Viking Age - Knowledge

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communications, kinship and naming customs, and the evolution of language and poetry. Systematically researching the material leads to her hypothesis that runic inscriptions mirrored inheritance customs entailing not only lands or goods, but also rights, obligations, and rank in society. Although women in Viking society, like men, had tombstones over their graves, runestones were raised primarily to memorialise men, with the lives of few women being commemorated by runestones (Sawyer says only 7 per cent), and half of those were with men. Because there was a much larger per centage of women's graves with rich appointments in the Iron Age, the comparatively smaller number of runestones memorialising women indicates that the trend reflects changes in burial customs and religion only in part. Most of those honoured with runestones were men, and the emphasis was on those who sponsored the monuments. Typical medieval grave monuments name only the deceased, but Viking Age runestones prioritise the sponsors, first and foremost; therefore, they "are monuments to the

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decentralised polities, or religious sites. As a result, Viking raiders found it easy to sack and then retreat from these areas which were thus frequently raided. The second case is the internal "push" factor, which coincides with a period just before the Viking Age in which Scandinavia was undergoing a mass centralisation of power in the modern-day countries of Denmark, Sweden, and especially Norway. This centralization of power forced hundreds of chieftains from their lands, which were slowly being eaten up by the kings and dynasties that began to emerge. As a result, many of these chiefs sought refuge elsewhere, and began harrying the coasts of the British Isles and Western Europe. Anders Winroth argues that purposeful choices by warlords "propelled the Viking Age movement of people from Scandinavia."

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1000 is sometimes used, as that was the year in which Iceland converted to Christianity, marking the conversion of all of Scandinavia to Christianity. The death of Harthacnut, the Danish King of England, in 1042 has also been used as an end date. History does not often allow such clear-cut separation between arbitrary "ages", and it is not easy to pin down a single date that applies to all the Viking world. The Viking Age was not a "monolithic chronological period" across three or four hundred years, but was characterised by various distinct phases of Viking activity. It is unlikely that the Viking Age could be so neatly assigned a terminal event. The end of the Viking era in Norway is marked by the

5340:(ship community) had to maintain one ship and a crew—was discontinued as a purely military institution, as the duty to build and man a ship soon was converted into a tax. The Norwegian leidang was called under Haakon Haakonson for his 1263 expedition to Scotland during the Scottish–Norwegian War, and the last recorded calling of it was in 1603. However, already by the 11th and 12th centuries, perhaps in response to the longships, European fighting ships were built with raised platforms fore and aft, from which archers could shoot down into the relatively low longships. This led to the defeat of longship navies in most subsequent naval engagements—e.g., with the Hanseatic League. 5327:

warriors hurled spears, arrows, and other projectiles at the opponents. When the ships were sufficiently close, melee combat would ensue using axes, swords, and spears until the enemy ship could be easily boarded. The roping technique allowed Viking crews to remain strong in numbers and act as a unit, but this uniformity also created problems. A Viking ship in the line could not retreat or pursue hostiles without breaking the formation and cutting the ropes, which weakened the overall Viking fleet and was a burdensome task to perform in the heat of battle. In general, these tactics enabled Vikings to quickly destroy the meagre opposition posted during raids.

3493:, primarily for trade purposes. Their emergence appears to coincide with the settlement and consolidation of the coastal Slavic tribes in the respective areas. The archaeological record indicates that substantial cultural exchange between Scandinavian and Slavic traditions and technologies occurred. It is known that Slavic and Scandinavian craftsmen had different processes in crafts and productions. In the lagoons and delta of the eastern and southern Baltic there is evidence of Slavic boatbuilding practices somewhat divergent from the Viking tradition, and of a fusion of the two in a shipyard site from the Viking Age on the island of Falster in Denmark. 3264: 6312:, a bay, and means 'one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord'. In the 9th and 10th centuries, it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking', but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation', 'the Viking Age', 'the Viking movement', 'Viking influence', the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history... 5991:. These islands were probably important trade settlements. Consistent with historical records, the study found evidence of a major influx of Danish Viking ancestry into England, a Swedish influx into Estonia and Finland; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland during the Viking Age. The Vikings were found to have left a profound genetic imprint in the areas they settled, which has persisted into modern times with, e.g., the contemporary population of the United Kingdom having up to 6% Viking DNA. The study also showed that some local people of Scotland were buried as Vikings and may have taken on Viking identities. 5323:

ships' negligible draft, the Vikings could sail in shallow waters, allowing them to invade far inland along rivers. The ships were agile, and light enough to be carried over land from one river system to another. "Under sail, the same boats could tackle open water and cross the unexplored wastes of the North Atlantic." The ships' speed was also prodigious for the time, estimated at a maximum of 14–15 knots (26–28 km/h). The use of the longships ended when technology changed, and ships began to be constructed using saws instead of axes, resulting in inferior vessels.

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past and for organising that knowledge, even though they are artefacts of our own time and perceived reality. Written sources, although scarce, appear to have been prioritised, even though it is understood that these written sources are biased. Almost all of them originate from other cultures, as literature from Viking societies is sparse. Since it unambiguously transmits meaning in literary terms, it is fairly clear that this meaning is not derived from the ideology of Viking Age people, but rather from that of early northern Christianity.

5430: 5409: 1700: 5983:, from which it spread into the rest of Scandinavia. The Y-DNA of Viking Age samples suggests that this may partly have been descendants of the Germanic tribes from the Migration Period returning to Scandinavia. The study also found that despite close cultural similarities, there were distinct genetic differences between regional populations in the Viking Age. These differences have persisted into modern times. Inland areas were found to be more genetically homogenous than coastal areas and islands such as 426: 2967: 5686:. She considers these inscriptions as contemporary evidence originating within the culture instead of from the incomplete or prejudiced viewpoint of the cultural outsider, and sees most of them as narratives in a narrow sense that supply details illuminating the overall picture derived from archaeological sources. They allow actual persons to be identified and reveal information about them such as their family relationships, their names, and perhaps facts concerning their individual lives. 2151:'s relics, killing the monks and capturing the valuables. The raid marked the beginning of the "Viking Age of Invasion". Great but sporadic violence continued on England's northern and eastern shores, with raids continuing on a small scale across coastal England. While the initial raiding groups were small, a great amount of planning is believed to have been involved. The Vikings raided during the winter of 840–841, rather than the usual summer, having waited on an island off Ireland. 2658:, which fell apart with its Viking conquest; these lands were never regained by the Anglo-Saxons, or England. The upheaval and pressure of Viking raiding, occupation, conquest and settlement resulted in alliances among the formerly enemy peoples that comprised what would become present-day Scotland. Over the subsequent 300 years, this Viking upheaval and pressure led to the unification of the previously contending Gaelic, Pictish, British, and English kingdoms, first into the 11750: 2298: 934: 16392: 15206: 4968:(Tablada). The Vikings held their ground, but the results were catastrophic for the invaders, who suffered a thousand casualties; four hundred were captured and executed, some thirty ships were destroyed. It was not a total victory for the emir's forces, but the Viking survivors had to negotiate a peace to leave the area, surrendering their plunder and the hostages they had taken to sell as slaves, in exchange for food and clothing. According to the Arabist 3729: 11482: 101: 6006:(Poland) dated to 1010–1020. The cemetery in Bodzia is exceptional in terms of Scandinavian and Kievian Rus links. The Bodzia man (sample VK157, or burial E864/I) was not a simple warrior from the princely retinue, but he belonged to the princely family himself. His burial is the richest one in the whole cemetery; moreover, strontium analysis of his teeth enamel shows he was not local. It is assumed that he came to Poland with the Prince of Kiev, 16382: 4776: 440: 454: 1575: 412: 468: 1795: 482: 5154: 12581: 5667:

origins in oral traditions, there is little confidence in them as historical truth, but they express what they tell more directly than "the dry bones of archaeology" or the brief messages on runestones. The modern view of the Viking Age is completely entwined with knowledge imparted by the sagas, and they are the main source of a broadly held belief that women in the Viking Age were independent, assertive, and had

16402: 6010:, and met a violent death in combat. This corresponds to the events of 1018 when Sviatopolk himself disappeared after having retreated from Kiev to Poland. It cannot be excluded that the Bodzia man was Sviatopolk himself, as the genealogy of the Rurikids at this period is extremely dubious, and the dates of birth of many princes of this dynasty may be quite approximative. The Bodzia man carried haplogroup I1- 5292: 1629:, offer good insight to this phenomenon. Critics of this model argue that the earliest recorded Viking raids were in Western Norway and northern Britain, which were not highly economically integrated areas. Alternative versions of the economic model point to economic incentives that stemmed from youth bulges, as young men were driven to maritime activity due to limited economic alternatives. 3476: 3597:. Castle building by the Slavs seems to have reached a high level on the southern Baltic coast in the 8th and 9th centuries, possibly explained by a threat coming from the sea or from the trade emporiums, as Scandinavian arrowheads found in the area indicate advances penetrating as far as the lake chains in the Mecklenburgian and Pomeranian hinterlands. 1997:) is considered to be the transition from the Viking Age to the Middle Ages, because he was the first Christian king of the Swedes, and he is associated with a growing influence of the church in what is today southwestern and central Sweden. Norse beliefs persisted until the 12th century; Olof was the last king in Scandinavia to adopt Christianity. 3575:, but no archeological evidence supports this theory. Menzlin and Bardy-Świelubie were vacated in the late 9th century, Ralswiek survived into the new millennium, but by the time written chronicles reported news of the island of Rügen in the 12th century, it had lost all its importance. Wolin, thought to be identical with the legendary 9537:

disse barbarer." English: This event took place in the year 230 (which began on 18 September 844), and Andalusia was freed from their ravages. Abdurrahman himself visited the places they had invaded, surveyed the damage they had caused, and, by reinforcing the garrisons, secured the region against future incursions by these barbarians.

5319:, wider and deeper in draft, were customarily used. The Vikings were competent sailors, adept in land warfare as well as at sea, and they often struck at accessible and poorly defended targets, usually with near impunity. The effectiveness of these tactics earned Vikings a formidable reputation as raiders and pirates. 2209:. Aided by the Great Heathen Army (which had already overrun much of England from its base in Jorvik), Bagsecg's forces, and Halfdan's forces (through an alliance), the combined Viking forces raided much of England until 871, when they planned an invasion of Wessex. On 8 January 871, Bagsecg was killed at the 3025:

The overall understanding of the Viking Age in Estonia is deemed to be fragmentary and superficial, because of the limited amount of surviving source material. The main sources for understanding the period are remains of the farms and fortresses of the era, cemeteries and a large amount of excavated objects.

7214:, "Viking civilisation and culture. A bibliography of French-language", Caen, Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest, University of Caen, 1975, p. 19, and" Les Vikings – the Scandinavian and European 800–1200 ", 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe, 1992, p. 26 1678:

for early Viking raiders to attack lands farther away. Among these developments are included the use of larger sails, tacking practices, and 24-hour sailing. Anders Winroth writes, "If early medieval Scandinavians had not become exquisite shipwrights, there would have been no Vikings and no Viking Age."

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And they came to the church of Lindisfarne, laid everything waste with grievous plundering, trampled the holy places with polluted feet, dug up the altars, and seized all the treasures of the holy church. They killed some of the brothers; some they took away with them in fetters; many they drove out,

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in Iceland. They cannot be interpreted literally as the "authentic voice of Vikings", embodying as they do the preconceptions of those medieval Icelanders. These sagas, formerly believed to have been based on actual historical traditions, are now commonly regarded as imaginative creations. With their

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In her reckoning, given this basic flaw in the modern image of Viking society, how knowledge of the past is organised must be considered. Accordingly, language is an essential part of this organisation of knowledge, and the concepts of modern languages are tools for understanding the realities of the

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The Vikings were also said to have fine weapons. Generally, Vikings used axes as weapons due to the lessened amount of iron required for their creations; swords were typically seen as a mark of wealth. Spears were also a common weapon among Vikings. Great amounts of time and artistry were expended in

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The Vikings used their longships to travel vast distances and attain certain tactical advantages in battle. They could perform highly efficient hit-and-run attacks, in which they quickly approached a target, then left as rapidly as possible before a counter-offensive could be launched. Because of the

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Many theories are posited for the cause of the Viking invasions; the will to explore likely played a major role. At the time, England, Wales, and Ireland were vulnerable to attack, being divided into many different warring kingdoms in a state of internal disarray, while the Franks were well defended.

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Tignor, Robert; Adelman, Jeremy; Brown, Peter; Elman, Benjamin; Kotkin, Stephen; Prakash, Gyan; Shaw, Brent; Aron, Stephen; Liu, Xinru; Marchand, Suzanne; Pittman, Holly; Tsin, Michael. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World: Beginnings Through the Fifteenth Century (4th ed.) (Vol. 1)

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Viking trade routes extended far beyond Scandinavia. As Scandinavian ships penetrated southward on the rivers of Eastern Europe to acquire financial capital, they encountered the nomad peoples of the steppes, leading to the beginning of a trading system that connected Russia and Scandinavia with the

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By the year 859 a large Viking force again invaded al-Andalus, beginning a campaign along the coast of the Iberian Peninsula with smaller groups that assaulted various locations. They attacked Išbīliya (Seville), but were driven off and they returned down the Guadalquivir to the Strait of Gibraltar.

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heavily fortified during the Viking Age and on to the 12th century. There were a number of late prehistoric or medieval harbour sites on the coast of Saaremaa, but none have been found that are large enough to be international trade centres. The Estonian islands also have a number of graves from the

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The first challenges to the many negative depictions of Vikings in Britain emerged in the 17th century. Pioneering scholarly works on the Viking Age reached only a small readership there, while linguists traced the Viking Age origins of rural idioms and proverbs. New dictionaries and grammars of the

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The word 'Viking' did not come into general use in the English language until the middle of the nineteenth Century—at about the same time that it was introduced into serious academic literature in Scandinavia—and has since then changed its meaning and been much abused. It must, however, be accepted

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While battles at sea were rare, they would occasionally occur when Viking ships attempted to board European merchant vessels in Scandinavian waters. When larger scale battles ensued, Viking crews would rope together all nearby ships and slowly proceed towards the enemy targets. While advancing, the

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agreed on a treaty. The islands would be controlled by Norway, but mainland territories would go to Scotland. The King of Norway nominally continued to be king of the Isles and Man. However, in 1156, The kingdom was split into two. The Western Isles and Man continued as to be called the "Kingdom of

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This model suggests that the Viking Age occurred as a result of technological innovations that allowed the Vikings to go on their raids in the first place. There is no doubt that piracy existed in the Baltic before the Viking Age, but developments in sailing technology and practice made it possible

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This model suggests that Scandinavia experienced population growth just before the Viking Age began. The agricultural capacity of the land was not enough to keep up with the increasing population. As a result, many Scandinavians found themselves with no property and no status. To remedy this, these

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The term 'Viking' has come in modern times to be applied to all early medieval Scandinavians and it is directly as a result of this that the controversy has arisen. As used originally in the Viking Age itself, the word was applied only to someone who went i viking, that is someone whose occupation

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At the end of the year 229/844, the ships of the Norsemen , who were known in al-Andalus as majus, appeared off the western coast of al-Andalus, landing at Lisbon, their first point of entry to the forbidden lands. It was a Wednesday, the first day of Dhu al-Hijjah in that year, and they remained

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The Vikings made several incursions in the years 859, 966 and 971, with intentions more diplomatic than bellicose, although an invasion in 971 was repelled when the Viking fleet was totally annihilated. Vikings attacked Talayata again in 889 at the instigation of Kurayb ibn Khaldun of Išbīliya. In

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The society, economy, settlement and culture of the territory of what is in the present-day the country of Estonia is studied mainly through archaeological sources. The era is seen to have been a period of rapid change. The Estonian peasant culture came into existence by the end of the Viking Age.

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In Scandinavia, the Viking Age is considered by some scholars to have ended with the establishment of royal authority and the establishment of Christianity as the dominant religion. Scholars have proposed different end dates for the Viking Age, but many argue it ended in the 11th century. The year

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began to boom during the prosperous era known as the "Long Eighth Century". The Scandinavians, like many other Europeans, were drawn to these wealthier "urban" centres, which soon became frequent targets of Viking raids. The connection of the Scandinavians to larger and richer trade networks lured

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were still used as important historical sources, the Viking Age had again come to be regarded as a barbaric and uncivilised period in the history of the Nordic countries. Scholars outside Scandinavia did not begin to extensively reassess the achievements of the Vikings until the 1890s, recognising

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Denne begivenhed fandt sted i året 230 (der begyndte den 18de septbr. 844), og Andalus blev befriet fra deres ødelæggelser. Abdurrahman besøgte selv de steder, hvor de vare trængte ind, oprettede skaden, de havde gjort, og ved at forstærke besætningerne sikrede han egnen mod fremtidige indfald af

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was piracy. The earliest use of the word predates the Viking Age by some years and it was not even used exclusively to describe Scandinavian pirates. Most Viking Age Scandinavians were not Vikings at all in this original sense of the word but were simply peaceful farmers, craftsmen and merchants."

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The text of the Primary Chronicle says that in 860–862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes rebelled against the Varangian Rus', driving them back to Scandinavia, but soon started to conflict with each other. The disorder prompted the tribes to invite back the Varangian Rus' to "Come and rule and reign

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A.D. 793. This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great

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The economic model states that the Viking Age was the result of growing urbanism and trade throughout mainland Europe. As the Islamic world grew, so did its trade routes, and the wealth which moved along them was pushed further and further north. In Western Europe, proto-urban centres such as the

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aims to show that the corpus of runestones considered as a whole is a fruitful source of knowledge about the religious, political, social, and economic history of Scandinavia in the 10th and 11th centuries. Using data from her database she finds that runestones cast light on settlement patterns,

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All the remaining Nordic sources discussing Kvenland, using that or close to that spelling, date to the 12th and 13th centuries, but some of them—in part at least—are believed to be rewrites of older texts. Other references and possible references to Kvenland by other names and/or spellings are

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In 875, King Harald Fairhair led a fleet from Norway to Scotland. In his attempt to unite Norway, he found that many of those opposed to his rise to power had taken refuge in the Isles. From here, they were raiding not only foreign lands but were also attacking Norway itself. After organising a

5927:, the distribution of family names showing Scandinavian influence is still concentrated in the north and east, corresponding to areas of former Viking settlement. Early medieval records indicate that over 60% of personal names in Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire showed Scandinavian influence. 5646:

that "If historians' emphasis on vikings as warriors made invisible the women in the background, then it is not always clear where the more visible female counterparts of the new urban vikings have come from." She says it is impossible to study the Vikings without a conception of the entire

4986:, where they engaged in animal husbandry and made dairy products (reputedly the origin of Sevillian cheese). Knutson and Caitlin write that Lévi-Provençal offered no sources for the proposition of conversion to Islam by northern Europeans in al-Andalus and thus it "remains unsubstantiated". 5631:

argues that the transformation from heathen to Christian religion in Viking society was a "radical break" rather than a gradual transition, and Dommasnes says this should have bearing on consideration of the transformation of late Viking Age traditions before they were recorded in 12th- or

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According to archaeologist Liv Helga Dommasnes writing in 1998, although archaeological sources pertinent to the study of women's roles in Scandinavia were most plentiful from the Viking Age compared to other historical eras, not many archaeologists took advantage of the opportunities they

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The Vikings were among the most advanced of all societies of the time in their naval technology, and were noted in other technological works as well. The Vikings were equipped with the technologically superior longships; for purposes of conducting trade however, another type of ship, the

5009:), whose inhabitants had fled. The assailants sacked this important town, and according to the Arab sources, they attacked the fortress and burnt it to the ground. There is only brief mention in the historical record of this Viking army's attacks on south-eastern al-Andalus, including at 1669:

The first of two main components to the political model is the external "pull" factor, which suggests that the weak political bodies of Britain and Western Europe made for an attractive target for Viking raiders. The reasons for these weaknesses vary, but generally can be simplified into

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in 996 (aka Richard the Fearless / Richard sans Peur), all descendants of Vikings became, according to Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 5, Chapter XV), 'not only Christians but in all essentials Frenchmen'. During the Middle Ages, the Normans created one of the most powerful

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to Charles, converted to Christianity, and undertook to defend the northern region of France against the incursions of other Viking groups. Several generations later, the Norman descendants of these Viking settlers not only identified themselves as Norman, but also carried the

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The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic

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International contact is the key to the Viking Age. In Scandinavian history, this period is distinct because large numbers of Scandinavian people left their homelands and voyaged abroad... The period is thus defined by the impact the Scandinavians had on the world around

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A massive majority (40,000) of all Viking Age Arabian coins found in Scandinavia were found in Gotland. In Skåne, Öland and Uppland together, about 12,000 coins were found. Other Scandinavian areas have only scattered finds: 1,000 from Denmark and some 500 from Norway.

1982:), a fervent Christianiser who dealt harshly with those suspected of clinging to pagan cult, was killed. Although Óláfr's army lost the battle, Christianity continued to spread, and after his death he became one of the subjects of the three miracle stories given in the 702:

Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the

2619:. After four months, its water supply failed, and the fortress fell. The Vikings are recorded to have transported a vast prey of British, Pictish, and English captives back to Ireland. These prisoners may have included the ruling family of Alt Clut including the king 5619:

represented. She alludes to the fact that the picture commonly presented of Viking society during the Viking Age was of a society of men engaged in their various occupations or positions, with scant mention of the women and children who were also part of it.

5975:, especially (but not exclusively) of the Scandinavian R1a-Z284 subclade (61 samples). It was found that there was a notable foreign gene flow into Scandinavia in the years preceding the Viking Age and during the Viking Age itself. This gene flow entered 5571:

were of note as merchants who supplied honey, wax, and slaves to Constantinople. The Varangians served as mercenaries of Russian princes, then of the Swedish princes who founded and ruled Norse kingdoms in Eastern Europe such as at Kiev and Novgorod.

2746:, Jarl of Orkney, invaded Scotland and were able to exact tribute from nearly half the kingdom until their deaths in battle. Ketil declared himself King of the Isles. Ketil was eventually outlawed and, fearing the bounty on his head, fled to Iceland. 1791:, the Vikings had considerable success against England, the Carolingian Empire, and other parts of Western Europe. After 830, the Vikings exploited disunity within the Carolingian Empire, as well as pitting the English kingdoms against each other. 8481: 1585:

Debate among scholars is ongoing as to why the Scandinavians began to expand from the eighth through 11th centuries. Various factors have been highlighted: demographic, economic, ideological, political, technological, and environmental models.

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fleet, Harald was able to subdue the rebels, and in doing so brought the independent Jarls under his control, many of the rebels having fled to Iceland. He found himself ruling not only Norway, but also the Isles, Man, and parts of Scotland.

2260:, and it is because of this, rather than the Norman conquest, that 1066 is often taken as the end of the Viking Age. Nineteen days later, a large army containing and led by senior Normans, themselves mostly male-line descendants of Norsemen, 8500: 900:

The sea was the easiest way of communication between the Norwegian kingdoms and the outside world. In the eighth century, Scandinavians began to build ships of war and send them on raiding expeditions which started the Viking Age. The

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Horvàth, G. et al. (2011). 'On the trail of Vikings with polarized skylight: experimental study of the atmospheric optical prerequisites allowing polarimetric navigation by Viking seafarers' Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2011) 366, 772–782

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of the Seine from further Viking attacks. During Rollo's baptism Robert I of France stood as his godfather. The Duchy of Normandy also annexed further areas in Northern France, expanding the territory which was originally negotiated.

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with near impunity. Near the end of Charlemagne's reign (and throughout the reigns of his sons and grandsons), a string of Norse raids began, culminating in a gradual Scandinavian conquest and settlement of the region now known as

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in Estonia. The skeletal remains belonged to warriors killed in battle who were later buried together with numerous valuable weapons and armour. DNA testing and isotope analysis revealed that the men came from central Sweden.

2268:. The army invited others from across Norman gentry and ecclesiastical society to join them. There were several unsuccessful attempts by Scandinavian kings to regain control of England, the last of which took place in 1086. 2232:

of England's Danish inhabitants, culminating in a full-scale invasion that led to Sweyn being crowned king of England in 1013. Sweyn was also king of Denmark and parts of Norway at this time. The throne of England passed to

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In contrast to the notable Scandinavian influence in Normandy and the British Isles, Varangian culture did not survive to a great extent in the East. Instead, the Varangian ruling classes of the two powerful city-states of

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The Viking colonisation of islands in the North Atlantic has in part been attributed to a period of favourable climate (the Medieval Climactic Optimum), as the weather was relatively stable and predictable, with calm seas.

