470:
490:
legal status if the government judges that they are intervening in internal politics. More than 60 organizations have filed appeals to the
Supreme Court asking that the law be partially repealed. Núñez critiques both the assertion that foreign funding implies representing external interests, as well as the implication of criminality it carries. She said in a 2020 interview: "I'm a Nicaraguan. I was born in Nicaragua, I live in Nicaragua, and I'm going to die in Nicaragua. So, I can't in any way refrain from appealing this law, and I'm not going to register".
406:, a human rights and indigenous and Afro-Caribbean activist, in her case before the Court surrounding the slaying of her husband Francisco García Valle on 8 April 2002, allegedly in retaliation for Acosta's human rights activism and legal representation of communities in the Caribbean coast. The suit against the Nicaraguan government alleged failure to bring justice and to adequately protect Acosta. The Court decided in her favor in 2017, although in this case too the Nicaraguan government has failed to follow through on all the ordered remedies.
458:, initially begun in April 2018 in opposition to cuts to social security, then massively expanded following a bloody crackdown by the FSLN government. Diverse sectors of Nicaraguan society joined pjotests against the repression, including Núñez who called for President Ortega to step down, while the FSLN government insisted the mass resistance was a foreign-orchestrated coup attempt. Núñez rejected the accusation against CENIDH specifically as well as the protestors in general, and vowed to keep fighting for the rights of Nicaraguans. The IACHR,
435:
33:
293:, and became a vice-president. In the same period, Núñez also served as vice president of the Nicaraguan Commission for Peace, building international solidarity against the United States embargo then in place; she worked with groups that sent supplies and made work trips to aid Nicaragua. She toured broadly in the US in this role, especially speaking on the Nicaraguan legal system, and also worked with former
489:
on 15 October 2020. This required any organization receiving foreign funding to register as a foreign agent. Núñez is contesting the constitutionality of this new requirement, which would subject implicated organizations to possible intervention in their property and assets, as well as threaten their
418:(IACHR) has issued precautionary measures to protect Núñez and her family, although the FSLN government has not complied with these. In 2017, Murillo (by then Nicaragua's Vice-President as well as First Lady) wrote a letter, signed by nine FSLN officials, to the US embassy in protest after Ambassador
314:
As a member of the FSLN, she found a commitment to gender equality that was more theoretical than lived. Official documents set out formal obligations to equal political participation; "however," she said, "the practice was different." She attributed what limited gender advances were accomplished to
335:
and assumed the
Nicaraguan presidency, Núñez was in Geneva, Switzerland to give a speech. With an assistant, Núñez began discussing the possible creation of a body to monitor the new government, and another activist at the conference encouraged her to start a human rights foundation, donating $ 2500
453:
voted to revoke the legal status of CENIDH, accusing the group of using funds to "destabilize the country". Their offices were raided by some 60 police officers and some of their members were forced to go into exile in Costa Rica. Other NGOs and press outlets faced similar repression. This followed
343:
CENIDH was granted legal status in
September of that year and began its work by focusing on capacity-building with training programs teaching Nicaraguans that access to education and health care were human rights. Later it also started investigating allegations of human rights violations, problems
281:
Around 1975 Núñez became involved with the FSLN and on 30 April 1979, she was taken prisoner by the Somoza government; she was freed 11 July, just days before the fall of the regime (19 July). During her five months in prison, Núñez was tortured, including with electric shocks, but did not give up
310:
In 1988, the FSLN appointed Núñez director of the newly formed
National Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, where she served until 1990. She regarded the transfer as a punishment, since she was the Court's senior vice-president and the presidency was about to become open;
215:
Núñez
Sevilla died in 1947, leaving an inheritance to Vilma Núñez and two of her siblings, Léon and Indiana, but this again left their mother subordinate, as funds were not bequeathed directly but instead disbursed at a trustee's discretion. These early experiences motivated Núñez's later human
381:
came forward with allegations that her stepfather Daniel Ortega had raped her as a child. Zoilamérica reported the allegations to CENIDH and the case became a crossroads for Núñez, bringing into direct conflict her political role with the FSLN and her commitment to advocacy for women and human
386:'s insistence Núñez decline the case (Murillo sided with her husband against her daughter's allegations), Núñez agreed to represent Zoilamérica, sealing Núñez's fate as an enemy of the presidential couple and their supporters. Her house was vandalized and she became subject to death threats.
