Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

1407:: "I withdrew somewhat relieved for I had been anticipating a misdirected blow or even a bullet from the angered mob to take vengeance on the culprit. It was some time before the bulk of the people realized what had happened to the side and behind them. Rumors ran rampant. One was to the effect that all shots had gone astray, another that Ava had shielded Gandhi and had herself received mortal wounds, and still another that the Mahatma while wounded was not seriously so. These were the reports that spread through the assemblage as the fatally injured Gandhi was quickly borne to his quarters. There was a reluctance to believe that the worst had really occurred, yet there was a tenseness in the air as groups related to one another their respective accounts of the assassination and made their guesses as to the communal background of the assailant. It was more than a half hour before any statement reached those outside and then it was only the terse statement in English by one of the ashram as he emerged through the porch door—"Gandhiji is finished'. The simple prayer ceremony which was to have been conducted that afternoon with its recitations from the Bhagavada Gita, the Koran, and Christian hymns never took place." Herbert Reiner Jr. in 743: 1371:, who was an eyewitness to the shooting, wrote in his front-page story the next day:"A crowd of about 500, according to witnesses, was stunned. There was no outcry or excitement for a second or two. Then the onlookers began to push the assassin more as if in bewilderment than in anger. The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. He was attending Mr. Gandhi's prayer meeting out of curiosity, as most visitors to New Delhi do at least once. Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a forest of fists belabored the assassin as he was dragged toward the pergola where Mr. Gandhi was to have prayed. He left a trail of blood.". 554:

that moment. But no sooner had Gandhi reached the top of the steps than another man, a stocky Indian man, in his 30s and dressed in khaki clothes, stepped out from the crowd and into Gandhi's path. He soon fired several shots up close, at once felling Gandhi. A BBC correspondent, Robert Stimson, described what happened next in a radio report filed that night: "For a few seconds, no one could believe what had happened; everyone seemed dazed and numb. And then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell. ... Half a dozen people stooped to lift Gandhi. Others hurled themselves upon the attacker. ... He was overpowered and taken away." Others, as well, described how the crowd seemed paralyzed until Reiner's action.

642:, before firing the shots Godse "bowed down to Gandhi to show his respect for the services the Mahatma had rendered the country; he made no attempt to run away and himself shouted for the police". According to Pramod Das, Godse after firing the shots raised his hand with the gun, surrendered and called for the police. According to George Fetherling, Godse did not try to flee, he "stood silently waiting to be arrested but was not approached at first because he was still armed; at last a member of the Indian air force grabbed him by the wrist, and Godse released his weapon". Police, states Fetherling, then "quickly surrounded Godse to prevent the crowd from lynching him". According to Matt Doeden and others, "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police". 635:

away; the crowd melted, perhaps urged to do so by the police; I saw none of this." Stimson filed a BBC report, then he and Sheean walked up and down the flower bed for a while. Sheean reported that he later met a "young American from the Embassy" who had never been to a prayer meeting before. Sheean did not take in anything the young American said about the scene, but a week later learned that "it was this young man who had captured the assassin, held him for the Indian police" and after turning the assassin over, it was this young American who searched the crowd for a doctor. He experienced a tribal pride, states Sheean, that even though he was paralyzed and helpless on the day of Gandhi's assassination, "one of his breed had been useful".

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sticks. A stout young man in khaki dress, wrote Manuben, pushed his way through the crowd bent over and with his hands folded. Manuben thought that the man wanted to touch Gandhi's feet. She pushed the man aside saying, "Bapu is already ten minutes late, why do you embarrass him". Godse pushed her aside so forcibly that she lost her balance, and the rosary, notebook, and Gandhi's spittoon she was carrying fell out of her hands. She recalled that as she bent to the ground to pick up the items, she heard four shots, resounding booms, and she saw smoke everywhere. Gandhi's hands were folded, saying, "Hey Ram...! Hey Ram...!". Abhaben, wrote Manuben, had also fallen down and she saw the assassinated Gandhi in Abhaben's lap.

1351:: "As he got to the top of the steps and approached the crowd, he took his arms from the shoulders of his friends and raised his hands in salutation. He was still smiling. A thick-set man, in his 30s I should say and dressed in khaki, was in the forefront of the crowd. He moved a step toward Mr. Gandhi, took out a revolver and fired several shots at almost point-blank range. It did not sound like a revolver but like a Chinese cracker a child might have let off. Mr. Gandhi fell. For a few seconds no one could believe what had happened; every one seemed dazed and numb, and then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell.". 2404: 546:, on January 30, 1948, Reiner had reached Birla House after work, arriving fifteen minutes before the scheduled start of the prayer meeting at 5 p.m., and finding himself in a relatively small crowd. Although there were some armed guards present, Reiner felt that the security measures were inadequate, especially in view of an attempted bomb explosion at the same location ten days before. By the time Gandhi and his small party reached the garden area a few minutes after five, the crowd had swelled to several hundred, which Reiner described as comprising "schoolboys, girls, sweepers, members of the armed services, businessmen, sadhus, holy men, and even vendors displaying pictures of 'Bapu 1065:

the status and infirmities of the ordinary man. When he was in South Africa as a young man and opposed the treatment of his fellow-countrymen in that land, he courted for himself the humiliation of the humblest Indian that he might in his own person face the punishment meted out for disobedience. When he called for non-cooperation with the British in India he himself disobeyed the law and insisted that he must be among the first to go to prison. ... He never claimed to be any other than an ordinary man. He acknowledged his liability to error and admitted that he had frequently-learnt by his mistakes. He was the universal brother, lover and friend of poor, weak, erring, suffering humanity.

1149:, to join the Congress and to build the new nation. He had warned the Hindu nationalists that they were not the only defenders of Hinduism, which was more tolerant than the variety whose ideals they upheld; he had also cautioned his colleagues in the Congress, that members of these Hindu nationalist organizations were not criminals but misguided patriots, who might prove hard to root out. Nehru argued against this viewpoint, emphasizing that the RSS has a history of easily succumbing to violent solutions, and needed to be punished and dissolved. With Gandhi's assassination, Patel's approach took the back seat. 733:(non-violence) were directed at and accepted by the Hindu community only. Godse said, "I sat brooding intensely on the atrocities perpetrated on Hinduism and its dark and deadly future if left to face Islam (Pakistan) outside and Gandhi inside, and... I decided all of a sudden to take the extreme step against Gandhi. I did not hate Gandhi, I revered him because we both venerated much in Hindu religion, Hindu history and Hindu culture, we both were against superstitious aspects and the wrongs in Hinduism. Therefore, I bowed before Gandhi when I met him, said Godse, then performed my moral duty and killed Gandhi." 715:, and the Indian government's subsequent policy reversal, was proof that the Indian government reversed its decision to suit the feelings of Gandhi for appeasement of Pakistan. To Godse, India was not being run by the force of public opinion, but by Gandhi's whims. Godse added that he admired Gandhi for his lofty character, ceaseless work and asceticism, and Gandhi's formidable character meant that his influence outside of the due process would continue while he was alive. Gandhi had to be removed from the political stage, so that India can begin looking after its own interests as a nation, according to Godse. 2476: 631:

According to Sheean, Gandhi walked across the grass in their direction, leaning lightly "on two of the girls", and two or three others following them. Gandhi wrapped in a homespun shawl passed them by, states Sheean's eyewitness account, and climbed up four or five steps to the prayer ground. As usual, according to Sheean, "there was a clump of people, some of whom were standing and some of whom had gone on their knees or bent low before him. Bob and I turned to watch-we were perhaps ten feet away from the steps-but the clump of people cut off our view of the Mahatma now: he was so small".

592:, Reiner was the "unsung hero" and had he not acted "Godse would probably have shot his way out". Reiner was standing in the front row, states Pramod Kapoor, and he seized and held Godse until the police arrived, but his name only appeared in some American newspapers. According to Bamzai and Damle, during the assassination trial, the government did not call to the stand American marine Herbert "Tom" Reiner who caught Godse or the nephew of then Congress minister Takthmal Jain of Madhya Bharat ministry (1948), as well as many others. 2485:, p. Quote; "In the melee, no one had really noticed the man who had fired the fatal shots. One man who did was Herbert 'Tom' Reiner Jr, a diplomat who had just joined the US Foreign Service. ... He was standing in the front row when Godse brushed past him and fired the fatal shots. Reiner immediately seized Godse and held him till the police arrived. ... Most newspaper and wire reports on the assassination merely referred to 'an American diplomat' and Reiner's name only appeared in some American newspapers at the time.". 1417:: "Mr. Gandhi was picked up by attendants and carried rapidly back to the unpretentious bedroom where he had passed most of his working and sleeping hours. As he was taken through the door Hindu onlookers who could see him began to wail and beat their breasts. Less than half an hour later a member of Mr. Gandhi's entourage came out of the room and said to those about the door: "Bapu (father) is finished." But it was not until Mr. Gandhi's death was announced by All India Radio, at 6 P. M. that the words spread widely." 1389:: In the melee, no one had really noticed the man who had fired the fatal shots. One man who did was Herbert 'Tom' Reiner Jr, a diplomat who had just joined the US Foreign Service. ... He was standing in the front row when Godse brushed past him and fired the fatal shots. Reiner immediately seized Godse and held him till the police arrived. ... Most newspaper and wire reports on the assassination merely referred to 'an American diplomat' and Reiner's name only appeared in some American newspapers at the time."; 1332:: "Mr. Gandhi was picked up by attendants and carried rapidly back to the unpretentious bedroom where he had passed most of his working and sleeping hours. As he was taken through the door Hindu onlookers who could see him began to wail and beat their breasts. Less than half an hour later a member of Mr. Gandhi's entourage came out of the room and said to those about the door: "Bapu (father) is finished." But it was not until Mr. Gandhi's death was announced by All India Radio, at 6 1077:

those who are striving for supreme justice to his belief. With his belief in his heart and mind, he has led a great nation on to its liberation. He has demonstrated that a powerful human following can be assembled not only through the cunning game of the usual political manoeuvres and trickery but through the cogent example of a morally superior conduct of life. The admiration for Mahatma Gandhi in all countries of the world rests on that recognition.

