232:
or D) that extends to the surface, and it must be explicitly requested by the pilot and granted by the tower (some airports, primarily large Class B facilities, do not allow SVFR operation in their airspace at all). Visibility on the ground must still be greater than one statute mile, but most other VMC minima such as ceiling are waived. The pilot is required to maintain VFR separation distances from other aircraft and, by requesting SVFR, asserts that they can do so despite the marginal conditions. For departing flights, the pilot must be flying in VMC by the time they leave the surface footprint of the controlled airspace (otherwise they would be flying VFR in IMC which is illegal).
398:
91:
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technically requires the airport to allow only IFR flights using instrument approaches/departures. A VFR flight intending to land there would normally be denied clearance, and would either have to divert to another field with VMC, or declare an emergency and override the denial of clearance, which can prompt an inquiry and possibly result in adverse consequences for the pilot.
143:
VFR requires a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit to control the aircraft's altitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft. Governing agencies establish specific requirements for VFR flight, including minimum visibility, and distance from clouds, to ensure that aircraft operating
290:
In the US, there are specific VFR cruising altitudes, based on the aircraft's course, to assist pilots in separating their aircraft while operating under visual flight above 3,000 ft above the surface (AGL) but below 18,000 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL). Unofficially, most pilots use these rules
231:
To avoid these scenarios, VFR flights intending to land at or take off from an airport experiencing localized conditions marginally below VMC minima may request
Special VFR clearance from the tower. SVFR flight is only allowed while within the portion of an airport's controlled airspace (class B, C,
388:
Member states are allowed to modify the low flying rule to suit their jurisdiction, for instance in the UK, the "500 ft Rule" allows pilots to fly below 500 ft as long as they are no closer than 500 ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, building or structure. The rules for flying near
380:
In all EU Member states, the
Standardised European Rules of the Air apply: these set out a minimum altitude of 150 m (500 ft) above any obstacle within a radius of 150 m (500 ft), except with permission, or when taking off or landing. If an aircraft is flying over a congested
227:
who cannot legally fly by instrument flight rules, the restrictions of VMC minima can be troublesome in locations where weather conditions can change suddenly and unexpectedly or when weather events are highly localized. For instance, a small cloud forming over the airport at less than 1000 feet
348:
Though specific altitudes are called as noted below - there is an overreaching general requirement to maintain sufficient altitude that if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface can be made. This may be significantly higher than
269:
In the United States, Canada, and
Australia, a pilot operating under VFR outside Class B, C, D airspace can request "flight following" from ATC, to receive continuous verbal updates on air traffic. This service is provided by ATC if workload permits, but it is an advisory service only. The
421:(IFR) in that ATC will give pilots headings and altitudes at which to fly, and will provide separation and conflict resolution. However, pilots and aircraft do not need to be IFR rated to fly in CVFR areas, which is highly advantageous. An example of airspace where CVFR is common would be
681:
270:
responsibility for maintaining separation with other aircraft and proper navigation still remains with the pilot in command (PIC). In the United
Kingdom, this is known as a "Traffic Service". In other countries, it is known as "Flight Information Service".
656:
241:, regardless of the meteorological conditions except after failure of two way radio communications or during declared emergencies such as VFR traffic attempting to avoid severe weather formations. In the United States, class A airspace is measured using
203:
For efficiency of operations, some ATC operations will routinely provide "pop-up" IFR clearances for aircraft operating VFR, but that are arriving at an airport that does not meet VMC requirements. For example, in the United States, California's
Oakland
366:
An aircraft must maintain an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of
371:
Other aircraft, such as helicopters, powered parachutes, and weight-shift-control aircraft, are not required to meet the FAR 91 minimums, so long as their operation is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface.
245:, and begins at FL180 up to FL600, which is about 18,000 to 60,000 feet as measured using an altimeter at standard pressure (29.92 inHg, 1013 mbar). An exception to IFR-only flying in this airspace is the occasional allowance of
357:
An aircraft must maintain an altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or
165:
The VFR pilot is required to "see and avoid" obstacles and other aircraft. Pilots flying under VFR assume responsibility for their separation from all other aircraft and are generally not assigned routes or altitudes by
1478:
1473:
196:(IMC), and a flight may only operate under IFR. IFR operations have specific training requirements and certification required of the pilot, and increased equipment requirements for the aircraft. Additionally, an IFR
151:, the minimum visual range, distance from clouds, or cloud clearance requirements to be maintained above ground vary by jurisdiction, and may also vary according to the airspace in which the aircraft is operating.