506:
prize for "her long struggle for women's rights and against the unjust anti-abortion laws of
Nicaragua," an honor accompanied by a 200,000 Swedish crowns (about 30,000 USD). In 2019 she won the Bremen International Peace Prize, in the category "Ambassador for peace in public life".
368:
Until this point Núñez was still a strong supporter of the FSLN, although the party did not contribute to CENIDH (instead it was largely funded by foreign donations). Nevertheless CENIDH supported dissidents protesting the conservative
Chamorro and then Alemán governments. When the
515:
On 25 December 1963, Núñez married Otto
Escorcia Pastrán, a dentist she had met at UNAN. Both of them had won awards for best student. Thereafter she went by the name "Vilma Núñez de Escorcia". They have two children (Otto and Eugenia), four grandchildren and one great-grandchild.
261:, later vice-president of Nicaragua, was also a student survivor of the day. It was considered a turning point in the political consciousness of the "Generation of 1959" or the "Generation of July 23" and later commemorated as the national Day of the Nicaraguan Student.
340:(Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos, or CENIDH), founded on 16 May 1990. This project built upon work and credibility she had developed while working for the FSLN's Commission on Human Rights, where she defended cases that included one of her own former torturers.
401:
people of the
Caribbean Coast, against the Nicaraguan government for excluding them from elections. In 2005 the Court decided in favor of the YATAMA and ordered remedial measures, but as of 2018 the government still had not fully complied. Núñez and CENIDH also joined
409:
In all, Núñez has filed more than 20 cases with the IACHR and documented thousands of allegations of human rights violations; she reports that between 2007 and 2016 (under Daniel Ortega's second presidency), 35% of the allegations (5,584 cases) were against the
1118:
809:
1278:
190:
Vilma Núñez was born on 25 November 1938 to unmarried parents, causing a series of exclusions in her young life in conservative
Nicaragua: she and her mother Tomasa Núñez Ruiz were unwelcome at school, church and social clubs in
660:
178:, CENIDH was one of a number of non-profits that had their legal status revoked and its office was raided by police, but Núñez insisted on continuing her human rights work. A new challenge came with the 2020
150:
around 1975 and in 1979 was imprisoned and tortured by the Somoza regime. She was freed days before the FSLN insurrection succeeded on 19 July 1979. When they took power, she served as vice-president of the
211:
Somoza dictatorship came in the form of support for Conservatives, though she ultimately concluded there was little difference between their ideologies and neither sufficiently addressed social injustice.
482:
179:
1110:
801:
778:
1270:
481:
While it was now more difficult, Núñez persisted in her human rights advocacy with CENIDH for the next two years until she and other organizations encountered a new hurdle in the form of the
356:(FUAC), a group of demobilized former Sandinista military members who had re-armed despite the peace accords. In fact CENIDH had been sought out to mediate disarmament negotiations and the
701:
278:
government. Among her clients were campesinos (peasants) fighting to have confiscated land restored to them; only later did they learn it was in fact Sandinistas who had taken the land.
377:
in 1996 to be the FSLN’s candidate for president, seeking to foster democratic culture within the party. Former comrades began to attack her. The conflict came to a head in 1998 when
247:
224:
621:
446:
1248:
353:
983:
474:
357:
1188:
1218:
649:
373:(MRS) broke away from the FSLN in 1995, Núñez remained loyal. Her relationship became strained when she ran against party leader and former Nicaraguan president
403:
729:
944:
316:
274:
After graduating, Núñez began working as a litigator, primarily a criminal defense lawyer, and took pro bono cases defending political prisoners held by the
1044:
352:
took office in 1997 (Nicaragua's constitution prevented Chamorro from seeking a second term). Alemán responded by accusing Núñez of being a member of the
770:
1013:
257:, when the Somocista National Guard fired on a student demonstration, killing four students and two onlookers and injuring almost 100 more people.