53: 1361:, the authors, N. H. Pronko and J. W. Bowles introduce Robert Stimson's BBC report about Reiner as a case study, and make the observation: "The preoccupation of the audience with Gandhi's attire and actions as he entered the garden, the disrupting stimulus of Gandhi being shot, the no-response period, the new stimulus in the form of the American, and the frenzied reaction of the crowd combine to trace the sequence in a typical emotional reaction. 2464: 977:

to me that I was taking part in some kind of melodrama or a scene out of a Hollywood feature film. ... the audience most certainly thought Godse's performance was the only worth-while part of the lengthy proceedings ... I have no doubt that had the audience of that day been constituted into a jury and entrusted with the task of deciding Godse's appeal, they would have brought in a verdict of 'not guilty' by an overwhelming majority

987: 2473:, p. Quote: "The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realise what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol".. 888:

responsible for the assassination, witnesses saw only him kill Gandhi, that all co-accused were innocent and should be released. According to Markovitz, Godse's declarations and expressed motivations during the appeal have been analyzed in contrasting ways. For example, "while Robert Payne, in his detailed account of the trial, dwells on the irrational nature of his statement,

1383:: "The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realize what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol". 1377:: ...the court had authority under Code 540 of the 1898 law to examine Kasar/Damle, which was not done. The government also did not call American Marine Herbert "Tom" Reiner who caught Godse, or the nephew of then Congress Minister Takthmal Jain of Madhya Bharat ministry (1948), who claimed to have heard four shots, or the person who sold the pistol to Godse at Gwalior." 1015:

sorrow, and sincerely sympathize with the great Hindu community and his family in their bereavement at this momentous, historical and critical juncture so soon after the birth of freedom for Hindustan and Pakistan. The loss of dominion of India is irreparable, and it will be very difficult to fill the vacuum created by the passing way of such a great man at this moment.

351:. Godse joined a protest march in 1938 in Hyderabad, He was arrested for political crimes and served a prison sentence. Once he was out of prison, Godse continued his civil disobedience and worked as a journalist reporting the sufferings of Hindu refugees escaping from Pakistan, and during the various religious riots that erupted in the 1940s. 1367:: "Immediately, there was chaos. As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummeled by thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut. A doctor was found within minutes, but he was of no use. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was dead." Robert Trumbull of 612:, a British newspaper, described Gandhi as walking from the "Birla House to the lawn where his evening prayer meetings were held". Gandhi was a bit late for the prayer, leaning on the shoulders of two grand-nieces. On his way, he was approached by a man dressed in a khaki bush jacket and blue trousers. According to one version, stated 466:. After lunch, states Manuben, Gandhi napped. After waking up, he had a meeting with Sardar Dada. Two Kathiawar leaders wanted to meet him, and when Manuben informed Gandhi that they wanted to meet him, Gandhi replied, "Tell them that, if I remain alive, they can talk to me after the prayer on my walk". 2208:

On Jan. 30, 1948, he went to a prayer meeting to catch a glimpse of Gandhi. It was to be Gandhi's last meeting. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist enraged by Gandhi's overtures to Muslims, brushed past his aide and fired three shots at the great moral leader. Reiner seized him and swung him into the

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He died as the victim of his own principles, the principle of non-violence. He died because in time of disorder and general irritation in his country, he refused armed protection for himself. It was his unshakable belief that the use of force is an evil in itself, that therefore it must be avoided by

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I thought to myself and foresaw I shall be totally ruined, and the only thing I could expect from the people would be nothing but hatred ... if I were to kill Gandhiji. But at the same time I felt that the Indian politics in the absence of Gandhiji would surely be proved practical, able to retaliate,

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report, which did not mention Herbert Reiner Jr, Godse "fired a fourth shot, apparently in an effort to kill himself, but a Royal Indian Air Force sergeant standing alongside jolted his arm and wrenched the pistol away. The sergeant wanted to shoot the man but was stopped by the police. An infuriated

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Godse stood nearly motionless with a small Beretta dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into

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Reiner too had noticed a man in khaki step into the path leading to the dais, but his further view was occluded by a party of associates following Gandhi. He soon heard sounds, though, which in his words were "not loud, not ringing, and not unlike the reports of damp firecrackers ..." and which for

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had asked if as a counterpoint to Pakistan's founding as a state for Muslims, India should not be publicly identified as a state for Hindus. But after Gandhi's assassination, the implication of the Hindu Right in it, and the revulsion felt by many for Hindu extremism as a result, secular values were

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It is Gandhi the saint who will be remembered, not only on the plains and in the hills of India, but all over the world. He strove for perfection as other men strive for power and possessions. He pitied those to whom wrong was done: the East Indian laborers in South Africa, the untouchable 'Children

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and nonviolence had already caused India to cede Pakistan to Muslims, uprooted millions of people from their home, caused immense violent loss of life and broken families. He believed that if Gandhi was not checked he would bring destruction and more massacres to Hindus. In Godse's opinion, the only

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According to some reports, Godse surrendered voluntarily and asked for the police. Yet other reports state he was rushed by the crowd, beaten, arrested, and taken to jail. According to some eyewitnesses and court proceedings, Nathuram Godse was seized immediately by witnesses and an Indian Air Force

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p.m. and blood was everywhere on their white clothes. Manuben estimated that it took about ten minutes to carry Gandhi back into the house, and no doctor was available in the meanwhile. They only had a first aid box, but there was no medicine in it for treating Gandhi's wounds. According to Manuben:

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Sometime after 5 PM, according to witnesses, Gandhi had reached the top of the steps leading to the raised lawn behind Birla House where he had been conducting multi-faith prayer meetings every evening. As Gandhi began to walk toward the dais, Godse stepped out from the crowd flanking Gandhi's path,

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The audience was visibly and audibly moved. There was a deep silence when he ceased speaking. Many women were in tears and men were coughing and searching for their handkerchiefs. The silence was accentuated and made deeper by the sound of a occasional subdued sniff or a muffled cough. It seemed

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As Gandhi was walking briskly up the steps leading to the lawn, an unidentified man in the crowd spoke up, somewhat insolently in Reiner's recollection, "Gandhiji, you are late". Gandhi slowed down his pace, turned toward the man, and gave him an annoyed look, passing directly in front of Reiner at

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What was the secret of his power over the hearts and minds of men and women? In my opinion it was the fact that he voluntarily stripped himself of every vestige of the privilege that he could have enjoyed on account of his birth, means, personality and intellectual pre-eminence and took on himself

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It can be said that no one contributed more to the particular way in which the charter of British rule in India has ended than Mahatma Gandhi himself. His death comes at the close of a great chapter in world history. In the mind of India, at least, he will always be identified with the opening of

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Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him

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Godse ... tried to use the courtroom as a political forum by reading a long declaration in which he tried to justify his crime. He accused Gandhi of complacency towards Muslims, blamed him for the sufferings of Partition and generally criticized his subjectivism and pretension to a monopoly of the

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Then, states Sheean, he heard "four, dull, dark explosions". Sheean asked Stimson, "what's that?" Stimson replied, "I don't know". It was a confusing place, people were weeping and many things happening, wrote Sheean. "A doctor was found, the police took charge; the body of the Mahatma was carried

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The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. ... Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a

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According to Manuben's memoir, the meeting between Vallabhbhai Patel and Gandhi went past the scheduled time and Gandhi was about ten minutes late to the prayer meeting. He began his walk to the prayer location by walking with Manuben to his right and Abha to his left, holding onto them as walking

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between him (Nehru), who represented the idealism and left-wing tendencies of the party, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the realist and party boss from Gujarat who leaned to authoritarianism, orthodoxy, and big business." But Gandhi's assassination had affected Patel as deeply as it did Nehru, and

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ended with the shock of Gandhi's assassination. The RSS, the Hindu paramilitary volunteer organisation, whose activities had been hidden from public view, and whose member Nathuram Godse had once been, was banned on 4 February 1948. The ban lasted one year. A few weeks before, Vallabhai Patel had

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The assassination was investigated, and many additional people were arrested, charged and tried in a lower court. The case and its appeal attracted considerable media attention, but Godse's statement in his defense to the court was banned immediately by the Indian government. Those convicted were

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Digambar Badge was alleged to be one of the conspirators and an active participant in the murder plan. After his arrest, he made a statement admitting his own guilt and incriminating his accomplices. He expressed his willingness to appear before a magistrate and repeat his statement; so, he was

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Everyone will have learnt with profound horror of the brutal murder of Mr Gandhi and I know that I am expressing the views of the British people in offering to his fellow-countrymen our deep sympathy in the loss of their greatest citizen. Mahatma Gandhi, as he was known in India, was one of the

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February 1949. The prosecution called 149 witnesses, the defense none. The court found all of the defendants except one guilty as charged. Eight men were convicted for the murder conspiracy, and others convicted for violation of the Explosive Substances Act. Savarkar was acquitted and set free.

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During the subsequent trial, and in various witness accounts and books written since, the motivation of Godse has been summarized, speculated about and debated. Godse did not deny killing Gandhi, and made a long statement explaining his motivations for the assassination of Gandhi. Some of these

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and his colleagues followed Gandhi to a park where he was speaking. One of them threw a grenade away from the crowd. The loud explosion scared the crowd, creating a chaotic stampede of people. Gandhi was left alone on the speakers' platform. The original assassination plan was to throw a second

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I am shocked to learn of the most dastardly attack on the life of Mr. Gandhi, resulting in his death. Whatever our political differences, he was one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community, and a leader who commanded their universal confidence and respect. I wish to express my deep

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Godse later appealed the death sentence verdict in the Appeals Court in Simla, then in Punjab. He made a plea of poverty and requested that he be allowed to appear and defend himself in person. As the request was allowed, Godse became the only accused to appear in person at the appeal. G.D.

550:". At first, Reiner had been at some distance from the path leading to the dais, but he moved forward, explaining later, "An impulse to see more, and at a closer range, of this Indian leader impelled me to move away from the group in which I had been standing to the edge of the terrace steps". 1185:

Although Nathuram Godse's inspiration came from Savarkar rather than Golwalkar, the RSS was banned and 20,000 swayamsevaks were arrested during the next few months, while the Hindu Mahasabha remained legal but effectively stigmatized, especially in Maharashtra. The Chitpavan brahmins (Godse's

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Of those found guilty, all except Godse appealed their conviction and sentence. Godse accepted his death sentence, but appealed the lower court ruling that found him guilty of conspiracy. Godse argued, in his limited appeal to the High Court, that there was no conspiracy, he alone was solely

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was another eyewitness and an American reporter who had covered World War II events. He went to India in 1947 and became a disciple of Gandhi. He was with the BBC reporter Bob Stimson in Birla House premises when Gandhi was assassinated. They stood next to each other by the corner of a wall.

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argued that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel. The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes with millions

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grenade, after the crowds had run away, at the isolated Gandhi. But the alleged accomplice Digambar Badge lost his courage, did not throw the second grenade and ran away with the crowd. All of the assassination plotters ran away, except Madanlal Pahwa who was a Punjabi refugee of the

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Gandhi was one of the great men of my time and my acquaintance with him over a period of more than 30 years has only deepened my high respect for him however much we differed in our views and methods. A prince among men has passed away and we grieve with India in her irreparable

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January 1948 to pressure the Indian government to release the payment to Pakistan. The Indian government, yielding to Gandhi, reversed its decision. Godse and his colleagues interpreted this sequence of events to be a case of Mahatma Gandhi controlling power and hurting India.

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crowd fell upon the man and beat him with sticks, but he was apprehended by the police and taken to a police station." Godse was questioned by reporters, who in English replied that he was not sorry to have killed Gandhi and awaited his day in court to explain his reasons.