54:(VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft.
50:
in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e., in
409:) area. Flight altitude in each direction is notated in yellow arrow-box. Compulsory reporting points are marked with triangles and airports are marked by yellow circles.
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1382:
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In the US, FAR Part 91 (specifically 91.119) of the
Federal Aviation Regulations controls the minimum safe altitudes by which aircraft can be operated in the
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area (town, settlement, etc.) it must fly high enough so that in the case of an engine failure, it is able to land clear safely
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CVFR flight is used in locations where aviation authorities have determined that VFR flight should be allowed, but that
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In the United States and Canada, any certified pilot who meets specific recency of experience criteria may operate an
1359:
1346:
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130:
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51:
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it must not fly less than 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest fixed object within 600 m of the aircraft.
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1954:
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Federal
Aviation Regulation 91.155, discussed by Wally Miller, "Basic VFR : How to Know It When You See It",
205:
1944:
1008:
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74:
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to help Air
Traffic Control identify the aircraft on radar in order that ATC can provide separation to
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162:, and may require additional training as a pilot at night may not be able to see and avoid obstacles.
1664:
1266:
1043:
869:
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571:
U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service (2013).
209:
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1048:
1038:
844:
437:
In Israel, for example, VFR does not exist. All visual flights must be performed under CVFR rules.
338:
430:
The CVFR concept is used in Canada and certain
European countries, but not in the U.S., where the
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https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2008/april/flight-training-magazine/basic-vfr
158:. This is generally permitted only under more restrictive conditions, such as maintaining
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216:) airports routinely grant temporary IFR clearance when a low coastal overcast forces
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separation and minimal guidance are necessary. In this respect, CVFR is similar to
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in which the flight is being conducted, VFR aircraft may be required to have a
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thousand ft MSL altitude +500 feet (e.g., 3,500, 5,500, or 7,500 ft); or
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thousand ft MSL altitude +500 feet (e.g., 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500 ft).
61:, and operation of the aircraft will be primarily through referencing the
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Section 91.155 14 CFR Part 91 - General Operating and Flight Rules - FAA
188:
conditions that meet the minimum requirements for VFR flight are termed
1913:
1261:
1068:
115: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
782:
1908:
1201:
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at all levels of cruise flight. FAR 91.159 states that any aircraft:
246:
154:
In some countries, VFR flight is permitted at night, and is known as
90:
1584:
1318:
1236:
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402:
285:
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220:, while the rest of the state is still under visual flight rules.
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548:. Federal Aviation Administration. 22 August 2013. Archived from
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406:
27:
Regulations for flying an aircraft in clear weather conditions
389:
congested areas are the same in the UK as the rest of the EU
257:
when high altitude flights are to be conducted into mountain
144:
under VFR are visible from enough distance to ensure safety.
434:
itself authorizes the pilot to accept clearances under VFR.
57:
If the weather is less than VMC, pilots are required to use
633:"What Does VFR and IFR Mean in Flying / ATP Flight School"
457:
Simultaneous opposite direction parallel runway operations
192:(VMC). If they are not met, the conditions are considered
1383:
Air route authority between the United States and China
488:
How to Become a Pilot: The Step-by-step Guide to Flying
485:
United States. Federal Aviation Administration (1987).
779:- published by CASA (Civil Aviation Safety Authority)
542:"Section 4. Twoâway Radio Communications Failure"
478:
392:
1936:
286:VFR cruising altitude rules in the US and Canada
1422:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives
235:VFR flight is not allowed in airspace known as
798:
375:
332:
592:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
69:, a VFR flight may obtain a clearance from
805:
791:
513:Convention on International Civil Aviation
447:Automatic Dependent SurveillanceâBroadcast
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
42:) are a set of regulations under which a
396:
812:
721:"The Rules of the Air Regulations 2015"
273:
14:
1937:
786:
401:Section of CVFR flight routes map of
264:
606:
573:"Glider Flying Handbook, page 10-17"
491:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
194:instrument meteorological conditions
170:(ATC). Depending on the category of
113:adding citations to reliable sources
84:
760:"IVAO DIVISION PROCEDURES - ISRAEL"
200:must usually be filed in advance.
