582:. The earthquake killed 10,000 people, left many homeless and caused widespread infrastructural damage. Although he was not president at the time, Anastasio Somoza Debayle quickly established the National Emergency Committee of which he was the head. This put him in the position to allocate relief funds, which he did in a corrupt and self-serving manner. International aid enriched the Somoza family instead of reaching victims. Emergency housing funds received from the United States Agency for International Development went disproportionately into the construction of luxury housing for National Guard officers, with the homeless provided hastily constructed wooden shacks. Furthermore, as Head of the National Guard, Somoza allowed the National Guard to participate in the looting of the remaining business establishments, purchasing land and industries that would figure lucratively in the reconstruction. The promised reconstruction of the city never took place with reconstruction of roads, drainage systems and public transportation grossly mishandled.
689:
673:
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458:. He became a captain in the National Guard by the age of eighteen and entered Congress by 1950. By 1956 he became the President of Congress, constitutionally empowering him to fill the Presidency in the instance of an unexpected vacancy. Upon his father's assassination in 1956, Luis Somoza Debayle became the Acting President of Nicaragua. He was formally elected to the presidency through fraudulent elections in 1957, making him the 26th President of Nicaragua.
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35:
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542:. He relied on military power and exercised no restraint in using public office for personal enrichment. He encouraged corruption and protected his officers from prosecution. He developed a reputation as a human rights violator and replaced his brother's skilled administrators with unqualified political allies. By the 1970s, the government was becoming corrupt and inefficient.
414:
fostered the support of the United States, with his regime backing U.S. foreign policy. He pursued economic developmentalism and sought to modernize
Nicaragua. Somoza's policies focused on growing exports, as well as creating economic infrastructure and public agencies. These policies did little for the common citizen, but benefited Somoza's fortune significantly.
281:– launched a successful offensive into the cities, with human-rights violations committed by the National Guard resulting in the Somoza government's international, political and military isolation. On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua, marking the end of the Somoza-family dictatorship.
681:
with the Somoza government, operating through strikes and mediation. The FSLN responded to FAO by establishing the United People's
Movement. The United People's Movement had a different approach to reaching a solution, promoting warfare and nationwide insurrection as the means to overthrow the dictatorship.
571:
632:
Anastasio Somoza
Debayle responded to the increasing opposition brought about by the FSLN by imposing a state of siege and censoring the press. During this time, the National Guard engaged in widespread torture, rape, arbitrary imprisonment and execution of opponents and peasants. These human rights
700:
In
February 1979, the FSLN seized the opportunity afforded by the collapse of negotiations to broaden its support base and form the National Patriotic Front which included Los Doce, the Independent Liberal Party and Popular Social Christian Party. Heavy fighting broke out all over Nicaragua and the
617:
On 27 December 1974, a group of FSLN guerrillas seized the home of former government official, José Maria
Castillo, and held a group of leading Nicaraguan officials hostage, many of whom were Somoza relatives. The FSLN made their demands known and an agreement was made between the Somoza government
545:
While his first term was meant to expire in 1971, Anastasio Somoza
Debayle amended the re-election ban in the constitution, allowing him to serve as president for an additional year. Somoza ruled through puppets in the period between his first and second presidential terms. He organised a pact with
696:
By late 1978, FAO's failure to obtain a negotiated solution led to the increasing strength of the insurrection movement. Los Doce withdrew from FAO in
October and many FAO members resigned. The mediation effort officially collapsed in January 1979, when Somoza refused to hold a national plebiscite
680:
During the Somoza regime, numerous opposition groups emerged in addition to the FSLN. In May 1978, the
Conservative Party joined the Democratic Liberation Union, Los Doce and the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement in creating the Broad Opposition Front (FAO). FAO aimed to achieve a negotiated solution
461:
Luis Somoza
Debayle's presidential term made attempts at modernisation and political liberalisation. In 1959, he restored the constitutional ban on immediate re-election and presidential succession by relatives. This prevented his younger brother, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, from running in the 1963
413:
Anastasio Somoza García was the
President of Nicaragua for the next nineteen years. He occupied the presidency directly for most of this period, only occasionally ruling through puppets. To maintain support from the National Guard, he put family members and close friends in positions of power. He
225:
from 1937 until 1956. He was succeeded by his elder son, Luis Somoza Debayle, who held the presidency from 1957 to 1963. The younger Somoza son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, had two presidential terms: 1967–1972 and 1974–1979. Although the Somozas did not hold the presidency for the full forty-three
401:
assumed the presidency in 1929, Somoza served as the governor of León, the Consul to Costa Rica, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Moncada's personal aide. When the United States Marines organized the Nicaraguan National Guard, Somoza became an officer and later an assistant to the Commander.