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Gandhi had suffered profuse blood loss. Everyone was crying loudly. In the house, Bhai Saheb had phoned the hospital many times, but was unable to reach any help. He then went to Willingdon Hospital in person, but came back disappointed. Manuben and others read the

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dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into the hands of

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was thrown, which exploded near the car. This caused grievous injury to the Chief Officer of the Pune Municipal Corporation, two policemen and seven others. Nevertheless, no account or records of the investigation nor arrests made can be found. Gandhi's secretary,

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was published in 1977, containing Nathuram Godse's statement to the court, after the Indian Congress party lost power for the first time since Indian independence, and the new government lifted the censorship imposed since 1948 after gaining power in national

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of God' of the lowest caste of India, but he schooled himself not to hate the wrongdoer. The power of his benignity grew stronger as his potential influence ebbed. He tried in the mood of the New Testament to love his enemies. Now he belongs to the ages.

1119:, to deliver a speech at Corporation Auditorium. They were travelling in a motorcade of two cars. The car in which the couple was travelling was delayed and the first car reached the auditorium. Just when the first car arrived at the auditorium, a 2461:, p. 320, Quote: "Immediately, there was chaos. As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummelled by thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut.. 1453:"The crowd was paralyzed as the two grandchildren lifted the frail Gandhi and carried him into his room in Birla House. Tom Reiner, the United States vice-consul, a newcomer to India, who had attended the prayer meeting, seized the assassin ..." 461:

a.m., and reprimanded Manuben to take care of herself since her health was not what it should be for an 18-year-old. Gandhi, aged 78, was weighed after his bath and was 109.5 pounds (49.7 kg). He then ate lunch with Pyarelalji discussing

1444:"Communal massacres sparked a chaotic two-way flight of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and Muslims from India. In all an estimated 15 million people were displaced in what became the largest forced migration in the twentieth century". 3999: 3554: 2449:; Quote: "Reiner attempted to seize the man's gun hand, but hit his shoulder instead, spinning the culprit into the hands of members of the Royal Indian Air Force. When he ascertained the assassin could not escape, Reiner withdrew." 1186:

community) were attacked in a collective retaliation against a community whose Hindu nationalist leanings were well known, and whose claims to past glory and historical dominance in the area were a contentious issue in Maharashtra.

899:(Himachal Pradesh) which then housed the Punjab High Court. The High Court confirmed the findings and sentences of the lower court except in the cases of Dattatraya Parchure and Shankar Kistayya who were acquitted of all charges. 616:, Gandhi smiled back and spoke to Godse, then the assailant pulled out a pistol and fired three times, at point-blank range, into Gandhi's chest, stomach and groin. Gandhi died at 5:40pm, about half an hour after he was shot. 401:

in south-central New Delhi, not far from the diplomatic enclave. Gandhi was living in two unpretentious rooms in the left wing of Birla House, and conducting prayer meetings on a raised lawn behind the mansion.

2013: 3257: 266:, a vice-consul at the American embassy in Delhi—and handed over to the police. The Gandhi murder trial opened in May 1948 in Delhi's historic Red Fort, with Godse the main defendant, and his collaborator 650:

According to some accounts, Gandhi died on the spot. In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried back into the Birla House, into a bedroom, where he died about

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again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.

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answer to violent aggression was violent self-defense. Godse stated that Gandhi had betrayed his Hindu religion and culture by supporting Muslims at the expense of Hindus because his lectures of

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Manu (Mridula) Gandhi, called "Manuben" in Gujarati fashion, was Mahatma Gandhi's great niece (more precisely, a first cousin twice removed). She had come to join Gandhi's entourage during his

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underlines the deeply rational character of Godse's action, which, in his view, reflected the well-founded fears among upper-caste Hindus of Gandhi's message and its impact on Hindu society."

3546: 1395:: ""Bob tells me that an American Embassy official was the unsung hero of the occasion. He was the first to realize what had happened and to leap forward and grip the assassin by the arms." 1214:

is a Marathi play that has been translated into several languages. Its primary plot is the relationship between Gandhi and his estranged son but it also deals briefly with the assassination.

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The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan.

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a moment made him wonder if some sort of celebration was underway. The details and the role of Reiner in seizing Godse vary by the source. According to Frank Allston, Reiner stated that:

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Vishnu Karkare (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra; orphan; odd jobs in hotels, musician in a traveling troupe, volunteer in relief efforts to religious riots (Noakhali), later restaurant owner)

4225: 3368: 1284:(2012) by James Douglass is a non-fiction book that seeks to understand not only the facts of the murder but its importance in the larger struggle between non-violence and violence. 837:

Madanlal Pahwa (Ahmednagar refugee camp, Maharashtra; former British Indian army soldier, unemployed, Punjabi refugee who had migrated to India from Pakistan during the Partition.)

1300: 6933: 1095:

Over two million people joined the five-mile-long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla House, where he had been assassinated. Gandhi was

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truth. Although his attacks were met with some echo in high-caste Hindu circles traditionally hostile to Gandhi, he could not create a groundswell of opinion in his favour.

439:

in East Bengal, which had been gripped by communal violence. Abha Chatterjee (Abhaben Chatterjee) was a girl adopted by the Gandhis who would later marry Gandhi's nephew,

5247: 954:, at the hanging Apte's neck broke and he died instantly, but "Godse died slowly by the rope"; instead of having his neck snap he choked "to death for fifteen minutes". 3314: 2005: 306:

In May 1944, Nathuram Vinayak Godse attempted to assassinate Gandhi with a knife. He led a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed at Gandhi during a prayer meeting at

4309: 4257: 3593: 3480: 1892: 1429:"Reiner recalled, "People were standing as though paralyzed. I moved around them, grasped his shoulder and spun him around, then took a firmer grip on his shoulders" 393:

in the northern part of New Delhi, and was holding his prayer meetings there. When the temple was requisitioned for sheltering refugees of the partition he moved to

321:. This time Godse was arrested with a dagger and he uttered threats to kill Gandhi. He was released again owing to Gandhi's policy of not pressing criminal charges. 3697: 3659: 3253: 746:

The trial of persons accused of participation and complicity in the assassination at the Special Court in Red Fort Delhi on 27 May 1948. Front row, left to right:

2161: 3034: 332:, which had accompanied the creation of the new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, and involved large, chaotic transfers of population between them. 4992:, (In French: Elst, K., & Frumer, B. (2007). "Pourquoi j'ai tué Gandhi": Examen et critique de la défense de Nathuram Godse. Paris: Les Belles lettres.) 310:. Godse and his group were prevented by the crowds from reaching Gandhi. He was released due to Gandhi's own policy of declining to press criminal charges. 1041:

outstanding figures in the world today, ... For a quarter of a century this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem.

358:, due to Godse's disagreement with Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence towards Muslims. But Gandhi opposed the decision and went on a fast-unto-death on 13 274:'s desire "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination." Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for 4837: 3621: 1156:

participating in different events. Gandhi's death indirectly gave Nehru more power. According to historian Percival Spear, "The government was really a

4522: 2422:

men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody"..

601:

officer dispossessed him of the pistol. The crowd beat him to a bloodied state. The police wrested him loose from the angry crowd, took him to jail. A

4732: 259:. Gandhi fell to the ground. He was carried back to his room in Birla House from which a representative emerged sometime later to announce his death. 2214: 695:

and would be powerful with armed forces. No doubt, my own future would be totally ruined, but the nation would be saved from the inroads of Pakistan.

584:

men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody.

4858: 4679: 1208:, after seven sold-out shows it was banned in the State of Maharashtra in 1999 on directions from the then BJP-led coalition government in Delhi. 1615: 903: 3280: 6178: 5829: 5113: 4918: 3790: 6218: 5871: 4219: 3360: 6449: 6203: 447:, a memoir by Manuben Gandhi published in 1962, Mahatma Gandhi (Bapu) started the day in Birla House by listening to a recitation of the 4538: 2871: 1534: 6253: 6208: 6193: 5311: 354:

Plans to assassinate Gandhi were initiated by Godse and his accomplices in January 1948, after India and Pakistan had already started

6223: 17: 2195: 6977: 6402: 6243: 6238: 5200: 5195: 5145: 1053:

the new chapter which, however troubled at the outset, we should all hope, will develop in peace, concord and prosperity for India.

4964:

Debs, Mira (2013). "Using cultural trauma: Gandhi's assassination, partition and secular nationalism in post-independence India".

6168: 5332: 3768: 6377: 6248: 6188: 5429: 5028: 4944: 4888: 4807: 4722: 4701: 4656: 4636: 4616: 4567: 4506: 4434: 4398: 4335: 4303: 4283: 4251: 4209: 4189: 4169: 4125: 3985: 3942: 3729: 3691: 3653: 3587: 3519: 3474: 3438: 3306: 3129: 3079: 2904: 2865: 2838: 2787: 2760: 2733: 2637: 2568: 2545: 2508: 2443: 1989: 1957: 1927: 1886: 1784: 1723: 1528: 4894: 4813: 4480: 3525: 6982: 6145: 4765: 2419: 581: 4035: 7017: 6372: 6233: 324:

In early September 1947, Gandhi moved to Delhi to help stem the violent rioting there and in the neighboring province of

270:, and six more, deemed co-defendants. The trial was rushed through, the haste sometimes attributed to the home minister 6992: 6703: 6228: 5100: 2987: 2941: 2598: 2153: 6397: 6276: 6173: 5089: 5007: 4474: 4454: 4355: 3873: 3846: 3106: 3030: 3007: 2369: 1814: 1226:'s novel of the same name, which is a fictional account of the final nine hours leading up to Gandhi's assassination. 7022: 7007: 6899: 6713: 5547: 473:

The pistol shots had deafened her, wrote Manuben, the smoke was very thick, and the incident complete within 3 to 4

527:

According to several reports, while the attending crowd was still in shock, Gandhi's assassin Godse was seized by

6919: 6550: 6442: 6342: 6160: 5414: 818: 6987: 6889: 6600: 5854: 1162: 750:, Narayan Apte, and Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare. Seated behind, left to right: Digambar Badge, Shankar Kistaiya, 31: 3615: 4829: 672:

could have been avoided if Gandhi and the Indian government had acted to stop the killing of the minorities (

35: 4516: 477:

minutes. A crowd of people rushed towards them, according to Manuben. The watch she was carrying showed 5:17

366:

On the day Gandhi went on hunger strike, Godse and his colleagues began planning how to assassinate Gandhi.

5889: 5503: 5138: 5045:"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state" 4023:"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state" 3966:

Ansari, Sarah; Gould, William (31 October 2019). "'Performing the State' in Post-1947 India and Pakistan".

3887:"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state" 3836: 1234: 2857:"Let's Kill Gandhi !": A Chronicle of His Last Days, the Conspiracy, Murder, Investigation, and Trial 2186: 6515: 6387: 2529:, p. 5. Quote: "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police"; 939: 802: 291: 244: 199: 6778: 6646: 6435: 5610: 1287: 712: 355: 4665:

Obituary, May 21 (21 May 2000), "Herbert Reiner Jr., Diplomat, 83; Captured Gandhi's killer in 1948",

4576:

McLain, Karline (2007). "Who Shot the Mahatma? Representing Gandhian Politics in Indian Comic Books".

