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488:. The five monasteries formed a network; "all of them were under state supervision" and there existed "a system of co-ordination among them. It seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network, an interlinked group of institutions," and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them.
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the four cardinal directions there is a protruding chamber with a pillared antechamber and a separate pillared mandapa in front. In the four chambers of the stupa were placed colossal stucco images of seated Buddha of which three were found in situ but the remaining one on north side was possibly replaced by a stone image after the clay image was somehow damaged.
724:. Śrīdhara was the next preceptor, followed by Bhavabhaṭṭa. The latter, also a prominent commentator on Cakrasamvara, may have been the mahāsiddha Bhadrapāda. He in turn was succeeded by three more prominent Cakrasamvara commentators, Bhavyakīrti, Durjayachandra, and Tathāgatarakṣita. Durjayachandra collaborated with the renowned Tibetan translator
822:
The monastery, or residence for the
Buddhist monks, is a huge square structure, each side measuring 330 metres having a series of 208 cells, 52 on each of the four sides opening into a common verandah. A few brick arched underground chambers beneath some of the cells have also been noticed which were
830:
About 32 metres south of the monastery on its south west corner and attached with the main monastery through a narrow corridor is a rectangular structure identified as a library building. It was air-conditioned by cooled water of the adjoining reservoir through a range of vents in the back wall. The
826:
The main stupa built for the purpose of worship is a brick structure laid in mud mortar which stands in the centre of the square monastery. This two-terraced stupa is cruciform on plan and about 15 metres high from the ground level accessible through a flight of steps on the north side. On each of
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and a separate pillared mandapa in front, placed beyond the circumambulatory passage. In the four chambers of stupa were placed colossal stucco images of seated Buddha of which three were found in situ, but the remaining of the north side was possibly replaced by a stone image after the clay image
858:
The
Vikramashila stupa built for the purpose of worship is a brick structure laid in mud mortar and stands in the centre of the square monastery. This two terraced stupa is cruciform on plan and about 15 metres high from the ground level. The lower terrace is about 2.25 metres high from the ground
925:, Paharpur (Bangladesh) which, too, was founded by the same king Dharmapala. In plan both are very much alike with the significant difference that Somapura is centred on a central temple rather than a stupa. Vikramashila monastery is also larger and has fort-like projections on its outer wall.
854:
The Stupa is a sacred solid structure raised over the body remains or belongings of Buddha or a distinguished monk; or to commemorate any event associated with them. But some stupas are merely symbolic made for worship by the monks. A votive stupa is a miniature stupa erected by a devotee in
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was somehow damaged. All the stucco images are unfortunately broken above the waist. The images are placed over a brick pedestal having traces of painting in red and black pigments. The walls and floors of the chamber and antechamber were plastered with
517:
Vikramashila was one of the largest
Buddhist universities, with more than one hundred teachers and about one thousand students. It produced eminent scholars who were often invited by foreign countries to spread Buddhist learning, culture and religion.
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430:. It was one of the largest Buddhist mahaviharas, with more than one hundred teachers and about one thousand students. It produced eminent scholars who were often invited by foreign countries to spread Buddhist learning, culture and religion including
818:
in its centre, a library building and cluster of votive stupas. To the north of monastery a number of scattered structures including a
Tibetan and a Hindu temple have been found. The entire spread is over an area of more than one hundred acres.
720:, followed by Dīpaṁkarabhadra and Jayabhadra. The first two were active during Dharmapāla's reign, the third in the early to mid portion of the 9th century. Jayabhadra, a monk from Sri Lanka, was the first prominent commentator on the
918:. Many human figures, like those of ascetics, yogis, preachers, drummers, warriors, archers, snake charmers, etc., and animal figures like monkeys, elephants, horses, deer, boar, panthers, lions, wolves, and birds, are also depicted.
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as many of the
Buddhist monks fled to these regions following the collapse of the monastery. So far, five manuscripts have been identified that contain references to Vikramashila. One of these manuscripts is currently held at the
1082:
The
Vikramashila Museum at the entrance of the Excavation site. It holds many exhibits which have been excavated from the ruins, these include monuments, art figures, utensils, coins, weapons and jewellery.
