Virginia Conventions

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Philadelphia Convention to now supporting adoption for the sake of preserving the Union. He noted that the Confederation was "totally inadequate". George Mason countered that a national, consolidated government would overburden Virginians with direct taxes in addition to state taxes, and that government of an extensive territory must necessarily destroy liberty. Madison pointed out that the history of Confederations like that provided in the Articles of Confederation government were inadequate in the long run, both with the ancients and with the modern (1700s) Germans, Dutch and Swiss. They brought "anarchy and confusion", disharmony and foreign invasion. Efficient government can only come from direct operation on individuals, it can never flow from negotiations among a confederation's constituent states.

879:. The reformers lost on almost every issue. Nevertheless, even with the exaggerated Virginia Senate representation apportioning the delegates, the three most important roll calls were close. The "white" population basis of apportioning the General Assembly failed by two votes. The extension of the vote to all free white males failed by two votes. When the popular election of governor passed on its first vote, it failed on reconsideration. The divisions which would lead to West Virginia's split were evident. Regardless of the various ideologies represented or delegate political affiliation, the final vote 55 for the proposed constitution to 40 against was along an east–west divide. Only one delegate voted yes from west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. 159: 1328: 1253: 992: 902: 842: 383: 1199:

slaveholder with three sons in the Confederacy as its presiding officer. The Convention sought direction from President Lincoln whether the General Government would sustain the civil authority, or "whether the civil is to become, as it is now, subordinate to the military", so that the convened delegates could support the Administration's war effort in the midst of Grant's Wilderness Campaign. Debate ensued over whether to seek to disenfranchise all supporters of the rebellion, but with an eye to governing after cessation of hostilities, it limited disenfranchisement only to those who had held office in rebel state or Confederate governments.

988:. The Virginia Assembly called a special convention for the sole purpose of considering secession from the United States. Virginia was deeply divided, returning a convention of delegates amounting to about one-third for secession and two thirds Unionist. But the Unionists would prove to be further divided between those who would be labelled Conditional Unionists who would favor Virginia in the Union only if Lincoln made no move at "coercion", and those who would later be called Unconditional Unionists who would be unwavering in their loyalty to the constitutional government of the United States. 272: 560: 1237:, including most ex-slave freedmen, organized to advocate full political and social equality for blacks, but they wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists including many pre-war Whigs, sought political equality for blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of their majority in the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state without Radical influence on issues such as public education. 576: 807: 639: 691: 496: 1391: 174: 607: 795:

the people" of the United States. James Madison led those in favor, Patrick Henry, delegate to the First Continental Convention and Revolutionary wartime governor, led those opposed. Governor Edmund Randolph, who had refused to sign the U.S. Constitution, now chose to support adoption for the sake of national unity. George Mason who had refused to sign the U.S. Constitution due to the lack of a Bill of Rights continued in his opposition. The Virginia ratification included a recommendation for a

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who had supported rebellion, they sought to guarantee a future government of Union men only. The convention wrote two "obnoxious clauses" as they were widely known, that went beyond federal requirements to deny the vote to any office holder in rebel government and an "iron-clad oath" testifying that a prospective voter had never "voluntarily borne arms against the United States." Following the convention, General Schofield successfully negotiated with President

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are due from every citizen ..." That was not enough for the Radical majority. Linus M. Nickerson of Fairfax County who had served in a New York infantry regiment successfully added "this State shall ever remain a member of the United States of America ... and that all attempts from whatever source, or upon whatever pretext, to dissolve said Union ... are unauthorized, and ought to be resisted with the whole power of the State."

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government for themselves deemed it best to create two agents. The Federal Government is one, and the State Government is the other ..." Referencing Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, Carlile observed, "Any act done or performed by the State agent in conflict with the powers conferred upon the Federal agent is to be null and void ... provides for its own alteration, amendment or change ... But was never intended ..."

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held that failings in the constitution should be remedied by amendment. Unlike the Pennsylvania Convention where the Federalists railroaded the Anti-federalists in an all or nothing choice, in the Virginia Convention the Federalists made efforts to reconcile with the Anti-federalists by recommending amendments to the Federal Constitution like that of Virginia's Bill of Rights preamble to its 1776 Constitution.

413:. Randolph, who was a delegate to the Continental Congress, returned to Williamsburg to take his place as Speaker. Randolph indicated that the resolution had not been sent to the Congress (it had instead been sent to each colony individually in an attempt to divide them and bypass the Continental Congress). The House of Burgesses rejected the proposal, which was also later rejected by the Continental Congress. 838:

convention ten times. Malapportionment in the Assembly was seen by reformers as "an usurpation of the minority over the majority" by the slave-owning eastern aristocracy. Partisans argued for apportionment by white population, versus "federal numbers" combining white population with three-fifths slaves, versus the existing system counting whites and slaves equally to favor the slave-holding eastern counties.

257:" to Supreme Court attempts to desegregate public schools. Alternatives to the conventions used commissions for constitutional reform in 1927 for restructuring state government and in 1969 to conform the state constitution with congressional statutes of the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitutional law. Each of these 20th century recommendations was placed before the people for ratification in a referendum. 33: 528: 512: 544: 949:

property including slaves, giving the eastern counties a majority. In the remaining two months of the convention, it was agreed to allow direct popular election of the governor, but each office holder would be limited to one term. Constitutional provision for public education was voted down. Voting by secret ballot was rejected, perpetuating

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that, "Virtue, intelligence, are not among the products of the soil. Attachment to property, often a sordid sentiment, is not to be confounded with the sacred flame of patriots." Any white male who had served in the War of 1812 or who would serve in the militia in their future defense of the country deserved the right to vote.

1497:. A legislative session now may be called after a Governor's veto. Virginia joined thirty-two other states in 1996 by amending its Constitution to provide for rights of victims of crime. Since 1996 Virginia and other states have adopted a provision protecting the right of the people to hunt, fish and harvest game. 741:, one of Virginia's delegates to Congress, carried out the instructions to propose independence in the language the convention had commanded him to use: that "these colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." The resolution was followed in Congress by the adoption of the American 1377:

Following the unlimited Convention of 1901–02, twentieth century constitutional activity turned to a mixture of Governor-appointed constitutional commissions in 1927 and 1968, and limited constitutional conventions called by the General Assembly for very specific purpose. After the century's earliest

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After almost six months of wrangling, the question of apportionment was brought up for a vote. The compromise was to apportion the House of Delegates on the white population basis, giving the western counties a majority, but for the Senate to be apportioned on a modified mixed basis of population and

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and their representatives in the ruling Democratic "Richmond Junto" continued to resist any change, western Democrats and Whigs were more inclined to a white population basis for apportionment in their determination to expand suffrage and to find a more equitable representation between east and west.