6575: 6492: 6312: 6307: 5862: 2833:. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 130. 1599: 432: 7012: 6636: 6580: 5881: 5718: 5190: 4910: 4380: 1204: 1174: 814: 783: 751: 602: 6997: 6972: 6823: 6718: 6672: 6570: 6362: 6281: 6125: 6050: 6030: 5954: 5844: 5683: 5131: 5110: 4365: 4030: 3547:"'One of the Greatest…' Jinnah's Condolence for Gandhi and a Pakistan Visit That Was Never to Be" 2725:

Exiled at Home: Comprising, At the Edge of Psychology, The Intimate Enemy, Creating a Nationality

2500:

Exiled at Home: Comprising, At the Edge of Psychology, The Intimate Enemy, Creating a Nationality

2209:

hands of the Indian police, an action captured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.

4984:

Elst, Koenraad (2016). The man who killed Mahatma Gandhi: Understanding the mind of a murderer.

7002: 6904: 6743: 6615: 6530: 6392: 6367: 6352: 6286: 6085: 6080: 5459: 5399: 5352: 5205: 5170: 367: 4934: 4712: 4444: 4424: 4388: 4293: 4273: 4241: 4199: 4159: 4115: 3746: 3577: 3464: 2977: 2359: 1876: 1804: 1518: 6540: 5859: 5793: 5783: 5658: 5553: 5337: 5301: 5264: 5242: 4646: 4626: 4606: 4547: 4496: 3719: 3681: 3643: 3505: 2855: 2750: 2535: 1947: 1917: 1057: 135: 4325: 962:

The Government of India made the assassination trial public. According to Claude Markovits:

6708: 6698: 5813: 5227: 5185: 4243:

Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52

3891: 3004:"Excerpts From Nathuram Godse's Deposition Before Justice Atma Charan of the Special Court" 775:

many other accomplices were arrested. They were all identified as prominent members of the

708: 689: 513:

as Gandhi's body lay in the room. Colonel Bhargava arrived, and he pronounced Gandhi dead.

219:

was assassinated on 30 January 1948 at age 78 in the compound of The Birla House (now

187: 91: 3514:, Abington, OX and New York; Milton Keynes: Routledge; The Open University, pp. 79–, 1858:

Indian journalism: origin, growth and development of Indian journalism from Asoka to Nehru

1290:(2023) is a fictional movie that reimagines the assassination with the survival of Gandhi. 1202:

is a play composed by Pradeep Dalvi based on the assassination trial. Locally produced as

972:

Khosla, one of the three judges who heard the appeal, later wrote of the Godse statement:

8: 6894: 6773: 6748: 6357: 6065: 6035: 5995: 5944: 5929: 5688: 5585: 5570: 5499: 5476: 5286: 5269: 1007: 860:

May 1948 and ran for eight months before Justice Atma Charan passed his final order on 10

725: 6813: 1010:, Governor general and founder of Pakistan, on the day of Gandhi's assassination, said: 688:

Pakistan. He stated Gandhi had not protested against these atrocities being suffered by

6763: 6738: 6651: 6482: 6337: 6322: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5849: 5839: 5768: 5733: 5728: 5703: 5590: 5580: 5512: 5407: 5347: 5180: 5066: 4989: 4985: 4687: 4593: 3991: 3910: 1275: 1218: 1166: 1141: 1082: 998:

After the assassination, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation by radio:

669: 522: 415: 329: 6025: 4911:"Gandhi is killed by a Hindu; India shaken; World mourns; 15 die in rioting in Bombay" 4161:

The Courtroom as a Space of Resistance: Reflections on the Legacy of the Rivonia Trial

3466:

The Courtroom as a Space of Resistance: Reflections on the Legacy of the Rivonia Trial

6753: 6472: 6458: 6135: 5949: 5788: 5753: 5713: 5668: 5631: 5449: 5374: 5281: 5274: 5232: 5070: 5024: 5003: 4940: 4884: 4852: 4803: 4771: 4761: 4718: 4697: 4673: 4652: 4632: 4612: 4597: 4563: 4502: 4470: 4450: 4430: 4412: 4394: 4371: 4351: 4331: 4299: 4279: 4247: 4205: 4185: 4165: 4121: 3995: 3981: 3948: 3938: 3914: 3869: 3842: 3762: 3725: 3687: 3649: 3583: 3515: 3470: 3434: 3102: 3075: 2983: 2937: 2900: 2861: 2834: 2783: 2756: 2729: 2722:

Nandy, Ashis (1998). "Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi".

2633: 2594: 2564: 2541: 2504: 2439: 2365: 1985: 1953: 1923: 1882: 1837: 1810: 1780: 1719: 1607: 1524: 1170: 1137: 911: 896: 882: 704: 528: 275: 271: 263: 256: 204: 78: 3686:, Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, pp. 39–40, 2522:, p. ?. Quote: "Godse then calmly called for the police and turned himself in"; 2497:

Ashis Nandy (1998). "Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi".

6783: 6412: 6407: 6327: 6055: 5990: 5808: 5773: 5537: 5296: 5237: 5056: 4973: 4585: 4275:

Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History

3973: 3900: 2976:

Fernhout, Rein (1995). ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim, Jerald Gort and Henry Jansen (ed.).

1833:

The Quandary of the Qaum: Indian Nationalism in a Muslim State, Hyderabad 1850-1948

1305: 935: 811:(Pune, Maharashtra; formerly: British military service, teacher, newspaper manager) 794:

The accused, their place of residence and occupational background were as follows:

655:

minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures.

561:, who was an eyewitness, described Reiner's action in a front-page story on January 443:. Both young women were walking with Gandhi when he was assassinated. According to 398: 287: 6667: 3648:, Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, pp. 40–, 3123: 65:), New Delhi, where Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated at 5:17 PM on 30 January 1948. 6909: 6863: 6843: 6758: 6631: 6610: 6555: 6302: 6110: 6070: 6015: 5985: 5939: 5924: 5919: 5894: 5748: 5738: 5723: 5575: 5454: 5117: 5104: 5093: 5018: 4997: 4878: 4867: 4830:"India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (audio starts at 3:06, ends at 5:36)" 4797: 4783: 4691: 4464: 4345: 4179: 3861: 3509: 3428: 3128:. Armed Forces of the Indian Union. Government of India. pp. 62–77, 91–102. 3096: 3069: 2894: 2828: 2777: 2723: 2627: 2588: 2558: 2498: 2433: 1979: 1856: 1831: 1774: 1713: 1223: 1146: 1125: 1116: 1069: 776: 344: 248: 3748:

A Treasury of Intimate Biographies: Dramatic Stories from the Lives of Great Men

539:, Reiner's role was reported on the front pages of newspapers around the world. 313:

In September 1944, Godse again led another group to block Gandhi's passage from

262:

Godse was captured by members of the crowd—the most widely reported of whom was

6803: 6798: 6793: 6641: 6545: 6487: 6271: 6105: 6090: 6060: 6020: 5904: 5899: 5798: 5778: 5763: 5758: 5663: 5624: 5596: 5436: 5422: 5291: 5154: 4799:

History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century

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According to Tunzelmann, Godse was seized and pummeled by Reiner. According to

463: 410: 340: 336: 279: 247:(RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary organization as well as a member of the 228: 216: 153: 132: 102: 5061: 5044: 5038:

Funeral, post funeral-rites and memorialization after Gandhi's assassination:

3977: 3905: 3886: 2515:, Quote: "he made no attempt to run away and himself shouted for the police"; 1128:, believed that the attempt failed due to lack of planning and co-ordination. 6966: 6948: 6935: 6868: 6838: 6808: 6788: 6605: 6585: 6520: 6347: 6332: 6317: 6100: 6095: 5964: 5914: 5909: 5698: 5693: 5637: 5617: 5493: 5215: 4775: 4375: 2414: 1611: 1246: 931: 914:'s efforts "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination." 685: 681: 509: 449: 374: 348: 283: 220: 114: 5097: 4416: 3506:"Reading B: 'The light has gone out': Indian traditions in English rhetoric" 1841: 1023:, former prime minister of South Africa, and once Gandhi's adversary, said: 6914: 6853: 6848: 6768: 6595: 6130: 6115: 6075: 5969: 5865: 5803: 5678: 5210: 5175: 1715:

Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

1271: 1267: 1263: 1251: 873:. Pahwa, Godse, and Karkare were all released from prison in October 1964. 869:

and the remaining six (including Godse's brother, Gopal) were sentenced to

808: 486:

the first bullet from the assassin's seven-bore automatic hit the belly 3.5

267: 157: 122: 5086: 4134: 3003: 831:

Dattatraya Parchure (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh; medical service, care giver)

668:

Godse felt that the massacre and suffering caused during, and due to, the

6818: 6565: 6382: 6045: 6040: 5959: 5708: 5653: 5542: 5532: 5486: 5442: 5384: 1152: 889: 840: 817:(Mumbai, Maharashtra; author, lawyer, politician and former president of 755: 720: 692:

and had instead resorted to fasts. In his court deposition, Godse said, "

639: 589: 440: 394: 390: 325: 236: 167: 58: 1145:

invited the RSS and its more overtly political sister organization, the

605:

was filed by Nandlal Mehta at the Tughlak Road police station at Delhi.

453:. He then worked on a Congress constitution he wanted to publish in the 6858: 6828: 6677: 6590: 6560: 6525: 6120: 5934: 5834: 5673: 5389: 5369: 5259: 5222: 4977: 3390: 1157: 1036:

said in a radio address to the nation on the night of January 30, 1948:

991: 339:

region. Godse had previously led a civil disobedience movement against

4540:

The Murder of the Mahatma (proceedings by the Chief Justice of Punjab)

3937:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 268–269. 531:, a 32-year-old, newly arrived vice-consul at the American embassy in 52: 6833: 6535: 5602: 5364: 5359: 5254: 4181:

Ready for Sea: The Bicentennial History of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps

2435:

Ready for Sea: The Bicentennial History of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps

1096: 1045: 1020: 926:

November 1949. Pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons,

843:(Pune, Maharashtra; brother of Nathuram Godse; storekeeper, merchant) 405:

The first attempt to assassinate Gandhi at Birla House occurred on 20

307: 224: 74: 6427: 3361:"Nathuram Godse was tried at Peterhoff Shimla in Gandhi Murder Case" 3281:"Revealed: The secret room where Godse was kept after killing Gandh" 1195:

Several books, plays and movies have been produced about the event:

910:) that the trial and execution was rushed, attributing the haste to 6477: 5743: 5565: 5522: 5342: 5306: 4959:

Assassination-related literature and the variance in its coverage:

1803:

Fernhout, Rein (1995). ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim; et al. (eds.).