977:
Since 2009, there has been considerable work in maintaining and beautifying the place to attract tourism. There has been inflow of western tourists as well, during their river cruises on the
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The main stupa placed over the upper terrace is accessible through a flight of steps on the north side on each of the four cardinal directions. There is a protruding chamber with a pillared
859:
level and the upper terrace is at a similar height from the lower side. At both terraces there is a circumambulatory path, the lower about 4.5 metres wide and the upper about 3 metres wide.
2010:
615:(Northern Gate), and Prajñākaramati (Southern Gate). If this is correct, it must have been toward the end of Chanaka's reign given the generally accepted dates for Naropa (956–1041).
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The vast majority of the manuscripts contained within
Vikramashila’s library have been lost following multiple historical upheavals including the Muslim raids of East India led by
996:
visited the excavated ruins of
Vikramshila university in 2017. He addressed a public gathering at the university, saying that he would talk to the Prime minister for its revival.
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2003:
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A large number of antiquities of different materials, unearthed from this place in the course of excavation, are displayed in the site museum maintained by the
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1920:
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1996:
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is not favourable to the preservation of palm-leaf manuscripts. However, some of the manuscripts of
Vikramashila’s library, have been discovered in
1939:
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about 13 km, It is approachable through 11 km long motorable road diverting from NH-80 at
Anadipur, about 2 km from Kahalgaon.
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According to scholar Sukumar Dutt, Vikramashila appears to have had a more clearly delineated hierarchy than other mahaviharas, as follows:
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announced a Rs 500 crore package for it, while state Government had to provide around 500 acres land which was yet to be done. President
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1586:"The "Ālokā" of Haribhadra and the "Sāratamā" of Ratnākaraśānti: A Comparative Study of the Two Commentaries of the "Aṣṭasāhasrikā""
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902:, Jambala, Marichi, and Tara, scenes related to Buddhism, some social and hunting scenes, and a few other Indian deities like
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and his commentary became particularly important for the Sakya school, and Tathāgatarakṣita collaborated with Rin-chen grags.
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Steven Kossak; Jane Casey Singer; Robert Bruce-Gardner; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); Museum Rietberg (1998).
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According to Tāranātha, at Vikramashila's peak during the reign of King Chanaka (955–83), the dvārapāla were as follows:
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The walls of both the terraces are decorated with mouldings and terracotta plaques which testify the high excellence of
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1827:"A Study on Scholarly Activities in the Last Period of the Vikramaśīla Monastery: Quotations in Ratnarakṣita's Padminī"
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art flourishing in the region during Pal period (8th to 12th centuries). The plaques depict many Buddhist deities like
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2268:
1642:
1459:
1398:
O. C. Handa, Omacanda Hāṇḍā, Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history, Indus Publishing, 2001, p. 337.
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1270:(2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).
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The Vikramashila site is the place for Vikramashila Mahotsav, which is held annually during the month of February.
472:. According to Tibetan sources, five great Mahaviharas stood out: Vikramashila, the premier university of the era;
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2455:
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1858:"The Library at the East Indian Buddhist Monastery of Vikramaśīla: an Attempt to Identify Its Himalayan Remains"
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in the late 8th or early 9th century. It prospered for about four centuries before it was destroyed by
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1736:
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Vikramashila was neglected for years which contributed to the extensive damage to the monument. The
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704:
526:
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Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons".
802:, and the process is still underway. Meticulous excavation at the site was conducted initially by
564:), one each for the Eastern, Western, First Central, Second Central, Northern, and Southern Gates.
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Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
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445:
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Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.
1324:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.
