia
2877:Papilledema
2867:Oscillopsia
2853:Hemeralopia
2720:Aureochrome
2555:Toad vision
2479:Suffocation
2393:Perceptions
1690:(2): 1–14.
1442:(1): 1–28.
591:multi-modal
542:nociceptors
489:Haptic cues
474:visual cues
335:oval window
141:Visual cues
113:utilization
36:sensory cue
18:Visual cues
3296:Perception
3290:Categories
3275:Pareidolia
3230:Allochiria
3213:Multimodal
3094:Parageusia
3089:Hypogeusia
3061:Phantosmia
3041:Hyperosmia
2985:Vestibular
2965:Palinopsia
2925:Amblyaudia
2872:Palinopsia
2857:Nyctalopia
2781:Nociceptor
2588:Artificial
2311:Optic (II)
2142:Perception
2091:Processes
2083:perception
2011:Mov Disord
762:References
500:psychology
398:Onset time
391:heuristics
315:middle ear
285:psychology
210:optic flow
182:stereopsis
105:lens model
71:perception
3071:Gustatory
3023:Olfactory
2887:Photopsia
2833:Amaurosis
2807:Disorders
2700:Cone cell
2619:Types of
2230:Inner ear
2165:Cognition
2155:Awareness
2104:Sensation
2079:Sensation
1968:: 54–62.
1854:167436934
1805:CiteSeerX
1627:CiteSeerX
1612:Tan, H.Z.
1366:144294536
1350:0022-4294
1293:CiteSeerX
922:cite book
862:cite book
802:cite book
699:marketing
331:inner ear
159:perceived
87:Helmholtz
65:cues and
63:olfactory
3056:Parosmia
3046:Hyposmia
3036:Dysosmia
2975:Tinnitus
2917:Auditory
2892:Polyopia
2848:Diplopia
2705:Rod cell
2503:Nonhuman
2456:Internal
2297:Sensory
2203:External
2112:Stimulus
2095:concepts
2039:34222531
2031:11009194
1992:18971434
1984:27163397
1903:10493169
1895:21702772
1782:10699186
1747:28213494
1704:13924748
1594:16153497
1523:27165422
1466:25479823
1417:25072184
1262:21716600
1203:24592209
1093:21695266
1053:PLOS ONE
740:See also
666:explicit
639:amygdala
637:and the
603:trigger
406:Location
256:Contrast
186:parallax
101:Brunswik
55:auditory
3225:Agnosia
3104:Tactile
3079:Ageusia
3031:Anosmia
2993:Vertigo
2897:Scotoma
2838:Anopsia
2299:cranial
2170:Feeling
1739:9343280
1659:5246376
1515:9002513
1493:Bibcode
1457:4310855
1409:5035477
1389:Bibcode
1381:Science
1358:3344200
1315:5567132
1270:5393985
1253:3110881
1211:7032767
1194:3937989
1084:3111458
1061:Bibcode
579:Braille
481:is the
356:azimuth
339:cochlea
319:malleus
305:Hearing
281:hearing
153:during
97:percept
77:Concept
2815:Visual
2766:Cilium
2512:Animal
2484:Nausea
2474:Thirst
2469:Hunger
2341:Spinal
2180:Qualia
2037:
2029:
1990:
1982:
1901:
1893:
1852:
1807:
1780:
1745:
1737:
1702:
1657:
1647:
1629:
1592:
1555:
1521:
1513:
1485:Nature
1464:
1454:
1415:
1407:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1313:
1295:
1268:
1260:
1250:
1236:: 48.
1209:
1201:
1191:
1177:: 34.
1091:
1081:
997:
976:769017
974:
910:
850:
790:
544:, and
506:, and
423:Timbre
327:stapes
325:, and
311:pinnae
291:, and
197:Motion
121:Gibson
61:cues,
59:haptic
57:cues,
53:cues,
51:visual
2710:ipRGC
2565:Plant
2425:Touch
2240:Mouth
2194:Human
2035:S2CID
1988:S2CID
1958:(PDF)
1899:S2CID
1850:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1700:S2CID
1680:(PDF)
1655:S2CID
1619:(PDF)
1590:S2CID
1519:S2CID
1413:S2CID
1362:S2CID
1354:JSTOR
1266:S2CID
1207:S2CID
695:prime
682:With
496:touch
435:Pitch
323:incus
250:prime
234:Color
170:Depth
3245:HSAN
3220:Aura
2998:BPPV
2855:and
2301:and
2245:Skin
2235:Nose
2225:Ears
2220:Eyes
2093:and
2081:and
2027:PMID
1980:PMID
1891:PMID
1735:PMID
1645:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1551:–6.
1511:PMID
1462:PMID
1405:PMID
1346:ISSN
1311:PMID
1258:PMID
1199:PMID
1109:In:
1089:PMID
995:ISBN
972:PMID
941:link
934:help
908:ISBN
906:–9.
881:link
874:help
848:ISBN
846:–7.
821:link
814:help
788:ISBN
786:–5.
661:odor
565:and
34:, a
2019:doi
1970:doi
1930:doi
1881:doi
1842:doi
1815:doi
1770:doi
1727:doi
1692:doi
1637:doi
1582:doi
1501:doi
1489:385
1452:PMC
1444:doi
1397:doi
1385:176
1338:doi
1303:doi
1248:PMC
1238:doi
1189:PMC
1179:doi
1133:doi
1079:PMC
1069:doi
1028:doi
964:doi
494:of
147:eye
47:cue
30:In
3292::
2033:.
2025:.
2015:15
2013:.
2009:.
1986:.
1978:.
1966:87
1964:.
1960:.
1926:27
1924:.
1920:.
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