1111:

A prior, unsuccessful attempt, to assassinate Gandhi occurred on 25

938:, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel and the Governor-General 825: 436: 314: 290:, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel and the Governor-General 240: 3952: 1274:

about a fictitious plot to kill Gandhi by a man devastated by the

848:

tendered a conditional pardon and thus he became King's evidence.

782:

Along with Godse and accomplices, police arrested the 65-year-old

6682: 5517: 5123: 4446:

The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India

3254:"Yakub Memon first to be hanged in Maharashtra after Ajmal Kasab" 2752:

Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India

2537:

Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India

1258: 986: 866: 371: 2413:, pp. 40–42, Quote: " stood nearly motionless with a small 5560: 5482: 5379: 2377: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1301:

List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government

1250:

is bookended by the assassination; Godse is portrayed by actor

943: 673: 535:. According to an obituary for Reiner published in May 2000 by 378: 318: 295: 118: 30:"Assassination of Gandhi" redirects here. For other uses, see 895:

The appeal by the convicted men was heard from 2 May 1949, at

389:

Gandhi had initially been staying at the Balmiki Temple, near

335:

Godse and his assassination accomplices were residents of the

5527: 4608:

Memory, Nationalism, and Narrative in Contemporary South Asia

3935:

Violent Fraternity: India Political Thought in the Global Age

2666: 2664: 1660: 1658: 934:, but these pleas were turned down by India's prime minister 677: 532: 343:, the Muslim ruler of the princely Deccan region dominion of 5020:

The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma

4628:

The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma

2651: 2649: 2136: 2134: 1685: 1645: 1278:

and his change of heart even as the real-life plot succeeds.

908:

The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma

902:

Professor Claude Markovits, a Senior Research Fellow at the

786:, who they accused of being the mastermind behind the plot. 4466:

Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas

4085: 4083: 3607: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3183: 2273: 1836:. University of Wisconsin-Madison Press. pp. 489–494. 1756: 1754: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1282:

Gandhi and the Unspeakable: His Final Experiment with Truth

1120: 1115:

June 1934 at Pune. Gandhi was in Pune along with his wife,

1100: 1019:

Gandhi's death was mourned around the world. Field Marshal

865:

Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte were sentenced to death by

384: 255:

and fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest and stomach at

232: 3673: 3579:

Churchill's Confidant: Jan Smuts, Enemy to Lifelong Friend

3149: 3147: 2979:

Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship?

2913: 2661: 2317: 2315: 1806:

Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship?

1655: 1467: 4936:

Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire

4327:

Darkness Everywhere: The Assassination of Mohandas Gandhi

4292:

Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008),

3125:

Operation Polo: the police action against Hyderabad, 1948

2703: 2691: 2646: 2285: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2056: 2032: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1517:

Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008).

381:, Godse and his accomplices shadowed Gandhi's movements. 4080: 4058: 4056: 3408: 3195: 3171: 3006:. No. January 2006. Janasangh Today. January 2006. 2681: 2679: 2394: 2392: 2097: 2095: 1751: 1675: 1673: 1622: 3341: 3329: 3234: 3144: 3049: 2808: 2312: 2302: 2300: 1981:

Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

1739: 4560:

Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India

3620:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Digital Archives, 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 1922:. Yale University Press. pp. 27–28, 97, 150–152. 1569: 1552: 1048:, the British secretary of state during the war said: 4114:

Dugger, Celia (2001). Robert Justin Goldstein (ed.).

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Sen, Julu; Sharma, Rahul; Chakraverty, Anima (2020),

2676: 2389: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2044: 2020: 1670: 3679: 3641: 3508:, in Janet Maybin; Neil Mercer; Ann Hewings (eds.), 3503: 3499: 3497: 3222: 3159: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2590:

The Americanization of Gandhi: images of the Mahatma

2351: 2327: 2297: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 851: 763:

either executed or served their complete sentences.

3711: 3447: 2796: 2607: 2254: 1881:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, pp. 550–, 1878:

Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914-1948

828:

puller, domestic worker employed by Digambar Badge)