8:
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The Chakrasamvara Tantra (The Discourse of Śrī Heruka): A Study and Annotated Translation
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1972:
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The Cakrasamvara Tantra (The Discourse of Śrī Heruka): A Study and Annotated Translation
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The Cakrasamvara Tantra (The Discourse of Śrī Heruk): A Study and Annotated Translation
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1238:"Significance of Tibetan Sources in the Study of Odantapuri and Vikaramsila Mahavihars"
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The architecture of the stupa and the terracotta plaques bear great resemblance to the
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Vikramashila is known to us mainly through Tibetan sources, especially the writings of
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1982:
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Vikramaśīla was a centre for Vajrayana and employed Tantric preceptors. The first was
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It has been a long-time demand of local people for revival of this university like
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448:(783 to 820 CE) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at
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707:, 11th-century Indian Buddhist scholar and one of the gatekeepers at Vikramashila
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607:(Eastern Gate), Vāgīsvarakīrti (Western Gate), Ratnavajra (First Central Gate),
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traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. Subjects like philosophy, grammar, metaphysics,
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Eaton, Richard (22 December 2000). "Temple desecration in pre-modern India".
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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Some of the figures who either studied or taught at Vikramashila include:
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Chattopadhyaya, Alaka; Chimpa, Lama; Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (2018).
1274:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. p. 89.
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The remains of the monastery have been partially excavated in kahalgaon
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937:. Many of manuscripts fell prey to natural decay as the climate of the
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by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 360-61
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etc. were taught here, but the most important branch of learning was
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814:(1972–82). It has revealed a huge square monastery with a cruciform
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by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 352-3
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references the ‘Glorious Great Monastery of the King Vikramaśīla’ (
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A number of monasteries grew up during the Pāla period in medieval
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Landscape of Vikramashila Ruins, the seating and meditation area
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1960:
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train recognises this place by running a Train No. 12367/12368
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is now planning to develop the excavated site of Vikramashila.
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2018:
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Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet
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system was perhaps meant for preserving delicate manuscripts.
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815:
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701:, Indian Buddhist scholar active in the 11th and 12th century
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61:
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Lawrence J. McCrea; Parimal G. Patil; Jñanasrimitra (2010).
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958:) as the place of production and contains the text of the
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have started, which also stop by the Vikramashila ruins.
623:
514:, the Tibetan monk historian of the 16th–17th centuries.
1406:
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418:. Its location is now the site of Antichak village near
1808:"ASI to develop ancient site of Vikramshila Mahavihara"
1779:. by David B. Gray, Columbia University: 2007 pgs 21–22
1767:. by David B. Gray, Columbia University: 2007 pgs 11–12
1899:"ASI team visits ancient Vikramshila varisty [
1718:
Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka
1661:
Songs of Naropa: Commentaries on Songs of Realization
1401:
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probably meant for confined meditation by the monks.
1973:
Archaeological Survey of India page for Vikramashila
1921:"Pranab hopeful of reviving Vikramshila University"
1796:. by David B. Gray, Columbia University: 2007 pg 12
1426:Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet
1304:Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms
1684:
403:between the late eighth and early ninth century.
2478:
1416:
1266:
406:It was one of the three most important Buddhist
1714:"Subhūticandra: A Forgotten Scholar of Magadha"
1664:. Rangjung Yeshe Publications. pp. 77–78.
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1142:Maintenance work going on to beautify the place
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2252:
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2004:
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1728:
1678:
355:
44:The ruins of Vikramashila Buddhist Mahavihara
1940:"River cruise boosts Bihar handicrafts sale"
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1478:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy
1369:
1367:
1862:Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
1637:. Princeton University Press. p. 519.
1624:
1563:. Columbia University Press. pp. 3–4.
1306:by Elizabeth English. Wisdom Publications.
1130:Vikramashila History on excavation location
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2137:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
2011:
1997:
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1705:
1429:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 10.
1242:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
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362:
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1938:Chaudhary, Pranava K (28 November 2009).
1937:
1824:
1805:
1734:
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1495:
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1806:Chaudhary, Pranava K (10 October 2009).
1560:Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India
1481:. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
1452:Taranatha's History of Buddhism in India
1094:The view of the entrance from the Stupa.
873:
840:
781:
777:
622:
476:, past its prime but still illustrious,
1741:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online
1631:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald (2014).
1507:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online
855:gratitude of fulfilment of his desire.