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The Virginia Ratification (Federal) Convention narrowly ratified the U.S. Constitution 89 to 79. Virginians reserved the right to withdraw from the new government as "the People of the United States", "whenever the powers granted unto it should be perverted to their injury or oppression," but it also

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The convention met from March 5–7, 1956, and elected John C. Parker its presiding officer. When the Supreme Court ruled segregated public schools unconstitutional, proponents of "massive resistance" to racial integration in schools secured a limited constitutional convention for the purpose of state

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Radicals in the convention, against the protests of General Schofield, were able to martial an uncompromised majority in their desire to disenfranchise the white ex-Confederate majority in the state. Instead of the moderate Republican position limiting voter restrictions to former U.S. officeholders

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proposed a compromise, to simply assert Article VI of the U.S. Constitution for Virginia's Bill of Rights, Section 2, that "the Constitution of the United States, and the laws of Congress passed in pursuance thereof, constitute the supreme law of the land, to which paramount allegiance and obedience

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was sent to vote in the Confederate Congress, state militias were activated and a Confederate army was invited to occupy Richmond. Though the ballots from Unionist counties were lost, the total referendum votes counted numbered more than that of the 1860 presidential election by including men voting

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On May 15, the Convention declared that the government of Virginia as "formerly exercised" by King George in Parliament was "totally dissolved". The Convention adopted a set of three resolutions: one calling for a declaration of rights for Virginia, one calling for the establishment of a republican

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After the Convention of 1901–02, the General Assembly did not call another general convention in the twentieth century. Two proposals for constitutional amendment since the 1960s that might have been passed by the General Assembly and sent to the voters for ratification referendum have failed to be

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administered Virginia as Military District One. After 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to incorporate the 14th Amendment into its state constitution before it was allowed to participate again. By

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Following the creation of West Virginia, the remnant of Restored Virginian government held a Convention of delegates from a few periphery counties occupied by Union forces. The Convention met in Alexandria's U.S. District Court Room from February 13 – April 11, 1864, and elected LeRoy G. Edwards, a

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meeting at Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), sat on May 13–15. It called for elections to another meeting if Virginia's Ordinance of Secession were to pass referendum. After the vote was taken on May 23, the First Session of the Second Wheeling Convention met from June 11 June 25 to establish

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feared any change from the Founders' 1776 Constitution would lead to an ideological anarchy of "wild abstractions" imposed by egalitarian "French Jacobins" through "this maggot of innovation". In answer, John Marshall advanced his view with a petition from the freeholders of Richmond which observed

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The Convention met from June 2–27, 1788, in the wooden "Old Capitol" building at Richmond VA, and elected Edmund Pendleton its presiding officer. The Virginia Ratifying Convention narrowly approved joining the proposed United States under a constitution of supreme national law as authorized by "We,

1439:, its presiding officer. During World War II, Virginia held a constitutional convention called for the limited purpose of expanding the franchise to members of the armed forces during wartime. Efforts by some delegates to expand the scope of the convention to reduce the voting age below 21 failed. 1285:

to propose the referendum on the Radical "Underwood" Constitution, but separating its two disenfranchisement "obnoxious clauses", allowing voters to decide on them apart from the Constitution. While the referendum on the main body of the Constitution was overwhelmingly approved, the two "obnoxious

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After debating whether abolition of slavery would best proceed gradually or at once, with compensation to loyal Union men or without, the Convention resolved to abolish slavery immediately without compensation on April 10, 1864. It abolished the viva voce voting and called for secret balloting for

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The Virginia Secession Ordinance was to "repeal the ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America, by the State of Virginia." Two days after the secession resolution and a month before the referendum, the Confederate flag was raised over Virginia's capitol building, a delegation

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as an Unconditional Unionist at the Richmond Secession Convention, was the floor leader at the Second Wheeling Convention who shepherded in the creation of the Restored Virginia Government. On June 14 he expanded on his view of state and federal relations, " the people of Virginia in establishing

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in 1787 provided for a ratification process in the states that was duly transmitted by Congress to each state. As Virginians went to the polls to elect delegates to its state convention, six states had ratified including the two other largest states of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. But Virginia

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On June 17, Carlile attacked the rebellion as treason, he then accounted events at the Richmond Secession Convention in which he had been an Unconditional Unionist. "For several days before the Convention passed the Ordinance of Secession, it was absolutely besieged; members were threatened with

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In 2006, Virginians aligned with twenty-nine other states seeking to ban homosexual marriage by constitutional amendment. The amendment limited marriage to "unions between one man and one woman". This Virginian constitutional provision ran afoul of the U.S. Supreme Court's interpretation of the

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The convention concerned itself with federal-state relations, with the convention's Committee on the Preamble and Bill of Rights initially stating that, ""the General Government of the United States is paramount to that of an individual state, except as to rights guaranteed to each State by the

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tried to move the Convention into a "Spontaneous Southern Rights Convention" to immediately install a secessionist government in Virginia, but on April 4, almost two-thirds of the Convention voted against secession, and a three-man delegation was sent to consult with Lincoln who had resolved to

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its presiding officer. The majority at first voted to remain in the Union, but stayed in session awaiting events. At first, the speeches were mixed between Secessionists advocating leaving the Union, Conditional Unionists holding onto the patriotism of earlier times, and Unconditional Unionists

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The Fourth Convention in Williamsburg met in December 1775 following November's declaration that the colony was in revolt by Lord Dunmore and fighting between his royal forces and militia forces in the Hampton Roads area. Edmund Pendleton served as President of the convention, succeeding Peyton

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was the first Unionist to break away into the secessionist camp. While "resolutely protecting slave labor" he was for encouraging manufacturing and commercial interests in Virginia against those of the North. He asked what would do more to promote Virginia's growth, participation "in a hostile

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took place in 1829–30, 1850, around the time of the Civil War in 1864, 1868, and finally in 1902. These early conventions without restrictions on their jurisdiction were primarily concerned with voting rights and representation in the General Assembly. The Conventions of 1861 on the eve of the

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The Third Convention met on July 17, 1775, also at St. John's Church, after Lord Dunmore had fled the capital (following the rejection of North's resolution) and taken refuge on a British warship. Peyton Randolph continued to serve as the President of the convention. The convention created a

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Almost immediately, the Constitution of 1776 was recognized as flawed both for its restriction of the suffrage by property requirements, and for its malapportionment favoring the smaller eastern counties. Between 1801 and 1813, petitioners called on the Assembly to initiate a constitutional

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Patrick Henry questioned the authority of the Philadelphia Convention to presume to speak for "We, the people" instead of "We, the states". In his view, delegates should have only recommended amendments to the Articles of Confederation. Edmund Randolph had changed from his opposition in the

860:. But three generations were represented among those who would serve in public office including three presidents, seven U.S. senators, fifteen U.S. representatives and four governors. The other delegates to the convention were sitting judges or members of the Virginia General Assembly. 1349:

its presiding officer, a former delegate to the 1861 Secessionist Convention. Progressives sought to reform corrupt political practices of the ruling Martin machine and to regulate railroads and big corporations. Martin delegates agreed to restrict suffrage of African-Americans and

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its presiding officer. A convention of enfranchised Unionists, freedmen and ex-Confederates was dominated by Radical Republicans. The convention proposed two "obnoxious clauses" that provoked widespread opposition, meant to restrict suffrage among ex-Confederates. Negotiations with

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answered secessionists with a Unionist speech. He defended Virginia's institutions from Northern attacks against slavery, but "there is no constitutional right of secession ..." He warned that secession would bring about war, taxes and the abolition of slavery in Virginia.