1078:
851:
126:
lawyer and human-rights activist. Born to a single mother, she developed an early concern for social justice. As an undergraduate studying law at
195:, perhaps also because of the local influence of her father's wife. Her father, Humberto Núñez Sevilla (no blood relation to her mother), was a
182:, which ordered all groups that receive funding from abroad to register as foreign agents; Núñez is challenging its constitutionality in court.
693:
419:
1336:
613:
228:
127:
74:
415:
1240:
1341:
1306:
1180:
1210:
170:, Ortega's stepdaughter who accused him of sexually abusing her as a child. Núñez has since faced harassment and in 2008, the
977:
845:
394:
1351:
390:
290:
171:
152:
147:
1154:
1361:
1356:
1316:
463:
337:
159:
92:
1346:
455:
439:
294:
175:
466:
issued statements of support for CENIDH and concern about repression of human rights by the Nicaraguan government.
936:
469:
1321:
345:
203:
critic who was often imprisoned during Núñez's childhood, though he also served as a deputy in parliament during
1271:"Vilma Núñez de Escorcia: "Siempre quisiera que la persona con la que estoy trabajando estemos al mismo ritmo""
1036:
370:
216:
rights activism as well as her desire to go to law school, though her mother wanted her to study architecture.
196:
1311:
486:
414:. Threats against Núñez mounted and in 2008 her home was attacked. That year and renewed annually since, the
378:
207:. His example of political engagement was influential for Vilma, whose first acts of resistance against the
167:
450:
423:
411:
236:
1005:
802:"Generación del 23 de julio reivindica el reclamo histórico de los estudiantes por los derechos civiles"
1070:
252:
204:
208:
155:, then as director of the National Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.
1326:
1111:"Nicaragua : le régime d'Ortega s'attaque aux organisations de défense des droits humains"
283:
282:
any of what was by that point extensive knowledge of the FSLN networks, for example, Commander
937:"CENIDH and its Contributions to the Defense of Nicaraguans' Human Rights – Race and Equality"
459:
166:
to be the party's candidate for President; but in 1998 she broke with the party to represent
527:
Independencia del poder justicial: Construimos la democracia fortaleciendo el poder judicial
1331:
544:
306:
Contra Terror in Nicaragua: Report of a Fact-Finding Mission, September 1984–January 1985.
8:
538:
232:
135:
969:
From the Revolution to the Maquiladoras: Gender, Labor, and Globalization in Nicaragua
131:
973:
841:
349:
258:
223:
in search of a good secondary school that would accept her, ultimately enrolling at
139:
1181:"Enfoque Internacional – Vilma Nuñez: "Daniel Ortega se tiene que ir de inmediato""
499:
328:
162:(CENIDH) in 1990 when the FSLN lost power. In 1996, she unsuccessfully challenged
967:
835:
723:
434:
389:
Núñez continued her work undeterred, bringing and winning major cases before the
383:
311:
being moved to the Human Rights Commission prevented her from assuming the role.
243:(FSLN) rebels and eventually the Minister of Education for the FSLN government.
398:
694:"La intrépida vida de Vilma Núñez, defensora de derechos humanos en Nicaragua"
502:
by the French embassy for her human rights work. The same year, Núñez won the
142:, and became one of the survivors of the 23 July 1959 student massacre by the
1300:
657:
GLOBAL FEMINISMS COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES OF WOMEN'S ACTIVISM AND SCHOLARSHIP
503:
374:
332:
275:
200:
163:
143:
289:
On 20 July, the day after the FSLN prevailed, Núñez was asked to join the
123:
64:
728:. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1988. p. 32.
297:
240:
32:
659:. University of Michigan Institute for Research on Women and Gender.
219:
She did not begin school until age eight, and eventually moved to
885:
Women's Activism and Feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua.
301:
220:
192:
397:(YATAMA) party representing indigenous people, primarily the
903:. University of Massachusetts Press, 2012. Via Project MUSE.
174:
issued precautionary measures to protect her. Following the
235:, then a young professor, who later became a member of the
286:'s operation that successfully captured the city of Léon.
755:
Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution.
158:
Núñez went on to found the non-governmental organization
1241:"Vilma Núñez de Escorcia gana el premio Stieg Larsson"
1071:"Ataque oficial contra Vilma Núñez en Día de la Mujer"
757:
Duke University Press, 2001. Pp. 57. Via Project MUSE.