14:
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2400:Cities and towns in Bhagalpur Division
2279:Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
1896:
1855:
1711:
1235:
556:Six gate protectors or gate scholars (
503:along with the other major centres of
27:Site of a medieval university in India
2363:Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station
2226:
1992:
1527:
1335:
1284:
999:
772:
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1878:. Bihar-tourism.com. 11 October 2009
1876:"Archive for Vikramshila University"
1685:John J. Makransky (1 January 1997).
1634:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1534:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1454:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 285.
1329:
1278:
878:The wall carvings of various deities
452:. It was destroyed by the forces of
441:Vikramashila was established by the
1272:Genesis and Development of Tantrism
965:
630:, one of the abbots of Vikramashila
618:
589:), roughly 160 in number including
391:situated in what is now modern-day
24:
2507:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
2492:Buddhist universities and colleges
1658:Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche (1997).
1106:Pillars at Vikramashila University
1034:
25:
2548:
2269:Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University
1954:
1897:Rajesh, Kumar (11 October 2009).
410:of its time in India, along with
1977:
1959:
1691:. SUNY Press. pp. 271–273.
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1931:
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1890:
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1749:10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_2070
1577:
1521:
1515:10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_2037
1443:
1213:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhis
956:śrīmadvikramaśīladevamahāvihāra
540:
1528:Lopez, Donald (20 July 2017).
1392:
1375:"Excavated Remains at Nalanda"
1317:
1297:
1260:
1229:
1200:
1166:A stone structure at the ruins
836:Archaeological Survey of India
812:Archaeological Survey of India
810:(1960–69) and subsequently by
507:in Eastern India around 1193.
13:
1:
2527:Archaeological sites in Bihar
1193:
1154:Gardens around the main stupa
972:Archeological Survey of India
454:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
102:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
2487:Medieval Indian universities
1985:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1379:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
960:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
849:
525:Dipankara, a founder of the
491:Vikramashila was founded by
7:
1825:Kuranishi, Kenichi (2016).
1207:Buswell Jr, Robert (2013).
1171:
1010:Bikramshila railway station
383:
10:
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2023:centres of higher learning
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1023:Lately river cruises from
988:. In 2015, prime minister
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599:), roughly 1,000 in number
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2110:Other centres of learning
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2029:Major centres of learning
2028:
1602:10.1017/S0041977X0010936X
1584:Padmanabh, Jaini (1972).
1236:Anupam, Hitendra (2001).
1014:Kahalgaon railway station
399:. It was founded by King
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88:
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75:
67:
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37:
2424:Other divisions of Bihar
2372:Lok Sabha constituencies
1350:10.1163/1568527952598657
1004:The nearest big town is
845:Main stupa at the centre
731:In chronological order:
581:Professors or Teachers (
578:), roughly 108 in number
2537:Buddhist sites in Bihar
1856:Delhey, Martin (2016).
1475:Jan Westerhoff (2018).
611:(Second Central Gate),
2274:Vikramaśīla University
879:
846:
787:
631:
2502:Buddhist architecture
2410:People from Bhagalpur
2207:Vidyalankara Pirivena
2182:Sunethradevi Pirivena
1968:at Wikimedia Commons
1735:Schneider, J (2018).
1712:Deokar, Lata (2012).
1071:Ruins of Vikramashila
877:
844:
786:Site of the monastery
785:
778:Layout and excavation
626:
521:One such scholar was
175:Four Additional Sites
1020:line near the area.