585:
It was at this point that open expressions of discontent with the Somoza regime began to surface. In particular, the Somoza government began to lose the support from Nicaragua's economic elite. As a result, the business community began financially supporting the FSLN, an opposition group.
554:. Under the arrangement, the triumvirate would rule temporarily while an election was held, and a new constitution was written. When the transfer took place in 1972, Somoza returned to his role as the Head of the National Guard. He was later re-elected as president in 1974.
288:, and foreign aid siphoning. By the 1970s, the family owned around 23 percent of the land in Nicaragua. The Somoza's wealth is speculated to have reached approximately $ 533 million, which amounted to half of Nicaragua's debt and 33 percent of the country's 1979
385:(1 February 1898 – 29 September 1956) was the founder of the Somoza dictatorship. He was born into a wealthy coffee planter family as the son of senator Anastasio Somoza Reyes and Julia García. He was educated at the Instituto Nacional de Oriente and the
396:
After returning to Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza García joined the Liberal revolt in 1926. He worked as an interpreter during peace talks between the United States and the Nicaraguan factions, improving his reputation among United States officials. When
704:
The Somoza regime's political, international and military isolation forced Anastasio Somoza Debayle to consider resignation. A provisional Nicaraguan government in exile was organised in Costa Rice on 18 June 1979. The five-member junta promised a
684:
In August 1978, the FSLN took over the National Palace, holding government officials and members of congress hostage. Somoza had no choice but to meet their demands, further tarnishing the Somoza image and undermining the regime's power.
409:
and replaced him with his own candidate for Acting President, Carlos Brenes Jarquín. Somoza was nominated for the presidency a week later at a Liberal Party convention on 16 June 1936 and was inaugurated into office on 1 January 1937.
624:. Furthermore, the guerrillas negotiated the release and transportation of fourteen FSLN prisoners to Cuba along with themselves. The success of the operation saw the FSLN's prestige soar and damaged perceptions of the Somoza regime.
664:, the owner of La Prensa and founder of the Democratic Liberation Union opposition group, was assassinated. Somoza's son and the National Guard were held responsible, provoking mass demonstrations against the Somoza government.
640:
administration made United States military assistance conditional on improvements to human rights. This, accompanied by condemnation, led Somoza to lift the state of siege and reinstated freedom of the press in September 1977.
493:
Luis Somoza Debayle's presidential term ended in 1963. Between 1963 and 1967, he ruled through puppet presidents. René Shick Guitérrez won the 1963 presidential election and ruled until his death in 1966. He was succeeded by
649:
Reinstated freedoms allowed newspapers to cover opposition activities and the rights violations of the Somoza government. This led to rising discomfort with the Somoza government and strengthened support of the opposition.
233:
While the Somoza family moved towards modernizing Nicaragua, their rule featured repression and inequality. Over four decades, the Somoza family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, land-grabbing and
478:. This improved Nicaragua's Central American relations and led to rapid growth of the Nicaraguan economy. Luis maintained his father's favourability to the United States. Luis' government condemned the
701:
FSLN's final offensive was launched in May 1979. These efforts saw the National Guard lose control over many areas of the country. By the end of June, most of Nicaragua was under FSLN control.
257:
and in the mismanagement of international-aid funding. Discomfort increased in the light of the rise of the Sandinista National Liberation Front and in response to the Somoza government's
557:
The downfall of the Somoza dictatorship coincided with Anastasio Somoza Debayle's second presidential term. He resigned as president in July 1979 and was assassinated in September 1980.