4651:, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 69, 3928: 3926: 3924: 3755: 2339: 2185: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 494:inches above the navel; the second hit the belly 1 286:, they were turned down by India's prime minister 3494: 2950: 2556: 2154:"American who held killer 'Wanted to see Gandhi'" 1479: 6964: 4664: 4291: 4221:Why Savarkar makes BJP and Sangh Parivar nervous 3613: 2582: 2580: 2533: 2357: 1911: 1909: 1516: 957: 703:Godse stated that Gandhi's fast to pressure the 4393:, University of California Press, p. 660, 3921: 3635: 1966: 1581: 1510: 1060:, the British secretary of state in 1948 said: 4834:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News Roundup 4758:Lead Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace 4469:, Columbia University Press, pp. 174–76, 3972:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–66. 2187:"Herbert Reiner Jr.; Captured Gandhi's killer" 904:French National Centre for Scientific Research 6443: 5139: 4449:, Princeton University Press, pp. 249–, 4239: 3791:"Preserving the truth behind Gandhi's murder" 2577: 1984:. Oxford University Press. pp. 254–256. 1906: 1696: 711:that it had previously frozen because of the 5085:First Information Report on Gandhi's Murder 4857:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4710: 2969: 2755:. Universal Law Publishing. pp. 19–20. 2715: 2383: 2279: 2224: 766: 409:January 1948. According to Stanley Wolpert, 4876: 4678:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4498:Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics 4390:Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire 4330:, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 4217: 3965: 3738: 3582:, Little, Brown Book Group, pp. 239–, 3101:. Yale University Press. pp. 174–176. 2496: 2438:, Naval Institute Press, pp. 341–342, 2321: 2236: 1870: 1868: 1854: 1798: 1796: 1760: 1140:, the carnage that had been set off by the 1106: 922:Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8 6450: 6436: 5146: 5132: 4932: 4411:, Surya Bharti Parkashan (Reprint: 1993), 4120:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 546–548. 3617:India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 3569: 2847: 2775: 2458: 2291: 2228: 2180: 2178: 1772: 990:Funeral procession of Gandhi, passing the 570:forest of fists belabored the assassin ... 328:. The rioting had come in the wake of the 51: 5060: 4734:US Diplomat Apprehended Gandhi's Assassin 4730: 4693:The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi 4686: 4624: 4422: 4370:, Ahmedabad: Nuvajivan, Delhi: Agarwala, 4218:Bamzai, Kaveree; Damle, Shridhar (2016), 4140: 4089: 3904: 3878: 3782: 3717: 2919: 2670: 2586: 2248: 2160:, The Associated Press, 1 February 1948, 2146: 1941: 1939: 1861:. University of Mysore. pp. 248–249. 1707: 1705: 1664: 1563: 490:inches to the right of the middle and 2.5 5055:(1). Cambridge University Press: 57–80. 4908: 4865: 4828:Stimson, Robert, BBC (30 January 1948), 4557: 4462: 3088: 3055: 2975: 2625: 2410: 2306: 2232: 1865: 1802: 1793: 1745: 1649: 1473: 1418: 1408: 1337: 985: 741: 718:Godse stated he did not oppose Gandhian 543: 385:Assassination attempt on 20 January 1948 4827: 4350:, Jaico Publishing House, p. 150, 4177: 3788: 3433:. Mittal Publications. pp. 94–97. 3028: 2728:. Oxford University Press. p. 92. 2503:. Oxford University Press. p. 92. 2431: 2425: 2267: 2220: 2175: 1977: 1952:. Mittal Publications. pp. 76–77. 801:(Pune, Maharashtra; a former member of 14: 6965: 6378:Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale 5430:The Story of My Experiments with Truth 4877:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), 4781: 4752: 4741:from the original on 22 September 2022 4604: 4575: 4536: 4525:from the original on 27 September 2023 4514: 4494: 4442: 4429:, Infobase Publishing, pp. 128–, 4386: 4363: 4323: 4197: 4113: 4101: 4041:from the original on 11 September 2021 4002:from the original on 11 September 2021 3932: 3834: 3744: 3700:from the original on 10 September 2024 3662:from the original on 10 September 2024 3596:from the original on 10 September 2024 3557:from the original on 10 September 2024 3528:from the original on 10 September 2024 3483:from the original on 10 September 2024 3347: 3335: 3279:Menon, Vinod Kumar (30 January 2014). 3260:from the original on 28 September 2015 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3121: 2931: 2892: 2853: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2655: 2613: 2526: 2519: 2482: 2398: 2345: 2244: 2164:from the original on 10 September 2024 2140: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2026: 1936: 1915: 1895:from the original on 10 September 2024 1711: 1702: 1679: 1618:from the original on 22 November 2017. 1575: 1504: 1237:. The text was republished in 1993 as 737: 498:inch away from middle, and the third 4 330:partition of the British Indian empire 179:Shankar Kistaiya (acquitted on appeal) 6457: 6431: 5127: 4792: 4717:, Taylor & Francis, p. 343, 4711:Pronko, N. H.; Bowles, J. W. (2013), 4406: 4343: 4298:, Taylor & Francis, p. 544, 4074: 4062: 3771:from the original on 24 February 2021 3624:from the original on 25 February 2021 3575: 3278: 3094: 3031:"Analysis: The man who killed Gandhi" 2963: 2830:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi 2721: 2629:Assassination: The Politics of Murder 2470: 2333: 2240: 1829: 1523:. Taylor & Francis. p. 544. 876: 824:Shankar Kistayya (Pune, Maharashtra; 5042: 4963: 4921:from the original on 7 February 2017 4909:Trumbull, Robert (31 January 1948), 4644: 4611:, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 75–, 4271: 4157: 3884: 3819: 3801:from the original on 8 November 2020 3614:CBC News Roundup (30 January 1948), 3462: 3426: 3414: 3371:from the original on 1 February 2014 3132:from the original on 19 October 2017 3067: 3010:from the original on 7 February 2015 1945: 1874: 1537:from the original on 12 October 2013 1492: 758:, and Dattatraya Sadashiv Parachure. 294:. Godse and Apte were hanged in the 6373:Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park 4999:The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 4939:, Simon and Schuster, p. 320, 4714:Empirical Foundations Of Psychology 4347:The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 4260:from the original on 24 August 2024 3822:The second assassination of Gandhi? 3317:from the original on 12 August 2020 2896:Empirical Foundations Of Psychology 2748: 2006:"The truth about Gandhi's sex life" 397:, a large mansion on what was then 24: 6704:Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad 5153: 4954: 4897:from the original on 29 March 2024 4546:. Jaico Publishers. Archived from 4483:from the original on 29 March 2024 4409:Why I assassinated Mahatma Gandhi? 4312:from the original on 29 March 2024 3824:. Anamika publication. p. 54. 3029:Overdof, Jason (5 February 2009). 2874:from the original on 29 March 2024 2860:. Rupa & Company. p. 12. 2782:. Random House. pp. 163–165. 2563:. Random House. pp. 163–165. 1779:. Random House. pp. 164–165. 1359:Empirical Foundation of Psychology 1239:Why I Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi? 1163:integration of the princely states 421: 25: 7034: 6277:International Day of Non-Violence 6174:National Salt Satyagraha Memorial 5078: 4872:, C. S. Palmer Publishing Company 4840:from the original on 9 March 2022 4228:from the original on 13 June 2022 3037:from the original on 30 July 2014 2540:. Universal Law. pp. 19–20. 2198:from the original on 31 July 2017 2016:from the original on 3 June 2013. 1336:pm that the words spread widely." 1222:is a 1963 British movie based on 852:Trial and sentencing: Lower Court 516: 426: 177:Digambar Badge (granted immunity) 6714:Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 5548:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 4816:from the original on 3 July 2023 4760:, London: Cassel & Co. Ltd, 4143:, pp. 34–35 with footnotes. 4107: 4020: 4014: 3959: 3866:Mahatma Gandhi – The Last Phase, 3855: 3828: 3813: 3539: 3420: 3287:from the original on 3 July 2014 950:November 1949. According to the 942:. Godse and Apte were hanged in 724:teachings, but Gandhi's talk of 707:to release the final payment to 595: 278:were made by Gandhi's two sons, 6978:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 6920:Cow vigilante violence in India 6885:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 6551:Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad 6343:Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai 5860:Indian currency (Gandhi Series, 4972:(4). Wiley-Blackwell: 635–653. 4584:(1). SAGE Publications: 57–77. 3721:Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles 3383: 3353: 3299: 3272: 3246: 3115: 3098:Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles 3061: 3022: 2996: 2925: 2899:. Routledge. pp. 342–343. 2893:Pronko, Nicholas Henry (2013). 2886: 2820: 2769: 2742: 2619: 2488: 2358:Campbell-Johnson, Alan (1985), 1998: 1848: 1823: 1766: 1447: 1438: 1423: 1398: 1342: 819:Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha 457:, had his bath and massage at 8 301: 46:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 27:1948 murder in New Delhi, India 6890:Demolition of the Babri Masjid 6601:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party 5855:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith 5416:Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule) 4883:, Cambridge University Press, 4240:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2009), 4150: 3835:Arnold, David (17 June 2014). 3789:Narayan, Hari (20 June 2015). 3427:Jain, Jagdish Chandra (1987). 3395:Centre for South Asian Studies 3068:Jain, Jagdish Chandra (1987). 1946:Jain, Jagdish Chandra (1987). 1323: 1173:and its supporters within the 779:– a nationalist organization. 223:), a large mansion in central 32:Assassination of Indira Gandhi 13: 1: 5872:Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp 5248:Second Round Table Conference 4933:Tunzelmann, Alex von (2012), 4731:Rajghatai, Chidanand (2013), 3724:. Penguin Books. p. 69. 3680:Publication Division (1948), 3642:Publication Division (1948), 3430:Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma 3071:Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma 2936:. Mumbai: Rupa Publications. 2593:. Garland. pp. 554–561. 1949:Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma 1919:Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography 1311: 958:Coverage and judge's comments 917: 608:The 31 January 1948 issue of 370:and Narayan Apte purchased a 57:A memorial marks the spot in 36:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 5282:Gujarat Vidyapith University 5196:Indian independence movement 5111:Assaults & Assassination 4996:Gauba, Khalid Latif (1969). 4443:Hansen, Thomas Blom (1999), 4344:Gauba, Khalid Latif (1969), 4278:, Routledge, pp. 118–, 4204:, Routledge, pp. 225–, 4164:, Routledge, pp. 357–, 2982:. Rodopi. pp. 126–131. 1855:Kr̥ṣṇamūrti, Nāḍiga (1966). 1809:. Rodopi. pp. 124–126. 1600:"Assassination of Mr Gandhi" 1460: 1316: 1165:. After the violence of the 1161:Patel busied himself on the 1131: 377:. Along with purchasing the 7: 6983:January 1948 events in Asia 6516:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 6388:Mohandas Gandhi High School 5970:Leela (great-granddaughter) 5769:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 4866:Stratton, Roy Olin (1950), 4785:The Men in the Trojan Horse 4501:, Routledge, pp. 73–, 4423:Goldstein, Natalie (2010), 2776:Fetherling, George (2011). 2587:Chatfield, Charles (1976). 1773:Fetherling, George (2011). 1294: 1190: 1181:According to Thomas Hansen: 1032:The British prime minister 981: 940:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 883:Nathuram Godse § Trial 803:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 789: 292:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 245:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 10: 7039: 7018:Deaths by firearm in India 6779:Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras 6647:Rastriya Prajatantra Party 5890:Karamchand Gandhi (father) 5611:Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram 5017:Markovits, Claude (2004). 4625:Markovits, Claude (2004), 4605:Mallot, J. Edward (2012), 4590:10.1177/026272800602700104 4246:, Routledge, p. 146, 4178:Allston, Frank J. (1995), 3841:. Routledge. p. 144. 3745:Snyder, Louis Leo (1951), 3074:. Mittal. pp. 76–92. 2854:Gandhi, Tushar A. (2007). 2749:Das, Pramod Kumar (2007). 2557:George Fetherling (2011). 2432:Allston, Frank J. (1995), 1875:Guha, Ramachandra (2018), 1200:I, Nathuram Godse speaking 880: 658: 520: 502:inches away to the right". 243:activist, a member of the 217:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 29: 6993:Deaths by person in India 6877: 6731: 6691: 6660: 6624: 6576:Bharatiya Janshakti Party 6508: 6501: 6465: 6295: 6264: 6153: 6144: 5978: 5880: 5822: 5646: 5468: 5398: 5325: 5161: 5062:10.1017/s0026749x10000223 4869:SACO, the Rice Paddy Navy 4645:Nash, Jay Robert (1981), 4558:Lelyveld, Joseph (2012), 4387:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), 4184:, Naval Institute Press, 3978:10.1017/9781108164511.003 3906:10.1017/S0026749X10000223 2534:Pramod Kumar Das (2007). 2364:, Atheneum, p. 280, 1978:Wolpert, Stanley (2001). 1718:. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. 767:Investigation and arrests 210: 194: 183: 173: 149: 141: 128: 108: 98: 84: 70: 50: 45: 18:Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare 6878:Events and controversies 6637:Hindu Prajatantrik Party 6581:Hindu Janajagruti Samiti 6403:Roads named after Gandhi 5719:Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri 5201:Non-cooperation movement 5116:24 February 2014 at the 5092:12 February 2013 at the 4782:Singer, Kurt D. (1953), 4495:Haynes, Jeffrey (2016), 4463:Hardiman, David (2003), 4381:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 4364:Gandhi, Manuben (1962), 4295:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 3751:, Greenberg, p. 384 3307:"Madanlal Pahwa outlook" 2827:Gandhi, Mahatma (2000). 