1016:are situated on the
939:Indo-Gangetic plains
1045:Vikramshila Express
923:Somapura Mahavihara
722:Cakrasamvara tantra
142:The Four Main Sites
124:Buddha's Holy Sites
34:
2532:Bhagalpur district
2254:Bhagalpur division
2212:Vidyodaya Pirivena
1944:The Times of India
1907:The Times of India
1812:The Times of India
1000:How to reach there
986:Nalanda university
880:
847:
792:Bhagalpur district
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773:Archeological site
712:Tantric preceptors
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424:Bhagalpur district
84:8th–9th century CE
71:Centre of learning
32:
2474:
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2405:People from Banka
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2187:Telhara monastery
1964:Media related to
1843:10.15083/00027409
1698:978-0-7914-3431-4
1671:978-962-7341-28-4
1570:978-0-231-15094-1
1543:978-0-691-15786-3
1488:978-0-19-873266-2
1436:978-0-87099-862-1
1222:978-0-691-15786-3
387:) was a Buddhist
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16:(Redirected from
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2347:Vikramshila Setu
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1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
994:Pranab Mukherjee
966:Restoration work
935:Bakhtiyar Khalji
808:Patna University
762:Tathāgatarakṣita
619:Notable scholars
595:Resident monks (
567:Great Scholars (
501:Bakhtiyar Khilji
386:
364:
357:
350:
135:
125:
116:
110:
109:
42:
35:
31:
21:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2419:
2388:
2367:
2351:
2320:
2304:
2283:
2257:
2251:
2221:
2216:
2105:
2024:
2017:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1927:. 3 April 2017.
1919:
1918:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1783:
1775:
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1763:
1756:
1733:
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1710:
1706:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1526:
1522:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1261:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1047:that runs from
1041:Indian Railways
1037:
1035:Popular culture
1002:
968:
952:British Library
931:
892:Avalokiteshvara
852:
780:
775:
738:Dīpaṁkarabhadra
735:Buddhajñānapāda
718:Buddhajñānapāda
714:
654:Buddhajñānapāda
639:Abhayakaragupta
621:
543:
535:Buddhist tantra
462:
368:
339:
338:
304:Ramagrama stupa
209:
201:
200:
176:
168:
167:
143:
123:
114:
92:13th century CE
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
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2504:
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2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2356:Power stations
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:Sahibganj loop
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Shalban Vihara
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2044:Nagarjunakonda
2040:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1956:
1955:External links
1953:
1950:
1949:
1930:
1912:
1889:
1867:
1848:
1817:
1798:
1781:
1769:
1754:
1727:
1704:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1596:(2): 271–284.
1576:
1569:
1549:
1542:
1520:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1442:
1435:
1415:
1400:
1391:
1363:
1344:(2): 141–155.
1328:
1316:
1296:
1277:
1259:
1228:
1221:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
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1093:
1086:
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1081:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1036:
1033:
1018:Sahibganj Loop
1001:
998:
967:
964:
930:
927:
912:Ardhanarisvara
851:
848:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
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763:
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757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
726:Rinchen Zangpo
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:Vāgīśvarakīrti
702:
696:
691:
689:Ratnākaraśānti
686:
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676:
671:
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661:
656:
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646:
641:
620:
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605:Ratnākaraśānti
601:
600:
593:
579:
572:
565:
554:
542:
539:
461:
458:
436:Ratnākaraśānti
370:
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359:
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155:
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144:
141:
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128:
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119:
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106:
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98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2549:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
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2354:
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2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Sharada Peeth
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Pandit Vihara
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:Raktamrittika
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1644:9780691157863
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:"Vikramaśīla"
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1461:9788120834705
1457:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1312:0-86171-329-X
1309:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:"Vikramaśīla"
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
990:Narendra Modi
987:
982:
980:
975:
973:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
876:
872:
870:
865:
860:
856:
843:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
784:
768:Kamalarakṣita
767:
764:
761:
758:
756:Durjaychandra
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
706:
703:
700:
699:Subhūticandra
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
669:Jñanasrimitra
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
629:
625:
616:
614:
610:
609:Jñanasrimitra
606:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
547:
546:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
457:
456:around 1193.
455:
451:
447:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
376:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
345:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
254:Kesaria Stupa
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
224:Barabar Caves
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
134:
130:
129:
126:
121:
120:
117:
115:Pilgrimage to
112:
111:
103:
100:Destroyed by
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2415:Bihar topics
2098:
2093:Vikramashila
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
1966:Vikramashila
1958:
1943:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1740:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1687:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1533:
1523:
1506:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1451:
1445:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1293:(25): 62–70.