65:rather than visual reference. In a
24:
25:
1966:
1360:Environmental effects of aviation
770:
349:500 feet or 1,000 feet.
190:visual meteorological conditions
149:visual meteorological conditions
89:
52:visual meteorological conditions
1919:Aviation taxation and subsidies
1878:Aircraft maintenance technician
1690:Pre-flight safety demonstration
752:
735:"AIM RAC 5.6 - CVFR Procedures"
727:
713:
699:
682:"91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes"
674:
100:needs additional citations for
80:
649:
625:
600:
564:
534:
518:
505:
469:
393:Controlled visual flight rules
13:
1:
1798:Flight cancellation and delay
1427:European Common Aviation Area
462:
7:
1753:Airline reservations system
1705:Special visual flight rules
440:
10:
1971:
1808:Government contract flight
1670:Flight information service
1449:Hague Hijacking Convention
1442:EUâUS Open Skies Agreement
1034:Pilot in command (Captain)
707:"L_2012281EN.01000101.XML"
613:Plane & Pilot Magazine
607:Cook, LeRoy (2020-02-07).
376:Low flying rules in the EU
333:Low flying rules in the US
1901:
1868:
1738:
1665:Flight information region
1575:
1497:
1368:
1345:
1285:
1267:Low-cost carrier terminal
1192:
1092:
1024:
921:
878:
835:Airline holding companies
820:
432:Private Pilot certificate
1883:Aircraft ground handling
1725:Upper information region
1640:Civil aviation authority
1469:Paris Convention of 1919
657:"VFR Cruising Altitudes"
526:Flight Training Magazine
515:, 1/11/01, chap. 1, p. 6
339:National Airspace System
1715:Terminal control center
1680:Instrument flight rules
1537:Baggage handling system
1378:Air transport agreement
1169:In-flight entertainment
419:instrument flight rules
253:which may be opened by
59:instrument flight rules
1840:Round-the-world ticket
1803:Frequent-flyer program
410:
345:"Notwithstanding" rule
223:For pilots without an
160:minimum safe altitudes
1830:Passenger name record
1748:Airline booking ploys
1720:Uncontrolled airspace
1710:Terminal control area
1347:Environmental effects
1257:International airport
1164:Crew rest compartment
1117:Premium economy class
860:Non-scheduled airline
400:
218:instrument approaches
1955:Aviation meteorology
1700:Special use airspace
1610:Airport crash tender
1600:Aircraft safety card
1400:Cross-strait charter
1394:Bermuda II Agreement
777:Australian VFR rules
282:aircraft under VFR.
274:Pilot certifications
109:improve this article
1945:Air traffic control
1778:Codeshare agreement
1730:Visual flight rules
1655:Controlled airspace
1630:Area control center
1595:Air traffic service
1590:Air traffic control
1479:Sabotage Convention
1464:Montreal Convention
1437:Freedoms of the air
1127:Basic economy class
814:Commercial aviation
637:atpflightschool.com
255:air traffic control
168:air traffic control
71:air traffic control
36:visual flight rules
18:Visual Flight Rules
1768:Bereavement flight
1417:Chicago Convention
1407:Beijing Convention
1396:(UKâUS, 1978â2008)
1390:(UKâUS, 1946â1978)
865:Passenger airlines
552:on 29 January 2014
411:
265:Traffic advisories
249:within designated
1932:
1931:
1893:Flight dispatcher
1788:Electronic ticket
1763:Airline timetable
1605:Airport authority
1512:Baggage allowance
1489:Warsaw Convention
1388:Bermuda Agreement
1222:Airport rail link
1144:Aircraft seat map
1139:Aircraft lavatory
870:Regional airlines
855:Low-cost airlines
498:978-0-8069-8386-8
363:1000 ft rule
225:instrument rating
212:) and Santa Ana (
141:
140:
133:
16:(Redirected from
1962:
1660:Evacuation slide
1620:Airport security
1517:Baggage carousel
1484:Tokyo Convention
1412:Cape Town Treaty
1247:Domestic airport
1227:Airport terminal
1212:Airport check-in
1174:Inflight smoking
1059:Flight attendant
908:Vanilla Alliance
845:Charter airlines
807:
800:
793:
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737:. Archived from
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511:Annex 11 of the
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424:Canadian Class B
354:500 ft rule
324:shall fly at an
306:shall fly at an
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1888:Baggage handler
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1818:Open-jaw ticket
1793:Fare basis code
1740:Airline tickets
1734:
1675:Flight recorder
1577:Aviation safety
1571:
1547:Checked baggage
1532:Baggage handler
1527:Baggage reclaim
1493:
1474:Rome Convention
1364:
1341:
1329:Travel document
1281:
1188:
1088:
1064:Flight engineer
1020:
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528:(5 Apr. 2008):
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322:180-359 degrees
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12:
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1860:Travel website
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1783:Continent pass
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850:Flag carriers
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840:Cargo airline
838:
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830:Airline codes
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741:on 2010-10-03
740:
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688:on 2012-04-14
687:
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663:on 2012-04-14
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304:0-179 degrees
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243:flight levels
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208:), Monterey (
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121:February 2017
114:
110:
104:
103:
98:This section
96:
92:
87:
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78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1950:Aviation law
1729:
1650:Control zone
1645:Control area
1567:Luggage lock
1557:Lost luggage
1552:Hand luggage
1522:Baggage cart
1337:(Electronic)
1299:Arrival card
1232:Airside pass
1184:Sickness bag
1159:Buy on board
1154:Airline seat
1149:Airline meal
1102:Travel class
1084:Dead mileage
923:Trade groups
754:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
729:
715:
701:
690:. Retrieved
686:the original
676:
665:. Retrieved
661:the original
651:
640:. Retrieved
636:
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:
602:
579:
566:
554:. Retrieved
550:the original
545:
536:
525:
520:
507:
487:
480:
471:
452:BĂĄrĂĄny chair
436:
429:
423:
412:
387:
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379:
370:
336:
325:
321:
307:
303:
289:
277:
268:
251:wave windows
250:
237:
234:
230:
222:
202:
184:
164:
153:
146:
142:
127:
118:
107:Please help
102:verification
99:
81:Requirements
67:control zone
56:
46:operates an
39:
35:
29:
1870:Ground crew
1824:Overselling
1695:Sky marshal
1561:WorldTracer
1334:Travel visa
1291:Immigration
1207:Airline hub
1107:First class
1054:Relief crew
580:FAA website
198:flight plan
176:transponder
75:Special VFR
63:instruments
1939:Categories
1914:Air travel
1262:Jet bridge
1069:Loadmaster
745:2011-01-06
692:2012-04-21
667:2012-04-21
642:2023-11-17
618:2023-11-17
556:13 January
463:References
427:airspace.
358:structure.
247:sailplanes
182:aircraft.
1909:Air cargo
1202:Aerodrome
880:Alliances
280:airworthy
259:lee waves
156:night VFR
1850:Tracking
1585:Air rage
1319:Passport
1308:internal
1242:Boarding
1237:Airstair
1094:Airliner
888:Oneworld
822:Airlines
588:cite web
441:See also
403:Tel Aviv
367:persons.
315:magnetic
297:magnetic
172:airspace
48:aircraft
32:aviation
1845:Standby
1507:Bag tag
1499:Baggage
1324:Timatic
1287:Customs
1194:Airport
1026:Aircrew
975:Europe
893:SkyTeam
546:FAA.gov
238:class A
1272:Runway
1179:Galley
1079:Purser
495:
407:Israel
318:course
300:course
147:Under
1009:AFRAA
954:ISTAT
949:IATAN
576:(PDF)
313:On a
295:On a
44:pilot
1459:ICAO
1252:Gate
1014:RAAA
1004:AAPA
999:AACO
984:EBAA
944:IATA
939:ATAG
594:link
558:2023
493:ISBN
326:even
214:KSNA
210:KMRY
206:KOAK
1370:Law
989:ERA
979:A4E
969:RAA
964:A4A
934:ACO
415:ATC
383:AND
320:of
308:odd
302:of
261:.
180:IFR
111:by
40:VFR
30:In
1941::
1289:/
635:.
611:.
590:}}
586:{{
578:.
544:.
341:.
77:.
34:,
1826:)
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1559:(
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806:e
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792:v
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582:.
560:.
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405:(
204:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
105:.
38:(
20:)
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