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used by the Scandinavians were uniquely suited to both deep and shallow waters. They extended the reach of Norse raiders, traders, and settlers along coastlines and along the major river valleys of north-western Europe.

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These models constitute much of what is known about the motivations for and the causes of the Viking Age. In all likelihood, the beginning of this age was the result of some combination of the aforementioned hypotheses.

2576:, along with many members of the Pictish aristocracy in battle. The sophisticated kingdom that had been built fell apart, as did the Pictish leadership, which had been stable for more than 100 years since the time of 5400:, are sometimes cited as a factor in the creation of Viking warrior culture. However, Scandinavia was eventually Christianised towards the later Viking Age, with early centres of Christianity especially in Denmark. 896:

In Norway, mountainous terrain and fjords formed strong natural boundaries. Communities remained independent of each other, unlike the situation in lowland Denmark. By 800, some 30 small kingdoms existed in Norway.

2513:). After the battle of Clontarf, the Dublin Vikings could no longer "single-handedly threaten the power of the most powerful kings of Ireland". Brian's rise to power and conflict with the Vikings is chronicled in 4921:

invested in the construction of a large fleet of ships to protect the entrance of the Guadalquivir and the coast of southern al-Andalus, after which Viking fleets had difficulties battling the Andalusī armada.

2623:, who was slain the following year under uncertain circumstances. The fall of Alt Clut marked a watershed in the history of the realm. Afterwards, the capital of the restructured kingdom was relocated about 12 754:

has argued that the start of the Viking Age can be pushed back to 700–750, as it was unlikely that the Lindisfarne attack was the first attack, and given archeological evidence that suggests contacts between

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The first Viking raids began between 790 and 800 along the coasts of western France. They were carried out primarily in the summer, as the Vikings wintered in Scandinavia. Several coastal areas were lost to

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Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997

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while Icelandic remains the closest to Old Norse. In present-day Iceland schoolchildren are able to read the 12th-century Icelandic sagas in the original language (in editions with normalised spelling).

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spoken not just in Scandinavia but also in the courts of the Scandinavian rulers in Ireland, Scotland, England, France and Russia. The Norse origin of some words used today is obvious, as in the word

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Simek, Rudolf (2005) "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII – XI century – the new discoveries of archaeology", other, pp. 24–25

2193:, where some settled as farmers and craftsmen. Most of the English kingdoms, being in turmoil, could not stand against the Vikings. In 867, Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the coalescing 8497: 5829:; numerous places in the East and North-east of England have Danish names, and many English personal names are of Scandinavian origin. Scandinavian words that entered the English language included 1567:

also likely had an impact. Tensions caused by Frankish expansion to the south of Scandinavia, and their subsequent attacks upon the Viking peoples, may have also played a role in Viking pillaging.

1868:(either a French dialect or a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with French, Picard and Walloon), and their Norman culture, into England in 1066. With the 5647:

historical period they lived in, of the culture that produced them, and of other cultures they influenced. By her lights, not accounting for the doings of half the population would be ludicrous.

784:

dates this event to 787 rather than 789), but that incursion may have been a trading expedition that went wrong rather than a piratical raid. Lindisfarne was different. The Viking devastation of

6752:(Louvain 1967) asserts that the phrase cannot be documented. It is asserted that the closest documented phrase is a sentence from an antiphon for churches dedicated to St. Vaast or St. Medard: 5363:

to find the sun's location, modern reproductions of Viking "sky-polarimetric" navigation have found these sun compasses to be highly inaccurate, and not usable in cloudy or foggy weather.

2666:. The Viking Age in Scotland came to an end after another 100 years. The last vestiges of Norse power in the Scottish seas and islands were completely relinquished after another 200 years. 7139:

Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X–Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th – 8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)

5344:

the creation of Viking weapons; ornamentation is commonly seen among them. Scandinavian architecture during the Viking Age most often involved wood, due to the abundance of the material.

4806:, and much of the Iberian peninsula were under Muslim rule when Vikings first entered the Mediterranean in the 9th century. The Vikings launched their campaigns from their strongholds in 2834:, in Ayrshire. The battle proved indecisive, but it did ensure that the Norse were not able to mount a further attack that year. Haakon died overwintering in Orkney, and by 1266, his son 7729: 3033:

Viking Age, both individual and collective, with weapons and jewellery. Weapons found in Estonian Viking Age graves are common to types found throughout Northern Europe and Scandinavia.

1751:

famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island

9720:

Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn Al-Qūṭīya : a Study of the Unique Arabic Manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a Translation, Notes, and Comments

8374: 6605: 2896:, among other places. Place names such as Skokholm, Skomer, and Swansea remain as evidence of the Norse settlement. The Vikings, however, did not subdue the Welsh mountain kingdoms. 1970:. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Saxons and Slavs began to use trained mobile cavalry successfully against Viking foot soldiers, making it hard for Viking invaders to fight inland. 5480:. Close to the border with the Franks, it was effectively a crossroads between the cultures, until its eventual destruction by the Norwegians in an internecine dispute around 1050. 2217:

managed to keep them out of his country. Alfred and his successors continued to drive back the Viking frontier and take York. A new wave of Vikings appeared in England in 947, when

11545: 699:

included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain. In 1021, the Vikings achieved the feat of reaching North America—the date of which was not determined until a millennium later.

7664: 5476:

As Viking ships carried cargo and trade goods throughout the Baltic area and beyond, their active trading centres grew into thriving towns. One important centre of trade was at

4574:, found in 1871 among a hoard at Mullaghboden, County Limerick, where coins were neither minted nor normally used in trade, probably represents booty from the raids of 843–846. 11568: 4795:

from whence they could strike as far as northern Spain. These Vikings were Hispanicised in all the Christian kingdoms, while they kept their ethnic identity and culture in

3193:

were Scandinavians, often Swedes, who migrated eastwards and southwards through what is now Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, mainly in the 9th and 10th centuries. Engaging in

6454:, that is plundering. In this sense, most Viking-age Scandinavians were not Vikings at all, but peaceful farmers and craftsmen who stayed quietly at home all their lives." 1571:("Harald Fairhair") had united Norway around this time and displaced many peoples. As a result, these people sought for new bases to launch counter-raids against Harald. 6539:

that the term is today used throughout the world as a descriptor of the peoples of Scandinavia in the period from the late eighth Century until the mid-eleventh Century.

2862: 10869: 4585:

against Viking raiders. His military success allowed him to replace the Carolingians. In 911, a band of Viking warriors attempted to siege Chartres but was defeated by

4528:(814–840). But the Vikings took advantage of the quarrels in the royal family caused after the death of Louis the Pious to settle their first colony in the south-west ( 3571:. Menzlin was set up in the mid-8th century. Wolin and Ralswiek began to prosper in the course of the 9th century. A merchants' settlement has also been suggested near 1778:, which was followed in 795 by raids upon the northern coast of Ireland. From bases there, the Norsemen attacked Iona again in 802, causing great slaughter amongst the 5678:

as connecting people who live in modern times with women of the Viking Age similarly to archaeological evidence, often telling more about the lives of women than the

2435:

These Viking territories became part of the patchwork of kingdoms in Ireland. Vikings intermarried with the Irish and adopted elements of Irish culture, becoming the

5276:. Conflict with indigenous peoples and lack of support from Greenland brought the Vinland colony to an end within a few years. The archaeological remains are now a 9319: 5632:

13th-century literature. By this reasoning, changing cultural values necessarily greatly affected perceptions of women particularly and of gender roles generally.

3505: 1859:(a chieftain of disputed Norwegian or Danish origins) in order to stave off attacks by other Vikings. Charles gave Rollo the title of duke. In return, Rollo swore 546:

undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of

9557: 9474: 10249: 6549: 11589: 9887: 9441: 2405:

burnt all Viking longphorts in the north, and they never managed to establish permanent settlements in that region. The Vikings were driven from Dublin in 902.

2092: 905:

rovers were traders, colonisers, explorers, and plunderers who were notorious in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and other places in Europe for being brutal.

15845: 9267: 5794:

of the runic inscriptions (little is known definitely about their syntax) "can be shown to develop regularly into Viking-Age, medieval and modern Scandinavian

862:

The Vikings who invaded western and eastern Europe were mainly pagans from the same area as present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. They also settled in the

16211: 10220: 10104: 1657:. Bruno Dumézil theorises that the Viking attacks may have been in response to the spread of Christianity among pagan peoples. Because of the penetration of 13511: 11538: 7968: 5536:. The international trade routes that enabled the passage of goods by ship from Scandinavia to the east were mentioned in early medieval literature as the 1595:

landless men took to piracy to obtain material wealth. The population continued to grow, and the pirates looked further and further beyond the borders of

16347: 13691: 9832: 6756:, "Our supreme and holy Grace, protecting us and ours, deliver us, God, from the savage race of Northmen which lays waste our realms." Magnus Magnusson, 6676: 5067:

According to the Annales Bertiniani, Danish Vikings embarked on a long voyage in 859, sailing eastward through the Strait of Gibraltar then up the river

2865:, explicitly exempting them from any "dissolution of His Majesty's lands", they are currently considered as being officially part of the United Kingdom. 11707: 2987:

area divided between two major cultural regions, a coastal and an inland one, corresponding to the historical cultural and linguistic division between

2241:, won the throne of England in 1016 through conquest. When Cnut the Great died in 1035 he was a king of Denmark, England, Norway, and parts of Sweden. 1563:, was a possible reason, although some disagree with this theory. Technological advances like the use of iron and a shortage of women due to selective 9184: 2139:(Series K type 32a) dating to 720–750 and minted in Kent. It is edged in a dotted triangle pattern. Origin is the Danelaw region and dates to 870–930. 11041: 1787:

The Vikings primarily targeted Ireland until 830, as England and the Carolingian Empire were able to fight the Vikings off. However, after 830

5355:, suggests that the Vikings made use of an optical compass as a navigation aid, using the light-splitting and polarisation-filtering properties of 2213:

along with his earls. As a result, many of the Vikings returned to northern England, where Jorvic had become the centre of the Viking kingdom, but

2076: 11531: 5963:. In terms of Y-DNA composition, Viking individuals were similar to present-day Scandinavians. The most common Y-DNA haplogroup in the study was 4928:

writes that this Viking raid had occurred on 1 October 844, when most of the Iberian peninsula was controlled by the emirate. His account says a

4430: 1515: 11194:

Mägi, Marika (2015). "Chapter 4. Bound for the Eastern Baltic: Trade and Centres AD 800–1200". In Barrett, James H.; Gibbon, Sarah Jane (eds.).

3287:

over us" and bring peace to the region. This was a somewhat bilateral relation with the Varangians defending the cities that they ruled. Led by

3099:"Sigurd Ring (Sigurðr) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there." 759:

and the British isles earlier in the century. The earliest raids were most likely small in scale, but expanded in scale during the 9th century.

15860: 10025:

Historia de los vikingos en España: ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX–XI

9558:"Responses to Viking threat: Building defences, population displacement, and folklore development | Responses to the attack on Seville, AD 844" 7723: 2088: 1539: 792:, who wrote: "Never before in Britain has such a terror appeared". Vikings were portrayed as wholly violent and bloodthirsty by their enemies. 8040: 2912:, a Viking from the Faroe Islands, after which it was settled by mostly Norwegians fleeing the oppressive rule of Harald Fairhair in 985 2432:, which became Ireland's first large towns. They were important trading hubs, and Viking Dublin was the biggest slave port in western Europe. 10837:

ending is almost entirely confined to the area of the Danelaw, supporting a theory of Scandinavian origin, despite the existence of the word

9406:

Orkneyinga Saga, Anderson, Joseph, (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1873), FHL microfilm 253063., pp. 134, 139, 144–145, 149–151, 163, 193.

5552: 3783: 3621: 3313: 1734:

who attempted to force them to come to the king's manor, whereupon they killed the reeve and his men. The beginning of the Viking Age in the

606: 1621:

the Vikings into Western Europe, and soon the rest of Europe and parts of the Middle East. In England, hoards of Viking silver, such as the

16466: 15937: 11585: 11462: 8382: 8369: 8300: 8101: 6597: 3222:

remained in usage in the Byzantine Empire until the 13th century, largely disconnected from its Scandinavian roots by then. Having settled

9244: 9214: 8274: 6831: 2109: 2089: 16471: 16461: 16456: 16446: 15242: 7835: 5892:

There are more than 1,500 Scandinavian place names in England, mainly in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire (within the former boundaries of the

4458:

Frisia was a region which spanned from around modern-day Bruges to the islands on the west coast of Jutland—including large parts of the

2069: 11573: 5837:. The vast majority of loan words did not appear in documents until the early 12th century; these included many modern words which used 3343:. The maritime districts of East Götland and Uppland were known in earlier times as Roþer or Roþin, and later as Roslagen. According to 2749:

The Norse-Gaelic Kings of the Isles continued to act semi independently, in 973 forming a defensive pact with the Kings of Scotland and

16476: 16451: 16441: 14116: 10972: 9746:"'Conversion' to Islam in Early Medieval Europe: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on Arab and Northern Eurasian Interactions" 5947:

in September 2020 examined the population genomics of the Viking Age. The remains of four hundred forty-two ancient humans from across

7658: 2079: 1603:

has challenged the "overpopulation" thesis, arguing that scholars are "simply repeating an ancient cliché that has no basis in fact."

8085: 5822: 5351:

Exactly how the Vikings navigated the open seas with such success is unclear. A study published by the Royal Society in its journal,

889:, became the precursor to present-day Scandinavian languages. By 801, a strong central authority appears to have been established in 8062: 5851:

again, awkward, birth, cake, dregs, fog, freckles, gasp, law, moss, neck, ransack, root, scowl, sister, seat, sly, smile, want, weak

5544:, while those destined for Byzantium might take one of several routes through present-day north-eastern Poland or the Baltic lands. 2090: 15163: 11574: 11571: 8665: 8226: 715:

to Christianity may also have been a factor. Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail farther and longer to begin with.

8666:"The research on the origin of Russians and Ukrainians as the indicator of politicization of Russian national minority in Ukraine" 5048:). The ships were destroyed and their Viking crews killed. The remaining vessels continued up the Atlantic coast and landed near ( 3449:

by the beginning of the 11th century. Some evidence suggests that Old Norse may have been spoken amongst the Rus' later, however.

3047:

The Curonians were known as fierce warriors, excellent sailors and pirates. They were involved in several wars and alliances with

2397:. Over the following decades, there was regular warfare between the Vikings and the Irish, and between two groups of Vikings: the 15181: 14047: 13228: 11982: 11619: 11581: 11578: 11125:

Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.).

2189:, arrived in East Anglia. They proceeded to cross England into Northumbria and captured York, establishing a Viking community in 11670: 11570: 11214: 9981:

Nuevas ideas sobre la conquista árabe de España: toponimia y onomástica : discurso leído en el acto de su recepción pública

8457: 5437:

Some of the most important trading ports founded by the Norse during the period include both existing and former cities such as

5185:

along some fjords allowed for a pastoral lifestyle similar to that of Iceland, until the climate changed for the worse with the

2081: 2077: 2000:

The end of the Viking Age is traditionally marked in England by the failed invasion attempted by the Norwegian king Harald III (

796:'s Chronicle, c. 1300, mentions Viking attacks on the people of East Anglia wherein they are described as "wolves among sheep". 12772: 11825: 11575: 9154: 8427: 8327: 5547:

The Vikings catered to the demand for slaves in the southern slave markets in the Orthodox Eastern Roman Empire and the Muslim

5032:

Ibn Hayyān wrote about the Viking campaign of 859–861 in al-Andalus, perhaps relying on the account given by Muslim historian

4940:, inflicting many casualties and taking numerous hostages with the intent to ransom them. Another group of Vikings had gone to 3470: 2934:

Kvenland, known as Cwenland, Kænland, and similar terms in medieval sources, is an ancient name for an area in Scandinavia and

2818:

in Scotland is generally considered to be in 1266. In 1263, King Haakon IV of Norway, in retaliation for a Scots expedition to

2017: 5127:, but eventually retreated in the face of continued resistance by the townspeople led by their governor, Wahb Allah ibn Hazm. 2087: 15815: 12660: 11800: 11406: 11392: 11378: 11364: 11350: 11308: 11203: 11136: 11115: 11087: 11005: 10866: 10786: 10759: 10732: 10703: 10676: 10649: 10622: 10595: 10568: 10536: 10507: 10480: 10453: 10426: 10399: 10372: 10345: 10114: 10033: 10006: 9962: 9870: 9815: 9593: 9512: 9116: 9089: 9062: 8934: 8905: 8812: 8725: 8701: 8648: 8625: 8584: 8557: 8530: 8406: 7916: 7829: 7778: 7754: 7627: 7600: 7573: 7544: 7453: 7393: 7366: 7325: 7295: 7199: 7098: 7042: 6928: 6870: 6814: 6754:

Summa pia gratia nostra conservando corpora et cutodita, de gente fera Normannica nos libera, quae nostra vastat, Deus, regna

6656: 2371: 2078: 2070: 513: 14012: 14007: 13866: 13606: 13376: 11011: 10290: 7922: 7784: 7511: 7459: 7331: 6525: 6481: 6348: 5392:

For most of the Viking Age, Scandinavian society generally followed Norse paganism. The traditions of this faith, including

5079:

in what is now Morocco, kidnapped women of the royal family, and returned them when the emir of Córdoba paid their ransoms.

16436: 12708: 11582: 9390: 8247:

Matthews, W. K. "Medieval Baltic Tribes". American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Apr. 1949), pp. 126–136.

2884:

Wales was not colonised by the Vikings as heavily as eastern England. The Vikings did, however, settle in the south around

2101: 578: 11572: 10048: 5775: 5602:, this influence is seen in the language and setting of the poem. Another example of Viking Age cultural influence is the 2074: 16271: 16246: 16186: 15757: 13183: 12665: 11921: 9684: 9626: 8785: 6896: 6733: 5033: 3760: 618: 11586: 11498:– BBC History (collection of short articles under the headings Overview, Raiders and Settlers, Viking Culture, Evidence) 9311: 16362: 15611: 11851: 11810: 10942: 9728: 8353: 6519: 6249: 3327:

The consensus among western scholars, disputed by Russian scholars, who believe them to be a Slavic tribe, is that the

1848: 1532: 8573:

Bjerg, Line; Lind, John H.; Sindbæk, Søren Michael (2013). Bjerg, Line; Lind, John H.; Sindbæk, Søren Michael (eds.).

5857:

from Old Norse meaning "wind-eye". Some of the words that came into use are among the most common in English, such as

5488:

from 866, and discoveries there (e.g., a silk cap, a counterfeit of a coin from Samarkand, and a cowry shell from the

4879:, from which they controlled the region for several weeks. Their attack on the city forced its inhabitants to flee to 16405: 16367: 15897: 14262: 12792: 12365: 11967: 11583: 11456: 11439: 11411:

Carey, Brian Todd. "Technical marvels, Viking longships sailed seas and rivers, or served as floating battlefields",

11278: 11249: 11155: 10821: 10185: 10087: 10060: 9938: 9902: 9448: 7710: 7689: 7505: 7232: 7178: 7157: 6765: 6709: 6565: 6017:

The genetic data from these areas affirmed conclusions previously drawn from historical and archaeological evidence.

4734: 4719: 4639: 3614: 2942:

account written in the 9th century. It used the information provided by the Norwegian adventurer and traveller named

2328:

and "carried off a great number of women into captivity". From 840 the Vikings began building fortified encampments,

2284: 2064:

belonged to the king of Norway as late as 1469. Consequently, a "long Viking Age" may stretch into the 15th century.

1578:

Viking expansion in Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries: The yellow colour corresponds to the expansion of the

1095: 582: 280: 14052: 11567: 7413: 4881: 2878: 800:

Old Icelandic language appeared, enabling more Victorian scholars to read the primary texts of the Icelandic Sagas.

15742: 15337: 14224: 12294: 12096: 11805: 11675: 6446:

The term "Viking" has come to be applied to all Scandinavians of the period, but in the Viking Age itself the term

4470:

of the local population and cultural assimilation was a slow process. However, several Frisian towns, most notably

3351:

ultimately derives from the noun roþer ('rowing'), a word also used in naval campaigns in the leþunger (Old Norse:

2401:(dark and fair foreigners). The Vikings also briefly allied with various Irish kings against their rivals. In 866, 1892:

also expanded to the east, and in 859 became ruler either by conquest or invitation by local people of the city of

793: 8137: 5123:(الأشبونة). After a thirteen-day siege in which they plundered the surrounding countryside, the Vikings conquered 4617:

The Scandinavian expansion included Danish and Norwegian as well as Swedish elements, all under the leadership of

4482:

the Vikings most likely had a base of operations. Viking leaders took an active role in Frisian politics, such as

2467:

was "a patron of the arts, a benefactor of the church, and an economic innovator" who established Ireland's first

2086: 16431: 15865: 15767: 15370: 15235: 15186: 14394: 13325: 12808: 11702: 11566: 3718: 1658: 1028: 275: 253: 14002: 4969: 2838:

ceded the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, with all territories on mainland Scotland to Alexander III, through the

2083: 2075: 16231: 16171: 16143: 15902: 15554: 15387: 15325: 15176: 14444: 14249: 14109: 13576: 13198: 12256: 11866: 11587: 11579: 8116: 6475: 6439: 6397: 6342: 6301: 5348:, a form of home, often featuring ornamentation, are commonly seen as the defining building of the Viking Age. 4594: 4532:) of the kingdom of Francia, which was more or less abandoned by the Frankish kings after their two defeats at 4503: 2730:

In 876, the Norse-Gaels of Mann and the Hebrides rebelled against Harald. A fleet was sent against them led by

1873: 594: 11584: 11569: 11446: 10146: 6672: 5662:) are recordings of mythological narratives preserved in the forms in which they were written by 13th-century 3419:—to stop the emigration, especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: 2479: 2073: 2068: 1730:

off the coast of Dorset. They apparently were mistaken for merchants by a royal official, Beaduhard, a king's

16317: 16148: 15762: 15671: 14083: 14037: 13922: 13796: 13213: 13188: 12767: 12010: 11886: 11727: 6934: 4453: 3158: 1525: 13401: 11577: 5359:

to find the location of the sun when it was not directly visible. While some evidence points to such use of

5173:

of the southern and western coast. They settled in three separate areas along roughly 650 km (350

4964:, prepared a military contingent to meet them, and on 11 November a pitched battle ensued on the grounds of 2916:. While harsh, the land allowed for a pastoral farming life familiar to the Norse. According to the saga of 762:

In the Lindisfarne attack, monks were killed in the abbey, thrown into the sea to drown, or carried away as

14325: 13902: 13897: 13223: 12030: 11680: 9176: 4937: 4582: 4499: 3607: 173: 42: 17: 13461: 12655: 11576: 11244:. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 10050: 5330:

Together with an increasing centralisation of government in the Scandinavian countries, the old system of

2857:. Although attempts were made during the 17th and 18th centuries to redeem Shetland, without success, and 2085: 1826:, depicted as a "Viking territory in 911", was not part of the lands granted by the king of the Franks to 16327: 15721: 15716: 15332: 15191: 14204: 13892: 13396: 13088: 12983: 12560: 12126: 11972: 11881: 11871: 11717: 11712: 11612: 11580: 11033: 10130: 5500:. However, those items could also have been Byzantine imports, and there is no reason to assume that the 4932:

of about 80 Viking ships, after attacking Asturias, Galicia and Lisbon, had ascended the Guadalquivir to

4868: 4832:

The first Viking attacks in al-Andalus in AD 844 greatly affected the region. Medieval texts such as the

3778: 2229: 695:). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived 385: 13491: 13168: 13008: 10023: 7359:

Beowulf and Other Stories: A New Introduction to Old English, Old Icelandic and Anglo-Norman Literatures

7211: 5809:

referring to the cold sea mist on the east coast of Scotland and England; it derives from the Old Norse

4589:. Robert's victory later paved way for the baptism, and settlement in Normandy, of Viking leader Rollo. 2072: 2071: 16322: 16312: 16276: 16118: 16020: 15777: 15772: 15228: 14357: 14352: 13736: 13268: 13238: 13123: 12863: 12272: 12064: 12015: 11962: 10049:

Jean-Pierre Leguay; António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques; Maria Ângela V. da Rocha Beirante (1993).