538:
Anastasio Somoza Debayle's first presidential term was from 1967 to 1972. His leadership differed from his older brother's and marked a return to his father's harsher style of
486:
in 1961. He put in place numerous socio-economic reforms in public housing, education, social security and agrarian reform, closely coinciding with the United States’
238:
siphoning. The family received support from the government of the United States, and the leadership styles of each Somoza president was different from one another.
721:
On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua and fled to Miami, marking the end of the Somoza family dictatorship. Senate President
353:
Carolina Somoza Portocarrero, a daughter of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and his wife, who is married to James Minskoff Sterling, son of New York real estate developer
618:
and the guerrillas on 30 December 1974. As a result, the guerrillas received a US$ 1 million ransom and had a FSLN declaration read over the radio and printed in
2010:
490:
initiative. While these policies created jobs, they further enriched the privileged and had limited benefit for impoverished Nicaraguans.
261:. Various opposition groups emerged, and two key approaches to overthrow the dictatorship became clear. While the Broad Opposition Front (
611:
249:
of 1961–1990. Widespread discontent with the Somoza regime, fostered in part by Soviet disinformation campaigns, emerged following the
2020:
386:
405:
In 1936, Anastasio Somoza García executed a military coup. Leveraging his control of the National Guard, he overthrew President
697:
and insisted on remaining in power until 1981. As a result, the insurrection movement gained momentum and fighting increased.
253:. Anastasio Somoza Debayle declared himself the Head of the National Emergency Committee and used his power to participate in
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1654:
1360:
523:(5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was the youngest son of Anastasio Somoza García. He received an American education at
607:
599:
242:
2000:
657:, an opposition group composed of Nicaragua's elite calling for the inclusion of the FSLN in any post-Somoza government.
1990:
1943:
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1428:
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in the late 1950s. By the early 1970s, the group had gained enough support to launch limited military initiatives.
335:
141:
1995:
2015:
1723:
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violations led to national and international condemnation of the Somoza regime and built support for the FSLN.
463:
1970:
1739:
610:(FSLN) was formally organised. The FSLN began as a group of Marxist, antigovernment student activists at the
347:
159:
495:
2005:
534:
Anastasio Somoza Debayle and his wife Hope Portocarrero at the abrogation of the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty 1970
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in Philadelphia. During his time in the United States, he learned the English language and met his wife
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Martha Debayle, a niece of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Nicaraguan Mexican radio hostess and entrepreneur
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661:
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Following the departure of the U.S. Marines in 1933, Somoza became the Head of the National Guard.
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218:
83:
446:(18 November 1922 – 13 April 1967) was the eldest son of Anastasio Somoza García. He was born in
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1985:
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who would in turn transfer the government to the junta. Anastasio Somoza Debayle lived in
8:
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309:
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273:. When negotiations failed, the insurrection movement – with military support from the
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The FSLN attacked National Guard outposts across the country and gained support from
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329:
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years, they continued to rule through puppet presidents and via their control of the
153:
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1962:
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1205:
726:
479:
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1933:
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450:, Nicaragua and received an American education at Saint Leo College Prep School,
318:"Tachito" (1925–1980, President 1967–1972, 1974–1979), his second legitimate son.
1419:
Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (1990). "Nicaragua since 1930". In Bethell, Leslie (ed.).
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fled with him. Somoza handed over power to President of the Chamber of Deputies
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The family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, industrial monopolies,
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1979:
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Nicaragua, 1961–1990. Volume 1 : the Downfall of the Somosa Dictatorship
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578:
On 23 December 1972, an earthquake devastated the Nicaraguan capital city of
550:, the leader of the Conservative party, whereby he would transfer power to a
341:
285:
147:
1536:
1517:
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (1995). Merrill, Tim (ed.).
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until 17 September 1980 when he was assassinated by Argentine guerrillas.
34:
722:
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467:
235:
1421:
The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume VII: 1930 to the Present
1235:"Family Affairs: Class, Lineage and Politics in Contemporary Nicaragua"
524:
374:
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435:
417:
Anastasio Somoza García was assassinated in 1956. He was shot by poet
269:, FAO) attempted to reach a solution via negotiation, the FSLN pushed
471:
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Sacasa, the daughter of a wealthy and politically connected family.