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The first Virginia Conventions replaced the British colonial government on the authority of "the people" until the initiation of state government under the 1776 Constitution. Subsequent to joining the union of the United States in 1788, Virginia's five unlimited state

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which was recognized by the Lincoln Administration. Unlike in Kentucky and Missouri, the Union armies were unable to reclaim most of the eastern Virginia counties for incorporation into the Restored Government by 1863, and West Virginia was made into its own state.

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convention disenfranchising voters in a constitution that was proclaimed, each modification of the Virginia Constitution has been sent to the voters for referendum approval. Virginia's women suffrage movement was unsuccessful until the national ratification of the

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enacted, but both remain current topics of periodic political discussion. Virginia remains the only state to ban governors serving consecutive terms, and it is only one of two states still selecting both trial and appellate judges by the state legislature.

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being hung to the lamp posts; their lives were jeopardized; the mob was marching up and down the streets, and surrounding the Capitol, and everything was terror and dismay." Carlile continued to impeach the legitimacy of Virginia's referendum on secession.

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The Convention met from October 5, 1829 – January 15, 1830, and elected Philip Pendleton Barbour its presiding officer. The last "gathering of giants" from the Revolutionary generation included former presidents James Madison and James Monroe, and sitting

457:, and John Tabb. The convention also divided Virginia into 16 military districts and resolved to raise regular regiments. The convention ended August 26, 1775, while the Committee of Safety would continue to meet and govern between Convention sessions. 1409:

in Virginia, sought and gained governmental reform streamlining local government and increasing the power of the governor over the executive, as well as implementing constitutional restrictions on the General Assembly's ability to incur debt.

924:. Unlike the three generation Convention of 1829–30, the delegates were primarily in their twenties and thirties at the beginning of their careers in the professions and industry, without large land holdings, and without gentry family ties. 1426:

so as to allow the sale of alcoholic beverages. The 21st Amendment is the only amendment that required state convention ratification as of that time. The Amendment was ratified nationally by three-fourths of the states on December 5, 1933.

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was more fearful of the eastern slave-holders' loss of control in the General Assembly. He believed that "protection of slavery, not the liberalizing of Virginia's Constitution, was the most significant business before the convention."

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electing state officials. Immediately on its proclamation, the Constitution of 1864 was enforceable only in areas under Union control, but it would serve as Virginia's fundamental law until the Constitution of 1870 went into force.

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its presiding officer. The Convention featured fierce debates; the arguments raged throughout Virginia in the press and they were widely reported nationally. Direct popular election of the governor was supported by Whig Congressman

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constitution, and a third calling for federal relations with whichever other colonies would have them and alliances with whichever foreign countries would have them. It also instructed its delegates to the Continental Congress in

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Between conventions in April 1775, Randolph, who was both the Speaker of the House of Burgesses and President of the Virginia Conventions, negotiated with Lord Dunmore for gunpowder removed from the Williamsburg arsenal to

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confederacy in which your power will be but 11 out of 150 , or in a friendly confederacy where it will be 21 out of 89 ?" In the South was a government to join "in full working order, strong, powerful and efficient ..."

405:, which was a confrontation between the Governor's forces and Virginia militia, led by Patrick Henry. The House of Burgesses was called back by Lord Dunmore one last time in June 1775 to address British Prime Minister 461:

Randolph who had died in October 1775. The Convention declared that Virginians were ready to defend themselves "against every species of despotism." The convention passed another ordinance to raise additional troops.

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to consolidate piecemeal amendments and to conform with U.S. statutory and constitutional law, especially in the areas of education, voter rights and representation in Congressional and General Assembly districts.

1055:, including 3,500 Virginians to restore Federal property taken in the South by force. But the Unionist bloc lost its Conditional Unionist faction with Lincoln's requisition of troops. The next day, former Governor 791:

bisected the new nation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River; its admission into the prospective union was critical if the United States as a nation-state were to have contiguous continental territory.

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its presiding officer after his return as president of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There were three parties in the Fifth Convention. The first was mainly made up of wealthy planters, including

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who argued against the natural equality of all men, and the "plundering propensities" of the multitude seeking a "majority of mere numbers". Although he was for direct election of the Governor,

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A fifty-two-page journal of convention proceedings was published, but the debates were not formally recorded. W. J. Cowing, secretary of the convention and editor of the pro-Union Alexandria,

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resulted in separating the two more controversial proposals, and the remaining constitution was ratified by referendum. It provided for the vote for African-Americans and public education.

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The convention imposed a system of poll taxes along with literacy and understanding requirements to vote that had the effect of restricting the electorate. The outcome was almost immediate

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Since 1971, additional piecemeal amendments have been added in response to federal developments. Amendments ratified by the voters reduced the voting age to eighteen to conform with the

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had declared the colonies outside his protection, but throughout the first four Virginia Conventions, there was no adopted expression in favor of independence from the British Empire.

312:. The Burgesses, convened as the First Convention, met on August 1, 1774, and elected officers, banned commerce and payment of debts with Britain, and pledged supplies. They elected 1358:

was established. When the railroads challenged the State Corporation Commission's constitutionality on the grounds it violated separation of powers, the commission was upheld in the

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The convention met on October 25, 1933, and adjourned that day. It elected C. O'Connor Goolrick as its presiding officer. To answer Congressional legislation, it ratified the

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its presiding officer. The Second Session of the Second Wheeling Convention met from August 6 to August 21 to call for a new state from the territory of Virginia to be named

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laws. By 1890 Southern states began to hold conventions that constitutionally removed large numbers of whites and most blacks from voter registration. Reformers among the

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seeking to expand the influence of the "better sort" of voters gained a majority by appealing to the electorate to overthrow the 1868 Underwood Constitution, which the

722:, Edmund Pendleton, and the younger Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The third party was a minority of young men mainly from western Virginia. This party was led by 1490: 1419: 1379: 1423: 679:

By the new year of 1776, George Washington, a delegate in the Virginia Convention and in the Continental Congress, had been appointed in Philadelphia from the

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manipulating poor white and black voters led to a narrow victory over his entrenched "court house crowd" in a referendum to call a constitutional convention.

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of the new Commonwealth of Virginia, and he was inaugurated on June 29, 1776. Thus, Virginia had a functioning republican constitution before July 4, 1776.

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In the 20th century, limited state Conventions were used in 1945 to expand suffrage to members of the armed forces in wartime, and in 1955 to implement "

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superior to General Assembly legislation. Their constitutions and subsequent amendments span four centuries across the territory of modern-day Virginia,

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In May 1900, the increasing public dismay over the electoral fraud and corruption of the Democratic political machine under the control of U.S. Senator

324: 379:, Esquires, be a committee to prepare a plan for the embodying arming and disciplining such a number of men as may be sufficient for that purpose." 3721:

The Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Virginia, Assembled at the City of Richmond, tuesday, December 3, 1867

1700: 972:'s constitutional election reflected the nation's sectional divide, though 82 percent of the electorate had split among the Unionists, Lincoln, 575: 395: 238: 140: 87: 1300:

After the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s, Virginia and other states of the former Confederacy restricted the suffrage by segregationist

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Reformers' efforts to adopt direct popular election of the governor were defeated in favor of continuing election by the General Assembly.