9149: 8671:. Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki Krajowej w Kutnie (University of National Economy in Kutno). pp. 85–86 8037: 6289: 5683: 5307: 4675:

and sacked the city. The Vikings then moved another 60 miles down the Tuscan coast to the mouth of the

4635: 3226:(Ladoga) in the 750s, Scandinavian colonists were probably an element in the early ethnogenesis of the 2950:

sources, primarily Icelandic, but also one that was possibly written in the modern-day area of Norway.

2754: 2342:. Their attacks became bigger and reached further inland, striking larger monastic settlements such as 2261: 2105: 1913: 390: 8896:. In Aannestad, Hanne Lovise; Pedersen, Unn; Moen, Marianne; Naumann, Elise; Berg, Heidi Lund (eds.). 3263: 2515: 2201:, as a puppet king. By 870, the "Great Summer Army" arrived in England, led by a Viking leader called 16045: 15808: 15747: 15501: 15462: 15209: 14389: 14296: 14289: 14267: 14102: 14078: 13741: 13113: 12787: 12241: 11977: 11815: 11795: 11785: 9778: 6109: 4209: 2288: 2249: 2198: 2084: 2033: 2009: 1399: 506: 38: 13962: 4991: 3211:, reaching the Caspian Sea and Constantinople. Contemporary English publications also use the name " 2845:

Orkney and Shetland continued to be ruled as autonomous Jarldoms under Norway until 1468, when King

2690:) and parts of mainland Scotland. The Norse settlers were to some extent integrating with the local 641:

emerged from these Norse colonies. The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the

16486: 16296: 14429: 14414: 14229: 14214: 13586: 13138: 13108: 13103: 12823: 12435: 12246: 12076: 11926: 11916: 11820: 11780: 11697: 11655: 6324: 5787: 5751: 5639: 3815: 2822:, arrived on the west coast with a fleet from Norway and Orkney. His fleet linked up with those of 2687: 2482: 2335: 1309: 1117: 1048: 882: 370: 13671: 12953: 11739: 8576:

From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea

3415:, declared that no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the 3271: 3122:

served as an important economical, political and cultural centre for the Curonians. Chapter 46 of

2943: 2577: 2082: 1645:(about 1250–1850). The start of the Viking Age, with the sack of Lindisfarne, also coincided with 16000: 15970: 15752: 15410: 14544: 14434: 14424: 14419: 14239: 14219: 14176: 13806: 13751: 13481: 13208: 13058: 13013: 12973: 12282: 12111: 11891: 11790: 11770: 7684:

Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd,

6920:

Selective female infanticide as partial explanation for dearth of women in Viking Age Scandinavia

6839: 6557: 6511: 6334: 4483: 4094: 2412:(House of Ivar). During the next eight years the Vikings won decisive battles against the Irish, 1880: 1329: 216: 13937: 13781: 13431: 9618: 8297: 4982: 3127: 1966:

of Bremen-Hamburg, which precipitated the complete and permanent withdrawal of the Vikings from

893:, and the Danes were beginning to look beyond their own territory for land, trade, and plunder. 16357: 16113: 15887: 15576: 15405: 14946: 14379: 14374: 14301: 14196: 13887: 13456: 13193: 12998: 12988: 12883: 12718: 12277: 12236: 12171: 12086: 12040: 11901: 11861: 11856: 11749: 11605: 11555: 9236: 9206: 8266: 7908: 5679: 5595: 5229:, was established before the 12th century. It has been extensively excavated by archaeologists. 3658: 3646: 3525: 3073: 2827: 2750: 2655: 2644: 2398: 2248:

The Viking presence declined until 1066, when they lost their final battle with the English at

1798:

Viking expeditions (blue line): depicting the immense breadth of their voyages through most of

1560: 976: 963: 551: 309: 304: 153: 13977: 13776: 12858: 10749: 10720: 10556: 10470: 10443: 10418:

In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea

10362: 9996: 9979: 9952: 9718: 9674: 9106: 9050: 8549:

In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea

8547: 8518: 7819: 7617: 7561: 7534: 7354: 6804: 6723: 5540:

passing through the eastern Baltic region. Ships headed to the river Volga sailed through the

5057: 4972:, over time, the few Norse survivors converted to Islam and settled as farmers in the area of 3105: 16176: 16068: 16025: 15656: 15521: 14244: 14134: 13932: 13831: 13616: 13436: 12818: 12777: 12738: 12670: 12640: 12358: 12251: 12106: 11896: 11734: 11665: 11215:"Indigenous and imported Viking Age weapons in Norway – a problem with European implications" 10693: 10666: 10612: 10524: 10416: 10389: 10077: 9858: 9805: 9583: 9529: 9500: 9079: 8922: 8893: 8802: 7817: 7590: 7383: 7285: 7088: 7032: 6383: 6254: 5273: 5269: 5239: 4750: 4660: 4622: 4463: 4372: 3244:. It was the time of rapid expansion of the Vikings in Northern Europe; England began to pay 2996: 2984: 2978: 2858: 2854: 2781:

speaker, who was styled 'King of the Hebrides'. His kingdom was to develop latterly into the

2581: 2528: 1710:

The earliest date given for the coming of Vikings to England is 789 during the reign of King

780: 704: 590: 395: 198: 14017: 13496: 13411: 13361: 10964: 10776: 10639: 10585: 10497: 10333: 8773: 8715: 8574: 7770:

Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

7445:

Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

7034:

Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

6431: 5580:

The Viking Age saw many of the earliest Scandinavian cultural developments. The traditional

5245: 4886: 4749:

after a battle against Arabs in Sicily. On the other hand, many Anglo-Danish rebels fleeing

4738: 4715: 4225: 3090:("ring"), a legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, fought against the invading Curonians and 1447: 16481: 16395: 16337: 16133: 16040: 16010: 15995: 15801: 15711: 15706: 15646: 15581: 15486: 14335: 14306: 14209: 14042: 13957: 13821: 13716: 13696: 13320: 13218: 13178: 13173: 13153: 13118: 13053: 12963: 12928: 12888: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12733: 12645: 12226: 12116: 11931: 11507: 10892: 10855: 9556:

García Losquiño, Irene (2019). Price, Neil; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Jahnke, Carsten (eds.).

8857: 6126: 6007: 5795: 5564: 5261: 5130:

The chronicler Ibn Hayyān, who wrote the most reliable early history of al-Andalus, in his

5001:. They finally ventured inland, entering the mouth of the river Segura and sailing towards 4707: 4495: 4392: 2874: 2725: 2682: 2490: 2440: 2272: 2080: 2037: 1975: 1638: 851: 820: 642: 499: 430: 231: 183: 84: 13982: 13471: 12943: 11034:"World's largest DNA sequencing of Viking skeletons reveals they weren't all Scandinavian" 8742: 8082: 5374:. It appears to date from long before the invention of the telescope in the 17th century. 4960:), an island in the river, for the ransom money to arrive. Meantime, the emir of Qurṭuba, 824: 8: 16426: 16281: 16261: 16241: 16206: 16138: 16050: 15917: 15676: 15606: 15549: 15466: 15292: 15171: 14384: 13987: 13882: 13801: 13566: 13421: 13148: 13098: 13078: 13018: 12978: 12903: 12755: 12612: 12191: 12121: 12091: 12045: 12020: 11876: 11775: 11758: 11523: 11431:

Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic

10854:

Margaryan, Ashot; et al. (17 July 2019). "Population genomics of the Viking world".

9926: 8059: 6389: 5960: 5655: 5581: 5360: 5280: 5036:, who tells of a Viking fleet of sixty-two ships that sailed up to Išbīliya and occupied 4925: 4856:), the fleet sailed southward around the peninsula, raiding coastal towns along the way. 4811: 4803: 4507: 3556: 3483: 2905: 2835: 2663: 2600: 2494: 2119: 2025: 1711: 1617: 727: 598: 13997: 13591: 12968: 12520: 10896: 8218: 7856:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2001), "The Vikings in Ireland", in Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.), 5584:, still often read today, are seen as characteristic literary works of Northern Europe. 3130:

in Courland. According to some opinions, they took part in attacking Sweden's main city

2452: 2316:

In 795, small bands of Vikings began plundering monastic settlements along the coast of

766:

along with the church treasures, giving rise to the traditional (but unattested) prayer—

163: 16385: 16221: 16196: 16098: 15975: 15927: 15922: 15912: 15850: 15782: 15686: 15470: 15422: 15417: 15320: 15310: 15267: 15259: 14554: 14406: 14345: 14234: 14166: 14142: 13972: 13967: 13912: 13531: 13476: 13366: 13253: 13158: 13083: 13073: 13003: 12958: 12933: 12923: 12893: 12853: 12833: 12515: 12495: 12221: 12148: 12138: 12025: 11906: 11839: 11692: 11518: 11175: 10934: 9611: 6545: 5763: 5755: 5723: 5675: 5668: 5253: 5222: 5200: 4838: 4586: 3802: 3701: 3676: 3412: 3408: 3399:

The term "Varangian" became more common from the 11th century onwards. In these years,

3344: 3332: 3018: 2743: 2620: 2506: 2498: 2464: 2363: 2265: 2178: 2170: 2147:, Viking raiders struck England in 793 and raided Lindisfarne, the monastery that held 2021: 1852: 1626: 1568: 1564: 1319: 1041: 993: 816: 708: 344: 270: 188: 178: 168: 13661: 10336:. In Birnbaum, Henrik; Eekman, Thomas; McLean, Hugh; Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (eds.). 7966:

Hudson, Benjamin T. "Sihtric (Sigtryggr Óláfsson, Sigtryggr Silkiskegg) (died 1042)".

7701:

Lund, Niels (2001). "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age", pp. 167–181 in

6806:

Cultural Difference and Material Culture in Middle English Romance: Normans and Saxons

6584:"Vikings" is the usual generic term given today to all Scandinavians of the Viking Age 5821:

The long-term linguistic effects of the Viking settlements in England were threefold:

5186: 5139:

there thirteen days, during which time they engaged in three battles with the Muslims.

5040:. The Muslims seized two of their ships, laden with goods and coins, off the coast of 4512:

The French region of Normandy takes its name from the Viking invaders who were called

4312: 3564: 3028:

The landscape of Ancient Estonia featured numerous hillforts, some later hillforts on

2533:

While few records are known, the Vikings are thought to have led their first raids in

1987: 1842:

under Charlemagne was particularly devastated by these raiders, who could sail up the

16381: 16123: 16093: 16083: 16073: 15990: 15980: 15965: 15832: 15661: 15636: 15616: 15596: 15586: 15476: 15458: 15427: 15360: 15277: 15251: 14330: 14181: 14156: 14057: 13992: 13952: 13942: 13917: 13826: 13811: 13726: 13651: 13596: 13521: 13451: 13406: 13293: 13163: 13133: 13128: 13093: 13063: 13043: 13028: 12948: 12828: 12782: 12728: 12650: 12555: 12318: 12206: 12163: 12143: 12050: 12035: 12005: 11945: 11650: 11637: 11452: 11435: 11402: 11388: 11374: 11360: 11346: 11304: 11274: 11255: 11245: 11199: 11182: 11161: 11151: 11132: 11111: 11083: 11001: 10938: 10926: 10918: 10817: 10782: 10755: 10728: 10699: 10672: 10645: 10618: 10591: 10564: 10532: 10503: 10476: 10449: 10445:

Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600

10422: 10395: 10368: 10341: 10181: 10110: 10083: 10056: 10029: 10002: 9958: 9934: 9866: 9811: 9724: 9680: 9622: 9589: 9508: 9112: 9085: 9058: 8930: 8901: 8808: 8781: 8754: 8721: 8697: 8644: 8621: 8617: 8580: 8553: 8526: 8449: 8402: 8349: 7912: 7825: 7774: 7750: 7706: 7685: 7623: 7596: 7569: 7540: 7501: 7449: 7389: 7362: 7321: 7291: 7228: 7195: 7174: 7153: 7094: 7038: 6994: 6924: 6876: 6866: 6810: 6761: 6729: 6705: 6652: 6561: 6515: 6471: 6467: 6435: 6420: 6393: 6338: 6297: 5548: 5521: 5211: 5162: 4859:

In Irene García Losquiño's telling, these Vikings navigated their boats up the river

4770: 4727: 4602: 4475: 4074: 3788: 3706: 3686: 3671: 3442: 3377:. In modern times the name still exists as Roslagen, the name of the coastal area of 3299: 3292: 3236: 3231: 2800: 2782: 2765: 2739: 2651: 2485:

the Dublin Vikings and forced them into submission. Over the following thirty years,

2456: 2444: 2390: 2382: 2210: 2174: 1979: 1951: 1856: 1803: 1374: 1080: 1003: 988: 917: 682: 674: 658: 650: 610: 349: 226: 203: 193: 13416: 13038: 9144: 8419: 8321: 4898: 4664: 2674:

By the mid-9th century, the Norsemen had settled in Shetland, Orkney (the Nordreys-

2573: 2166:

in the Thames estuary. In 864, they reverted to Thanet for their winter encampment.

722:

written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with

64: 16491: 16342: 16291: 16286: 16226: 16191: 16103: 16060: 16030: 15952: 15870: 15840: 15651: 15566: 15511: 15481: 15432: 15392: 15375: 15365: 15300: 15272: 14753: 14125: 14022: 13947: 13927: 13907: 13841: 13786: 13771: 13756: 13701: 13541: 13526: 13068: 13048: 13033: 13023: 12938: 12918: 12908: 12898: 12838: 12703: 12635: 12351: 12201: 12101: 11957: 11645: 10908: 10900: 10364:

Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings

10272: 9790: 9786: 9757: 8689: 8394: 7973: 7749:

Lawson, M.K. (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016–35". The History Press Ltd.

7592:

From Viking Stronghold to Christian Kingdom: State Formation in Norway, c. 900–1350

7317:

Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings

6984: 6974: 6293: 6011: 5936: 5885:

is almost certainly Scandinavian in origin, as is the third-person-singular ending

5826: 5774:, and other North Germanic varieties of which Norwegian, Danish and Swedish retain 5771: 5759: 5624: 5610:; this influence is primarily a legacy of the various Viking invasions of England. 5607: 5497: 5076: 5026: 4961: 4918: 4848: 4723: 4711: 4467: 4412: 4142: 3737: 3691: 3666: 3416: 3162: 2947: 2804: 2584:

as king of both Picts and Scots can be attributed to the aftermath of this event).

2565: 2413: 2321: 2302: 2257: 2214: 2036:. Godwinson was subsequently defeated within a month by another Viking descendant, 2005: 1770: 1727: 1553: 1424: 1102: 1008: 983: 804: 774:, "Free us from the fury of the Northmen, Lord." Three Viking ships had beached in 723: 696: 380: 238: 221: 13486: 13371: 10668:

The Viking-age Rune-stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia

10641:

The Viking-age Rune-stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia

7985: 5226: 4367: 4271: 3974: 2402: 2378: 1494: 16352: 16266: 16236: 15960: 15877: 15691: 15666: 15454: 15437: 15282: 14362: 14340: 14284: 14254: 14138: 14032: 13791: 13706: 13666: 13646: 13631: 13611: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13516: 13340: 13308: 13203: 12993: 12913: 12848: 12843: 12813: 12480: 12428: 12327: 12231: 12216: 12153: 12081: 11987: 11722: 11495: 11430: 11425: 11126: 11077: 10995: 10873: 10294: 10287: 10199: 10150: 9701: 9643: 9394: 8504: 8485: 8378: 8331: 8304: 8120: 8089: 8066: 8044: 7902: 7768: 7495: 7443: 7315: 6900: 6646: 6505: 6501: 6461: 6328: 6003: 5767: 5718: 5541: 5525: 5496:) suggest that Scandinavian trade connections in the 10th century reached beyond 5387: 5088: 4875:(Coria del Río), a small town about 15 km south of the city. Then they took 4784: 4754: 4525: 4352: 4342: 4049: 3926: 3807: 3745: 3711: 3588: 3404: 3253: 2893: 2839: 2831: 2823: 2799:

The Jarls of Orkney continued to rule much of northern Scotland until 1196, when

2778: 2761: 2735: 2659: 2253: 2242: 2234: 2225: 2163: 2029: 2001: 1869: 1865: 1731: 1279: 1157: 1018: 855: 634: 13846: 13766: 9385: 5730:) state that Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, and Danes spoke the same language, 5429: 5408: 4706:

Many Anglo-Danish and Varangian mercenaries fought in Southern Italy, including

3949: 3489:

Viking Age Scandinavian settlements were set up along the southern coast of the

2734:

to regain control. On his success, Ketil was to rule the Sudreys as a vassal of

2448: 1699: 1179: 835:

developed a more "rational" and "pragmatic" approach to historical scholarship.

554:

during the period. The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as

16256: 16201: 16155: 16108: 16088: 15932: 15855: 15641: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15601: 15591: 15506: 15449: 15342: 15305: 15036: 14820: 14484: 14171: 14073: 13686: 13656: 13273: 12687: 12299: 12287: 7977: 6979: 6962: 6598:"Solar storm confirms Vikings settled in North America exactly 1,000 years ago" 6225: 6198: 5994:

Margaryan et al. 2020 examined the skeletal remains of 42 individuals from the

5972: 5968: 5952: 5628: 5568: 5560: 5470: 5383: 5203:: The remains of about 450 farms have been found here. Erik the Red settled at 5045: 4758: 4631: 4598: 4302: 3755: 3681: 3454: 3450: 3420: 3400: 3328: 3227: 3013: 2992: 2988: 2770: 2731: 2709: 2604: 2592: 2355: 2339: 2317: 2238: 2155: 2148: 1983: 1932: 1924: 1905: 1831: 1823: 1642: 1622: 1600: 1199: 998: 939: 875: 839: 832: 828: 789: 747: 719: 691: 686: 630: 458: 444: 416: 285: 265: 10904: 10391:

Vikings of the Steppe: Scandinavians, Rus', and the Turkic World (c. 750–1050)

6893: 4064: 3994: 3984: 3911: 2999:

is considered to be part of the Iron Age period which started around 400

2647:, which persisted as a major regional political player for another 150 years. 2245:

became king of England after Cnut's death, and Viking rule of England ceased.

2197:, after its conquest by the Ragnarsson brothers, who installed an Englishman, 2135:

and weighs around 36 g (1.3 oz). It is embedded with an Anglo-Saxon

1299: 1224: 1214: 1139: 16420: 16015: 15737: 15536: 14795: 14758: 14718: 14584: 14313: 14272: 14027: 13861: 13441: 13330: 12485: 12470: 12423: 12332: 12176: 11487: 11186: 10922: 8758: 6998: 6427: 6031: 5964: 5689: 5257: 5174: 4742: 4627: 4578: 4561: 4459: 4266: 4039: 4019: 3944: 3916: 3532:

by him. Dierkow apparently belongs to the late 8th to the early 9th century.

3520:). Reric was set up around the year 700, but following later warfare between 3434: 3370: 2920:, when Erik was exiled from Iceland, he sailed west and pioneered Greenland. 2889: 2789: 2757: 2409: 2218: 2049: 1901: 1897: 1819: 1735: 1489: 1269: 1252: 1144: 863: 812: 586: 562:, although few of them were Vikings in the sense of being engaged in piracy. 486: 472: 69: 14897: 7818:

Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018).

6880: 6283: 6184: 5801:

According to David Arter, Old Norse was for a while during the Viking Age a

4362: 4009: 3867: 2676: 2370:

is said to have raided the whole midlands of Ireland until he was killed by

1691:

was rare, harvests were typically strong, and fishing conditions were good.

1239: 16181: 16078: 15882: 15696: 15526: 15397: 15315: 14489: 14479: 14462: 14279: 13761: 13626: 13446: 13303: 12617: 12607: 12500: 12211: 12000: 11687: 11259: 11165: 10930: 10276: 6379: 5635: 5493: 5367: 5356: 5268:. They created a small settlement on the northern peninsula of present-day 5249: 5182: 5178: 4860: 4417: 4230: 4174: 4122: 3934: 3630: 3593: 3540: 3335:

around the 8th century, and that their name has the same origin as that of

3087: 2935: 2917: 2699: 2347: 2132: 1936: 1452: 1404: 775: 751: 375: 338: 260: 6203: 5551:, both of whom desired slaves of a religion different from their own. The 5169:

The Viking-Age settlements in Greenland were established in the sheltered

4997:, raiding various settlements, as mentioned by the 10th-century historian 4990:

The Vikings then sailed round Cape Gata and followed the coastline to the

3959: 3568: 3528:, the inhabitants, who were subject to the Danish king, were resettled to 2966: 2569: 1189: 746:, a centre of learning on an island off the northeast coast of England in 16332: 16035: 15942: 15824: 15681: 15559: 15544: 15516: 15352: 14971: 14929: 14852: 14765: 14633: 14623: 14534: 14318: 13816: 13746: 13601: 13335: 13298: 13283: 13143: 12474: 12408: 12393: 11995: 10307: 9473:

Price, Neil. Price, Neil; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Jahnke, Carsten (eds.).

7821:

Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

7409: 6279: 6157: 6082: 5995: 5783: 5663: 5585: 5556: 5533: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5485: 5454: 5084: 4910: 4906: 4791:

After 842, the Vikings set up a permanent base at the mouth of the river

4672: 4307: 4256: 4117: 4079: 3964: 3889: 3862: 3770: 3641: 3584: 3572: 3497: 3358: 2939: 2846: 2695: 2556:, both of which were highly navigable, and reached into the heart of the 2542: 2468: 2460: 2436: 2425: 2351: 2292: 2053: 1967: 1743: 1704: 1646: 1479: 1414: 1314: 1294: 1194: 958: 785: 756: 743: 622: 547: 535: 92: 13641: 9762: 9745: 7619:

The Sea Kings: The Late Norse Kingdoms of Man and the Isles c. 1066–1275

7497:

Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017

5786:, but the inscriptions are mostly short. A good deal of the vocabulary, 5446: 5071:, where they raided monasteries and towns and established a base in the 4545: 4235: 3240:

as having exacted tribute from the Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859

3153:

Scandinavian settlements existed along the southeastern Baltic coast in

2297: 1456: 15793: 15148: 14936: 14919: 14867: 14857: 14842: 14810: 14800: 14678: 14628: 14504: 14499: 14467: 13391: 13356: 12550: 12133: 10913: 10200:"Viking Weapons: From Farm Tools to War Weaponry | History Cooperative" 10109:. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin UK. p. 100. 8317: 6989: 6213: 5956: 5204: 4998: 4823: 4796: 4726:

were raised in Sweden in memory of warriors who died in Langbarðaland (

4605:. In exchange, Rollo pledged vassalage to Charles in 940, agreed to be 4261: 4167: 3999: 3989: 3509: 3490: 3479: 3446: 3186: 3123: 3115: 2995:. These two areas were further divided between loosely allied regions. 2793: 2588: 2553: 2497:, twice rebelled against him, but they were defeated in the battles of 2486: 2154:

In 850, the Vikings overwintered for the first time in England, on the

2128: 1928: 1811: 1654: 1650: 1613: 1596: 1484: 1229: 1219: 1204: 712: 638: 614: 602: 314: 12460: 11481: 11420:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

10997:

Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe

10472:

Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe

9846:(30). Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Southern Denmark: 11. 9397:, an online article at Stockholm County Museum, retrieved 1 July 2007. 7904:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

6053: 5353:

Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences

4332: 3954: 3847: 1184: 16216: 15985: 15491: 15143: 15138: 15128: 15061: 14966: 14862: 14825: 14815: 14775: 14728: 14723: 14673: 14613: 14539: 14529: 14509: 14472: 14457: 13836: 13711: 13681: 13466: 13248: 12570: 12490: 12445: 12413: 10106:

Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North

8601: 6169: 6130: 6041: 5791: 5782:

Written sources of Old Norse from the Viking Age are rare: there are

5603: 5513: 5501: 5371: 5345: 5061: 5014: 4902: 4775: 4610: 4552:, easy prey given the monks' lack of defensive capacity. In 845 4549: 4533: 4479: 4281: 4240: 4204: 4157: 4147: 4112: 4054: 3979: 3939: 3879: 3536: 3521: 3207: 3202: 3170: 3042: 2885: 2549: 2417: 2330: 2044:. Scotland took its present form when it regained territory from the 1955: 1940: 1920: 1719: 1504: 1461: 1419: 1394: 1349: 1284: 1169: 1107: 902: 886: 867: 319: 100: 15220: 11324:. Studia Fennica Historica 18. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. 10880: 10557:"Women, Kinship, and the Basis of Power in the Norwegian Viking Age" 8113: 4822:, literally 'Middle of the earth' sea, with the same meaning as the 4810:

into this realm of Muslim influence; following the coastline of the

3852: 3832: 3728: 2612: 2568:, king of the Picts, his brother Bran, and the king of the Scots of 1085: 1065: 933: 16251: 16128: 16005: 15701: 15496: 15116: 15101: 15081: 15066: 15046: 15021: 15006: 15001: 14981: 14951: 14941: 14892: 14882: 14877: 14708: 14693: 14668: 14648: 14618: 14608: 14603: 14574: 14569: 14559: 14494: 14452: 14161: 14094: 13621: 13581: 13313: 13288: 12760: 12682: 12602: 12540: 12535: 12465: 12455: 12450: 12398: 11911: 11268: 10860: 10527:. In Herring, Susan C.; Reenen, Pieter van; Schøsler, Lene (eds.). 10143: 9931:

The conversion of Europe: from paganism to Christianity 371–1386 AD

9078:

Chartrand, René; Durham, Keith; Harrison, Mark; Heath, Ian (2016).