202:
48:
730:
654:
594:
475:
1711:
Delivering on Debt Relief: From IMF Gold to a New Aid Architecture
39:
Anastasio Somoza García, founder of the Somoza family dictatorship
579:
530:
254:
306:"Tacho" (1896–1956; President 1937–1947, 1950–1956), the father.
1571:
What Went Wrong? the Nicaraguan Revolution: a Marxist Analysis
241:
Ultimately, the Somoza family was overthrown by the socialist
326:
José R. Somoza, the half-brother of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
312:(1922–1967, President 1956–1963), his eldest legitimate son.
278:
462:
presidential election. In 1960, Nicaragua established the
1607:
Christian, S. (1987). "Nicaragua and the United States".
1708:
Birdsall, Nancy; Williamson, John; Deese, Brian (2002).
574:
Cleaning up damage caused by the 1972 Managua earthquake
205:
for forty-three years – from 1936 to 1979. Their family
1707:
498:. Luis Somoza Debayle died of a heart attack in 1967.
692:
FSLN troops during the insurrection of León July 1979
676:
FSLN troops during the insurrection of León July 1979
1521:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
527:and was the Head of the National Guard from 1955.
421:and died several days later on 29 September 1956.
1714:. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute. pp.
1977:
1931:
1423:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–366.
1352:Nicaragua: emerging from the shadow of the eagle
350:, a son of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and his wife
667:
1349:Walker, Thomas W.; Wade, Christine J. (2019).
1418:
295:Three of the Somoza family members served as
1932:Pezzullo, Lawrence; Pezzullo, Ralph (1993).
344:(1924–2014), the wife of Luis Somoza Debayle
322:Other members of the Somoza family include:
16:Ruling family of Nicaragua from 1936 to 1979
1687:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 77.
612:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
565:
501:
1829:. The University of North Carolina Press.
1348:
627:
363:
1863:Evans, G (2007). "The Deaths of Somoza".
1826:The regime of Anastasio Somoza, 1936–1956
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338:, the daughter of Anastasio Somoza García
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482:and played a leading role in the failed
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387:Pierce School of Business Administration
373:
221:. Anastasio Somoza García served as the
1748:. Managua. 25 December 1959. p. 43
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1978:
1822:
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332:, the wife of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
2011:Nicaraguan people of Galician descent
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140:Daughter of Anastasio Somoza García:
1740:"She's Mrs. Santa to the whole city"
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858:Anastasio Somoza Debayle second term
608:Sandinista National Liberation Front
600:Sandinista National Liberation Front
243:Sandinista National Liberation Front
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822:Anastasio Somoza Debayle first term
589:
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1938:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
1851:
1813:
709:, a nonaligned foreign policy and
152:Wife of Anastasio Somoza Debayle:
14:
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1649:. Helion & Company, Limited.
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1239:Journal of Latin American Studies
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158:Son of Anastasio Somoza Debayle:
133:Wife of Anastasio Somoza García:
1199:
516:Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1968
336:Lillian Somoza de Sevilla Sacasa
213:, was continued by his two sons
142:Lillian Somoza de Sevilla Sacasa
33:
2021:Political families of Nicaragua
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1875:
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378:Anastasio Somoza García in 1936
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464:Central American Common Market
1:
1233:Vilas, Carlos M. (May 1992).
1216:
348:Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero
160:Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero
146:Wife of Luis Somoza Debayle:
26:
774:Luis Somoza Acting President
668:Two approaches to a solution
7:
1756:– via Newspapers.com.
1192:
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439:Luis Somoza Debayle in 1963
10:
2037:
2001:Nicaraguan anti-communists
1908:"Anastasio Somoza Debayle"
1519:Nicaragua: A country study
1211:List of political families
762:Somoza García assassinated
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496:Lorenzo Guerrero Gutiérrez
456:Louisiana State University
428:
367:
251:Managua earthquake of 1972
1991:20th century in Nicaragua
1683:Clifford, Staten (2010).