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announced that he had set the "wheels of revolution" against the U.S. Government in motion with loyal Virginians seizing both the federal

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was appointed its chair. After seven decades since the previous unlimited convention, a constitutional commission was called by Governor

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on March 20, 1775. Delegates again chose a presiding officer and they elected delegates to the Continental Congress. At the convention,

3707: 3668: 1835: 1813: 1722: 1295: 1219: 1180: 888: 3684:. Samuel Shepherd & Co. for Ritchie & Cook 1830 Richmond online from the archives of the University of Virginia at archive.org 1128:. Twenty-nine of the convention delegates were members of the Virginia General Assembly as state Delegates or state Senators, such as 1620: 783: 742: 418: 3456: 1052: 91: 1494: 1355: 653: 3749: 1463: 421:

to govern as an executive body in the absence of the royal governor (Dunmore). Members of the committee were Edmund Pendleton,

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to rally support for the measure. It was resolved that the colony be "put into a posture of defence: and that Patrick Henry,

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the time Schofield called a new state constitutional convention for 1868, three distinct parties had coalesced in Virginia.

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Following the 1830 Constitution, Virginia began to change politically under the pressure of party competition. Though the

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William G. Bishop, official reporter, Richmond Republican Extras. 1851, from the Duke University Libraries at archive.org

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to continue meeting. The Burgesses declared support for Massachusetts and called for a congress of all the colonies, the

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as commander of Continental troops surrounding Boston. Virginia patriots had defeated an advancing British force at the

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have been the assemblies of delegates elected for the purpose of establishing constitutions of fundamental law for the

167:, following the western Kentucky cession during four 1800s Conventions. Note that the county boundaries are as of 1827. 75: 320:, as the President of the convention (a position he held for subsequent conventions until his death in October 1775). 3182: 1359: 133: 158: 1613: 1028: 977: 336: 285: 718:

The second party was made up of the more intellectual types. These included the older generation of George Mason,

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Virginia's second Convention of 1861 was a Unionist response to the secessionist movement in Virginia. The First

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The convention met from December 3, 1867, to April 17, 1868, at Richmond in the Capitol Building, and elected

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Report of the Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention, State of Virginia ... 1901–1902

3398:"The Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates for the Counties and Corporations in the Colony of Virginia" 1327: 1268:

voiced the ex-Confederate doctrine that "the Federal Government is the creature of the acts of the States."

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financing of non-sectarian private schools, resulting in segregation academies supported by public funds.

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The convention met from June 12, 1901, to June 26, 1902, at Richmond in the Capitol Building and elected

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With the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln matched Jefferson Davis' call up of 100,000 men for a year with a

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Journal of the acts and proceedings of a general convention of the State of Virginia ... 1861

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at Norfolk. His exhortation resulted in a resolution to secede with a vote 88 for, 55 against.

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were the 19th century "transmontane" western Virginia represented in four Virginia Conventions.

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The Grandees of Government: The Origins and Persistence of Undemocratic Politics in Virginia

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characterized as "that miserable apology to organic law which was forced upon Virginians by

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The Commission met from July 7, 1926 – February 16, 1927, and Virginia Chief Justice

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The Virginia Experiment: The Old Dominion's role in the Making of America 1607–1781

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3274: 3253: 3065: 2171: 1147: 1012: 1008: 969: 917: 485: 389:, Richmond, before addition. Second and Third Virginia Conventions met here, 1775 313: 297: 116: 42:

A convention of three generations, the last gathering of Revolutionary era giants

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called up 100,000 militia to serve a year and sent besieging troops to surround

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Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second Party System, 1824–1861

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was appointed its chair. Governor Harry F. Byrd Sr., the successor boss of the

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Fourteenth Amendment in both its due process and equal protections clauses in

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for secession and in Wheeling for government loyal to the U.S. Constitution.

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aloud in Confederate army camps, approving secession by 128,884 to 32,134.

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The Commission met from April 1968 – January 1, 1969, and former Governor

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and included "radicals" who had supported independence earlier than 1775.

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Debates and other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia ... 1788

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Wythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia, William & Mary Law Library

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The Convention met from October 14, 1850 – August 1, 1851, and elected

921: 292:

when that body called for a day of prayer as a show of solidarity with

1317: 1109: 3360:"Resolutions of the Provincial Congress of Virginia; March 23, 1775" 3135:

Virginia's American Revolution: From Dominion to Republic, 1776–1840

32: 3682:

Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829–30

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Showdown in Virginia: the 1861 Convention and the Fate of the Union

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The convention met from April 30 – May 1, 2, 22, 1945, and elected

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The Convention met from February 3 – December 6, 1861, and elected

230: 222: 1166:

of Marion County was elected by the convention as Governor of the

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insisting that secession was bad policy and unlawful. On March 4,

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The Convention delegates were a younger generation raised in the

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New Nation, Richmond 1868 on line at Hathi Trust Digital Library

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Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007

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Delegates to the Second Wheeling Convention, the WV Encyclopedia

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The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30,1619-January 11, 1978

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Virginia: The New Dominion, a History from 1607 to the Present

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The Second Wheeling Convention included 32 western counties,

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Constitution of the United States." But Jacob N. Liggett of

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Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1778–1788

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Constitution of Virginia § Current constitution (1971)

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to send the Bill of Rights to the states for ratification.

296:, when the British government closed the harbor under the 1369:

of blacks and half the previous number of whites voting.

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The Virginia Constitutional Convention 1829–1830 met in

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resolved to secede from the United States and form the

27:

Assemblies to establish constitutional law for Virginia

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A State of Convenience: the creation of West Virginia

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A State of Convenience: the creation of West Virginia

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A State of Convenience: the creation of West Virginia

3064:

Freehling, William; Simpson, Craig M., eds. (2010).

1457: 1385: 1289: 1213: 1174: 882: 300:. The Burgesses, who had been elected by propertied 3194:

Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1856–70

3671:Hunter and Prentis, Petersburg, ebook free online. 3500:"Second Session of the Second Wheeling Convention" 3252:Peaslee, Liliokanaio; Swartz, Nicholas J. (2014). 3046:The Virginia State Constitution: A Reference Guide 2730:Virginia Convention of 1864, Encyclopedia Virginia 2719:Virginia Convention of 1864, Encyclopedia Virginia 814:where the Ratifying (Federal) Convention met, 1788 764:. The convention chose Patrick Henry as the first 471: 3736:from the Duke University Libraries at archive.org 3481:"First Session of the Second Wheeling Convention" 2641:"Second Wheeling Convention", the WV Encyclopedia 3741: 1508: 863:Conservatives among the Old Republicans such as 760:. On June 29, the convention approved the first 748:The convention amended, and on June 12 adopted, 3579:"Proceedings of the Second Wheeling Convention" 3559:"Proceedings of the Second Wheeling Convention" 1372: 958: 848:at Richmond VA, where Convention of 1829–30 met 833:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830 3461:American Studies at the University of Virginia 998:at Richmond VA, where Secession Convention met 261:First through fourth Revolutionary conventions 3539:"Delegates to the Second Wheeling Convention" 1286:clauses" were defeated by a narrower margin. 1116:, Wheeling VA. Wheeling Conventions met here. 288:, the colony's royal governor, dissolved the 134: 3255:Virginia Government: Institutions and Policy 1334:at Richmond VA, where Convention of 1902 met 1259:at Richmond VA, where Convention of 1868 met 936:. He was opposed by Richmond Junto Democrat 908:at Richmond VA, where Convention of 1850 met 206:The orange "Heart of Appalachia" and modern 196:is the middle three, the Valley between the 3620:"Virginia Constitutional Convention (1864)" 3599:"Virginia Constitutional Convention (1864)" 1852:50% white and 90% black disenfranchisement 3654:The Virginia Conventions of the Revolution 1296:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902 1220:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 1181:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1864 889:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850 705:The newly elected Fifth Convention met in 700:where the Fourth and Fifth Conventions met 584:, Loyalist Governor called 1864 Convention 337:"Give me liberty or give me death!" speech 141: 127: 3457:"WPA Guide to Virginia: Virginia History" 1924:Limited Constitutional Convention of 1956 1904:Limited Constitutional Convention of 1945 1884:Limited Constitutional Convention of 1933 1761:Resolution for secession with referendum 1443:Limited Constitutional Convention of 1956 1431:Limited Constitutional Convention of 1945 1414:Limited Constitutional Convention of 1933 323:The Second Convention met in Richmond at 284:The First Convention was organized after 3318:Cradle of America: A History of Virginia 2685:Second Wheeling Proceedings, 17 Jun 1861 2674:Second Wheeling Proceedings, 17 Jun 1861 2663:Second Wheeling Proceedings, 14 Jun 1861 2163:The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, " 1480: 1389: 1326: 1251: 1184: 1108: 990: 900: 840: 805: 689: 381: 280:First Virginia Convention met here, 1774 270: 31: 3650: 3585:. Wheeling Intelligencer. June 17, 1861 3565:. Wheeling Intelligencer. June 14, 1861 3346:. Virginia Foundation of the Humanities 2630:2nd Sess. of Second Wheeling Convention 2619:1st Sess. of Second Wheeling Convention 2165:Constitution of Virginia; June 29, 1776 1048:protect Federal property in the South. 709:from May 6 to July 5, 1776. It elected 647:Governor called 1956 Limited Convention 464:Back in Britain, in December 1775, the 14: 3742: 3545:. e-WV: the West Virginia Encyclopedia 1956:Misalignment with U.S. courts and laws 1767:Wheeling (Virginia) Convention of 1861 1397:, Richmond VA with 1904 wing additions 1079:Wheeling (Virginia) Convention of 1861 827:Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830 772:Ratifying (Federal) Convention of 1788 2708:Alexandria Gazette, 21, 24 March 1864 965:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 669:Fifth Revolutionary convention (1776) 3605:. Alexandria Gazette. March 22, 1864 1701:Constitutional Convention of 1829–30 3830:American constitutional conventions 3755:Virginia in the American Revolution 3438:"JULY 1775 – INTERREGNUM CHAP. III" 3417:"Virginia in the Revolutionary War" 3364:The Avalon Project, Yale Law School 799:, and Madison subsequently led the 24: 3760:Virginia in the American Civil War 3383:Founders Online, National Archives 3008:. Doubleday, Doran & Company. 1959:Alignment to U.S. courts and laws 788:Articles of Confederation Congress 687:southeast of Norfolk in December. 25: 3841: 3639: 3258:. Congressional Quarterly Press. 2081:Virginia in the Revolutionary War 2059:Virginia Committee of Safety 1774 2048:Virginia in the Revolutionary War 1944:Constitutional Commission of 1969 1864:Constitutional Commission of 1927 1836:Constitutional Convention of 1902 1818:December 3, 1867 - April 17, 1868 1814:Constitutional Convention of 1868 1727:October 14, 1850 - August 1, 1851 1723:Constitutional Convention of 1850 1458:Constitutional Commission of 1969 1386:Constitutional Commission of 1927 1360:Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals 1320:and Negroes supported by Federal 1290:Constitutional Convention of 1902 1214:Constitutional Convention of 1868 1175:Constitutional Convention of 1864 1150:who had represented transmontane 883:Constitutional Convention of 1850 318:Speaker of the House of Burgesses 182:The cultural regions of Virginia. 3525:. the West Virginia Encyclopedia 3312: 3298:. University of Virginia Press. 3279:. University of Virginia Press. 3196:. University of Virginia Press. 3171:Leonard, Cynthia Miller (1978). 3156:. University of Virginia Press. 3070:. University of Virginia Press. 3028:. University of Virginia Press. 2812: 2752: 2740: 2594: 1867:July 7, 1926 - February 16, 1927 1053:call for 75,000 for three months 652: 637: 621: 605: 589: 574: 558: 542: 526: 510: 494: 478: 466:King's Proclamation of Rebellion 304:throughout the colony, moved to 172: 157: 110: 3498: 3479: 3112:The Virginia Convention of 1788 3091:The Virginia Convention of 1776 2990: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2723: 2712: 2701: 2689: 2678: 2667: 2656: 2645: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 1899:end of Prohibition in Virginia 1879:Byrd Organization entrenchment 1628:Fourth Revolutionary Convention 1577:Second Revolutionary convention 1168:Restored Government of Virginia 1096:Restored Government of Virginia 663:Governor called 1969 Commission 632:Governor called 1927 Commission 472:Leaders of Virginia conventions 3577: 3557: 3377: 3320:. University Press of Kansas. 3151: 3108: 3084: 3063: 3002:Andrews, Matthew Page (1937). 