1290:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1212:
1202:
1061:
1038:
1022:
1003:
983:
976:
969:
955:
932:
920:
881:
861:
857:
853:
833:
829:
825:
821:
789:
730:
715:
644:Ānandagarbha
633:
602:
596:
590:
586:
582:
575:
568:
562:Dvārapaṇḍita
561:
557:
550:
544:
541:Organisation
531:Indian logic
520:
516:
509:
490:
463:
443:Pala emperor
440:
405:
375:Vikramashila
374:
373:
334:Vikramashila
333:
244:Ellora Caves
33:Vikramashila
29:
2517:Pala Empire
2127:Kanchipuram
1903:] site"
1503:"Jñānapāda"
1248:: 424–428.
1188:Pala Empire
1049:Anand Vihar
979:Ganga River
864:antechamber
804:B. P. Sinha
765:Bodhibhadra
759:Samayavajra
750:Bhavyakīrti
747:Bhavabhaṭṭa
569:Mahapaṇḍita
408:Mahaviharas
384:Vikramaśilā
284:Pataliputra
249:Kapilavastu
234:Chandavaram
208:Other Sites
104:around 1193
18:Vikramshila
2481:Categories
2152:Manyakheta
2058:Pushpagiri
2051:Odantapuri
1724:: 137–154.
1194:References
1183:Odantapuri
884:terracotta
741:Jayabhadra
694:Ratnakīrti
679:Maitripada
674:Haribhadra
574:Scholars (
497:Dharmapala
482:Odantapura
446:Dharmapala
416:Odantapuri
401:Dharmapala
324:Tilaurakot
299:Pushpagiri
153:Kushinagar
2522:Bhagalpur
2431:Darbhanga
2384:Bhagalpur
2325:Transport
2300:Bhagalpur
2288:Districts
2192:Udayagiri
2167:Ratnagiri
2142:Lalitgiri
2100:Jagaddala
1983:Bhagalpur
1925:The Hindu
1618:162794289
1287:Frontline
1059:, Bihar.
1057:Bhagalpur
1006:Kahalgaon
850:The Stupa
753:Līlavājra
583:Upādhyāya
558:Dvārapāla
512:Tāranātha
486:Jagaddala
420:Kahalgaon
389:monastery
319:Udayagiri
309:Ratnagiri
264:Lalitgiri
219:Amaravati
191:Shravasti
148:Bodh Gaya
89:Abandoned
54:Bhagalpur
2393:See also
2202:Varanasi
2197:Ujjayini
2086:Vallabhi
2072:Somapura
2019:Ancient
1254:44148119
1172:See also
1029:Varanasi
900:Maitreya
896:Manjusri
744:Śrīdhara
551:Adhyakṣa
505:Buddhism
478:Somapura
329:Varanasi
294:Piprahwa
196:Vaishali
186:Sankissa
50:Location
2262:General
2157:Paithan
2132:Kanheri
2037:Nalanda
2021:Dharmic
1882:13 July
1864:: 2–26.
1536:: 970.
1384:13 July
1358:3270172
1215:: 970.
1178:Nalanda
1066:Gallery
1025:Kolkata
929:Library
916:Hanuman
908:Parvati
798:state,
591:paṇḍits
587:Āchārya
576:Paṇḍita
549:Abbot (
474:Nalanda
470:Magadha
460:History
450:Nalanda
412:Nalanda
274:Nalanda
269:Mathura
259:Kosambi
239:Devdaha
229:Bharhut
163:Sarnath
158:Lumbini
81:Founded
76:History
2466:Tirhut
2456:Purnia
2446:Munger
2441:Magadh
2316:Ganges
2309:Rivers
2256:topics
2147:Mansar
2117:Ajanta
2079:Taxila
1695:
1668:
1641:
1616:
1610:614403
1608:
1567:
1540:
1485:
1458:
1433:
1356:
1310:
1252:
1219:
904:Vishnu
888:Buddha
684:Naropa
664:Jitāri
659:Drogmi
613:Naropa
597:bhikṣu
523:Atisha
484:, and
466:Bengal
314:Sanchi
214:Ajanta
181:Rajgir
97:Events
2461:Saran
2451:Patna
2379:Banka
2337:NH 81
2332:NH 31
2295:Banka
1614:S2CID
1606:JSTOR
1354:JSTOR
1338:Numen
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