2626:Laucella, Linda (1998). 2384:Pronko & Bowles 2013 2361:Mission with Mountbatten 2280:Pronko & Bowles 2013 2225:Pronko & Bowles 2013 1520:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 1230:May It Please Your Honor 1205:Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy 1178:reestablished in India. 1175:Indian National Congress 1107:Previous attempt in 1934 1086:in its editorial wrote: 815:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 784:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 752:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 645: 7023:State funerals in India 7008:Assassinations in India 6949:28.601278°N 77.213722°E 6900:Boycott of Hindi cinema 6824:Rajendra Prasad Lingden 6719:Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji) 6673:Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh 6571:Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal 6031:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 5965:Tushar (great-grandson) 5945:Gopalkrishna (grandson) 5845:Gandhi Peace Foundation 5684:Brij Krishna Chandiwala 5103:11 January 2013 at the 4966:Nations and Nationalism 4515:Kapoor, Pramod (2014), 3969:Boundaries of Belonging 3933:Kapila, Shruti (2021). 3576:Steyn, Richard (2018), 2932:Gandhi, Tushar (2012). 2632:. Lowell. p. 177. 2322:Bamzai & Damle 2016 2237:Bamzai & Damle 2016 1916:Sharma, Arvind (2013). 1761:Talbot & Singh 2009 6905:Haridwar hate speeches 6744:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 6616:Virat Hindustan Sangam 6531:Bharatiya Janata Party 6393:National Gandhi Museum 6368:Mahatma Gandhi College 6353:Gandhi Temple, Bhatara 6287:Season for Nonviolence 6086:Maria Lacerda de Moura 6081:Martin Luther King Jr. 5460:Gandhi Heritage Portal 5292:India ashrams (Kochrab 5206:Chauri Chaura incident 5171:Indian Ambulance Corps 4880:The Partition of India 4688:Paranjape, Makarand R. 4648:Almanac of World Crime 4518:The Dying of the Light 4426:Religion and the State 4198:Arnold, David (2014), 2420:Royal Indian Air Force 1288:Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh 1188: 1093: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1043: 1030: 1017: 1005: 995: 979: 969: 952:Almanac of World Crime 799:Nathuram Vinayak Godse 759: 586: 582:Royal Indian Air Force 572: 504: 368:Nathuram Vinayak Godse 6988:1948 murders in India 6541:Vishva Hindu Parishad 5950:Ramchandra (grandson) 5794:Rettamalai Srinivasan 5784:Anugrah Narayan Sinha 5554:The Masque of Anarchy 5338:Composite nationalism 5333:Practices and beliefs 5265:Natal Indian Congress 5098:translated to English 5043:Khan, Yasmin (2011). 4553:on 21 September 2015. 4537:Khosla, G.D. (1965). 4367:Last Glimpses of Bapu 4324:Doeden, Matt (2013), 4272:Bapu, Prabhu (2012), 3885:Khan, Yasmin (2011). 3219:, pp. 15, 24–25. 3192:, pp. 15, 25–27. 3122:Prasad, S.N. (1972). 2779:The Book of Assassins 2560:The Book of Assassins 1776:The Book of Assassins 1183: 1136:In the newly formed 1088: 1074: 1062: 1058:Lord Pethick-Lawrence 1050: 1038: 1025: 1012: 1000: 989: 974: 964: 906:, wrote a 2004 book ( 856:The trial began on 27 805:, editor, journalist) 745: 577: 567: 537:The Los Angeles Times 484: 445:Last Glimpses Of Bapu 298:on 15 November 1949. 136:semi-automatic pistol 6954:28.601278; 77.213722 6709:Jammu Praja Parishad 6699:Bharatiya Jana Sangh 5814:Kishorlal Mashruwala 5603:Gandhi's translation 5228:Dharasana Satyagraha 5186:Champaran Satyagraha 5049:Modern Asian Studies 5002:. Jaico Publishing. 4407:Godse, N.V. (1948), 4117:Political Censorship 3892:Modern Asian Studies 3367:. Biharprabha News. 1830:Roosa, John (1998). 203:Other conspirators: 6945: / 6895:1970 Bhiwandi riots 6774:Murli Manohar Joshi 6749:Deendayal Upadhyaya 6358:Kaba Gandhi No Delo 6066:Lal Bahadur Shastri 6036:Govind Vallabh Pant 5940:Rajmohan (grandson) 5935:Ela (granddaughter) 5830:Artistic depictions 5689:Sudhakar Chaturvedi 5586:Henry Stephens Salt 5571:Sermon on the Mount 5500:Henry David Thoreau 5477:A Letter to a Hindu 5287:Harijan Sevak Sangh 4578:South Asia Research 4158:Allo, Awol (2016), 3868:Navajivan, (1956). 3463:Allo, Awol (2016), 3417:, pp. 69, 160. 3095:Mehta, Ved (1993). 2712:, pp. 216–219. 2700:, pp. 215–216. 2658:, pp. 215–219. 2386:, pp. 342–343. 2143:, pp. 310–311. 2128:, pp. 309–310. 2116:, pp. 308–309. 2065:, pp. 305–306. 2041:, pp. 301–302. 1712:Newton, M. (2014). 1606:. 31 January 1948. 1476:, pp. 174–176. 1008:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 738:Trial and judgments 726:religious tolerance 557:Robert Trumbull of 418:. He was arrested. 227:. His assassin was 161:Dattatraya Parchure 6764:Kailashpati Mishra 6739:Dattopant Thengadi 6652:Shanti Party Nepal 6483:Uniform Civil Code 6011:C. Rajagopalachari 6006:Brajkishore Prasad 6001:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 5960:Kanu (grandnephew) 5863:Gandhi New Series, 5850:Gandhi Peace Prize 5840:Gandhi Peace Award 5734:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 5729:Hermann Kallenbach 5704:Dada Dharmadhikari 5581:Shrimad Rajchandra 5513:Civil disobedience 5505:Civil Disobedience 5181:Bardoli Satyagraha 4990:Edwin Mellen Press 4986:Lewiston, New York 4978:10.1111/nana.12038 4915:The New York Times 4737:, Times of India, 3764:The Canberra Times 3718:Ved Mehta (2013). 3553:. 2 October 2019. 3391:"Claude Markovits" 3207:, pp. 15, 25. 3180:, pp. 15, 24. 2158:The New York Times 2012:. 2 January 2012. 1697:Bandyopadhyay 2009 1413: • 1391: • 1385: • 1379: • 1373: • 1369:The New York Times 1363: • 1353: • 1270:bilingual film by 1219:Nine Hours to Rama 1167:Partition of India 1142:Partition of India 1083:The New York Times 996: 877:Appeal: High Court 760: 690:Hindus in Pakistan 664:motivations were: 559:The New York Times 523:Herbert Reiner Jr. 416:Partition of India 356:a war over Kashmir 6928: 6927: 6754:Subramanian Swamy 6727: 6726: 6493:Integral Humanism 6473:Hindu nationalism 6459:Hindu nationalism 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6204:Parliament Square 6136:Vallabhbhai Patel 5925:Samaldas (nephew) 5920:Maganlal (cousin) 5789:Sri Krishna Sinha 5754:Vallabhbhai Patel 5739:Acharya Kripalani 5714:Shiv Prasad Gupta 5669:Shankarlal Banker 5632:Vaishnava Jana To 5450:Seven Social Sins 5243:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 5233:Vaikom Satyagraha 5030:978-1-84331-127-0 4946:978-1-4711-1476-2 4890:978-0-521-85661-4 4809:978-0-140-13836-8 4724:978-1-136-32708-7 4703:978-81-8400-683-4 4658:978-1-4617-4768-0 4638:978-1-84331-127-0 4618:978-1-137-00705-6 4569:978-0-307-38995-4 4562:, Vintage Books, 4508:978-1-317-28747-6 4436:978-1-4381-3124-5 4400:978-0-520-25570-8 4337:978-1-4677-1659-8 4305:978-0-7007-1267-0 4285:978-1-136-25500-7 4253:978-1-134-01824-6 4211:978-1-317-88235-0 4191:978-1-55750-033-5 4171:978-1-317-03711-8 4127:978-1-57958-320-0 3987:978-1-107-19605-6 3944:978-0-691-19522-3 3731:978-93-5118-577-2 3693:978-81-230-2262-8 3683:HOMAGE TO MAHATMA 3655:978-81-230-2262-8 3645:HOMAGE TO MAHATMA 3589:978-1-4721-4075-3 3521:978-1-00-011605-2 3476:978-1-317-03711-8 3440:978-81-7099-037-6 3350:, pp. 17–19. 3338:, pp. 15–17. 3081:978-81-7099-037-6 2922:, pp. 57–59. 2906:978-1-136-32701-8 2867:978-81-291-1094-7 2840:978-81-230-0154-8 2817:, pp. 70–71. 2789:978-0-307-36909-3 2762:978-81-7534-605-5 2735:978-0-19-564177-6 2673:, pp. 10–11. 2639:978-1-56565-628-4 2570:978-0-307-36909-3 2547:978-81-7534-605-5 2510:978-0-19-564177-6 2445:978-1-55750-033-5 2192:Los Angeles Times 1991:978-0-19-972872-5 1959:978-81-7099-037-6 1929:978-0-300-18596-6 1888:978-0-385-53232-7 1786:978-0-307-36909-3 1725:978-1-61069-286-1 1667:, pp. 57–58. 1652:, pp. 40–42. 1578:, pp. 75–76. 1530:978-0-7007-1267-0 1212:Gandhi vs. Gandhi 1138:Dominion of India 912:Vallabhbhai Patel 897:Peterhoff, Shimla 871:life imprisonment 705:Indian government 529:Herbert Reiner Jr 272:Vallabhbhai Patel 264:Herbert Reiner Jr 257:point-blank range 214: 213: 205:Life imprisonment 16:(Redirected from 7030: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6814:François Gautier 6784:Kushabhau Thakre 6506: 6505: 6466:General ideology 6452: 6445: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6413:Satyagraha House 6408:Sabarmati Ashram 6328:Gandhi Promenade 6254:Washington, D.C. 6209:Tavistock Square 6194:Pietermaritzburg 6151: 6150: 6056:Jawaharlal Nehru 5991:Aung San Suu Kyi 5809:Ravishankar Vyas 5774:Bibi Amtus Salam 5538:Parsee Rustomjee 5238:Aundh Experiment 5191:Kheda Satyagraha 5148: 5141: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5074: 5064: 5034: 5023:. Anthem Press. 5013: 4981: 4949: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4873: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4789: 4778: 4767:978-11788-35-427 4749: 4748: 4746: 4727: 4707: 4696:. Random House. 4683: 4677: 4669: 4667:The Boston Globe 4661: 4641: 4631:, Anthem Press, 4621: 4601: 4572: 4554: 4552: 4545: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4511: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4459: 4439: 4419: 4403: 4378: 4360: 4340: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4288: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4214: 4194: 4174: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4040: 4027: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3930: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3882: 3876: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3460: 3445: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3256:. 30 July 2015. 3250: 3244: 3243:, p. 15/16. 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3156:, p. 15–29. 3151: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2934:Lets Kill Gandhi 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2551: 2514: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2252: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2189: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1975: 1964: 1963: 1943: 1934: 1933: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1709: 1700: 1694: 1683: 1677: 1668: 1662: 1653: 1647: 1620: 1619: 1596: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1477: 1471: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1402: 1396: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1327: 1306:Kapur Commission 1114: 949: 936:Jawaharlal Nehru 925: 863: 859: 698: 654: 564: 549: 501: 497: 493: 489: 480: 476: 460: 408: 399:Albuquerque Road 361: 288:Jawaharlal Nehru 200:Death by hanging 198:Godse and Apte: 88:30 January 1948 55: 43: 42: 21: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7013:Murder in Delhi 6963: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6924: 6910:Hindu terrorism 6873: 6864:Yogi Adityanath 6844:K. S. Sudarshan 6759:Nanaji Deshmukh 6723: 6687: 6656: 6632:GFP Ramdir Sena 6620: 6611:Sanatan Sanstha 6556:Hindu Mahasabha 6497: 6461: 6456: 6426: 6417: 6338:Gandhi Memorial 6313:Gandhi Mandapam 6303:Aga Khan Palace 6291: 6260: 6140: 6111:Rajendra Prasad 6071:Lanza del Vasto 6026:François Bayrou 6016:Eknath Easwaran 5986:14th Dalai Lama 5974: 5955:Kanu (grandson) 5930:Arun (grandson) 5895:Kasturba (wife) 5876: 5818: 5749:Mohanlal Pandya 5724:J. C. Kumarappa 5642: 5464: 5455:Navajivan Trust 5394: 5321: 5163: 5157: 5152: 5122: 5118:Wayback Machine 5109:Mahatma Gandhi 5105:Wayback Machine 5094:Wayback Machine 5081: 5031: 5016: 5010: 4995: 4957: 4955:Further reading 4952: 4947: 4924: 4922: 4900: 4898: 4891: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4819: 4817: 4810: 4794:Spear, Percival 4768: 4754:Sheean, Vincent 4744: 4742: 4725: 4704: 4671: 4670: 4659: 4639: 4619: 4570: 4550: 4543: 4528: 4526: 4509: 4486: 4484: 4477: 4457: 4437: 4401: 4358: 4338: 4315: 4313: 4306: 4286: 4263: 4261: 4254: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4192: 4172: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3931: 3922: 3883: 3879: 3862:Pyarelal Nayyar 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3820:Puniyani, Ram. 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3694: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3663: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3502: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3461: 3448: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3033:. Global Post. 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2951: 2944: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688:, pp. 216. 2684: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2553: 2548: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2459:Tunzelmann 2012 2457: 2453: 2446: 2430: 2426: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2292:Tunzelmann 2012 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2255: 2243:, p. 150; 2231:, p. 320; 2229:Tunzelmann 2012 2227:, p. 343; 2219: 2215: 2201: 2199: 2194:. 26 May 2000. 