6554:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

6237: 6207: 6192: 6174: 6120: 5462: 5393: 5303: 5296: 5158: 5100: 5072: 5049: 5006: 4929: 4843: 4688: 4643: 4471: 4402: 4377: 4347: 4327: 4189: 4184: 4152: 4104: 4004: 3904: 3580: 3548: 3529: 3374: 3336: 3317: 3316:

rapidly overtook it in popularity. Apart from Ladoga and Novgorod,

3308: 3295:, the Varangians settled around the town of Novgorod (Holmgarðr).. 3267: 3245: 3223: 3174: 3147: 3091: 3029: 2955: 2929: 2808: 2774: 2596: 2534: 2429: 2367: 2061: 2045: 2041: 1959: 1893: 1884: 1574: 1409: 1384: 1342: 1234: 1209: 1132: 925: 871: 823:

and Nordic Renaissance, historians such as the Icelandic-Norwegian

808: 539: 248: 11597: 11099:

Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture.

8143: 6918: 6780:, p. 195. Simeon of Durham recorded the raid in these terms: 5984: 5068: 4945: 4137: 4084: 4059: 4034: 3857: 3552: 2946:. Kvenland, in that or close to that spelling, is also known from 1794: 1369: 1289: 1264: 15892: 15571: 15382: 15133: 15121: 15111: 15086: 15076: 15071: 15051: 15041: 15016: 14956: 14914: 14887: 14805: 14738: 14733: 14713: 14703: 14658: 14653: 14643: 14638: 14579: 14564: 14514: 13636: 13561: 13536: 13506: 13501: 13386: 12713: 12675: 12580: 12565: 12530: 12418: 12374: 11501: 10075: 9716: 8898:

Vikings Across Boundaries: Viking-Age Transformations – Volume II

6784:

naked and loaded with insults; and some they drowned in the sea."

6258: 6179: 6144: 6137: 6092: 6077: 6059: 6036: 5988: 5976: 5940: 5849:; other words appearing in written sources at this time included 5714: 5590: 5489: 5450: 5445:(Denmark), Hedeby (Germany), Vineta (Pomerania), Truso (Poland), 5332: 5265: 5215: 5153: 4807: 4780: 4700: 4684: 4668: 4606: 4548:. The Viking attackers sought to capture the treasures stored at 4529: 4521: 4397: 4357: 4322: 4297: 4199: 3969: 3842: 3750: 3517: 3513: 3378: 3352: 3321: 3166: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3059: 3056: 3052: 2971: 2909: 2640: 2636: 2608: 2561: 2421: 2359: 2301:"Irishmen oppose the landing of the Viking fleet", a painting in 2202: 2194: 2186: 2124: 1963: 1688: 1579: 1389: 1174: 1075: 1023: 890: 666: 626: 566: 543: 128: 121: 115: 73: 12388: 9422: 7799: 5412:

A typical fortified Viking town. This is a model of the town of

5397: 4462:. This region was progressively brought under Frankish control ( 4029: 3820: 2698:) in the Hebrides and Man. These areas were ruled over by local 2616: 2541:

in 794, the year following the raid on the other holy island of

2386: 2110:

Invasions of the British Isles § Viking raids and invasions

1259: 1053: 15153: 15106: 15091: 15056: 15031: 14996: 14991: 14924: 14909: 14847: 14785: 14770: 14748: 14698: 14688: 14683: 14596: 14591: 14549: 14519: 13851: 13571: 13381: 13278: 13258: 12750: 12743: 12723: 12525: 11628: 11270:

The migration period, pre-viking age, and viking age in Estonia

9984:. Real Academia de la Historia. p. 188. GGKEY:WJYGZ815TEG. 9531:

Forbindelserne mellem Norden og den spanske halvø i ældre tider

7480:

The material suggesting a Norwegian origin identifies him with

7272:

Piracy in Late Roman Britain: A Perspective from the Viking Age

6188: 6113: 6104: 5980: 5948: 5477: 5466: 5438: 5423: 5277: 5112: 4802:

The southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, both sides of the

4692: 4691:, among other victories around the Mediterranean (including in 4337: 4132: 3884: 3874: 3837: 3599: 3576: 3430: 3340: 3275: 3257: 3212: 3198: 3139: 3111: 3048: 2877:

in Powys, in 893, when a combined Welsh and Mercian army under

2704: 2394: 2343: 2334:, on the coast and overwintering in Ireland. The first were at 2190: 2057: 2013: 1944: 1860: 1839: 1815: 1807: 1799: 1780: 1746:(the generally accepted date is actually 8 June, not January): 1429: 1364: 1164: 1112: 1070: 950:

in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.

738:

In England, the Viking attack of 8 June 793 that destroyed the

574: 570: 139: 134: 12403: 11565: 11512: 10523:

Herring, Susan C.; Reenen, Pieter van; Schøsler, Lene (2001).

8604:

coins have been found almost exclusively in Gotland, some 400.

7128:

The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution, and Demand.

6963:"Crossing the Maelstrom: New Departures in Viking Archaeology" 6832:"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: The Viking Revival" 4733:

Several Anglo-Danish and Norwegian nobles participated in the

4683:

and then, following the river upstream, also the hill-town of

3894: 3312:). As the Volga route declined by the end of the century, the 2067: 1122: 819:

and Icelandic Sagas as primary historical sources. During the

15026: 15011: 14986: 14976: 14961: 14904: 14872: 14837: 14832: 14790: 14780: 14663: 14524: 14367: 13731: 13721: 13676: 12597: 12510: 12440: 12181: 9807:

Vikings in the South: Voyages to Iberia and the Mediterranean

7481: 5750:("northern speech"). Old Norse has developed into the modern 5736:("Danish tongue"; speakers of Old East Norse would have said 5458: 5315: 5291: 5170: 5108: 4792: 4696: 4618: 4597:, under which Charles gave Rouen and the area of present-day 4590: 4557: 4541: 4407: 4382: 4317: 4179: 4162: 4127: 4089: 4069: 3899: 3825: 3560: 3544: 3501: 3288: 3194: 3154: 2850: 2830:. After peace talks failed, his forces met with the Scots at 2654:

had previously been the northernmost part of the Anglo-Saxon

2632: 2557: 2325: 2162:. In 854, a raiding party overwintered a second time, at the 2136: 1889: 1843: 1827: 1774:, a serious attack was made on Lindisfarne's mother-house of 1324: 1304: 1127: 1058: 763: 739: 11519:

ScienceNordic's article on "How Vikings navigated the world"

11469:. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. 11338:, Volume 32, London and New York, pp. 514–527, 531–532. 9585:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

9565:

Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens

9482:

Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens

9475:"From Nǫrvasund to Grikkland: The Vikings in the Middle Sea" 9442:"Los vikingos en Al-Andalus (abstract available in English)" 9077: 6863:

Northern Shores: a history of the Baltic Sea and its peoples

6002:

Margaryan et al. 2020 examined an elite warrior burial from

15096: 14743: 13856: 13426: 13263: 12505: 11334:

Fuglesang, S.H. (1996). "Viking Art", in Turner, J. (ed.),

8914: 8083:

1669 Act for annexation of Orkney and Shetland to the Crown

7553: 6086: 5873:

replacing the earlier forms. Old Norse influenced the verb

5481: 5442: 4814:

they sailed through the Gibraltar strait (known to them as

4680: 4676: 4387: 4276: 4194: 4044: 3135: 3126:

describes one Viking expedition by the Vikings Thorolf and

3076: 2863:

Act for annexation of Orkney and Shetland to the Crown 1669

2819: 2792:, the Danes invaded at least as far north as the area near 2691: 2538: 2206: 2182: 2159: 2024:

forces in 1171; and 1263 in Scotland by the defeat of King

1954:(also called the Battle of Hilgenried Bay) on the Germanic 1909: 1775: 1742:

that the Northmen raided the important island monastery of

1499: 1379: 1359: 1354: 1274: 858:

stamps celebrating the Viking voyages in the North Atlantic

621:, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The 12343: 11553: 11504:– Smithsonian website for travelling exhibition, 2000–2003 11320:

Ahola, Joonas & Frog with Clive Tolley (eds.) (2014).

9977: 8838: 8836: 8199: 7568:(3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 451. 6620: 6014:

and had both Scandinavian ancestry and Russian admixture.

5859:

to go, to come, to sit, to listen, to eat, both, same, get

5370:

from the Swedish island of Gotland may be components of a

5056:

in Arabic, where they took their emir Gharsīa ibn Wanaqu (

3475: 3205:

activities, they roamed the river systems and portages of

3134:

in 1187. Curonians established temporary settlements near

3114:(Grobiņa) was the main centre of the Curonians during the 11076:

Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005).

10725:

A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture

8993: 8885: 5816: 5134:, quoted the Muslim historian Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Rāzī: 4846:

and made raids in Asturias and Galicia. According to the

4714:

who conquered parts of Sicily between 1038 and 1040, and

4593:

reached an agreement with Charles the Simple to sign the

2938:. A contemporary reference to Kvenland is provided in an 1090: 11515:

from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway

11371:

From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200

10695:

The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North

9833:"The Viking Expeditions to Spain During the 9th Century" 9006: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8025:

The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings

7560:

Somerville, Angus A.; McDonald, R. Andrew, eds. (2019).

3260:

faced an invasion by the Swedes at about the same date.

3104:

Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the

2228:

started a series of raids against England to avenge the

1661:, serious conflict divided Norway for almost a century. 788:'s Holy Island was reported by the Northumbrian scholar 778:

four years earlier (although due to a scribal error the

11467:

The Celts: A history from earliest times to the present

9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 8833: 8348:(in Lithuanian). Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus. 3094:(Kvænir) in the southern part of what today is Sweden: 1904:

moved further, founding the early East Slavic state of

718:

Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from

10021: 9978:

Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín; García Gómez, Emilio (1989).

9672: 9666: 9055:

Authorship, Worldview, and Identity in Medieval Europe

8821: 8256:

Norna-Gests þáttr, c. 1157, Níkulás Bergsson, Iceland.

7148:"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, Peter (2001) 6721: 4753:, joined the Byzantines in their struggle against the 2275:

led a plundering raid down the east coast of Britain.

1950:

In 884, an army of Danish Vikings was defeated at the

843:

their artistry, technological skills, and seamanship.

10522: 9505:

European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History

9030: 9018: 8981: 8960: 8943: 8873: 8848: 8182: 8160: 8158: 8138:

Wales at the Time of the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267

7641: 7639: 5865:. The system of personal pronouns was affected, with 3457:

at Novgorod until the 13th century, according to the

11477: 10559:. In Hays-Gilpin, Kelley; Whitley, David S. (eds.). 10167:(p. 352). W.W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition. 9542: 9265: 8267:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Grobina in Year 700" 7184: 5264:, and they attempted to settle the land they called 2873:

Incursions in Wales were decisively reversed at the

2611:

for their kingdom) was besieged by the Viking kings

2595:

came under Viking attack as well. The fortress atop

2237:

of Wessex after Sweyn's death in 1014. Sweyn's son,

11196:

Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World

10516: 9776: 9770: 9693: 9125: 8219:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Europe in Year 800" 7811: 7163: 7072:

Roman–Britain and Anglo–Saxon England 55 BC–AD 1066

5060:) prisoner until in 861 he was ransomed for 70,000 4659:In 860, according to an account by the Norman monk 3230:, and likely played a role in the formation of the 3011:, soon after Estonian raiders were recorded in the 1978:in 1030, in which Óláfr Haraldsson (later known as 11174: 10849: 10847: 10814:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 10042: 9744:Knutson, Sara Ann; Ellis, Caitlin (16 July 2021). 9610: 9358:The Norman Commanders: Masters of Warfare 911–1135 8170: 8155: 7636: 7559: 7133: 6419: 6020: 5900:, the Scandinavian word for "village"—for example 2056:remained under Scandinavian authority until 1266. 1855:granted the Duchy of Normandy to Viking warleader 838:By the latter half of the 18th century, while the 750:, is regarded as the beginning of the Viking Age. 11075: 10550: 10548: 10069: 9971: 9737: 9503:. In Mishkova, Diana; Trencsényi, Balázs (eds.). 9428: 9309: 9269:Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 5, Chapter XV) 8027:, by Tim Clarkson, Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 2013." 7805: 5504:travelled significantly beyond Byzantium and the 5091:Galicia; no new bishop was appointed until 1070. 2123:Anglo-Saxon-Viking coin weight, used for trading 803:In Scandinavia, the 17th-century Danish scholars 613:in eastern Europe, where they were also known as 16418: 11322:Fibula, Fabula, Fact – The Viking Age in Finland 10879:Margaryan, Ashot; et al. (September 2020). 10052:Portugal das invasões germânicas à "reconquista" 9312:"What happened when the Vikings raided Morocco?" 9071: 8572: 8566: 8479:Land of the Rus – Viking expeditions to the east 7728:, The Official Website Of The British Monarchy, 7663:, The Official Website Of The British Monarchy, 7244:Barrett, James H. "What Caused the Viking Age?" 7014:Barrett, James H. "What Caused the Viking Age?" 6750:Les Invasions Normandes en Belgique au IX Siecle 6308:The term 'Viking' is derived from the Old Norse 4905:, who ruled over a semi-autonomous state in the 2489:subdued the Viking territories and made himself 11383:Williams, G., Pentz, P. and Wemhoff, M. (eds), 10844: 10698:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 63–64. 10308:"Aesir | Norse gods, Asgard, Odin | Britannica" 9710: 9555: 9492: 9266:Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brook, Z.N. 8657: 8539: 8498:Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia 8114:"Shetland Islands Council – Ports and Harbours" 7882:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland", pp. 28–29. 7526: 6923:. Woodbridge: Boydell press. pp. 205–221. 6665: 6330:Scandinavians and the English in the Viking Age 5745: 5738: 5731: 5107:("Sea of Straw"), i.e., the mouth of the river 3587:, was destroyed in 1043 by Dano-Norwegian king 2680:), the Hebrides and Isle of Man, (the Sudreys- 1784:Brethren, and burning the abbey to the ground. 1599:, and eventually into all of Europe. Historian 550:but also to any place significantly settled by 10658: 10545: 10489: 9699: 9521: 9177:"Globetrotting Vikings: To the Gates of Paris" 9098: 8920: 8794: 8765: 7448:. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. 7277: 7093:. Princeton University Press. pp. 51–52. 7082: 7080: 7037:. Princeton University Press. pp. 24–25. 7010: 7008: 6961:Lund, Julie; Sindbæk, Søren M. (15 May 2021). 6715: 5654:develops Jesch's thesis that the texts of the 5433:Model of the fortified Viking Age town of Aros 4913:. Consequently, defensive walls were built at 4642:in 11th century, and played a key role in the 3381:province. According to Stefan Brink, the name 3373:as a historical name for the coastal areas of 2519:("The War of the Irish with the Foreigners"). 2264:and defeated the weakened English army at the 15809: 15236: 14110: 12359: 11613: 11539: 11397:Wilson, D.M. & Klindt-Jensen, O. (1980). 10965:"Sample from Homo sapiens – BioSample – NCBI" 10741: 10604: 10325: 9944: 9863:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 9797: 9641: 9635: 9051:"Adam of Bremen's View at the Polabian Slavs" 8921:Hinkkanen, Merja-Liisa; Kirby, David (2013). 8734: 8523:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 8308:(in Lithuanian). Versus. ISBN 978-9955829195. 7703:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 7678: 7412:. Medieval and Classical Literature Library. 7320:. Oxford University Press. pp. 321–322. 7150:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 5553:trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 5161:Greenlanders are from a 1408 marriage in the 5115:was under Muslim rule and known in Arabic as 3615: 3407:in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, 3314:trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 2439:. Some Viking kings of Dublin also ruled the 2048:between the 13th and the 15th centuries; the 1641:(800–1300) and stopped with the start of the 1533: 507: 11369:Roesdahl, E. and Wilson, D.M. (eds) (1992). 10685: 10577: 10502:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8. 10435: 10076:Salma Khadra Jayyusi; Manuela Marín (1992). 9824: 9743: 9706:(in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. p. 224. 9575: 8894:"Scandinavians on the Southern Baltic Coast" 8891: 7972:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7705:. Ed. P.H. Sawyer. Oxford University Press. 7609: 7026: 7024: 5923:According to an analysis of names ending in 4852:it had 60 ships. Being repulsed in Galicia ( 4818:, the 'Narrow Sound') into what they called 3357:) system of organizing a coastal fleet. The 3234:. The Varangians are first mentioned by the 2807:, King of Scots, for his territories on the 2548:In 839, a large Norse fleet invaded via the 2256:of Norway ended any hope of reviving Cnut's 1738:is often set at 793. It was recorded in the 713:forced conversion of the neighbouring Saxons 14141:origin primarily identified as speakers of 10841:"dwelling" in Old English." Crystal, p. 25. 10808: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10727:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 173–174. 10631: 10525:"On Textual Parameters and Older Languages" 10462: 10381: 10144:"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site" 10096: 10015: 9850: 8707: 8663: 8579:. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. pp. 7–8. 7943:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland", p. 22. 7891:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland", p. 20. 7595:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 29–30. 7539:. Princeton University Press. p. 143. 7355:"Viking wars and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" 7346: 7192:Les Vikings: histoire, mythes, dictionnaire 7142: 7077: 7005: 6960: 6796: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6422:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings 6374: 6372: 6370: 5831:landing, score, beck, fellow, take, busting 2362:, and also plundering the ancient tombs of 2106:Viking expansion § Britain and Ireland 768: 59:Period of European history (about 800–1050) 23: 15816: 15802: 15243: 15229: 14117: 14103: 12366: 12352: 11620: 11606: 11546: 11532: 10781:. Manchester University Press. p. 9. 10768: 10590:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 3–4. 10354: 9988: 9717:Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar Ibn al-Qūṭīyah (2009). 9608: 9602: 9498: 9466: 9042: 9003:. Akademie-Verlag Berlin. pp. 237ff, 244ff 8614:Archeology in the Nordic countries, part 2 8510: 7773:. Princeton University Press. p. 39. 7290:. Princeton University Press. p. 72. 6917:Wicker, Nancy (1998). Hallsal, Guy (ed.). 6317: 5613: 5336:—a fleet mobilisation system, where every 4730:), the Old Norse name for southern Italy. 3769: 3622: 3608: 3500:coast include the maritime trading center 3361:place name Roþrin, in the older iteration 3298:In the 9th century, the Rus' operated the 3138:and in overseas regions including eastern 2712:and Shetland, however, claimed supremacy. 2631:km) up the River Clyde to the vicinity of 1919:Other Norse people continued south to the 1540: 1526: 514: 500: 24: 11932:Membership of International organizations 11422:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 2007 11401:, 2nd ed., George Allen and Unwin, 1980. 10912: 10881:"Population genomics of the Viking world" 10878: 10859: 10853: 10644:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. 10554: 10531:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 22. 10408: 10246:"AFP: Viking 'sunstone' more than a myth" 9885: 9761: 9527: 9369: 9367: 9104: 8800: 8740: 8720:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 8607: 8343: 7582: 7500:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 26. 7357:. In Allard, Joe; North, Richard (eds.). 7169:Decaux, Alain and Castelot, André (1981) 7021: 6988: 6978: 6696: 6694: 5638:, professor of Viking Age studies at the 5233: 5181:) of the western coast. While harsh, the 4478:was a famous Viking raider in Frisia. On 3215:" for early Varangians in some contexts. 866:, Ireland, Iceland, peripheral Scotland ( 15823: 11434:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 11387:, British Museum Press: London, 2014. . 11222:Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science 11062:Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names 10795: 10747: 10617:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 42. 10367:. Oxford University Press. p. 336. 10331: 9950: 9803: 8776:. In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.). 8525:. Oxford University Press. p. 138. 7615: 7375: 6823: 6629: 6367: 5428: 5407: 5290: 5152: 5103:with square brown sails appeared in the 5099:In 844, a fleet of several dozen Viking 4774: 3474: 3331:originated in what is currently coastal 3324:were major centres for Varangian trade. 3262: 2965: 2650:The land that now comprises most of the 2324:state that in 821 the Vikings plundered 2296: 2118: 1872:, they became the ruling aristocracy of 1793: 1698: 1573: 850: 565:Voyaging by sea from their homelands in 63: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 15182:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 11345:, British Museum Publications: London. 11239: 11212: 11150:. Stockholm: Svenska turistföreningen. 11145: 10691: 10671:. Oxford University Press. p. 20. 10495: 10441: 10340:. Univ of California Press. p. 7. 10197: 9865:. Oxford University Press. p. 29. 9830: 9783:in Encyclopaedia of Islam First Edition 9581: 9534:(in Danish). G. E. C. Gad. p. 36. 9447:. Jesús Riosalido. 1997. Archived from 9376:, p. 217; Florence of Worcester, p. 145 9294: 8842: 8827: 8713: 8634: 8205: 7969:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7900: 7532: 7352: 7283: 7086: 6802: 6459: 6417: 4893:, and succeeded with the assistance of 3496:Slavic-Scandinavian settlements on the 770:A furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine 14: 16419: 11266: 11124: 11096: 10993: 10718: 10664: 10637: 10468: 10387: 10102: 9856: 9810:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 171. 9777:Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1913–1936). 9364: 9036: 9024: 9012: 8987: 8975: 8954: 8879: 8516: 8460:from the original on 30 September 2007 8311: 8176: 8164: 8149: 8140:. Mapping Medieval Wales. gwp.enta.net 8092:. Shetland & Orkney Udal Law group 7743: 7493: 7487: 6916: 6860: 6691: 6595: 6544: 6500: 6323: 5817:Old Norse influence on other languages 3512:, and the multi-ethnic trade emporium 3471:Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages 2853:of his daughter, who was betrothed to 2416:of Dublin, and founded settlements at 1939:from the Red Sea, and even coins from 1912:. This persisted until 1240, when the 15797: 15250: 15224: 14098: 12347: 11601: 11527: 11172: 10774: 10754:. Taylor & Francis. p. 498. 10610: 10583: 10529:Textual Parameters in Older Languages 10360: 10198:Kerkhof, Maup van de (23 June 2023). 9994: 9723:. Taylor & Francis. p. 127. 9415:Translation based on Chibnall (ed.), 9084:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 51. 9053:. In Raffensperger, Christian (ed.). 9048: 8771: 7766: 7732:from the original on 29 November 2014 7667:from the original on 29 November 2014 7588: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7388:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 38. 7313: 7309: 7307: 7117:. New York: Viking, 2009. Print., 48 7030: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6777: 6644: 6378: 6278: 5366:The archaeological find known as the 5111:. At the time, the city later called 4741:, who left England in 1086, and Jarl 4431:WikiProject Norse history and culture 3603: 2983:During the Viking Age, Estonia was a 2719: 2408:They returned in 914, now led by the 1516:WikiProject Norse history and culture 14124: 13229:Cnut the Great's invasion of England 11343:Viking Artefacts: A Select Catalogue 11198:. Maney Publishing. pp. 41–46. 11193: 11105: 10414: 10394:. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. 10028:. Miraguano Ediciones. p. 130. 9355: 9340: 9322:from the original on 3 February 2023 9131: 8892:Jöns, Hauke; Kowalska, Anna (2020). 8545: 8430:from the original on 11 October 2007 8277:from the original on 6 November 2017 8229:from the original on 2 December 2018 8193: 7959: 7954:Roles of the Sea in Medieval England 7925:from the original on 2 February 2023 7873:. Taylor & Francis, 2016. p. 267 7695: 7645: 7381: 6829: 6608:from the original on 7 November 2021 6596:Davies, Caroline (21 October 2021). 6272: 5244:In about 986, the Norwegian Vikings 4787:, commemorating the Viking invasions 3403:men left to enlist in the Byzantine 2669: 2493:. The Dublin Vikings, together with 2102:Viking activity in the British Isles 1927:. The eastern connections of these " 1632: 1589: 1559:Overpopulation, especially near the 16467:Archaeological cultures in Scotland 16401: 15846:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 15758:History of the Mediterranean region 13184:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias 11627: 11451:(London: Hutchison & Co. 1983) 11131:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. 11044:from the original on 3 October 2020 10945:from the original on 4 October 2023 10338:California Slavic Studies, Vol. XIV 10055:. Editorial Presença. p. 125. 9859:"Franks Divided, Vikings Ascendant" 9617:. Oxford University Press. p. 9310:Peterjon Creswell (February 2023). 9276:from the original on 4 October 2023 9108:Heimskringla – The Norse King Sagas 8013:Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland 8000:Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland 7410:"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Part 2" 7334:from the original on 4 October 2023 6937:from the original on 4 October 2023 6865:. London: John Murray. p. 21. 6528:from the original on 4 October 2023 6484:from the original on 4 October 2023 6257:(and possibly a larger area called 6231: 6219: 5955:were surveyed, stretching from the 5776:considerable mutual intelligibility 4556:an expedition up the Seine reached 3302:, which connected northern Russia ( 2385:. He ruled along with his brothers 1653:, or Christian wars with pagans in 56: 16472:Archaeological cultures in Ireland 16462:Archaeological cultures in England 16457:Archaeological cultures in Estonia 16447:Archaeological cultures in Denmark 15938:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 14048:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 14013:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 14008:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 13377:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) 11314: 11288: 11014:from the original on 14 April 2023 10131:History of Greenland#Norse failure 9157:from the original on 16 April 2021 8804:The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire 8519:"Scandinavians in European Russia" 7965: 7838:from the original on 14 April 2023 7787:from the original on 23 April 2023 7514:from the original on 14 April 2023 7462:from the original on 23 April 2023 7428: 7416:from the original on 13 April 2018 7304: 6967:Journal of Archaeological Research 6949: 6410: 6351:from the original on 23 April 2023 6250:Norse colonisation of the Americas 6243: 4649: 4553: 4537: 4516:, which means 'men of the North'. 3279: 3249: 3241: 3008: 3000: 2913: 2764:, King of Norway. Magnus and King 2702:, originally captains of ships or 2510: 2502: 2475: 2252:. The death in the battle of King 2095: 2004:), who was defeated by Saxon King 1788: 1664: 908: 707:. The aggressive expansion of the 577:, the Norse people settled in the 531: 57: 16503: 16477:Archaeological cultures in France 16452:Archaeological cultures in Norway 16442:Archaeological cultures in Sweden 16368:Historiography in the Middle Ages 11473: 10975:from the original on 9 April 2022 10288:Did the Vikings make a telescope? 10248:. 1 November 2011. Archived from 10176:Foote, P. and Wilson, D.M. (1970) 9700:Lévi-Provençal, Evariste (1950). 9673:Stefan Brink; Neil Price (2008). 9472: 9247:from the original on 20 June 2020 9217:from the original on 20 June 2020 9187:from the original on 20 June 2020 7725:Canute 'The Great' (r. 1016–1035) 7484:, also known as "Rolf the Walker" 7171:Dictionnaire d'histoire de France 7061:. New York: Viking, 2009. p. 45 7018:82.317 (2008): 671–685. Web., 673 6722:Stefan Brink; Neil Price (2008). 6679:from the original on 7 March 2016 6450:applied only to someone who went 5528:and Northwestern Russia with the 5484:was the centre of the kingdom of 5087:and sacked the episcopal city of 5083:1015, a Viking fleet entered the 4885:(Carmona), a fortified city. The 4842:tell of a Viking fleet that left 4735:Norman conquest of southern Italy 4720:Norman conquest of southern Italy 4671:, landed at the Ligurian port of 4663:, a Viking fleet, probably under 4442: 3464: 3461:(Swedish National Encyclopedia). 3369:and is still used in the form of 3180: 3118:. From the 10th to 13th century, 2954:discussed in the main article of 1606: 16400: 16391: 16390: 16380: 15743:Bibliography of European history 15338:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 15205: 15204: 12579: 11748: 11502:Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga 11480: 11331:, Volume I, London and New York 11069: 11056: 11026: 10987: 10957: 10827: 10712: 10300: 10281: 10264: 10238: 10213: 10191: 10170: 10160: 10136: 10123: 9920: 9879: 9831:Aguirre, Víctor Emanuel (2013). 9434: 9409: 9400: 9379: 9349: 9334: 9303: 9288: 9259: 9229: 9199: 9169: 9137: 8071:Universitas – Kultur onsdag 6574:from the original on 23 May 2020 6066: 5512:northern routes of the Eurasian 5469:(England), Dublin (Ireland) and 5157:The last written records of the 5143: 4889:made great exertions to recover 3727: 3629: 3535:Scandinavian settlements on the 3173:, Lithuania) as well as Grobin ( 2849:pledged them as security on the 1896:(which means "new city") on the 932: 480: 466: 452: 438: 424: 410: 99: 15866:Christianity in the Middle Ages 15861:Decline of Hellenistic religion 15768:History of Western civilization 15371:Christianity in the Middle Ages 15187:Christianization of Scandinavia 11355:Graham-Campbell, James (2013). 11293: 10751:Marine Encyclopaedic Dictionary 10563:. Routledge. pp. 337–338. 10022:Eduardo Morales Romero (2004). 10001:. Routledge. pp. 108–109. 9703:Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane 9642:Dreyer (Firm) (November 1996). 9429:Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005 9111:. Read Books Ltd. p. 153. 8807:. Springer Nature. p. 73. 8683: 8616:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: 8593: 8491: 8472: 8442: 8412: 8388: 8381:(in Lithuanian). 2003, p. 136. 8362: 8337: 8289: 8259: 8250: 8241: 8211: 8130: 8107: 8095: 8076: 8053: 8030: 8018: 8005: 7992: 7946: 7937: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7871:Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200 7863: 7860:. The Viking Ship Museum, p. 19 7850: 7806:Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005 7760: 7716: 7651: 7474: 7402: 7264: 7261:. New York: Viking, 2009. p. 58 7251: 7238: 7217: 7205: 7120: 7107: 7064: 7051: 6910: 6887: 6854: 6771: 6742: 6673:"History of Lindisfarne Priory" 6021:Settlements outside Scandinavia 5889:in the present tense of verbs. 5823:over a thousand Old Norse words 5674:Jesch describes the content of 2662:, and finally into the greater 1986:. In Sweden, the reign of king 16144:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 15612:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 15555:Christianity in the modern era 15326:Christianity in late antiquity 15177:Christianization of the Franks 14250:Continental Germanic mythology 13199:Sack of Santiago de Compostela 11082:. Cambridge University Press. 10361:Price, Theron Douglas (2015). 10180:. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. 10142:UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 9791:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3594 9507:. Berghahn Books. p. 80. 9343:Fighting Emperors of Byzantium 9272:. Cambridge University Press. 8637:Gotlands historia i fickformat 8399:Särkland och dess källmaterial 8038:"Catto Long Barrow fieldnotes" 7225:History of the Kings of Norway 7126:Hansen, I.L & C. Wickham. 6760:(New York: E.P. Dutton 1980), 6589: 6507:The Vikings in the Isle of Man 6151: 5594:, written in the tradition of 5218:, consisted of about 20 farms. 4595:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte 4504:Viking incursions into Gascony 2879:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 13: 1: 16318:Disability in the Middle Ages 15991:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 15923:Rise of the Venetian Republic 15763:History of the European Union 14084:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde) 14038:Uppland Runic Inscription 158 13214:Siege of Constantinople (860) 11728:Norwegian government-in-exile 11373:, Copenhagen and New York. . 10555:Dommasnes, Liv Helga (1998). 9345:. Pen and Sword. p. 177. 8927:The Baltic and the North Seas 8643:] (in Swedish). Immenco. 8641:The pocket history of Gotland 8295:Mickevičius, Artūras (2018). 7956:. Boydell Press, 2012. p. 149 6861:Palmer, Alan Warwick (2006). 6163: 5598:, show Viking influences; in 5416: 5286: 5189: 4747:("Skakke", meaning bent head) 4621:. By the end of the reign of 4568: 4536:. The incursions in 841 4454:Viking raids in the Rhineland 3453:was probably still spoken in 3423: 3080: 3066: 3004: 2861:ratifying the pawning in the 2306: 2285:History of Ireland (800–1169) 2185:, and also by another Viking 2012:; in Ireland, the capture of 1991: 846: 14003:Småland Runic Inscription 48 13903:Danish Runic Inscription 380 13898:Danish Runic Inscription 154 11681:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 11676:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 11341:Graham-Campbell, J. (1980). 11299:Graham-Campbell, J. (2001), 11146:Jansson, Sven B. F. (1980). 10561:Reader in Gender Archaeology 10442:Korpela, Jukka Jari (2018). 9888:"Los vikingos en al-Andalus" 9654:(6). Nordmanns-forbundet: 16 9360:. Pen and Sword. p. 18. 9341:Carr, John (30 April 2015). 8741:Andersson, Thorsten (2007). 8664:Białobłocki, Tomasz (2018). 8635:Gardell, Carl Johan (1987). 8334:Haridus, 2007 (7–8), p 38–41 8298:Vikingai Lietuvos istorijoje 8152:, pp. 321–322, 325–326. 7986:UK public library membership 7622:. Birlinn Ltd. p. 221. 7616:McDonald, R. Andrew (2020). 7235:pp. 15–16, 18, 24, 33–34, 38 6651:. Routledge. pp. 8–10. 6098: 6071: 5148: 4948:) to plunder while those in 4583:succeeded in defending Paris 3036: 2908:, Iceland was discovered by 2773:came under the influence of 2769:Man and the Isles", but the 1637:This era coincided with the 534:) was the period during the 7: 16437:Iron Age cultures of Europe 15722:Russian invasion of Ukraine 15333:Crisis of the Third Century 15192:Christianization of Iceland 13893:Danish Runic Inscription 66 13397:Birka female Viking warrior 13089:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu 12373: 11336:The Grove Dictionary of Art 11181:. Oxford University Press. 10778:Scandinavian Politics Today 10499:The Varangians of Byzantium 10448:. Brill. pp. 241–242. 8801:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2020). 8717:The Varangians of Byzantium 8552:. BRILL. pp. 206–207. 8344:Nikitenka, Denisas (2018). 7562:"The End of the Viking Age" 7274:. Britannia 37 (2006): Web. 6803:Battles, Dominique (2013). 6025: 5930: 5708: 5422:. The town is now known as 5377: 5295:Modern replica of a Viking 5094: 4601:to Rollo, establishing the 3761:Exploration of the Americas 2923: 2828:King Dougal of the Hebrides 2643:), and became known as the 2522: 1914:Mongols invaded Kievan Rus' 1755:, by rapine and slaughter. 1718:three Norwegian boats from 1694: 1659:Christianity in Scandinavia 10: 16508: 16119:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 15778:Military history of Europe 15773:Maritime history of Europe 13923:Gunnar's bridge runestones 13269:Viking Age arms and armour 13124:Battle of Strangford Lough 12864:Battle of Brentford (1016) 11273:. Tartu University Press. 10994:Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). 10469:Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). 10421:. Brill. pp. 97–100. 10225:National Museum of Denmark 10079:The Legacy of Muslim Spain 9679:. Routledge. p. 464. 9150:World History Encyclopedia 9105:Sturlason, Snorre (2011). 9057:. Routledge. p. 260. 8747:Arkiv för nordisk filologi 8517:Noonan, Thomas S. (2001). 8507:National Museum of Denmark 8488:National Museum of Denmark 7314:Price, T. Douglas (2015). 7223:Sturlusson, Snorri (2000) 7074:. Mechanicsburg, 2002, 177 6980:10.1007/s10814-021-09163-3 6809:. Routledge. p. 168. 6728:. Routledge. p. 195. 6290:Cambridge University Press 5825:eventually became part of 5694:The Viking-age Rune-stones 5684:archaeological excavations 5575: 5381: 5308:Viking Age arms and armour 5301: 5237: 5075:. Afterwards they raided 4938:besieged it for seven days 4768: 4577:However, from 885 to 886, 4493: 4451: 3508:) on the eastern coast of 3468: 3040: 2976: 2961: 2927: 2899: 2881:, defeated a Danish band. 2814:The end of the Viking Age 2755:King of Mann and the Isles 2723: 2599:("Rock of the Clyde", the 2526: 2282: 2278: 2114: 2099: 1551: 878:), Greenland, and Canada. 733: 16376: 16305: 16164: 16059: 16046:Mongol invasion of Europe 15951: 15831: 15748:Genetic history of Europe 15730: 15535: 15351: 15291: 15258: 15200: 15162: 14443: 14405: 14195: 14149: 14132: 14079:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) 14066: 14053:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone 13875: 13742:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson 13577:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson 13349: 13237: 13114:Battle of Stamford Bridge 12801: 12696: 12626: 12588: 12577: 12381: 12312: 12265: 12162: 12072: 12063: 11953: 11944: 11847: 11838: 11766: 11757: 11746: 11636: 11562: 11240:Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). 11213:Martens, Irmelin (2004), 11101:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO 10905:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 10867:Preprint via ResearchGate 10723:. In McTurk, Rory (ed.). 10692:Sanders, Ruth H. (2021). 10332:Birnbaum, Henrik (2023). 9995:Logan, F. Donald (2013). 9951:Ferguson, Robert (2009). 9901:: 335–344. Archived from 9886:Riosalido, Jesús (1997). 