2884: 2872: 2824: 2695: 2684: 2673: 2662: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2462: 2426: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2207: 2195: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2103: 2074: 2063: 2052: 2041: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2008: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1749:February 3 - December 16, 1861 1705:October 5, 1829 - January 1830 1679:Ratifying (Federal) Convention 1657:Fifth Revolutionary Convention 1599:Third Revolutionary convention 1590:Withdrawal for physical safety 1549:First Revolutionary convention 13: 1: 3750:Political history of Virginia 3597: 3341: 3152:Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008). 2707: 2070:WPA Guide to Virginia History 2004:Gottlieb "House of Burgesses" 2003: 1977: 1840:June 12, 1901 - June 26, 1902 1509:Chart of Virginia Conventions 986:Confederate States of America 778:Virginia Ratifying Convention 745:, which reflected its ideas. 3657:. The Virginia Law Register. 3519:"Second Wheeling Convention" 3358: 3251: 3170: 3129: 3001: 2979: 2908: 2414: 2402: 2378: 2366: 2183: 2091: 2014: 1947:April 1968 - January 1, 1969 1796:February 13 - April 11, 1864 1745:Secession Convention of 1861 1692:Ratify the U.S. Constitution 1373:Twentieth century milestones 1356:State Corporation Commission 1226:Congressional Reconstruction 959:Secession Convention of 1861 914:Second American Party System 758:United States Bill of Rights 7: 3617: 3293: 3049:. Oxford University Press. 3020: 2836: 2800: 2788: 2729: 2718: 2606: 2170:September 29, 2017, at the 1965: 1907:April 30 - May 1,2,22, 1945 1805:Separation of West Virginia 1792:Loyalist Convention of 1864 1786:loyal to U.S. Constitution 1739:Popularly elected governor 743:Declaration of Independence 325:St. John's Episcopal Church 192:are the eastern three, the 10: 3846: 3396: 3273:Shade, William G. (1996). 3272: 3210: 3177:. Virginia State Library. 3042: 3005:Virginia, the Old Dominion 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2896: 2860: 2848: 2776: 2764: 2486: 2474: 2450: 2438: 2390: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2219: 2036: 1942: 1922: 1916:Disenfranchised servicemen 1902: 1882: 1862: 1855: 1833: 1811: 1789: 1764: 1742: 1720: 1717:Triumph of traditionalism 1698: 1676: 1654: 1650:Constitutional Conventions 1647: 1625: 1596: 1574: 1546: 1514: 1461: 1446: 1293: 1217: 1178: 1082: 1023:in Florida. That same day 962: 886: 830: 775: 716:Robert Carter Nicholas Sr. 681:First Continental Congress 672: 264: 239:constitutional conventions 3537: 3517: 3415: 3233:Mapp, Alf J. Jr. (2006). 3232: 3192:Lowe, Richard G. (1991). 3191: 2651: 2640: 2115: 2080: 2058: 2047: 2037:Proceedings July 17, 1775 1919:Enfranchising servicemen 1736:Regional malapportionment 1714:Regional malapportionment 1670:Move towards independence 873:Thomas Jefferson Randolph 784:Constitutional Convention 734:to declare independence. 675:Fifth Virginia Convention 180:Virginia 1863 to present. 165:Map of Virginia 1792–1863 3455: 3436: 2995: 2174:" viewed April 14, 2016. 2069: 2026:Resolutions 10 June 1775 1953:Albertis S. Harrison Jr. 1827:Ratifying 14th Amendment 1673:Republican constitution 1644:Raise additional troops 1470:Albertis S. Harrison Jr. 865:John Randolph of Roanoke 762:Constitution of Virginia 223:Commonwealth of Virginia 3651:Dunaway, W. F. (1904). 3109:—— (1891). 2015:Resolutions 23 Mar 1775 1407:Democratic Organization 411:Conciliatory Resolution 3335: 3294:Tartar, Brent (2013). 3218:. Simon and Schuster. 1830:Freedmen enfranchised 1641:Safety at Williamsburg 1491:Twenty-sixth Amendment 1398: 1380:Twenty-first Amendment 1335: 1260: 1208:Virginia State Journal 1195: 1117: 1019:in South Carolina and 999: 909: 849: 815: 702: 685:Battle of Great Bridge 390: 345:Robert Carter Nicholas 281: 43: 3626:. Library of Virginia 3624:Encyclopedia Virginia 3342:Gottlieb, Matthew S. 3115:. Da Capo Press, NY. 3094:. Da Capo Press, NY. 1972:Virginia Constitution 1939:Segregated academies 1858:20th century activity 1808:Abolition of slavery 1758:Question of secession 1661:May 6 - July 5, 1776 1517:Convention/Commission 1481:Subsequent amendments 1393: 1330: 1306:Progressive Democrats 1270:Christopher Y. Thomas 1255: 1188: 1112: 1061:Harper's Ferry Armory 1027:from trans-Alleghany 1011:'s inauguration day, 994: 904: 844: 809: 756:, a precursor to the 754:Declaration of Rights 693: 385: 294:Boston, Massachusetts 277:Colonial Williamsburg 274: 35: 3344:"House of Burgesses" 3043:Dinan, John (2014). 2909:Leonard 1978, p. 652 1893:C. O'Connor Goolrick 1876:Progressive movement 1849:Progressive movement 1570:Continental Congress 1503:Obergefell v. Hodges 1191:Alexandria City Hall 982:John C. Breckinridge 331:proposed arming the 310:Continental Congress 219:Virginia Conventions 198:Blue Ridge Mountains 3237:. Backinprint.com. 3137:. Lexington Books. 3131:Gutzman, Kevin R.C. 3086:Grigsby, Hugh Blair 1784:Restored Government 1621:Committee of Safety 1616:) fled Williamsburg 1562:Governor dissolves 1474:Mills E. Godwin Jr. 1235:Radical Republicans 1164:Francis H. Pierpont 1091:Wheeling Convention 1085:Wheeling Convention 1036:John S. Barbour Jr. 660:Mills E. Godwin Jr. 419:Committee of Safety 267:Provincial Congress 117:Virginia portal 98: • 94: • 90: • 71:American Revolution 50:History of Virginia 18:Virginia Convention 3710:ebook free online. 3603:Virginia Chronicle 3314:Wallenstein, Peter 1936:Massive Resistance 1913:John J. Wicker Jr. 1780:Secession movement 1593:Militia called up 1564:House of Burgesses 1449:Massive Resistance 1437:John J. Wicker Jr. 1399: 1336: 1261: 1196: 1118: 1038:of the Piedmont's 1000: 974:Stephen A. Douglas 938:Richard L.T. Beale 910: 850: 816: 703: 435:Thomas Ludwell Lee 403:Gunpowder Incident 391: 351:, Lemuel Riddick, 335:and delivered his 290:House of Burgesses 282: 255:massive resistance 244:American Civil War 66:Colony of Virginia 44: 38:Richmond, Virginia 3327:978-0-7006-1994-8 3305:978-0-8139-3431-0 3286:978-0-8139-1654-5 3265:978-1-4522-0589-2 3244:978-0-595-38809-7 3225:978-0-684-86855-4 3203:978-0-8139-1306-3 3163:978-0-8139-2769-5 3144:978-0-7391-2131-3 3122:978-1-4589-2204-5 3101:978-1-4290-1760-2 3077:978-0-8139-2964-4 3056:978-0-19-935574-7 3035:978-0-8139-1015-4 3022:Dabney, Virginius 1963: 1962: 1873:Robert R. Prentis 1824:John C. Underwood 1777:Arthur I. Boreman 1711:Philip P. Barbour 1543: 1538: 1533: 1532:Presiding officer 1528: 1523: 1518: 1403:Robert R. Prentis 1310:Richmond Dispatch 1266:Rockingham County 1242:John C. Underwood 1114:Independence Hall 1100:Arthur I. Boreman 1065:Gosport Navy Yard 1029:Monongalia County 1025:Waitman T. Willey 739:Richard Henry Lee 698:, Williamsburg VA 645:Thomas B. Stanley 629:Harry F. Byrd Sr. 597:John C. Underwood 566:Arthur I. Boreman 518:Philip P. Barbour 387:St. John's Church 365:William Christian 353:George Washington 349:Benjamin Harrison 341:Richard Henry Lee 204:is pink and blue. 151: 150: 88:African-Americans 16:(Redirected from 3837: 3825:1969 in Virginia 3820:1956 in Virginia 3815:1945 in Virginia 3810:1927 in Virginia 3805:1902 in Virginia 3800:1868 in Virginia 3795:1864 in Virginia 3790:1861 in Virginia 3785:1850 in Virginia 3780:1830 in Virginia 3775:1829 in Virginia 3770:1788 in Virginia 3765:1776 in Virginia 3658: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3618:Bearss, Sara B. 3614: 3612: 3610: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3467:on 18 April 2016 3463:. 