541:– Nicaraguan women's rights and press freedom advocate
429:
317:
Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women
231:(UNAN) in Léon, studying law. There she studied with
473:
Núñez accepts an award on behalf of CENIDH from the
104:
1155:"Vilma Nuñez: "We Continue Defending Human Rights""
315:the efforts of individual female militants and the
901:A Call to Conscience: The Anti-Contra War Campaign
1298:
887:Temple University Press, 2008. Via Project MUSE.
445:On 12 December 2018, at the request of the FSLN
344:Núñez recalled as developing after conservative
1211:"Reconocen trayectoria de doctora Vilma Núñez"
1068:
966:Mendez, Jennifer Bickham (7 September 2005).
134:, she met future senior government officials
941:Institute on Race, Equality and Human Rights
837:Guerrillas: War and Peace in Central America
650:"SITE: NICARAGUA. Transcript of Vilma Núñez"
300:in gathering information on attacks by the
229:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
128:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
75:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
16:Nicaraguan human rights activist and lawyer
1069:Miranda Aburto, Wilfredo (11 March 2017).
393:. In 2001, she brought a petition for the
31:
972:. Duke University Press. pp. 34–35.
416:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
360:dismissed the allegations against Núñez.
1006:"Nicaragua: Zero Tolerance for Scrutiny"
483:Law for the Regulation of Foreign Agents
468:
433:
269:
180:Law for the Regulation of Foreign Agents
1108:
799:
725:Nicaraguan Biographies: A Resource Book
1299:
1179:Valdés, Florencia (28 November 2018).
1178:
1152:
1109:Montoya, Angeline (13 December 2018).
1035:Diario, El Nuevo (26 September 2008).
1034:
1016:from the original on 28 September 2020
965:
931:
929:
833:
395:Yapti Tasba Masraka Nanih Asla Takanka
363:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1121:from the original on 16 December 2018
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1064:
1062:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
895:
893:
854:from the original on 15 February 2021
765:
763:
704:from the original on 23 December 2018
687:
685:
683:
681:
647:
614:"La lucha de Vilma Núñez de Escorcia"
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
1153:Torrez, Cinthya (15 December 2020).
1037:"Terrorismo contra Dra. Vilma Núñez"
986:from the original on 31 January 2021
947:from the original on 31 January 2021
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
829:
827:
781:from the original on 17 October 2021
749:
747:
732:from the original on 31 January 2021
716:
692:Cid, Amalia del (23 December 2018).
666:from the original on 18 October 2021
643:
641:
639:
611:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
391:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
336:to seed the project. This began the
172:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
148:Sandinista National Liberation Front
1251:from the original on 4 October 2019
1221:from the original on 2 October 2019
691:
430:Suspension of CENIDH's legal status
304:on civilians, published in 1985 as
246:Whilst at UNAN, Núñez survived the
176:April 2018 anti-government protests
13:
1337:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1281:from the original on 3 August 2020
1133:
1093:
1081:from the original on 24 March 2017
1059:
906:
890:
760:
678:
456:months of anti-government protests
338:Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights
322:
160:Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights
93:Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights
14:
1373:
1047:from the original on 7 March 2017
866:
824:
812:from the original on 24 July 2020
744:
636:
562:
438:Núñez attends a march during the
422:presented Núñez with an award on
1191:from the original on 1 July 2020
800:Álvarez, Leonor (23 July 2020).
510:
248:student massacre of 23 July 1959
1342:21st-century Nicaraguan lawyers
1307:20th-century Nicaraguan lawyers
1277:(in Spanish). 13 January 2020.
1263:
1247:(in Spanish). 13 October 2011.
1233:
1217:(in Spanish). 27 January 2011.
1203:
1172:
1028:
998:
959:
624:from the original on 8 May 2018
612:Cruz, Eduardo (19 March 2017).
498:In 2011, Núñez was awarded the
346:Constitutionalist Liberal Party
225:Colegio Madre del Divino Pastor
146:National Guard. She joined the
1275:Magazine - La Prensa Nicaragua
793:
371:Sandinista Renovation Movement
205:Anastasio Somoza Garcia's rule
1:
834:Kruijt, Dirk (4 April 2013).