9861:. In Sawyer, P.H. (ed.). 9588:. Routledge. p. 58. 9499:Seirinidou, Vaso (2017). 9049:Lübke, Christian (2022). 9001:Die Slawen in Deutschland 8999:Herrmann, Joachim (1985) 8929:. Routledge. p. 88. 8900:. Routledge. p. 43. 8696:. Göteborgs universitet. 8608:Burenhult, Göran (1999). 8521:. In Sawyer, P.H. (ed.). 8401:. Göteborgs universitet. 8119:14 September 2010 at the 8036:Hogan, C. Michael (2008) 7824:. Springer. p. 349. 6702:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 6700:Swanton, Michael (1998). 6047: 4609:, and vowed to guard the 4489: 4447: 4426: 4290: 4249: 4218: 4103: 4018: 3925: 3801: 3736: 3725: 3657: 3637: 3445:and Kiev were thoroughly 2997:The Viking Age in Estonia 2970:The Iru Fort in Northern 2803:agreed to pay tribute to 2289:Early Scandinavian Dublin 2224:In 1003, the Danish King 2010:Battle of Stamford Bridge 1768:In 794, according to the 1400:Medieval Scandinavian law 14430:North Germanic languages 14415:Germanic parent language 13587:Ingvar the Far-Travelled 13492:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir 13326:Raid Warfare and Tactics 13169:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt 13139:Battle of Tara (Ireland) 13109:Battle of Stamford (918) 13104:Battle of Stamford (894) 13009:Battle of Lüneburg Heath 12824:Battle of Anglesey Sound 11852:Administrative divisions 11698:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 11415:19, no. 6 (2003): 70–72. 11385:Vikings: Life and Legend 11177:A History of the Vikings 10719:Barnes, Michael (2008). 10496:Blöndal, Sigfús (2007). 9957:. Penguin. p. 218. 9613:A History of the Vikings 9528:Fabricius, Adam (1882). 9387:2. Runriket – Täby Kyrka 9241:Britannica Encyclopaedia 9211:Encyclopaedia Britannica 8780:. Routledge. p. 7. 8714:Blöndal, Sigfús (2007). 8503:28 February 2014 at the 8484:28 February 2014 at the 8136:Williams, John Garnons. 7566:The Viking Age: A Reader 7533:Winroth, Anders (2016). 7284:Winroth, Anders (2016). 7212:François-Xavier Dillmann 7087:Winroth, Anders (2016). 6390:Boydell & Brewer Ltd 6265: 5798:", says Michael Barnes. 5752:North Germanic languages 5640:University of Nottingham 5403: 5260:, over 500 years before 4764: 4654: 4540:caused severe damage to 4500:Siege of Paris (885–886) 4474:were raided by Vikings. 3347:, the Russian folk name 3306:) with the Middle East ( 2868: 2688:Diocese of Sodor and Man 2589:Britons of the Old North 2381:(Olaf) became the first 2230:St. Brice's Day massacre 2169:The following year, the 1310:Early Germanic calendars 1118:Hel (mythological being) 39:latest accepted revision 16001:Investiture Controversy 15971:Second Bulgarian Empire 15753:History of Christianity 14435:West Germanic languages 14425:East Germanic languages 14420:Proto-Germanic language 14240:Proto-Germanic folklore 14177:Romano-Germanic culture 13807:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson 13752:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 13482:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 13209:Siege of Chartres (911) 13059:Battle of Reading (871) 13014:Battle of Lyrskov Heath 13004:Battle of London Bridge 12974:Battle of Hingston Down 11968:Government Pension Fund 11359:, Thames & Hudson. 11267:Tvauri, Andres (2012). 10872:2 February 2021 at the 10748:Sullivan, Eric (2020). 10665:Sawyer, Birgit (2000). 10638:Sawyer, Birgit (2000). 10614:Women in the Viking Age 10587:Women in the Viking Age 9419:, vol. ii, pp. 203, 205 8774:"Who were the Vikings?" 8454:Encyclopædia Britannica 8424:Encyclopædia Britannica 8330:11 October 2017 at the 8043:18 January 2009 at the 7901:Downham, Clare (2007). 7353:Carroll, Jayne (2014). 7248:82.317 (2008): 671–685 6558:Oxford University Press 6512:Aarhus University Press 6385:Women in the Viking Age 6335:University of Cambridge 6008:Sviatopolk the Accursed 5746: 5739: 5732: 5652:Women in the Viking Age 5644:Women in the Viking Age 5614:Women in Viking society 5256:from Greenland reached 4745:, who won his nickname 4484:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 4095:Death in Norse paganism 3411:, used in the province 3388:derives from the words 2607:, which had become the 2516:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 1330:Death in Norse paganism 1096:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar 883:North Germanic language 619:settled in Newfoundland 16432:History of Scandinavia 16358:Post-classical history 16114:Fall of Constantinople 16021:Capet–Plantagenet feud 15888:First Bulgarian Empire 15577:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 13963:Norra Härene Runestone 13888:Baltic area runestones 13402:Bjørn (floruit 856–58) 13189:Raids in the Rhineland 12999:Battle of Leuven (891) 12989:Battle of Islandbridge 12984:Battle of Hjörungavágr 12884:Battle of Cathair Cuan 11556:history of Scandinavia 11448:The Vikings in History 11329:The Art of Scandinavia 11110:. Shire Publications. 11108:Viking Age Archaeology 11106:Hall, Richard (2010). 10611:Jesch, Judith (1991). 10584:Jesch, Judith (1991). 10475:. Brill. p. 215. 10388:Katona, Csete (2022). 10277:10.1098/rstb.2010.0194 10178:The Viking Achievement 9998:The Vikings in History 9954:The Vikings: A History 9857:Nelson, Jinty (2001). 9804:Christys, Ann (2015). 9582:Kennedy, Hugh (2014). 9417:Ecclesiastical History 9374:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 9295:Haywood, John (2015). 8772:Brink, Stefan (2008). 8049:The Modern Antiquarian 7978:10.1093/ref:odnb/25545 7909:Dunedin Academic Press 7858:The Vikings in Ireland 7767:Bagge, Sverre (2014). 7589:Bagge, Sverre (2012). 7536:The Age of the Vikings 7442:Bagge, Sverre (2014). 7385:The Vikings in Britain 7287:The Age of the Vikings 7259:The Vikings: A History 7115:The Vikings: A History 7090:The Age of the Vikings 7059:The Vikings: A History 7031:Bagge, Sverre (2014). 6786: 6645:Jesch, Judith (2015). 6460:Haywood, John (1999). 6418:Haywood, John (1995). 5727: 5596:Germanic heroic legend 5434: 5426: 5299: 5258:Mainland North America 5234:Mainland North America 5166: 5141: 4788: 3784:Varangian Trade Routes 3579:and the semilegendary 3486: 3283: 2974: 2686:—this survives in the 2656:kingdom of Northumbria 2645:Kingdom of Strathclyde 2537:on the holy island of 2399:Dubgaill and Finngaill 2377:In 853, Viking leader 2313: 2145:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 2140: 1962:army under Archbishop 1851:in 911. Frankish King 1835: 1766: 1707: 1582: 859: 815:were the first to use 769: 77: 15657:Industrial Revolution 14245:Anglo-Saxon mythology 14135:Ethnolinguistic group 13933:Hakon Jarl runestones 13832:Tryggvi the Pretender 13737:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 13672:Ohthere of Hålogaland 13617:Ketil Trout (Iceland) 13437:Eohric of East Anglia 13336:Svinfylking Formation 13144:Battle of Tarbat Ness 12954:Battle of Fýrisvellir 12819:First Battle of Alton 11508:The Danish Viking Age 10816:, CUP, 2001 edition, 10775:Arter, David (1999). 10415:Mägi, Marika (2018). 10293:25 April 2006 at the 10082:. Brill. p. 10. 9644:"Norsk jul i bokform" 9145:"Odo of West Francia" 8546:Mägi, Marika (2018). 8377:6 August 2023 at the 8303:5 August 2023 at the 7130:Leiden: Brill, 2000. 6894:Arne Emil Christensen 6830:Wawn, Andrew (2001). 6781: 5908:; many others end in 5877:; the replacement of 5432: 5411: 5302:Further information: 5294: 5156: 5136: 4778: 4769:Further information: 4761:, in Southern Italy. 4751:William the Conqueror 4712:William de Hauteville 4661:Dudo of Saint-Quentin 4623:Richard I of Normandy 4464:Frisian-Frankish wars 3478: 3469:Further information: 3272:Tjängvide image stone 3266: 2979:Viking Age in Estonia 2969: 2855:James III of Scotland 2836:Magnus the Law-Mender 2783:Lordship of the Isles 2529:Scandinavian Scotland 2300: 2122: 1797: 1761:Anglo Saxon Chronicle 1748: 1740:Anglo–Saxon Chronicle 1716:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1702: 1577: 854: 781:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 705:unification of Norway 530:(about 800–1050 396:Scandinavian Airlines 211:Chronological history 67: 16338:Medieval reenactment 16134:Renaissance Humanism 16041:Medieval Warm Period 16011:Republic of Florence 15825:European Middle Ages 15712:European debt crisis 15707:European integration 15647:Age of Enlightenment 15487:Republic of Florence 14043:Varangian runestones 13958:Lingsberg Runestones 13938:Hällestad Runestones 13822:Thorolf Kveldulfsson 13782:Styrbjörn the Strong 13717:Rognvald Eysteinsson 13697:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 13462:Freydís Eiríksdóttir 13432:Egill Skallagrímsson 13179:Burning of Luimneach 13154:Battle of Tettenhall 13119:Battle of Stiklestad 13054:Battle of Rastarkalv 12964:Battle of Hafrsfjord 12929:Battle of Englefield 12889:Battle of Chippenham 12879:Battle of Buttington 12874:Battle of Brunanburh 12869:Battle of Brissarthe 12257:Romantic nationalism 11867:Correctional Service 11826:World Heritage Sites 11513:Old Norse literature 11173:Jones, Gwyn (1968). 10969:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 10149:16 June 2006 at the 10103:Fadlan, Ibn (2012). 9927:Fletcher, Richard A. 9237:"Robert 1 of France" 9207:"Robert I of France" 9183:. 4 September 2018. 8858:Nationalencyklopedin 8610:Arkeologi i Norden 2 8371:Lietuva iki Mindaugo 8102:History and Heritage 8065:24 July 2011 at the 7660:Sweyn (r. 1013–1014) 7494:Howard, Ian (2003). 7382:Loyn, Henry (1995). 6899:4 March 2016 at the 6704:. Psychology Press. 6675:. English Heritage. 5943:in July 2019 and in 5744:). Another term was 5565:Eastern Roman Empire 5516:network. During the 5262:Christopher Columbus 4834:Chronicon albeldense 4728:Land of the Lombards 4524:during the reign of 4496:Siege of Paris (845) 4486:, as well as Rorik. 3459:Nationalencyklopedin 3396:(a rowing session). 3365:, contains the word 3128:Egill Skallagrímsson 2875:Battle of Buttington 2726:Kingdom of the Isles 2639:(within present-day 2491:High King of Ireland 2441:kingdom of the Isles 2273:Eystein II of Norway 1976:Battle of Stiklestad 1908:with the capital in 1703:Viking-era towns of 1639:Medieval Warm Period 811:and Swedish scholar 794:Robert of Gloucester 643:Kingdom of the Isles 617:. They also briefly 16051:Kingdom of Portugal 15918:Old Church Slavonic 15903:Anglo-Saxon England 15677:Revolutions of 1848 15607:Early modern France 15388:Anglo-Saxon England 15293:Classical antiquity 15172:Gothic Christianity 13988:Sigtrygg Runestones 13978:Runestones of Högby 13883:Ballstorp Runestone 13867:Unn the Deep-Minded 13802:Thorfinn the Mighty 13797:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva 13777:Steinunn Refsdóttir 13567:Hemming Halfdansson 13422:Bjorn the Easterner 13149:Battle of Tempsford 13099:Battle of Stainmore 13079:Battle of Rochester 13019:Battle of Mag Femen 12979:Battle of the Holme 12904:Battle of Corbridge 12859:Battle of Brávellir 12809:Tactics and warfare 12613:Viking ship replica 11097:Frucht, R. (2004), 10897:2020Natur.585..390M 10334:"Medieval Novgorod" 9763:10.3390/rel12070544 9609:Gwyn Jones (2001). 9501:"The Mediterranean" 9393:4 June 2008 at the 9356:Hill, Paul (2015). 9316:thevikingherald.com 8743:"Rus' und Wikinger" 8346:Pilsoto žemės pilys 8208:, pp. 132–135. 8088:18 May 2011 at the 7869:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí. 7070:Fletcher, Richard. 6648:The Viking Diaspora 6546:Rogers, Clifford J. 5961:early modern period 5896:): over 600 end in 5650:Published in 1991, 5361:calcite "sunstones" 5281:World Heritage Site 5038:al-Jazīra al-Khadrā 5011:al-Jazīra al-Khadrā 4812:Kingdom of Asturias 4804:Strait of Gibraltar 4508:History of Normandy 3779:Viking Trade Routes 3591:, according to the 3557:Altes Lager Menzlin 3484:Altes Lager Menzlin 3142:and the islands of 3106:Battle of Brávellir 2664:Kingdom of Scotland 2032:by troops loyal to 1874:Anglo–Saxon England 1838:The Kingdom of the 1714:. According to the 1712:Beorhtric of Wessex 1674:Technological model 1618:Anglo-Saxon England 1253:Rituals and worship 827:, Danish-Norwegian 29:Page version status 16232:In popular culture 16197:Crusading movement 16069:Hundred Years' War 15928:Civitas Schinesghe 15913:Carolingian Empire 15898:Kingdom of Croatia 15851:Barbarian kingdoms 15783:Crusading movement 15687:Russian Revolution 15522:Hundred Years' War 15418:Maritime republics 15321:Early Christianity 15311:Hellenistic period 15268:Paleolithic Europe 14555:Germani cisrhenani 14263:Funerary practices 14167:Pre-Roman Iron Age 14143:Germanic languages 14018:Sparlösa Runestone 13973:Runestones at Aspa 13968:Orkesta Runestones 13913:England runestones 13532:Halfdan Ragnarsson 13512:Hakon Rognvaldsson 13497:Gunnar Hámundarson 13477:Godfrid Haraldsson 13412:Bjarni Herjólfsson 13362:Amlaíb Cenncairech 13350:Historical figures 13254:Great Heathen Army 13242:and fortifications 13159:Battle of Thetford 13084:Battle of Sasireti 13074:Battle of Ringmere 12959:Battle of Glenmama 12934:Battle of Epiphany 12924:Battle of Edington 12894:Battle of Clontarf 12854:Battle of Benfleet 12834:Battle of Assandun 12671:L'Anse aux Meadows 12496:Old Norse religion 12222:Norwegian language 12031:Telecommunications 11718:Reichskommissariat 11327:Anker, P. (1970). 11242:The origin of Rus' 10877: • 10312:www.britannica.com 8855:"Nordiska språk", 8618:Natur & Kultur 8368:Butrimas, Adomas. 8104:. Shetland Tourism 8060:"Norsken som døde" 7257:Ferguson, Robert. 7113:Ferguson, Robert. 7057:Ferguson, Robert. 6788:Magnus Magnusson, 6748:Albert D'Haenens, 6543: • 6499: • 6458: • 6416: • 6255:L'Anse aux Meadows 5996:Salme ship burials 5916:("clearing"), and 5701:as much as to the 5676:runic inscriptions 5642:, suggests in her 5435: 5427: 5300: 5274:L'Anse aux Meadows 5254:Þórfinnr Karlsefni 5246:Bjarni Herjólfsson 5240:L'Anse aux Meadows 5223:Western Settlement 5201:Eastern Settlement 5167: 4887:Emirate of Qurṭuba 4839:Annales Bertiniani 4827:Mare Mediterrāneum 4789: 4739:Edgar the Ætheling 4718:who fought in the 4716:Edgar the Ætheling 4703:), North Africa). 4587:Robert I of France 4560:. The presence of 3702:Old Norse religion 3677:Pre-Roman Iron Age 3487: 3345:Thorsten Andersson 3284: 2975: 2824:King Magnus of Man 2720:Kings of the Isles 2710:The Jarl of Orkney 2621:Arthgal ap Dyfnwal 2580:(The accession of 2578:Óengus mac Fergusa 2480:Máel Sechnaill Mór 2465:Sigtrygg Silkbeard 2314: 2266:Battle of Hastings 2173:, led by brothers 2171:Great Heathen Army 2141: 1853:Charles the Simple 1836: 1708: 1627:Vale of York Hoard 1583: 1569:Harald I of Norway 1565:female infanticide 1320:Seeress (Germanic) 1042:Old Norse religion 994:Pre-Roman Iron Age 860: 817:runic inscriptions 709:Carolingian Empire 611:Volga trade routes 159:History by country 78: 35: 16414: 16413: 16323:Basic topics list 16124:Swiss mercenaries 16074:Wars of the Roses 15981:Kingdom of Poland 15966:Holy Roman Empire 15833:Early Middle Ages 15791: 15790: 15717:COVID-19 pandemic 15662:French Revolution 15637:Habsburg monarchy 15617:Cossack Hetmanate 15597:Portuguese Empire 15587:Absolute monarchy 15582:Thirty Years' War 15477:Holy Roman Empire 15402:Bulgarian Empire 15361:Early Middle Ages 15278:Bronze Age Europe 15252:History of Europe 15218: 15217: 14390:Gothic and Vandal 14182:Germanic Iron Age 14157:Nordic Bronze Age 14139:Northern European 14092: 14091: 14058:Viking runestones 13993:Simris Runestones 13983:Sædinge Runestone 13953:Karlevi Runestone 13943:Ingvar runestones 13918:Greece runestones 13827:Thorstein the Red 13812:Thorkell the Tall 13692:Ragnar Ragnarsson 13597:Ivar the Boneless 13522:Haakon Sigurdsson 13472:Garðar Svavarsson 13457:Eiríkr Hákonarson 13452:Eric I of Denmark 13407:Bjorn Asbrandsson 13294:Gjermundbu helmet 13164:Battle of Thimeon 13134:Battle of Sulcoit 13129:Battle of Svolder 13094:Battle of Skyhill 13064:Battle of Renfrew 13044:Battle of Norditi 13029:Battle of Meretun 12949:Battle of Fulford 12944:Battle of Florvåg 12829:Battle of Ashdown 12556:Viking runestones 12341: 12340: 12308: 12307: 12127:language conflict 12059: 12058: 12006:Norwegian paradox 11940: 11939: 11922:Political parties 11882:Foreign relations 11834: 11833: 11595: 11594: 11445:Logan, F. Donald 11407:978-0-04-709018-9 11393:978-0-7141-2336-3 11379:978-0-8478-1625-5 11365:978-0-500-20419-1 11351:978-0-7141-1354-8 11309:978-0-7112-3468-0 11205:978-1-909662-79-7 11138:978-3-515-07671-5 11117:978-0-7478-0063-7 11089:978-0-521-82992-2 11007:978-90-04-13874-2 10891:(7825): 390–396. 10788:978-0-7190-5133-3 10761:978-1-000-28815-5 10734:978-1-4051-3738-6 10705:978-0-226-75975-3 10678:978-0-19-820643-9 10651:978-0-19-820643-9 10624:978-0-85115-360-5 10597:978-0-85115-360-5 10570:978-0-415-17359-9 10538:978-90-272-9960-4 10509:978-0-521-03552-1 10482:978-90-04-13874-2 10455:978-90-04-38173-5 10428:978-90-04-36381-6 10401:978-1-000-68517-6 10374:978-0-19-023197-2 10347:978-0-520-34307-8 10297:BBC. 5 April 2000 10116:978-0-14-197504-7 10035:978-84-7813-270-6 10008:978-1-136-52716-6 9964:978-1-101-15142-6 9933:. HarperCollins. 9895:Al-Andalus Magreb 9872:978-0-19-285434-6 9817:978-1-4742-1377-6 9595:978-1-317-87041-8 9514:978-1-78533-585-3 9118:978-1-4465-4805-9 9091:978-1-4728-1322-0 9064:978-1-000-54834-1 9015:, pp. 15–16. 8936:978-1-136-16954-0 8923:"Boats and Ships" 8907:978-1-000-20470-4 8814:978-3-030-53797-5 8727:978-0-521-03552-1 8702:978-91-981859-4-2 8694:Att tolka Svitjod 8690:Thunberg, Carl L. 8650:978-91-7810-885-5 8627:978-91-27-13478-2 8586:978-87-7124-425-0 8559:978-90-04-36381-6 8532:978-0-19-285434-6 8407:978-91-637-5727-3 8395:Thunberg, Carl L. 8323:Sigtuna hukkumine 8196:, pp. 45–46. 7984:(Subscription or 7952:Gorski, Richard. 7918:978-1-903765-89-0 7831:978-3-319-78828-9 7780:978-1-4008-5010-5 7755:978-0-582-05970-2 7629:978-1-78885-148-0 7602:978-87-635-0791-2 7575:978-1-4875-7047-7 7546:978-0-691-16929-3 7455:978-1-4008-5010-5 7395:978-0-631-18711-0 7368:978-1-317-86041-9 7327:978-0-19-023199-6 7297:978-0-691-16929-3 7270:Pearson, Andrew. 7200:978-2-221-10631-0 7190:Boyer, R. (2008) 7100:978-0-691-16929-3 7044:978-1-4008-5010-5 6930:978-0-85115-713-9 6872:978-0-7195-6299-0 6816:978-1-136-15662-5 6658:978-1-317-48253-6 5971:(84 samples) and 5713:The 12th-century 5606:influence in the 5549:Umayyad Caliphate 5522:Volga trade route 5212:Middle Settlement 5163:Church of Hvalsey 4771:Vikings in Iberia 4636:conquered England 4603:Duchy of Normandy 4581:(Eudes de Paris) 4476:Rorik of Dorestad 4439: 4438: 3797: 3796: 3789:Volga Trade Route 3707:Germanic paganism 3687:Germanic Iron Age 3672:Nordic Bronze Age 3506:Groß Strömkendorf 3300:Volga trade route 3293:Truvor and Sineus 3291:and his brothers 3237:Primary Chronicle 3074:Norna-Gests þáttr 2993:Southern Estonian 2904:According to the 2801:Harald Maddadsson 2766:Edgar of Scotland 2744:Sigurd the Mighty 2740:Thorstein the Red 2670:Earldom of Orkney 2652:Scottish Lowlands 2582:Cináed mac Ailpín 2566:Eogán mac Óengusa 2457:Olaf Guthfrithson 2391:Ivar the Boneless 2211:Battle of Ashdown 2175:Ivar the Boneless 2143:According to the 1952:Battle of Norditi 1804:Mediterranean Sea 1633:Ideological model 1590:Demographic model 1550: 1549: 1375:Germanic kingship 1081:Wayland the Smith 1004:Germanic Iron Age 989:Nordic Bronze Age 825:Thormodus Torfæus 724:secondary sources 524: 523: 47:20 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 16499: 16404: 16403: 16394: 16393: 16384: 16343:Medieval studies 16187:Church and State 16061:Late Middle Ages 15953:High Middle Ages 15871:Christianization 15841:Migration Period 15818: 15811: 15804: 15795: 15794: 15652:Great Divergence 15567:Age of Discovery 15512:Late Middle Ages 15482:High Middle Ages 15393:Byzantine Empire 15376:Christianization 15366:Migration Period 15301:Classical Greece 15273:Neolithic Europe 15245: 15238: 15231: 15222: 15221: 15208: 15207: 15164:Christianization 14754:Ripuarian Franks 14126:Germanic peoples 14119: 14112: 14105: 14096: 14095: 14023:Stangeland stone 13998:Sjörup Runestone 13948:Italy runestones 13928:Hagby Runestones 13908:Egtved Runestone 13842:Valtoke Gormsson 13787:Sweyn Asleifsson 13772:Snorri Sturluson 13757:Sigurd the Stout 13702:Ragnall ua Imair 13592:Ingólfr Arnarson 13542:Harald Bluetooth 13527:Halfdan Long-Leg 13069:Battle of Remich 13049:Battle of Pinhoe 13034:Battle of Nesjar 13024:Battle of Maldon 12969:Battle of Helgeå 12939:Battle of Fitjar 12919:Battle of Dollar 12909:Battle of Cynwit 12899:Battle of Confey 12839:Battle of Basing 12704:Viking expansion 12636:North Sea Empire 12583: 12561:Viking Age trade 12436:Germanic deities 12368: 12361: 12354: 12345: 12344: 12321: 12197: 12187: 12070: 12069: 12016:Renewable energy 11991: 11951: 11950: 11845: 11844: 11764: 11763: 11752: 11708:End of the union 11671:High Middle Ages 11622: 11615: 11608: 11599: 11598: 11554:Timeline of the 11548: 11541: 11534: 11525: 11524: 11490: 11485: 11484: 11426:Hudson, Benjamin 11418:Downham, Clare. 11413:Military History 11301:The Viking World 11284: 11263: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11219: 11209: 11190: 11180: 11169: 11142: 11121: 11102: 11093: 11063: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10916: 10865: 10863: 10851: 10842: 10831: 10825: 10812:Crystal, David, 10810: 10793: 10792: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10552: 10543: 10542: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10304: 10298: 10285: 10279: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10195: 10189: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10140: 10134: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10019: 10013: 10012: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9948: 9942: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9907: 9892: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9837: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9676:The Viking World 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9616: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9562: 9553: 9540: 9539: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9479: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9398: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9362: 9361: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8958: 8952: 8941: 8940: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8867:Omkring 800–1100 8861:(in Swedish), § 8852: 8846: 8840: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8778:The Viking World 8769: 8763: 8762: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8711: 8705: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8670: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8631: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8514: 8508: 8495: 8489: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8416: 8410: 8392: 8386: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8341: 8335: 8315: 8309: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8263: 8257: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8134: 8128: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8080: 8074: 8073:. 9 October 1996 8057: 8051: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7963: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7874: 7867: 7861: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7764: 7758: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7720: 7714: 7699: 7693: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7634: 7633: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7491: 7485: 7482:Hrolf the Ganger 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7439: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7281: 7275: 7268: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7242: 7236: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7188: 7182: 7167: 7161: 7146: 7140: 7137: 7131: 7124: 7118: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7084: 7075: 7068: 7062: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7028: 7019: 7012: 7003: 7002: 6992: 6982: 6958: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6914: 6908: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6842:on 11 March 2008 6838:. Archived from 6827: 6821: 6820: 6800: 6794: 6775: 6769: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6725:The Viking World 6719: 6713: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6642: 6627: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6502:Wilson, David M. 6497: 6491: 6489: 6456: 6425: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6376: 6365: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6325:Sawyer, Peter H. 6321: 6315: 6314: 6276: 5841:sounds, such as 5827:Standard English 5749: 5742: 5735: 5680:material remains 5625:Medieval studies 5608:English language 5421: 5418: 5194: 5191: 5132:Kitāb almuqtabis 5027:Balearic Islands 5025:(جزُر البليار) ( 4995:(cora) of Tudmir 4962:Abd ar-Rahman II 4919:Abd al-Raḥmān II 4871:) and destroyed 4849:Historia silense 4573: 4570: 4555: 4539: 4468:Christianization 3767: 3766: 3731: 3719:Christianization 3692:Migration Period 3667:Nordic Stone Age 3624: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3551:(on the isle of 3543:(on the isle of 3428: 3425: 3417:Byzantine Empire 3387: 3281: 3251: 3243: 3085: 3082: 3071: 3068: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2915: 2805:William the Lion 2738:. His grandson, 2694:population (see 2630: 2626: 2564:. They defeated 2512: 2504: 2477: 2453:Gofraid ua Ímair 2414:regained control 2372:Máel Sechnaill I 2322:Annals of Ulster 2311: 2308: 2303:Dublin City Hall 2258:North Sea Empire 2215:Alfred of Wessex 2156:island of Thanet 2026:Hákon Hákonarson 2006:Harold Godwinson 2002:Haraldr Harðráði 1996: 1993: 1790: 1771:Annals of Ulster 1764: 1728:Isle of Portland 1726:) landed at the 1554:Viking expansion 1542: 1535: 1528: 1103:Dwarf (folklore) 1029:Christianization 1009:Migration Period 984:Nordic Stone Age 936: 913: 912: 805:Thomas Bartholin 772: 697:North Sea Empire 533: 516: 509: 502: 489: 485: 484: 483: 475: 471: 470: 469: 461: 457: 456: 455: 447: 443: 442: 441: 433: 429: 428: 427: 419: 415: 414: 413: 381:Nordic countries 254:Christianization 239:Migration Period 103: 80: 79: 21: 16507: 16506: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16487:Historical eras 16417: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16372: 16353:Neo-medievalism 16301: 16237:Itinerant court 16160: 16055: 15976:Georgian Empire 15961:Norman Conquest 15947: 15893:Frankish Empire 15827: 15822: 15792: 15787: 15726: 15692:Interwar period 15667:Napoleonic Wars 15531: 15502:Mongol invasion 15455:Crown of Aragon 15347: 15287: 15283:Iron Age Europe 15254: 15249: 15219: 15214: 15196: 15158: 14439: 14401: 14363:Gothic alphabet 14255:Norse mythology 14191: 14145: 14128: 14123: 14093: 14088: 14062: 14033:Runestone U 582 13871: 13792:Sweyn Forkbeard 13707:Raud the Strong 13667:Orm Storolfsson 13662:Olof Skötkonung 13652:Olav Haraldsson 13647:Olaf Tryggvason 13632:Magnus Barefoot 13612:Ketill Flatnose 13557:Harald Wartooth 13552:Harald Hardrada 13547:Harald Fairhair 13517:Haakon the Good 13345: 13341:Varangian Guard 13241: 13233: 13204:Siege of Asselt 13194:Raid on Seville 12994:Battle of Largs 12914:Battle of Derby 12849:Battle of Bauds 12844:Battle of Barry 12814:Battle of Aclea 12797: 12692: 12628: 12622: 12590: 12584: 12575: 12481:Norse mythology 12429:Younger Futhark 12377: 12372: 12342: 12337: 12324: 12317: 12304: 12261: 12242:Public holidays 12195: 12185: 12158: 12055: 11989: 11936: 11857:National budget 11830: 