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Grant 934:John Minor Botts 877:convention floor 786:convened by the 711:Edmund Pendleton 696:Virginia Capitol 656: 641: 625: 609: 593: 582:Francis Pierpont 578: 562: 546: 530: 514: 502:Edmund Pendleton 498: 482: 373:Thomas Jefferson 369:Edmund Pendleton 333:Virginia militia 275:Raleigh Tavern, 176: 161: 143: 136: 129: 115: 114: 113: 46: 45: 21: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3740: 3739: 3642: 3629: 3627: 3608: 3606: 3588: 3586: 3568: 3566: 3548: 3546: 3528: 3526: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3487: 3470: 3468: 3446: 3444: 3427: 3425: 3406: 3404: 3387: 3385: 3368: 3366: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3328: 3306: 3287: 3266: 3245: 3226: 3204: 3185: 3164: 3145: 3123: 3102: 3078: 3057: 3036: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2172:Wayback Machine 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1968: 1927:March 5–7, 1956 1896:Prohibition era 1771:May 13–15, 1861 1683:June 2–27, 1788 1609:Peyton Randolph 1587:Peyton Randolph 1559:Peyton Randolph 1511: 1495:Motor Voter Act 1483: 1466: 1460: 1451: 1445: 1433: 1416: 1388: 1375: 1298: 1292: 1247:President Grant 1228:, U.S. General 1222: 1216: 1194: 1183: 1177: 1152:Harrison County 1148:John S. Carlile 1134:Harrison County 1087: 1081: 1040:Culpeper County 1013:Jefferson Davis 1009:Abraham Lincoln 970:Abraham Lincoln 967: 961: 918:Jefferson Davis 891: 885: 835: 829: 780: 774: 701: 699: 677: 671: 664: 662: 657: 648: 642: 633: 631: 626: 617: 615: 610: 601: 599: 594: 585: 579: 570: 568: 563: 554: 552: 547: 538: 536: 531: 522: 520: 515: 506: 504: 499: 490: 488: 486:Peyton Randolph 483: 474: 439:Paul Carrington 314:Peyton Randolph 298:Boston Port Act 279: 269: 263: 246:were called in 215: 214: 213: 212: 211: 205: 183: 177: 169: 168: 162: 147: 111: 109: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3843: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3738: 3737: 3725: 3724: 3712: 3711: 3699: 3698: 3686: 3685: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3659: 3641: 3640:External links 3638: 3637: 3636: 3615: 3595: 3575: 3555: 3535: 3515: 3496: 3477: 3453: 3434: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3356: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3310: 3304: 3291: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3230: 3224: 3212:Maier, Pauline 3208: 3202: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3149: 3143: 3127: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3082: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3040: 3034: 3018: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2901: 2889: 2885:Heinemann 2007 2877: 2873:Heinemann 2007 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2825:Heinemann 2007 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2722: 2711: 2700: 2696:Heinemann 2007 2688: 2677: 2666: 2655: 2644: 2633: 2622: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2583:Heinemann 2007 2575: 2571:Freehling 2010 2563: 2559:Freehling 2010 2551: 2547:Heinemann 2007 2539: 2535:Freehling 2010 2527: 2515: 2503: 2499:Heinemann 2007 2491: 2479: 2467: 2463:Heinemann 2007 2455: 2443: 2431: 2427:Heinemann 2007 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2260: 2256:Heinemann 2007 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2208:Heinemann 2007 2200: 2196:Heinemann 2007 2188: 2176: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2073: 2062: 2051: 2040: 2029: 2018: 2007: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933:John C. Parker 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846:John Goode Jr. 1844: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581:March 20, 1775 1579: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553:August 1, 1774 1551: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1482: 1479: 1462:Main article: 1459: 1456: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1424:18th Amendment 1422:repealing the 1420:21st Amendment 1415: 1412: 1387: 1384: 1374: 1371: 1354:whites, and a 1347:John Goode Jr. 1291: 1288: 1230:John Schofield 1215: 1212: 1189: 1176: 1173: 1142:Kanawha County 1126:Fairfax County 1080: 1077: 960: 957: 884: 881: 828: 825: 801:First Congress 797:Bill of Rights 773: 770: 694: 673:Main article: 670: 667: 666: 665: 658: 651: 649: 643: 636: 634: 627: 620: 618: 613:John Goode Jr. 611: 604: 602: 595: 588: 586: 580: 573: 571: 564: 557: 555: 548: 541: 539: 532: 525: 523: 516: 509: 507: 500: 493: 491: 484: 477: 473: 470: 451:Carter Braxton 447:William Cabell 306:Raleigh Tavern 262: 259: 178: 171: 170: 163: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 138: 131: 123: 120: 119: 106: 105: 104: 103: 83: 81:Post–Civil War 78: 76:U.S. Civil War 73: 68: 63: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3842: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3505: 3504:wvculture.org 3501: 3497: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184:0-88490-008-8 3180: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2743:, pp. 221–222 2742: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2573:, pp. 169–176 2572: 2567: 2561:, pp. 165–166 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2441:, pp. 262–263 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2381:, p. 163, 165 2380: 2375: 2369:, p. 163, 165 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2210:, p. 124, 126 2209: 2204: 2198:, p. 124, 126 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1733:John Y. Mason 1732: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1695:Ratification 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632:December 1775 1631: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1603:July 17, 1775 1602: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:carpetbaggers 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1138:Lewis Ruffner 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1045:Henry A. Wise 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 997: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 956: 954: 953: 946: 943: 942:Henry A. Wise 939: 935: 930: 929:John Y. Mason 925: 923: 919: 915: 907: 903: 899: 896: 895:planter elite 890: 880: 878: 874: 869: 866: 861: 859: 858:John Marshall 856: 855:Chief Justice 847: 843: 839: 