2184: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2165: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2010:The Independent 2004: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1976: 1967: 1960: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1889: 1873: 1866: 1853: 1849: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1710: 1703: 1695: 1686: 1678: 1671: 1663: 1656: 1648: 1623: 1598: 1597: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1553: 1540: 1538: 1531: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419:Trumbull (1948) 1412: 1409:Stratton (1950) 1403: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1362: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1338:Trumbull (1948) 1333: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1297: 1276:partition riots 1224:Stanley Wolpert 1193: 1147:Hindu Mahasabha 1134: 1126:Pyarelal Nayyar 1117:Kasturba Gandhi 1112: 1109: 1070:Albert Einstein 984: 960: 947: 923: 920: 885: 879: 861: 857: 854: 792: 777:Hindu Mahasabha 769: 740: 696: 661: 652: 648: 598: 562: 547: 544:Stratton (1950) 525: 519: 499: 495: 491: 487: 478: 474: 458: 429: 424: 422:30 January 1948 406: 387: 359: 345:Hyderabad State 304: 249:Hindu Mahasabha 202: 190: 178: 166: 164: 162: 160: 156: 111: 89: 66: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7036: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6998:1940s in Delhi 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6973:Mahatma Gandhi 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6804:Pravin Togadia 6801: 6799:Nathuram Godse 6796: 6794:Mahatma Gandhi 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6642:Shivsena Nepal 6639: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Abhinav Bharat 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6488:Saffronisation 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Gandhi Jayanti 6268: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6106:Nelson Mandela 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091:Mehdi Bazargan 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:Joan Bondurant 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6021:Draupadi Murmu 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799:V. A. Sundaram 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5779:Sonja Schlesin 5776: 5771: 5766: 5764:Mithuben Petit 5761: 5759:Narhari Parikh 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5664:Jamnalal Bajaj 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5625:Hari Tuma Haro 5621: 5614: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5597:Unto This Last 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5497: 5490: 5480: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5437:Mangal Prabhat 5433: 5426: 5423:Indian Opinion 5419: 5412: 5404: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5155:Mahatma Gandhi 5151: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5107: 5082: 5080: 5079:External links 5077: 5076: 5075: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5014: 5008: 4993: 4982: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4930: 4906: 4889: 4874: 4863: 4825: 4808: 4790: 4788:, Beacon Press 4779: 4766: 4750: 4728: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4684: 4662: 4657: 4642: 4637: 4622: 4617: 4602: 4573: 4568: 4555: 4534: 4512: 4507: 4492: 4475: 4460: 4455: 4440: 4435: 4420: 4404: 4399: 4384: 4379:(Foreword by: 4361: 4356: 4341: 4336: 4321: 4304: 4289: 4284: 4269: 4252: 4237: 4215: 4210: 4195: 4190: 4175: 4170: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141:Markovits 2004 4133: 4126: 4106: 4094: 4090:Markovits 2004 4079: 4077:, p. 240. 4067: 4065:, p. 239. 4052: 4021:Khan, Yasmin. 4013: 3986: 3958: 3943: 3920: 3877: 3854: 3847: 3827: 3812: 3781: 3754: 3737: 3730: 3710: 3692: 3672: 3654: 3634: 3606: 3588: 3568: 3538: 3520: 3493: 3475: 3446: 3439: 3419: 3407: 3382: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3298: 3271: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3143: 3114: 3107: 3087: 3080: 3060: 3058:, p. 339. 3048: 3021: 2995: 2989:978-9051837773 2988: 2968: 2949: 2943:978-8129128942 2942: 2924: 2920:Markovits 2004 2912: 2905: 2885: 2866: 2846: 2839: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2788: 2768: 2761: 2741: 2734: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2675: 2671:Paranjape 2015 2660: 2645: 2638: 2618: 2606: 2600:978-0824004460 2599: 2576: 2569: 2546: 2509: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2444: 2424: 2403: 2401:, p. 194. 2388: 2376: 2370: 2350: 2338: 2336:, p. 150. 2326: 2311: 2296: 2294:, p. 320. 2284: 2282:, p. 343. 2272: 2253: 2249:Rajghatai 2013 2213: 2174: 2145: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2104:, p. 309. 2091: 2089:, p. 308. 2079: 2077:, p. 306. 2067: 2055: 2053:, p. 303. 2043: 2031: 2029:, p. 300. 2019: 1997: 1990: 1965: 1958: 1935: 1928: 1905: 1887: 1864: 1847: 1822: 1815: 1792: 1785: 1765: 1750: 1748:, p. 332. 1738: 1724: 1701: 1699:, p. 146. 1684: 1682:, p. 660. 1669: 1665:Markovits 2004 1654: 1621: 1580: 1568: 1564:Markovits 2004 1551: 1529: 1509: 1507:, p. 249. 1497: 1478: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1446: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1422: 1397: 1341: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1255: 1244:The 1982 film 1242: 1227: 1215: 1209: 1192: 1189: 1133: 1130: 1108: 1105: 1034:Clement Attlee 983: 980: 959: 956: 928:Manilal Gandhi 919: 916: 878: 875: 853: 850: 845: 844: 838: 835: 832: 829: 822: 812: 806: 791: 788: 773:Nathuram Godse 768: 765: 748:Nathuram Godse 739: 736: 735: 734: 716: 713:war in Kashmir 701: 660: 657: 647: 644: 628:Vincent Sheean 597: 594: 521:Main article: 518: 517:Herbert Reiner 515: 464:Noakhali riots 428: 427:Manuben Gandhi 425: 423: 420: 411:Nathuram Godse 386: 383: 341:Osman Ali Khan 303: 300: 280:Manilal Gandhi 229:Nathuram Godse 212: 211: 208: 207: 196: 192: 191: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165:Madanlal Pahwa 163:Vishnu Karkare 154:Nathuram Godse 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 133:Beretta M 1934 130: 126: 125: 112: 109: 106: 105: 103:Mahatma Gandhi 100: 96: 95: 86: 82: 81: 72: 68: 67: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7035: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:1948 in India 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6961: 6958: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6869:Narendra Modi 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6839:Digvijay Nath 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6809:Koenraad Elst 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6789:Mohan Bhagwat 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606:Panun Kashmir 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Hindu Munnani 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:Sangh Parivar 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502:Organisations 6500: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6348:Gandhi Teerth 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333:Gandhi Smriti 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Gandhi Market 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Gandhi Bhawan 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6244:San Francisco 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185:South Africa 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Narendra Modi 6099: 6097: 6096:Morarji Desai 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Manilal (son) 5903: 5901: 5900:Harilal (son) 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5699:Mahadev Desai 5697: 5695: 5694:Jugatram Dave 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:C. F. Andrews 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5638:Vegetarianism 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5618:Ekla Chalo Re 5615: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5494:Bhagavad Gita 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5317:Assassination 5315: 5313: 5312:List of fasts 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302:Sodepur Khadi 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164:and movements 5160: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5009:9780882531403 5005: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4482: 4478: 4476:9780231131148 4472: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4456:1-4008-2305-6 4452: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4357:9780882531403 4353: 4349: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4322: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4142: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4104:, p. 96. 4103: 4098: 4092:, p. 58. 4091: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3874:0-85283-112-9 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3850: 3848:9781317882343 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3511:Using English 3507: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469:, Routledge, 3468: 3467: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3311:Outlook India 3308: 3302: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3231:, p. 15. 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3168:, p. 14. 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3108:0-300-05539-0 3104: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3056:Lelyveld 2012 3052: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2411:Stratton 1950 2407: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2371:9780689706974 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307:Trumbull 1948 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:Trumbull 1948 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1818: 1816:90-5183-777-1 1812: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1746:Lelyveld 2012 1742: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1650:Stratton 1950 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1566:, p. 57. 1565: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1548: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1495:, p. 69. 1494: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1474:Hardiman 2003 1470: 1466: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1104: 1102: 1099:in a funeral 1098: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1004: 999: 993: 988: 978: 973: 968: 963: 955: 953: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:Ramdas Gandhi 929: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 893: 891: 884: 874: 872: 868: 849: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 823: 820: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 797: 796: 795: 787: 785: 780: 778: 774: 764: 757: 753: 749: 744: 732: 727: 723: 722: 717: 714: 710: 706: 702: 700: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 665: 656: 643: 641: 638:According to 636: 632: 629: 625: 622: 619:According to 617: 615: 611: 606: 604: 596:Other reports 593: 591: 585: 583: 580:the hands of 576: 571: 566: 560: 555: 551: 545: 542:According to 540: 538: 534: 530: 524: 514: 512: 511: 510:Bhagavad Gita 503: 483: 471: 467: 465: 456: 452: 451: 450:Bhagavad Gita 446: 442: 438: 434: 433:peace mission 419: 417: 412: 403: 400: 396: 392: 382: 380: 376: 373: 369: 364: 357: 352: 350: 349:British India 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 322: 320: 316: 311: 309: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:Ramdas Gandhi 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:Gandhi Smriti 218: 209: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 176: 172: 169: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 116: 115:Assassination 113: 107: 104: 101: 97: 93: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 64: 63:Gandhi Smriti 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6940:77°12′49.4″E 6937:28°36′04.6″N 6930: 6915:Hindutva pop 6884: 6854:B. S. Moonje 6849:Savitri Devi 6769:L. K. Advani 6596:Sri Ram Sena 6363:Kirti Mandir 6282:Martyrs' Day 6189:Johannesburg 6131:Vinoba Bhave 6116:Ramjee Singh 6076:Maulana Azad 6051:James Lawson 5915:Devdas (son) 5910:Ramdas (son) 5866:Indian rupee 5804:Abbas Tyabji 5679:Vinoba Bhave 5595: 5552: 5546: 5504: 5492: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5400:Publications 5316: 5211:Purna Swaraj 5176:Tolstoy Farm 5052: 5048: 5037: 5019: 4998: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4935: 4923:, retrieved 4914: 4899:, retrieved 4879: 4868: 4842:, retrieved 4833: 4818:, retrieved 4798: 4784: 4757: 4743:, retrieved 4733: 4713: 4692: 4666: 4647: 4627: 4607: 4581: 4577: 4559: 4548:the original 4539: 4527:, retrieved 4517: 4497: 4485:, retrieved 4465: 4445: 4425: 4408: 4389: 4366: 4346: 4326: 4314:, retrieved 4294: 4274: 4262:, retrieved 4242: 4230:, retrieved 4220: 4200: 4180: 4160: 4136: 4116: 4109: 4097: 4070: 4043:. Retrieved 4029: 4016: 4004:. Retrieved 3968: 3961: 3934: 3899:(1): 57–80. 3896: 3890: 3880: 3865: 3857: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3794: 3784: 3773:, retrieved 3763: 3757: 3747: 3740: 3720: 3713: 3702:, retrieved 3682: 3675: 3664:, retrieved 3644: 3637: 3626:, retrieved 3616: 3609: 3598:, retrieved 3578: 3571: 3561:25 September 3559:. Retrieved 3550: 3541: 3530:, retrieved 3510: 3485:, retrieved 3465: 3429: 3422: 3410: 3398:. Retrieved 3394: 3385: 3373:. Retrieved 3364: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319:. Retrieved 3310: 3301: 3289:. Retrieved 3274: 3262:. Retrieved 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3134:. Retrieved 3124: 3117: 3097: 3090: 3070: 3063: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 2998: 2978: 2971: 2933: 2927: 2915: 2895: 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2856: 2849: 2829: 2822: 2810: 2805:, p. 5. 2798: 2778: 2771: 2751: 2744: 2724: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2628: 2621: 2616:, p. ?. 2609: 2589: 2559: 2554: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2434: 2427: 2406: 2379: 2360: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2287: 2275: 2268:Stimson 1948 2221:Stimson 1948 2216: 2207: 2200:. Retrieved 2191: 2190:. Obituary. 2166:, retrieved 2157: 2148: 2121: 2109: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2009: 2000: 1980: 1948: 1918: 1897:, retrieved 1877: 1857: 1850: 1832: 1825: 1805: 1775: 1768: 1763:, p. 2. 1741: 1729:. Retrieved 1714: 1604:The Guardian 1603: 1571: 1546: 1539:. 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Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

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