11816:Protected areas 11753: 11744: 11723:Quisling regime 11632: 11626: 11596: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11558: 11552: 11486: 11479: 11476: 11463:Maier, Bernhard 11317: 11315:General surveys 11296: 11291: 11289:Further reading 11281: 11252: 11231: 11229: 11217: 11206: 11158: 11139: 11118: 11090: 11072: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11057: 11047: 11045: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11008: 10992: 10988: 10978: 10976: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10876: 10874:Wayback Machine 10852: 10845: 10832: 10828: 10811: 10796: 10789: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10746: 10742: 10735: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10440: 10436: 10429: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10359: 10355: 10348: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10306: 10305: 10301: 10295:Wayback Machine 10286: 10282: 10269: 10265: 10255: 10253: 10252:on 20 June 2013 10244: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10219: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10196: 10192: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10161: 10151:Wayback Machine 10141: 10137: 10128: 10124: 10117: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10074: 10070: 10063: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10020: 10016: 10009: 9993: 9989: 9976: 9972: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9925: 9921: 9911: 9909: 9908:on 18 July 2011 9905: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9855: 9851: 9840:Mindre Skrifter 9835: 9829: 9825: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9775: 9771: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9715: 9711: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9686:978-020341277-0 9671: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9640: 9636: 9629: 9628:978-019280134-0 9607: 9603: 9596: 9580: 9576: 9560: 9554: 9543: 9526: 9522: 9515: 9497: 9493: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9454:on 18 July 2011 9451: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9401: 9395:Wayback Machine 9384: 9380: 9372: 9365: 9354: 9350: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9308: 9304: 9299:. Head of Zeus. 9293: 9289: 9279: 9277: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9248: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9181:History Channel 9175: 9174: 9170: 9160: 9158: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9047: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9011: 9007: 8998: 8994: 8986: 8982: 8974: 8961: 8953: 8944: 8937: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8890: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8841: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8787:978-020341277-0 8770: 8766: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8712: 8708: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8632: 8628: 8605: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8515: 8511: 8505:Wayback Machine 8496: 8492: 8486:Wayback Machine 8477: 8473: 8463: 8461: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8393: 8389: 8383:ISBN 9986571898 8379:Wayback Machine 8367: 8363: 8356: 8342: 8338: 8332:Wayback Machine 8316: 8312: 8305:Wayback Machine 8294: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8230: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8135: 8131: 8125:shetland.gov.uk 8121:Wayback Machine 8112: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8090:Wayback Machine 8081: 8077: 8067:Wayback Machine 8058: 8054: 8045:Wayback Machine 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8010: 8006: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7964: 7960: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7919: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7868: 7864: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7781: 7765: 7761: 7748: 7744: 7735: 7733: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7700: 7696: 7683: 7679: 7670: 7668: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7456: 7440: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7351: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7328: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7252: 7243: 7239: 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7189: 7185: 7168: 7164: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7125: 7121: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7029: 7022: 7013: 7006: 6959: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6901:Wayback Machine 6892: 6888: 6873: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6776: 6772: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6735:978-020341277-0 6720: 6716: 6712:. p. 57, n. 15. 6699: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6643: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6594: 6590: 6577: 6575: 6568: 6542: 6531: 6529: 6522: 6498: 6487: 6485: 6478: 6457: 6442: 6415: 6411: 6400: 6377: 6368: 6354: 6352: 6345: 6322: 6318: 6304: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6166: 6154: 6101: 6074: 6069: 6050: 6028: 6023: 5933: 5920:("homestead"). 5902:Grimsby, Naseby 5819: 5719:Gray Goose Laws 5711: 5660:Íslendingasögur 5656:Icelandic sagas 5616: 5582:Icelandic Sagas 5578: 5542:Gulf of Finland 5526:Northern Europe 5419: 5406: 5390: 5388:Norse mythology 5380: 5310: 5289: 5242: 5236: 5192: 5151: 5146: 5097: 5023:Juzur al-Balyār 4917:, and the emir 4773: 4767: 4755:Robert Guiscard 4708:Harald Hardrada 4657: 4652: 4650:Southern Europe 4571: 4526:Louis the Pious 4510: 4492: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4422: 4313:Bardy-Świelubie 4286: 4245: 4214: 4099: 4050:Walpurgis Night 4021: 4014: 3921: 3805: 3793: 3765: 3732: 3723: 3712:Norse mythology 3653: 3633: 3628: 3589:Magnus the Good 3565:Bardy-Świelubie 3473: 3467: 3433:1018–1066 (the 3427: 980–1060 3426: 3405:Varangian Guard 3385: 3183: 3083: 3072:, according to 3069: 3045: 3039: 2981: 2964: 2932: 2926: 2906:Icelandic sagas 2902: 2871: 2840:Treaty of Perth 2762:Magnus Barelegs 2753:. In 1095, the 2728: 2722: 2672: 2660:Kingdom of Alba 2628: 2624: 2558:Pictish kingdom 2545:, Northumbria. 2531: 2525: 2366:. Viking chief 2309: 2305:by James Ward ( 2295: 2283:Main articles: 2281: 2262:invaded England 2254:Harald Hardrada 2250:Stamford Bridge 2243:Harold Harefoot 2235:Edmund Ironside 2226:Sweyn Forkbeard 2221:captured York. 2164:Isle of Sheppey 2117: 2112: 2098: 2096:Northern Europe 2093: 2091: 2030:Battle of Largs 2008:in 1066 at the 1995: 995–1020 1994: 1988:Olof Skötkonung 1923:and then on to 1870:Norman Conquest 1866:Norman language 1765: 1759: 1697: 1667: 1665:Political model 1635: 1609: 1592: 1556: 1546: 1510: 1509: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1345: 1335: 1334: 1280:Walpurgis Night 1255: 1245: 1244: 1160: 1150: 1149: 1044: 1034: 1033: 979: 951: 911: 909:Probable causes 849: 840:Icelandic sagas 736: 728:Icelandic Sagas 720:primary sources 520: 481: 479: 478: 467: 465: 464: 453: 451: 450: 439: 437: 436: 425: 423: 422: 411: 409: 408: 401: 400: 366: 358: 357: 356: 341: 334: 326: 325: 324: 300: 292: 291: 290: 281:Denmark–Iceland 208: 156: 146: 145: 144: 111: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16505: 16495: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16412: 16411: 16409: 16408: 16398: 16388: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16371: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16348:Misconceptions 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16309: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16156:Little Ice Age 16153: 16152: 16151: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16109:Western Schism 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16065: 16063: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15957: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15863: 15858: 15856:Late antiquity 15853: 15848: 15843: 15837: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15821: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15798: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15734: 15732: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15642:Russian Empire 15639: 15634: 15632:British Empire 15629: 15627:Dutch Republic 15624: 15622:Swedish Empire 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15602:Spanish Empire 15599: 15594: 15592:Ottoman Empire 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15563: 15562: 15552: 15547: 15541: 15539: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15507:Serbian Empire 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15415: 15414: 15413: 15408: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15368: 15363: 15357: 15355: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15345: 15343:Late antiquity 15340: 15335: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15306:Roman Republic 15303: 15297: 15295: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15264: 15262: 15256: 15255: 15248: 15247: 15240: 15233: 15225: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15212: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15168: 15166: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15119: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14823: 14821:Thracian Goths 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14756: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14449: 14447: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14411: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14377: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14365: 14355: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14328: 14323: 14322: 14321: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14304: 14294: 14293: 14292: 14287: 14277: 14276: 14275: 14270: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14201: 14199: 14193: 14192: 14190: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14172:Roman Iron Age 14169: 14164: 14159: 14153: 14151: 14147: 14146: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14122: 14121: 14114: 14107: 14099: 14090: 14089: 14087: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14074:Viking revival 14070: 14068: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13687:Ragnar Lodbrok 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13657:Olaf the White 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13417:Björn Ironside 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13245: 13243: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13224:Siege of Paris 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13174:Battle of York 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13039:Battle of Niså 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12706: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12651:Orkney Islands 12648: 12643: 12638: 12632: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12594: 12592: 12591:and navigation 12586: 12585: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12371: 12370: 12363: 12356: 12348: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12323: 12322: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12302: 12300:Name of Norway 12297: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12189: 12179: 12174: 12168: 12166: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12077:Climate change 12073: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12021:Stock Exchange 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11927:Prime Minister 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11806:Municipalities 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11781:Extreme points 11778: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11693:Denmark–Norway 11690: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11656:Petty kingdoms 11653: 11648: 11642: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: articles 11625: 11624: 11617: 11610: 11602: 11593: 11592: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11551: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11505: 11499: 11492: 11491: 11475: 11474:External links 11472: 11471: 11470: 11460: 11443: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11395: 11381: 11367: 11353: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11279: 11264: 11250: 11237: 11210: 11204: 11191: 11170: 11156: 11143: 11137: 11122: 11116: 11103: 11094: 11088: 11079:Viking Empires 11071: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11055: 11025: 11006: 10986: 10956: 10861:10.1101/703405 10843: 10826: 10794: 10787: 10767: 10760: 10740: 10733: 10711: 10704: 10684: 10677: 10657: 10650: 10630: 10623: 10603: 10596: 10576: 10569: 10544: 10537: 10515: 10508: 10488: 10481: 10461: 10454: 10434: 10427: 10407: 10400: 10380: 10373: 10353: 10346: 10324: 10299: 10280: 10263: 10237: 10221:"Viking homes" 10212: 10190: 10188:. pp. 282–285. 10169: 10159: 10135: 10122: 10115: 10095: 10088: 10068: 10061: 10041: 10034: 10014: 10007: 9987: 9970: 9963: 9943: 9919: 9878: 9871: 9849: 9823: 9816: 9796: 9769: 9736: 9730:978-0415475525 9729: 9709: 9692: 9685: 9665: 9634: 9627: 9601: 9594: 9574: 9541: 9520: 9513: 9491: 9465: 9433: 9421: 9408: 9399: 9378: 9363: 9348: 9333: 9302: 9287: 9258: 9228: 9198: 9168: 9136: 9124: 9117: 9097: 9090: 9070: 9063: 9041: 9029: 9017: 9005: 8992: 8980: 8959: 8942: 8935: 8913: 8906: 8884: 8872: 8847: 8845:, p. 386. 8832: 8820: 8813: 8793: 8786: 8764: 8733: 8726: 8706: 8682: 8656: 8649: 8626: 8592: 8585: 8565: 8558: 8538: 8531: 8509: 8490: 8471: 8441: 8411: 8387: 8361: 8355:978-9986315056 8354: 8336: 8310: 8288: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8210: 8198: 8181: 8169: 8154: 8142: 8129: 8106: 8094: 8075: 8052: 8029: 8017: 8004: 7991: 7958: 7945: 7936: 7917: 7911:. p. 26. 7893: 7884: 7875: 7862: 7849: 7830: 7810: 7808:, p. 216. 7798: 7779: 7759: 7742: 7715: 7694: 7677: 7650: 7635: 7628: 7608: 7601: 7581: 7574: 7552: 7545: 7525: 7506: 7486: 7473: 7454: 7427: 7401: 7394: 7374: 7367: 7345: 7326: 7303: 7296: 7276: 7263: 7250: 7237: 7216: 7204: 7194:. R. Laffont. 7183: 7162: 7141: 7132: 7119: 7106: 7099: 7076: 7063: 7050: 7043: 7020: 7004: 6973:(2): 169–229. 6948: 6929: 6909: 6886: 6871: 6853: 6822: 6815: 6795: 6770: 6741: 6734: 6714: 6690: 6664: 6657: 6628: 6619: 6588: 6566: 6548:, ed. (2010). 6521:978-8779343672 6520: 6514:. p. 11. 6476: 6470:. p. 37. 6440: 6409: 6398: 6392:. p. 84. 6366: 6343: 6316: 6302: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6232:Western Europe 6230: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6220:Eastern Europe 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6124: 6117: 6107: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6080: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 5967:(95 samples), 5953:North Atlantic 5932: 5929: 5818: 5815: 5710: 5707: 5692:says her book 5629:Gro Steinsland 5615: 5612: 5588:works such as 5577: 5574: 5405: 5402: 5384:Norse paganism 5379: 5376: 5288: 5285: 5238:Main article: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5219: 5214:, near modern 5208: 5207:on Ericsfjord. 5187:Little Ice Age 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5096: 5093: 5058:García Iñiquez 4970:Lévi-Provençal 4766: 4763: 4759:duke of Apulia 4665:Björn Ironside 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4640:southern Italy 4634:. The Normans 4632:Western Europe 4599:Upper Normandy 4491: 4488: 4452:Main article: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443:Western Europe 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4226:Æsir–Vanir War 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682:Roman Iron Age 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3583:, base of the 3559:(on the lower 3539:coast include 3498:Mecklenburgian 3466: 3465:Central Europe 3463: 3451:Old East Norse 3333:eastern Sweden 3278:800–1099 3232:Rus' Khaganate 3182: 3181:Eastern Europe 3179: 3102: 3101: 3041:Main article: 3038: 3035: 3019:sacked Sigtuna 3014:Eric Chronicle 2977:Main article: 2963: 2960: 2928:Main article: 2925: 2922: 2901: 2898: 2870: 2867: 2771:Inner Hebrides 2760:was killed by 2732:Ketil Flatnose 2724:Main article: 2721: 2718: 2671: 2668: 2605:Dumbarton Rock 2593:Firth of Clyde 2574:Áed mac Boanta 2527:Main article: 2524: 2521: 2383:king of Dublin 2340:Linn Duachaill 2318:Gaelic Ireland 2280: 2277: 2239:Cnut the Great 2149:Saint Cuthbert 2131:: Material is 2116: 2113: 2097: 2094: 2066: 2022:Hiberno-Norman 1984:Manx Chronicle 1933:Byzantine silk 1925:Constantinople 1902:His successors 1832:Upper Normandy 1824:Lower Normandy 1757: 1696: 1693: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1643:Little Ice Age 1634: 1631: 1623:Cuerdale Hoard 1608: 1607:Economic model 1605: 1601:Anders Winroth 1591: 1588: 1552:Main article: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1450: 1448:Æsir–Vanir War 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1200:Hel (location) 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999:Roman Iron Age 996: 991: 986: 980: 975: 974: 971: 970: 969: 968: 967: 966: 953: 952: 940:Norse language 937: 929: 928: 922: 921: 910: 907: 876:Northern Isles 848: 845: 833:Olof von Dalin 831:, and Swedish 829:Ludvig Holberg 790:Alcuin of York 748:Northumberland 735: 732: 605:and along the 522: 521: 519: 518: 511: 504: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 476: 462: 448: 434: 420: 403: 402: 399: 398: 393: 388: 386:Monetary Union 383: 378: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 355: 354: 353: 352: 347: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 323: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 289: 288: 286:Nordic Council 283: 278: 273: 271:Denmark–Norway 268: 263: 258: 257: 256: 251: 241: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142: 137: 132: 125: 118: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 96: 95: 89: 88: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16504: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16407: 16399: 16397: 16389: 16387: 16383: 16379: 16378: 16375: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16310: 16308: 16304: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16163: 16157: 16154: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16062: 16058: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16016:Scholasticism 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15878:Rise of Islam 15876: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15819: 15814: 15812: 15807: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15796: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15738:Art of Europe 15736: 15735: 15733: 15729: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15561: 15558: 15557: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15537:Modern period 15534: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15350: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15327: 15324: 15323: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15294: 15290: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15257: 15253: 15246: 15241: 15239: 15234: 15232: 15227: 15226: 15223: 15211: 15203: 15202: 15199: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15114: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 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14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14408: 14404: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14315: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14298: 14295: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14261: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14198: 14197:Early culture 14194: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14131: 14127: 14120: 14115: 14113: 14108: 14106: 14101: 14100: 14097: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14028:Stone of Eric 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 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13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13487:Grímur Kamban 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13442:Eric Bloodaxe 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13372:Amlaíb Conung 13370: 13368: 13367:Amlaíb Cuarán 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13331:Shield-maiden 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13321:Ring Fortress 13319: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13219:Sack of Paris 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12710: 12709:British Isles 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12666:North America 12664: 12662: 12661:Faroe Islands 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12625: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12587: 12582: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12486:Norse rituals 12484: 12482: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12471:Norse funeral 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12424:Elder Futhark 12422: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12369: 12364: 12362: 12357: 12355: 12350: 12349: 12346: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12316: 12315: 12311: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12289: 12288:national flag 12286: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12112:Incarceration 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12097:Ethnic groups 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12062: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11996:National bank 11994: 11992: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11943: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11892:Incarceration 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11751: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11703:Sweden–Norway 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11623: 11618: 11616: 11611: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11561: 11557: 11549: 11544: 11542: 11537: 11535: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11488:Oceans portal 11483: 11478: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11457:0-415-08396-6 11454: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11441: 11440:0-19-516237-4 11437: 11433: 11432: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11297: 11282: 11280:9789949199365 11276: 11272: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11251:0-674-64465-4 11247: 11243: 11238: 11227: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11157:91-7156-015-7 11153: 11149: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11104: 11100: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11070:Cited sources 11059: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10862: 10857: 10850: 10848: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10823: 10822:0-521-59655-6 10819: 10815: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10790: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10744: 10736: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10715: 10707: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10688: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10661: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10642: 10634: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10607: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10580: 10572: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10549: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10500: 10492: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10473: 10465: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10438: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10411: 10403: 10397: 10393: 10392: 10384: 10376: 10370: 10366: 10365: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10186:0-283-35499-2 10183: 10179: 10173: 10163: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10139: 10132: 10126: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10089:90-04-09599-3 10085: 10081: 10080: 10072: 10064: 10062:9789722317191 10058: 10054: 10053: 10045: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10018: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9991: 9983: 9982: 9974: 9966: 9960: 9956: 9955: 9947: 9940: 9939:0-00-255203-5 9936: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9845: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9819: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9764: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9696: 9688: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9669: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9605: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9524: 9516: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9450: 9443: 9437: 9431:, p. 60. 9430: 9425: 9418: 9412: 9403: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9382: 9375: 9370: 9368: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9291: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9134:, p. 17. 9133: 9128: 9120: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9101: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9074: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9045: 9039:, p. 16. 9038: 9033: 9027:, p. 13. 9026: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9002: 8996: 8990:, p. 15. 8989: 8984: 8978:, p. 18. 8977: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8957:, p. 12. 8956: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8938: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8882:, p. 17. 8881: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8837: 8830:, p. 22. 8829: 8824: 8816: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8797: 8789: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8749:(in German). 8748: 8744: 8737: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8542: 8534: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8475: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8357: 8351: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8292: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8195: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8159: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8021: 8014: 8008: 8001: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7962: 7955: 7949: 7940: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7888: 7879: 7872: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7814: 7807: 7802: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7711:0-19-285434-8 7708: 7704: 7698: 7691: 7690:1-903025-00-1 7687: 7681: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7654: 7648:, p. 13. 7647: 7642: 7640: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7612: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7585: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7507:0-85115-928-1 7503: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7378: 7370: 7364: 7361:. Routledge. 7360: 7356: 7349: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7310: 7308: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7280: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7254: 7247: 7241: 7234: 7233:2-07-073211-8 7230: 7227:. Gallimard. 