834: 824: 820: 813: 812:"Old Capitol" 808: 804: 802: 798: 792: 789: 785: 779: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 735: 733: 727: 725: 724:Patrick Henry 721: 717: 712: 708: 697: 692: 688: 686: 682: 676: 661: 655: 650: 646: 640: 635: 630: 624: 619: 614: 608: 603: 598: 592: 587: 583: 577: 572: 569:1861 Wheeling 567: 561: 556: 553:1861 Richmond 551: 545: 540: 535: 534:John Y. Mason 529: 524: 519: 513: 508: 503: 497: 492: 487: 481: 476: 475: 469: 467: 462: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:Dudley Digges 440: 436: 432: 431:Richard Bland 428: 424: 420: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399: 388: 384: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 329:Patrick Henry 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 278: 273: 268: 258: 256: 251: 249: 245: 240: 234: 232: 228: 227:West Virginia 224: 220: 209: 208:West Virginia 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:Eastern Shore 181: 175: 166: 160: 144: 139: 137: 132: 130: 125: 124: 122: 121: 118: 108: 107: 102: 101: 97: 93: 89: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 61: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 48: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 3727: 3726: 3714: 3713: 3701: 3700: 3688: 3687: 3675: 3674: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3630:November 24, 3628:. Retrieved 3623: 3609:November 24, 3607:. Retrieved 3602: 3587:. Retrieved 3582: 3567:. Retrieved 3562: 3547:. Retrieved 3542: 3527:. Retrieved 3522: 3507:. Retrieved 3503: 3488:. 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Retrieved 3317: 3295: 3275: 3254: 3234: 3215: 3193: 3173: 3153: 3134: 3111: 3090: 3066: 3045: 3025: 3004: 2991:Bibliography 2980:Peaslee 2014 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2904: 2892: 2887:, p. 295–296 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2725: 2714: 2703: 2691: 2680: 2669: 2658: 2647: 2636: 2625: 2614: 2609:, p. 294–296 2602: 2590: 2585:, p. 219–221 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2537:, pp. 12–21. 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2489:, p. 280–282 2482: 2477:, p. 276–277 2470: 2465:, p. 189–190 2458: 2453:, p. 169–272 2446: 2434: 2429:, p. 173–174 2422: 2415:Andrews 1937 2410: 2403:Gutzman 2007 2398: 2386: 2379:Gutzman 2007 2374: 2367:Gutzman 2007 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2309:, p. 268–270 2302: 2297:, p. 261–262 2290: 2285:, p. 260–261 2278: 2268:Grigsby 1891 2263: 2258:, p. 145–147 2251: 2244:Grigsby 1891 2239: 2232:Grigsby 1891 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2184:Andrews 1937 2179: 2159: 2154:, p.110, 148 2152:Grigsby 1855 2147: 2140:Grigsby 1855 2135: 2128:Grigsby 1891 2123: 2111: 2104:Grigsby 1891 2099: 2092:Gutzman 2007 2087: 2076: 2065: 2054: 2043: 2032: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1992:Grigsby 1891 1987: 1857: 1664:Williamsburg 1649: 1635:Williamsburg 1556:Williamsburg 1499: 1488: 1484: 1467: 1452: 1434: 1417: 1400: 1376: 1364: 1344: 1337: 1299: 1279: 1274:Henry County 1262: 1239: 1223: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1161: 1157: 1146: 1130:John J.Davis 1119: 1088: 1072: 1069: 1050: 1034: 1021:Fort Pickens 1001: 968: 950: 947: 926: 916:of Democrat 911: 892: 870: 862: 851: 836: 821: 817: 793: 781: 750:George Mason 747: 736: 732:Philadelphia 728: 720:George Wythe 707:Williamsburg 704: 678: 463: 459: 455:James Mercer 423:George Mason 415: 397: 392: 361:Andrew Lewis 357:Adam Stephen 322: 286:Lord Dunmore 283: 252: 235: 218: 216: 202:Appalachians 179: 164: 86: 58: 29: 3549:October 12, 3529:October 12, 3509:October 12, 3490:October 12, 2837:Dabney 1989 2801:Dabney 1989 2789:Dabney 1989 2607:Dabney 1989 2525:, pp. 3–10. 2513:, pp. 3–10. 2393:, pp. 65–66 2357:, pp. 62–64 2345:, pp. 57–61 2130:, p.110, 67 1755:John Janney 1162:Republican 1098:, electing 1017:Fort Sumter 1004:John Janney 737:On June 7, 550:John Janney 505:1776, 1788 489:1774, 1775 401:during the 302:freeholders 3744:Categories 3589:October 1, 3569:October 1, 3350:22 October 3014:B0006E942K 2968:Dinan 2006 2956:Dinan 2006 2946:, p. 23–24 2944:Dinan 2006 2934:, p. 22–23 2932:Dinan 2006 2922:, p. 20–21 2920:Dinan 2006 2899:, p. 18–20 2897:Dinan 2006 2861:Dinan 2006 2851:, p. 16–17 2849:Dinan 2006 2777:Dinan 2006 2767:, p. 13–14 2765:Dinan 2006 2487:Shade 1996 2475:Shade 1996 2451:Shade 1996 2439:Shade 1996 2391:Shade 1996 2355:Shade 1996 2343:Shade 1996 2331:Maier 2010 2319:Maier 2010 2307:Maier 2010 2295:Maier 2010 2283:Maier 2010 2220:Maier 2010 2142:, p.110, 6 1978:References 1799:Alexandria 1612:Governor ( 1447:See also: 1352:illiterate 1294:See also: 1218:See also: 1179:See also: 1122:Alexandria 1083:See also: 1057:Henry Wise 963:See also: 922:Henry Clay 887:See also: 831:See also: 776:See also: 407:Lord North 377:Isaac Zane 265:See also: 3485:wvculture 2523:Freehling 2511:Freehling 2186:, p. 327. 2116:Mapp 2006 1568:Call for 1318:scalawags 1073:viva voce 978:John Bell 952:viva voce 920:and Whig 427:John Page 190:Tidewater 3471:10 April 3388:10 April 3316:(2007). 3214:(2010). 3133:(2007). 3088:(1855). 3024:(1989). 2982:, p. 19. 2875:, p. 277 2839:, p. 430 2827:, p. 276 2815:, p. 223 2803:, p. 368 2791:, p. 368 2755:, p. 221 2698:, p. 225 2597:, p. 190 2549:, p. 219 2501:, p. 190 2417:, p. 430 2405:, p. 188 2333:, p. 308 2321:, p. 306 2168:Archived 2118:, p. 214 1966:See also 1950:Richmond 1930:Richmond 1910:Richmond 1890:Richmond 1870:Richmond 1843:Richmond 1821:Richmond 1774:Wheeling 1752:Richmond 1730:Richmond 1708:Richmond 1686:Richmond 1606:Richmond 1584:Richmond 1537:Occasion 1505:(2015). 1322:bayonets 1302:Jim Crow 1063:and the 955:voting. 766:governor 398:Magdalen 248:Richmond 231:Kentucky 200:and the 194:Piedmont 96:Politics 85:Topics: 3728:1901–02 3676:1829–30 3645:1774–76 3447:9 April 3428:9 April 3407:9 April 3369:9 April 2958:, p.24. 2863:, p. 42 2779:, p. 14 2234:, p.67. 2222:, p.260 1619:Create 1614:Dunmore 1395:Capitol 1332:Capitol 1257:Capitol 1224:During 1104:Kanawha 996:Capitol 906:Capitol 846:Capitol 100:Slavery 60:By year 3324: 3302: 3283: 3262: 3241: 3222: 3200: 3181: 3160: 3141: 3119: 3098: 3074: 3053: 3032: 3012: 2246:p. 346 2094:, p.22 1542:Result 316:, the 92:Cities 2996:Books 1527:Place 1522:Dates 3715:1868 3702:1861 3689:1850 3663:1788 3632:2016 3611:2016 3591:2016 3571:2016 3551:2016 3531:2016 3523:e-WV 3511:2016 3492:2016 3473:2016 3449:2016 3430:2016 3409:2016 3390:2016 3371:2016 3352:2016 3322:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3281:ISBN 3260:ISBN 3239:ISBN 3220:ISBN 3198:ISBN 3179:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3139:ISBN 3117:ISBN 3096:ISBN 3072:ISBN 3051:ISBN 3030:ISBN 3010:ASIN 1994:p.34 1136:and 1124:and 1094:the 976:and 810:The 782:The 616:1902 600:1868 537:1850 521:1830 396:HMS 375:and 229:and 217:The 188:and 184:the 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