555:
185:
84:Lawyer, human rights activist
475:Mothers of April Association
464:World Center against Torture
227:. At 19 she enrolled at the
7:
1352:Opposition to Daniel Ortega
648:Grabe, Shelly (June 2011).
547:– Nicaraguan leader of the
532:
329:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
10:
1378:
1362:21st-century women lawyers
1357:20th-century women lawyers
1317:Nicaraguan women activists
379:Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo
354:Andrés Castro United Front
295:New York district attorney
239:leading supporters of the
168:Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo
493:
424:International Women's Day
264:
122:, 25 November 1938) is a
99:
88:
80:
70:
60:
42:
30:
23:
1347:Nicaraguan women lawyers
883:Disney, Jennifer Leigh.
771:"Sergio Ramirez Mercado"
519:
440:2018 Nicaraguan protests
331:defeated FSLN incumbent
153:Supreme Court of Justice
116:Vilma Núñez de Escorcia
25:Vilma Núñez de Escorcia
1322:Human rights activists
478:
449:, the FSLN-controlled
442:
753:Zimmermann, Matilde.
472:
460:Amnesty International
437:
270:Early career and FSLN
1312:Nicaraguan activists
1012:. 20 December 2018.
943:. 25 February 2019.
364:Break with the FSLN
1010:Human Rights Watch
775:The New York Times
479:
443:
404:María Luisa Acosta
197:Conservative Party
193:Acoyapa, Chontales
979:978-0-8223-8730-5
847:978-1-84813-696-0
840:. Zed Books Ltd.
545:Francisca Ramírez
487:National Assembly
451:National Assembly
447:Interior Minister
284:Dora María Téllez
113:
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777:. 16 July 1979.
767:
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609:
539:Sofía Montenegro
485:, passed by the
477:in December 2019
382:rights. Despite
358:Attorney General
348:(PLC) President
256:
233:Carlos Tünnerman
136:Carlos Tünnerman
120:Vilma Núñez Ruiz
109:
106:
56:
53:25 November 1938
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
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1245:El Nuevo Diario
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1215:El Nuevo Diario
1209:
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1048:
1041:El Nuevo Diario
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610:
563:
558:
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522:
513:
500:Legion of Honor
496:
432:
412:National Police
384:Rosario Murillo
366:
325:
323:Founding CENIDH
272:
267:
250:
237:Group of Twelve
188:
103:
71:Alma mater
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1232:
1202:
1171:
1132:
1092:
1077:(in Spanish).
1058:
1043:(in Spanish).
1027:
997:
978:
958:
905:
899:Peace, Roger.
889:
865:
846:
823:
808:(in Spanish).
792:
759:
743:
715:
700:(in Spanish).
677:
635:
620:(in Spanish).
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534:
531:
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428:
365:
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350:Arnoldo Alemán
327:In 1990, when
324:
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268:
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263:
259:Sergio Ramírez
187:
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140:Sergio Ramírez
111:
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1327:Living people
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1075:Confidencial
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951:24 December
858:24 December
736:24 December
628:13 December
549:campesinsos
525:1990, ed.,
420:Lauren Dogu
251: [
199:leader and
61:Nationality
1301:Categories
1285:25 October
1255:16 October
1225:16 October
1164:24 October
1051:17 October
816:17 October
785:17 October
708:21 October
670:18 October
556:References
319:(AMNLAE).
298:Reed Brody
241:Sandinista
186:Early life
124:Nicaraguan
65:Nicaraguan
49:1938-11-25
806:La Prensa
698:La Prensa
618:La Prensa
1279:Archived
1249:Archived
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1189:Archived
1119:Archived
1115:Le Monde
1079:Archived
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810:Archived
779:Archived
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702:Archived
661:Archived
622:Archived
551:movement
533:See also
462:and the
95:(CENIDH)
399:Miskito
302:Contras
221:Managua
209:Liberal
100:Website
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494:Honors
276:Somoza
265:Career
201:Somoza
144:Somoza
105:cenidh
664:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
520:Works
255:]
118:(née
1287:2021
1257:2021
1227:2021
1197:2020
1166:2021
1127:2018
1087:2020
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974:ISBN
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138:and
132:León
107:.org
43:Born
1185:RFI
454:on
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