1251:10.1017/s0022216x00023403
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1745:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
1685:The History of Nicaragua
1643:Francois, David (2019).
918:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
810:Luis Somoza heart attack
566:Managua earthquake, 1972
540:personalist dictatorship
521:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
508:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
502:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
316:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
219:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
119:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
84:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
58:1 January 1936
904:Anastasio Somoza García
786:Luis Somoza inaugurated
628:Human rights violations
383:Anastasio Somoza García
370:Anastasio Somoza García
364:Anastasio Somoza García
304:Anastasio Somoza García
259:human-rights violations
211:Anastasio Somoza García
111:Anastasio Somoza García
74:Anastasio Somoza García
1996:Military dictatorships
1963:Page about the Somozas
1865:World Literature Today
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662:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro
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297:President of Nicaragua
267:Frente Amplio Opositor
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223:President of Nicaragua
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94:President of Nicaragua
2016:Nicaraguan Revolution
1935:At the Fall of Somoza
1883:"Luis Somoza Debayle"
1823:Walter, Knut (1993).
1569:La Botz, Dan (2016).
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488:Alliance for Progress
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419:Rigoberto López Pérez
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247:Nicaraguan Revolution
1971:The Deaths of Somoza
1206:Nicaragua portal
660:On 10 January 1978,
484:Bay of Pigs Invasion
407:Juan Bautista Sacasa
2006:Nicaraguan families
911:Luis Somoza Debayle
711:political pluralism
444:Luis Somoza Debayle
431:Luis Somoza Debayle
425:Luis Somoza Debayle
310:Luis Somoza Debayle
215:Luis Somoza Debayle
115:Luis Somoza Debayle
1796:"Anastasio Somoza"
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645:Growing opposition
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399:José María Moncada
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245:(FSLN) during the
1836:978-0-8078-4427-4
1694:978-0-313-36038-1
1656:978-1-913118-41-9
1362:978-0-367-09817-9
882:FSLN insurrection
391:Salvadora Debayle
355:Henry H. Minskoff
330:Hope Portocarrero
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1966:(in Spanish)
1934:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:
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1890:. Retrieved
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201:which ruled
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176:17 July 1979
172:17 July 1979
97:Head of the
18:
1871:(3): 36–43.
894:Resignation
846:Triumvirate
723:Pablo Rener
717:Resignation
552:triumvirate
468:El Salvador
236:foreign-aid
80:Final ruler
1980:Categories
1912:Britannica
1887:Britannica
1800:Britannica
1772:Britannica
1752:21 January
1725:0881323314
1665:1101796058
1589:1002225124
1371:1110663100
1217:References
525:West Point
466:alongside
169:Deposition
62:1936-01-01
1845:873283370
1573:. Brill.
1267:142988176
1259:0022-216X
621:La Prensa
472:Guatemala
203:Nicaragua
49:Nicaragua
1892:29 March
1805:24 March
1777:22 March
1537:30623751
1193:See also
737:Timeline
731:Paraguay
655:Los Doce
561:Downfall
476:Honduras
277:through
1917:8 April
580:Managua
263:Spanish
255:looting
197:) is a
191:Spanish
174: (
105:Members
70:Founder
60: (
55:Founded
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602:(FSLN)
137:Sacasa
90:Titles
1263:S2CID
1940:ISBN
1919:2022
1894:2022
1841:OCLC
1831:ISBN
1807:2022
1779:2022
1754:2020
1720:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1661:OCLC
1651:ISBN
1585:OCLC
1575:ISBN
1533:OCLC
1523:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1367:OCLC
1357:ISBN
1255:ISSN
1185:1979
1179:1978
1173:1977
1167:1976
1161:1975
1155:1974
1149:1973
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987:1946
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957:1941
951:1940
945:1939
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933:1937
927:1936
474:and
454:and
448:León
279:Cuba
217:and
185:The
1716:134
1613:149
1247:doi
290:GDP
230:.
1982::
1910:.
1885:.
1869:81
1867:.
1853:^
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890:↓
878:↓
866:↓
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830:↓
818:↓
806:↓
794:↓
782:↓
770:↓
758:↓
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189:(
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64:)
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