7226: 7220: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7181:. pp. 184–185 7180: 7179:2-7242-3080-9 7176: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7158:0-19-285434-8 7155: 7151: 7145: 7136: 7129: 7123: 7116: 7110: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7081: 7073: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7027: 7025: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6836:www.bbc.co.uk 6833: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6766:0-525-22892-6 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6718: 6711: 6710:0-415-92129-5 6707: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6623: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6573: 6569: 6567:9780195338423 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6428:Penguin Books 6424: 6423: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6380:Jesch, Judith 6375: 6373: 6371: 6363: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337:. p. 3. 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6244:North America 6239: 6236: 6235: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6146: 6143:Veisafjǫrðr ( 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6067:British Isles 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032:Faroe Islands 6030: 6029: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939:published at 5938: 5937:genetic study 5928: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5803:lingua franca 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5690:Birgit Sawyer 5687: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5415: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5228: 5227:Godthåbsfjord 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5183:microclimates 5180: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5144:North America 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5034:Aḥmad al-Rāzī 5030: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743:Erling Skakke 4740: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628:feudal states 4624: 4620: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460:Low Countries 4455: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4272:Völsung Cycle 4270: 4268: 4267:Tyrfing Cycle 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:Norse funeral 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975:Múspellsheimr 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3917:Ask and Embla 3915: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 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3031: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3015: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2890:Haverfordwest 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2790:Aberdeenshire 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Godred Crovan 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2472: 2471:, in Dublin. 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2403:Áed Findliath 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Brú na Bóinne 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2219:Eric Bloodaxe 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205:and his five 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:Western Isles 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:Alexander III 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:Olav the Holy 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:Volkhov River 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:North America 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1753:(Lindisfarne) 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:British Isles 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495:Völsung Cycle 1493: 1491: 1490:Tyrfing Cycle 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1270:Norse funeral 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1248: 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11300: 11269: 11241: 11230:, retrieved 11225: 11221: 11195: 11176: 11147: 11127: 11107: 11098: 11078: 11058: 11046:. Retrieved 11037: 11028: 11016:. Retrieved 10996: 10989: 10977:. Retrieved 10968: 10959: 10947:. Retrieved 10888: 10884: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10824:, pp. 25–26. 10813: 10777: 10770: 10750: 10743: 10724: 10714: 10694: 10687: 10667: 10660: 10640: 10633: 10613: 10606: 10586: 10579: 10560: 10528: 10518: 10498: 10491: 10471: 10464: 10444: 10437: 10417: 10410: 10390: 10383: 10363: 10356: 10337: 10327: 10315:. Retrieved 10311: 10302: 10283: 10266: 10254:. Retrieved 10250:the original 10240: 10228:. Retrieved 10224: 10215: 10203:. Retrieved 10193: 10177: 10172: 10162: 10154: 10138: 10125: 10105: 10098: 10078: 10071: 10051: 10044: 10024: 10017: 9997: 9990: 9980: 9973: 9953: 9946: 9930: 9922: 9910:. Retrieved 9903:the original 9898: 9894: 9881: 9862: 9852: 9843: 9839: 9826: 9806: 9799: 9782: 9772: 9753: 9749: 9739: 9719: 9712: 9702: 9695: 9675: 9668: 9656:. Retrieved 9651: 9648:The Norseman 9647: 9637: 9612: 9604: 9584: 9577: 9568: 9564: 9535: 9530: 9523: 9504: 9494: 9485: 9481: 9468: 9456:. Retrieved 9449:the original 9436: 9424: 9416: 9411: 9402: 9386: 9381: 9373: 9357: 9351: 9342: 9336: 9324:. Retrieved 9315: 9305: 9296: 9290: 9278:. Retrieved 9268: 9261: 9249:. Retrieved 9240: 9231: 9219:. Retrieved 9210: 9201: 9189:. Retrieved 9180: 9171: 9159:. Retrieved 9148: 9139: 9127: 9107: 9100: 9080: 9073: 9054: 9044: 9032: 9020: 9008: 9000: 8995: 8983: 8926: 8916: 8897: 8887: 8875: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8843:Pritsak 1981 8828:Jansson 1980 8823: 8803: 8796: 8777: 8767: 8750: 8746: 8736: 8716: 8709: 8693: 8685: 8673:. Retrieved 8659: 8640: 8636: 8613: 8609: 8595: 8575: 8568: 8548: 8541: 8522: 8512: 8493: 8474: 8462:. Retrieved 8453: 8444: 8432:. Retrieved 8423: 8414: 8398: 8390: 8370: 8364: 8345: 8339: 8322: 8313: 8296: 8291: 8279:. Retrieved 8271:Euratlas.net 8270: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8231:. Retrieved 8223:Euratlas.net 8222: 8213: 8206:Martens 2004 8201: 8172: 8145: 8132: 8124: 8109: 8097: 8078: 8070: 8055: 8048: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8007: 7999: 7994: 7967: 7961: 7953: 7948: 7939: 7927:. Retrieved 7903: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7870: 7865: 7857: 7852: 7840:. Retrieved 7820: 7813: 7801: 7789:. Retrieved 7769: 7762: 7745: 7734:, retrieved 7724: 7718: 7702: 7697: 7680: 7669:, retrieved 7659: 7653: 7618: 7611: 7591: 7584: 7565: 7555: 7535: 7528: 7516:. Retrieved 7496: 7489: 7476: 7464:. Retrieved 7444: 7418:. Retrieved 7404: 7384: 7377: 7358: 7348: 7336:. Retrieved 7316: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7266: 7258: 7253: 7245: 7240: 7224: 7219: 7207: 7191: 7186: 7170: 7165: 7149: 7144: 7135: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7109: 7089: 7071: 7066: 7058: 7053: 7033: 7015: 6970: 6966: 6939:. Retrieved 6919: 6912: 6904: 6889: 6862: 6856: 6844:. Retrieved 6840:the original 6835: 6825: 6805: 6798: 6789: 6787: 6782: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6724: 6717: 6701: 6681:. Retrieved 6667: 6647: 6622: 6610:. Retrieved 6602:The Guardian 6601: 6591: 6583: 6576:. Retrieved 6553: 6537: 6530:. Retrieved 6506: 6493: 6486:. Retrieved 6462: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6384: 6360: 6353:. Retrieved 6329: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6284: 6280:Mawer, Allen 6274: 6136:Víkingr-ló ( 6016: 6001: 5993: 5979:and eastern 5944: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5800: 5781: 5737: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682:revealed in 5673: 5659: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5636:Judith Jesch 5634: 5621: 5617: 5599: 5589: 5579: 5546: 5537: 5510: 5494:Persian Gulf 5475: 5471:Aldeigjuborg 5436: 5413: 5391: 5368:Visby lenses 5365: 5357:Iceland spar 5352: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5311: 5270:Newfoundland 5250:Leif Ericson 5243: 5168: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5125:al-Us̲h̲būna 5124: 5120: 5117:al-Us̲h̲būna 5116: 5105:Mar da Palha 5104: 5098: 5081: 5066: 5053: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5003:ḥiṣn Ūriyūla 5002: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4924: 4914: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4861:Guadalquivir 4858: 4853: 4847: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4820:Miðjarðarhaf 4819: 4815: 4801: 4790: 4746: 4732: 4705: 4658: 4616: 4579:Odo of Paris 4576: 4563: 4562:Carolingian 4518: 4513: 4511: 4457: 4231:Fimbulwinter 4175:Nithing pole 3696: 3631:Norse people 3594:Heimskringla 3592: 3567:near modern 3563:river), and 3534: 3495: 3488: 3458: 3439: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3348: 3326: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3285: 3248:in 859 3235: 3219: 3217: 3206: 3190: 3184: 3152: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3088:Sigurd Hring 3064: 3046: 3027: 3023: 3012: 2982: 2952: 2936:Fennoscandia 2933: 2918:Erik the Red 2903: 2883: 2872: 2844: 2815: 2813: 2798: 2787: 2748: 2729: 2714: 2703: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2649: 2587:In 870, the 2586: 2547: 2532: 2514: 2474:In 980 2473: 2449:Sitric Cáech 2434: 2407: 2376: 2348:Clonmacnoise 2329: 2315: 2270: 2247: 2223: 2168: 2153: 2144: 2142: 1999: 1972: 1949: 1937:cowrie shell 1918: 1878: 1837: 1830:in 911, but 1786: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1749: 1739: 1723: 1722:(Old Norse: 1715: 1709: 1685: 1681: 1668: 1636: 1610: 1593: 1584: 1557: 1453:Fimbulwinter 1405:Nithing pole 1013: 947: 943: 899: 895: 880: 861: 837: 802: 798: 779: 776:Weymouth Bay 767: 761: 752:Judith Jesch 737: 726:such as the 717: 701: 690: 678: 670: 662: 654: 646: 603:Baltic coast 564: 559: 555: 527: 525: 376:Scandinavism 339:Nordic model 261:Kalmar Union 243: 210: 209: 158: 127: 120: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 18:Viking raids 16482:Middle Ages 16406:WikiProject 16333:Medievalism 16172:Agriculture 16036:Manorialism 16031:Communalism 16026:Monasticism 15943:Reconquista 15933:Kievan Rus' 15682:World War I 15672:Nationalism 15560:Reformation 15545:Renaissance 15517:Black Death 15450:Kievan Rus' 15353:Middle Ages 14930:Nahanarvali 14853:Hilleviones 14766:Frisiavones 14634:Cananefates 14624:Burgundians 14535:Banochaemae 14385:Anglo-Saxon 14336:Anglo-Saxon 14302:Anglo-Saxon 14285:Anglo-Saxon 14268:Anglo-Saxon 13817:Thorir Hund 13747:Sigurd Ring 13602:Jomsvikings 13299:Yarm helmet 12734:Isle of Man 12688:Kievan Rus' 12521:Skíðblaðnir 12475:ship burial 12394:Brisingamen 12252:Nationalism 12107:Immigration 11983:Natural gas 11897:LGBT rights 11887:Governments 11666:Unification 10914:10852/83989 10317:10 November 10230:10 November 10205:10 November 9779:"Pampeluna" 9280:22 November 9251:29 February 9221:29 February 9191:29 February 9081:The Vikings 9037:Kempke 2001 9025:Kempke 2001 9013:Kempke 2001 8988:Kempke 2001 8976:Kempke 2001 8955:Kempke 2001 8880:Kempke 2001 8281:24 November 8233:24 November 8177:Tvauri 2012 8165:Frucht 2004 8150:Tvauri 2012 8002:, pp. 51–52 7736:16 November 7671:16 November 6990:10852/89013 6941:15 December 6905:The Vikings 6463:The Vikings 6355:5 September 6285:The Vikings 6152:Isle of Man 6127:Veðrafjǫrðr 6062:(Lithuania) 5843:skirt, sky, 5784:rune stones 5747:norrœnt mál 5740:dansk tunga 5733:dǫnsk tunga 5664:antiquaries 5586:Old English 5561:Kievan Rus' 5557:Scandinavia 5534:Volga River 5530:Caspian Sea 5518:Middle Ages 5506:Caspian Sea 5455:Skiringssal 5441:(Denmark), 5193: 1400 5177:; 400 5121:al-ʾIšbūnah 5085:river Minho 4911:Ebro Valley 4907:Upper March 4550:monasteries 4466:), but the 4291:Settlements 4257:Poetic Edda 4080:Runic magic 4022:and worship 3995:Urðarbrunnr 3985:Mímisbrunnr 3965:Ginnungagap 3912:Jörmungandr 3890:Hel (being) 3863:Light elves 3771:Trade route 3746:Norse–Gaels 3642:Scandinavia 3585:Jomsvikings 3480:Stone ships 3455:Kievan Rus' 3421:Kievan Rus' 3359:Old Swedish 3329:Rus' people 3228:Rus' people 3177:, Latvia). 3163:Old Prussia 3084: 1157 2940:Old English 2847:Christian I 2788:In eastern 2751:Strathclyde 2736:King Harald 2696:Norse-Gaels 2591:around the 2543:Lindisfarne 2509:(1014 2461:Olaf Cuaran 2437:Norse-Gaels 2352:Glendalough 2310: 1914 2293:Norse-Gaels 2054:Isle of Man 1968:East Frisia 1958:coast by a 1945:Viking York 1906:Kievan Rus' 1806:, Northern 1744:Lindisfarne 1705:Scandinavia 1647:Charlemagne 1614:-wich towns 1480:Poetic Edda 1415:Norse clans 1315:Runic magic 1300:Vé (shrine) 1295:Heathen hof 1225:Urðarbrunnr 1215:Mímisbrunnr 1195:Ginnungagap 1140:Jörmungandr 1019:Norse–Gaels 959:Scandinavia 946:in red and 942:in CE 900: 786:Northumbria 757:Scandinavia 744:Lindisfarne 687:Kievan Rus' 631:Rus' people 623:Norse-Gaels 558:as well as 548:Scandinavia 536:Middle Ages 93:Scandinavia 68:Viking Age 16427:Viking Age 16421:Categories 16328:Land terms 16282:Technology 16262:Philosophy 16242:Literature 16207:Demography 15908:Viking Age 15445:Viking Age 15260:Prehistory 15149:Vinoviloth 14937:Marcomanni 14920:Helveconae 14898:Heaðobards 14868:Istvaeones 14858:Ingaevones 14843:Hermunduri 14811:Ostrogoths 14801:Greuthungi 14679:Chattuarii 14505:Angrivarii 14500:Ampsivarii 14468:Lentienses 14297:Literature 14187:Viking Age 13876:Runestones 13392:Berle-Kari 13357:Airdeconut 12551:Viking art 12546:Viking Age 12227:Literature 12186:(clothing) 12134:Norwegians 12117:Irreligion 11990:(currency) 11912:Parliament 11661:Viking Age 11651:Bronze Age 11399:Viking Art 11357:Viking Art 11303:, London. 11294:Background 11018:28 January 10979:22 January 10721:"Language" 10155:unesco.org 9756:(7): 551. 9326:11 October 8633:See also: 8318:Enn Tarvel 7988:required.) 7518:16 October 7173:. Perrin. 6778:Jones 1968 6612:21 October 6477:0750921943 6441:0140513280 6430:. p. 6399:0851153607 6362:islands... 6344:095173394X 6303:095173394X 6292:. p. 6214:Sutherland 6185:Norðreyjar 6119:Hlymrekr ( 5957:Bronze Age 5912:("farm"), 5867:they, them 5788:morphology 5555:connected 5538:Austrrvegr 5532:, via the 5524:connected 5502:Varangians 5473:(Russia). 5465:(France), 5461:(Sweden), 5457:(Norway), 5453:(Norway), 5449:(Norway), 5420: 950 5382:See also: 5346:Longhouses 5287:Technology 5225:at modern 5205:Brattahlid 5052:), called 5021:, and the 4999:Ibn Hayyān 4958:Isla Menor 4952:waited on 4926:Gwyn Jones 4901:) and the 4824:Late Latin 4797:al-Andalus 4779:Statue in 4724:Runestones 4679:, sacking 4572: 847 4494:See also: 4363:Köpingsvik 4282:Runestones 4262:Prose Edda 4205:Berserkers 4168:Runemaster 4010:Jötunheimr 4000:Yggdrasill 3990:Hvergelmir 3868:Dark elves 3697:Viking Age 3537:Pomeranian 3510:Wismar Bay 3491:Baltic Sea 3447:Slavicised 3392:(row) and 3252:, and the 3187:Varangians 3124:Egils Saga 3116:Vendel Age 3070: 750 3007:1200 3003:and ended 2859:Charles II 2794:Cruden Bay 2677:Norðreyjar 2554:River Earn 2501:(999 2487:Brian Boru 2447:; such as 2389:(possibly 2331:longphorts 2129:hacksilver 2100:See also: 2040:, Duke of 1931:" brought 1929:Varangians 1812:Asia Minor 1724:Hǫrðalandi 1651:Saxon Wars 1597:the Baltic 1505:Runestones 1485:Prose Edda 1240:Jötunheimr 1230:Yggdrasill 1220:Hvergelmir 1205:Muspelheim 1014:Viking Age 938:Extent of 847:Background 665:) and the 655:Norðreyjar 639:Icelanders 615:Varangians 601:, and the 528:Viking Age 315:Baltic Sea 244:Viking Age 227:Bronze Age 217:Prehistory 16313:Dark Ages 16222:Household 16217:Hastilude 15986:Feudalism 15492:Feudalism 15463:Catalonia 15144:Vidivarii 15139:Victohali 15129:Vangiones 15062:Thuringii 14967:Nuithones 14863:Irminones 14826:Visigoths 14816:Thervingi 14776:Gambrivii 14729:Dulgubnii 14724:Dauciones 14674:Chasuarii 14614:Brondings 14540:Bastarnae 14530:Baiuvarii 14510:Armalausi 14473:Raetovari 14407:Languages 14375:Symbology 14235:Folklore 14230:Festivals 13837:Turgesius 13712:Reginheri 13682:Palnatoke 13467:Freygeirr 13249:Berserker 12773:Pomerania 12768:Rhineland 12697:Expansion 12646:Greenland 12627:Homelands 12571:Yggdrasil 12491:Old Norse 12446:Hnefatafl 12414:Einherjar 12212:Jante law 12193:Christmas 12122:Languages 12092:Education 12046:Transport 11963:Fisheries 11877:Elections 11801:Mountains 11776:Districts 11759:Geography 11735:1945–2000 11646:Stone Age 11232:8 October 11228:: 125–137 11187:581030305 11148:Runstenar 11048:9 October 11000:. Brill. 10939:221769227 10923:1476-4687 10129:See also 9750:Religions 9658:5 January 9132:Hall 2010 8759:0066-7668 8602:Byzantine 8194:Mägi 2015 8011:Downham, 7998:Downham, 7646:Hall 2010 7246:Antiquity 7016:Antiquity 6999:1573-7756 6792:, p. 32. 6578:3 January 6550:"Vikings" 6532:3 January 6488:3 January 6226:Garðaríki 6204:Suðreyjar 6170:Caithness 6131:Waterford 6042:Greenland 5835:steersman 5792:phonology 5764:Norwegian 5756:Icelandic 5724:Icelandic 5715:Icelandic 5604:Old Norse 5514:Silk Road 5498:Byzantium 5372:telescope 5338:skipreide 5149:Greenland 5101:longships 5054:Banbalūna 5050:Pampeluna 5015:Algeciras 4903:Banu Qasi 4816:Nǫrvasund 4611:estuaries 4534:Roncevaux 4480:Wieringen 4241:Wild Hunt 4185:Longships 4158:Old Norse 4148:Mead hall 4055:Midsummer 3980:Niflheimr 3960:Fólkvangr 3940:Vanaheimr 3927:Cosmology 3905:Valkyries 3880:Einherjar 3808:mythology 3756:Garðaríki 3738:Expansion 3569:Kołobrzeg 3522:Obodrites 3304:Gardariki 3254:Curonians 3220:Varangian 3218:The term 3208:Gardariki 3203:mercenary 3171:Samogitia 3057:Icelandic 3043:Curonians 3037:Curonians 3021:in 1187. 2886:St. David 2683:Suðreyjar 2627:miles (20 2603:name for 2601:Brythonic 2570:Dál Riata 2550:River Tay 2418:Waterford 2271:In 1152, 2018:Strongbow 1956:North Sea 1941:Samarkand 1921:Black Sea 1885:longships 1720:Hordaland 1462:Wild Hunt 1420:Old Norse 1395:Mead hall 1350:Berserker 1285:Midsummer 1190:Fólkvangr 1170:Vanaheimr 1158:Cosmology 1108:Einherjar 903:North Sea 887:Old Norse 868:Caithness 692:Garðaríki 647:Suðreyjar 595:Greenland 542:known as 371:Languages 320:North Sea 310:Peninsula 305:Mountains 299:Geography 222:Stone Age 184:Greenland 110:Countries 76:, Sweden. 16396:Category 16363:Timeline 16252:Minstrel 16247:Medicine 16129:Chivalry 16084:Burgundy 16006:Crusades 15731:See also 15702:Cold War 15497:Crusades 15467:Valencia 15210:Category 15117:Hasdingi 15102:Usipetes 15082:Tubantes 15067:Toxandri 15047:Tencteri 15022:Suarines 15007:Sicambri 15002:Semnones 14982:Reudigni 14952:Mattiaci 14942:Marsacii 14893:Lombards 14883:Lacringi 14878:Juthungi 14709:Corconti 14694:Cherusci 14669:Charudes 14649:Chaedini 14619:Bructeri 14604:Bateinoi 14575:Eburones 14570:Condrusi 14565:Caeroesi 14560:Atuatuci 14495:Ambrones 14458:Brisgavi 14453:Alemanni 14331:Paganism 14220:Clothing 14215:Calendar 14162:Germania 13862:Uí Ímair 13642:Náttfari 13622:Lagertha 13582:Hvitserk 13314:Ingelrii 13309:Ulfberht 13289:Dane axe 12761:Normandy 12756:Brittany 12739:Scotland 12683:Jomsborg 12656:Shetland 12603:Longship 12541:Valkyrie 12536:Valhalla 12466:Norsemen 12456:Leysingi 12451:Holmgang 12399:Danegeld 12328:Category 12196:(season) 12149:Religion 12139:Pensions 12026:Taxation 11973:Industry 11907:Monarchy 11902:Military 11840:Politics 11042:Archived 11038:phys.org 11012:Archived 10973:Archived 10943:Archived 10931:32939067 10870:Archived 10291:Archived 10256:15 April 10147:Archived 9941:. p. 370 9912:11 April 9571:: 67–70. 9391:Archived 9320:Archived 9297:Northmen 9274:Archived 9245:Archived 9215:Archived 9185:Archived 9161:23 April 9155:Archived 8863:Historia 8692:(2012). 8675:5 August 8501:Archived 8482:Archived 8464:3 August 8458:Archived 8434:3 August 8428:Archived 8397:(2011). 8375:Archived 8328:Archived 8320:(2007). 8301:Archived 8275:Archived 8227:Archived 8117:Archived 8086:Archived 8063:Archived 8041:Archived 7923:Archived 7842:30 April 7836:Archived 7785:Archived 7730:archived 7665:archived 7512:Archived 7460:Archived 7414:Archived 7332:Archived 6935:Archived 6897:Archived 6881:63398802 6846:4 August 6790:Vikings! 6768:, p. 61. 6758:Vikings! 6677:Archived 6606:Archived 6572:Archived 6526:Archived 6504:(2008). 6482:Archived 6452:í víking 6382:(1991). 6349:Archived 6327:(1995). 6282:(1913). 6238:Normandy 6208:Hebrides 6193:Shetland 6175:Galloway 6164:Scotland 6121:Limerick 6056:(Latvia) 6026:Atlantic 5951:and the 5931:Genetics 5914:-thwaite 5796:reflexes 5709:Language 5627:scholar 5563:and the 5463:Bordeaux 5447:Bjørgvin 5396:and the 5394:Valhalla 5378:Religion 5304:Longship 5297:longship 5095:Portugal 5073:Camargue 5042:Shidūnah 5007:Orihuela 4966:Talayata 4950:Išbīliya 4934:Išbīliya 4930:flotilla 4915:Išbīliya 4891:Išbīliya 4877:Išbīliya 4865:Išbīliya 4863:towards 4854:Ghilīsīa 4844:Toulouse 4836:and the 4689:Florence 4644:Crusades 4607:baptised 4546:Jumièges 4514:Normanni 4472:Dorestad 4403:Timerevo 4393:Sarskoye 4378:Ralswiek 4368:Lindholm 4348:Jomsborg 4343:Holmgard 4328:Gnezdovo 4303:Aldeigja 4236:Ragnarök 4210:Emporium 4153:Holmgang 4075:Calendar 4005:Valhalla 3945:Miðgarðr 3803:Paganism 3581:Jomsborg 3549:Ralswiek 3530:Haithabu 3443:Novgorod 3435:Þingalið 3375:Svealand 3354:leiðangr 3337:Roslagen 3318:Gnezdovo 3309:Serkland 3268:Longship 3246:Danegeld 3224:Aldeigja 3175:Courland 3148:Bornholm 3030:Saaremaa 3017:to have 2989:Northern 2956:Kvenland 2930:Kvenland 2924:Kvenland 2809:mainland 2775:Somerled 2597:Alt Clut 2535:Scotland 2523:Scotland 2507:Clontarf 2499:Glenmama 2495:Leinster 2483:defeated 2430:Limerick 2410:Uí Ímair 2374:in 845. 2368:Thorgest 2199:Ecgberht 2062:Shetland 2052:and the 2042:Normandy 2020:and his 1894:Novgorod 1849:Normandy 1758:— 1695:Overview 1625:and the 1457:Ragnarök 1385:Holmgang 1235:Valhalla 1210:Niflheim 1133:Valkyrie 926:Norsemen 918:a series 916:Part of 874:and the 872:Hebrides 809:Ole Worm 683:Normandy 599:Normandy 560:Norsemen 540:Norsemen 249:Norsemen 232:Iron Age 199:Scotland 85:a series 83:Part of 43:reviewed 16492:Vikings 16306:Related 16292:Warfare 16287:Theatre 16277:Slavery 16272:Science 16227:Hunting 16192:Cuisine 16165:Culture 16104:Castile 16099:England 15572:Baroque 15471:Majorca 15383:Francia 15134:Varisci 15122:Silingi 15112:Vandals 15087:Tulingi 15077:Triboci 15072:Treveri 15052:Teutons 15042:Taifals 15017:Sitones 14957:Nemetes 14915:Helisii 14888:Lemovii 14806:Gutones 14739:Firaesi 14734:Favonae 14714:Cugerni 14704:Cobandi 14659:Chamavi 14654:Chaemae 14644:Casuari 14639:Caritni 14609:Betasii 14580:Paemani 14515:Auiones 14380:Warfare 14358:Scripts 14326:Numbers 14150:History 14067:Related 13637:Naddodd 13562:Hastein 13537:Hagrold 13507:Guthrum 13502:Guthred 13387:Bagsecg 13284:Skeggöx 13274:Halberd 12802:Battles 12778:Estonia 12714:Danelaw 12676:Vinland 12641:Iceland 12566:Wergeld 12531:Tyrfing 12516:Seeress 12461:Mjölnir 12419:Futhark 12382:Culture 12375:Vikings 12319:Outline 12266:Symbols 12207:Cuisine 12164:Culture 12144:Poverty 12065:Society 12051:Whaling 12036:Tourism 11946:Economy 11796:Mammals 11786:Islands 11771:Climate 11638:History 11496:Vikings 11260:8424246 11166:7837892 10949:25 July 10893:Bibcode 10856:bioRxiv 9929:(1997) 8753:: 5–9. 8450:"Rurik" 8015:, p. 61 7791:25 July 7466:25 July 7338:25 July 7202:. p. 96 7160:. p. 20 6683:3 March 6448:víkingr 6259:Vinland 6180:Kintyre 6145:Wexford 6138:Wicklow 6099:Ireland 6093:Cumbria 6078:Danelaw 6072:England 6060:Polange 6054:Seeburg 6037:Iceland 5989:Gotland 5977:Denmark 5959:to the 5941:bioRxiv 5910:-thorpe 5894:Danelaw 5772:Swedish 5760:Faroese 5600:Beowulf 5591:Beowulf 5576:Culture 5492:or the 5490:Red Sea 5451:Kaupang 5333:leidang 5272:, near 5266:Vinland 5216:Ivigtut 5046:Sidonia 5019:Ūriyūla 4978:Qarmūnâ 4909:of the 4899:Córdoba 4895:Qurṭuba 4882:Qarmūnâ 4869:Seville 4808:Francia 4785:Galicia 4781:Catoira 4737:, like 4701:Morocco 4685:Fiesole 4669:Hastein 4564:deniers 4530:Gascony 4522:Francia 4398:Sigtuna 4373:Menzlin 4358:Kaupang 4323:Dierkow 4298:Alaborg 4250:Sources 4200:Vikings 4105:Society 4020:Rituals 3970:Helheim 3955:Bifröst 3950:Vígríðr 3935:Ásgarðr 3848:Völundr 3843:Sigmund 3751:Normans 3659:History 3647:History 3518:Rostock 3514:Dierkow 3401:Swedish 3379:Uppland 3322:Gotland 3191:Varyagi 3167:Palanga 3144:Gotland 3132:Sigtuna 3120:Palanga 3060:Vikings 3049:Swedish 2972:Estonia 2962:Estonia 2944:Ohthere 2910:Naddodd 2900:Iceland 2705:hersirs 2641:Glasgow 2637:Partick 2609:metonym 2562:Fortriu 2422:Wexford 2360:Kildare 2279:Ireland 2203:Bagsecg 2195:Danelaw 2187:Guthrum 2179:Halfdan 2125:bullion 2115:England 2038:William 2028:at the 1964:Rimbert 1960:Frisian 1883:-built 1881:clinker 1781:Céli Dé 1689:Sea ice 1580:Normans 1561:Scandes 1474:Sources 1390:Leidang 1343:Society 1185:Bifröst 1180:Vígríðr 1175:Midgard 1076:Sigmund 1024:Normans 977:History 964:History 891:Jutland 856:Faroese 734:Context 671:Danalǫg 667:Danelaw 635:Faroese 627:Normans 607:Dnieper 591:Iceland 583:Ireland 567:Denmark 556:Vikings 544:Vikings 459:Iceland 445:Finland 417:Denmark 365:Related 345:Finland 333:Economy 189:Iceland 179:Finland 169:Denmark 154:History 129:Iceland 122:Finland 116:Denmark 74:Gotland 16386:Portal 16267:Poetry 16094:France 15459:Aragon 15438:Amalfi 15423:Venice 15411:Second 15154:Warini 15107:Vagoth 15092:Tungri 15057:Thelir 15037:Swedes 15032:Sunici 14997:Saxons 14992:Rugini 14925:Manimi 14910:Diduni 14848:Heruli 14786:Gepids 14771:Frisii 14749:Franks 14699:Cimbri 14689:Chauci 14684:Chatti 14597:Nervii 14592:Morini 14550:Belgae 14545:Batavi 14520:Avarpi 14485:Angles 14445:Groups 14395:Viking 14341:Gothic 14319:Gothic 14225:Family 13852:Veborg 13572:Hervor 13382:Auisle 13279:Atgeir 13259:Hersir 12788:Dublin 12783:Iberia 12751:France 12744:Wessex 12724:Mercia 12719:Anglia 12526:Thrall 12333:Portal 12295:Mottos 12273:Anthem 12202:Cinema 12102:Health 11988:Krone 11978:Mining 11958:Energy 11917:Police 11872:Courts 11821:Rivers 11811:Cities 11629:Norway 11455: 11438: 11405: 11391: 11377: 11363: 11349: 11307: 11277: 11258: 11248: 11202: 11185: 11164: 11154: 11135: 11114: 11086: 11004: 10937: 10929: 10921: 10885:Nature 10858: 10820: 10785: 10758: 10731: 10702: 10675: 10648: 10621: 10594: 10567: 10535: 10506: 10479: 10452: 10425: 10398: 10371: 10344: 10184: 10113: 10086: 10059: 10032: 10005: 9961: 9937: 9869: 9814: 9727: 9683: 9625: 9592: 9511: 9458:11 May 9115: 9088: 9061: 8933: 8904: 8869:, 1994 8811: 8784: 8757: 8724: 8700: 8647: 8624: 8583: 8556: 8529: 8420:"Oleg" 8405: 8352: 7982: 7929:19 May 7915: 7828: 7777: 7753: 7709: 7688: 7626: 7599: 7572: 7543: 7504: 7452: 7420:7 June 7392: 7365: 7324: 7294: 7231: 7198: 7177: 7156: 7097: 7041: 6997: 6927: 6879: 6869: 6813: 6764: 6732: 6708: 6655: 6564: 6518: 6474: 6468:Sutton 6438: 6396: 6341: 6300: 6189:Orkney 6114:Dublin 6110:Dyflin 6105:Arklow 6083:Jórvík 6048:Baltic 6004:Bodzia 5981:Sweden 5949:Europe 5945:Nature 5906:Whitby 5904:, and 5879:sindon 5855:window 5833:, and 5790:, and 5768:Danish 5728:grágás 5699:living 5669:agency 5567:. The 5520:, the 5486:Jórvík 5478:Hedeby 5439:Aarhus 5424:Aarhus 5278:UNESCO 5252:, and 5171:fjords 5113:Lisbon 5062:dinars 4980:, and 4954:Qubtil 4936:, and 4693:Sicily 4687:above 4506:, and 4490:France 4448:Frisia 4413:Vanaja 4338:Hedeby 4333:Grobin 4308:Arkona 4219:Events 4180:Skalds 4133:Thrall 3885:Fenrir 3875:Dvergr 3853:Vættir 3838:Sigurd 3833:Jötunn 3577:Vineta 3573:Arkona 3516:(near 3431:London 3341:Sweden 3276:Sweden 3258:Grobin 3213:Viking 3201:, and 3199:piracy 3140:Sweden 3112:Grobin 3055:, and 3053:Danish 2985:Finnic 2948:Nordic 2892:, and 2816:proper 2779:Gaelic 2742:, and 2692:Gaelic 2629: 2625: 2613:Amlaíb 2505:) and 2459:, and 2428:, and 2395:Auisle 2393:) and 2379:Amlaíb 2358:, and 2344:Armagh 2336:Dublin 2320:. The 2291:, and 2191:Jorvik 2108:, and 2058:Orkney 2014:Dublin 1861:fealty 1840:Franks 1818:, and 1816:Arctic 1814:, the 1808:Africa 1802:, the 1800:Europe 1655:Saxony 1442:Events 1430:Thrall 1365:Erilaz 1165:Asgard 1113:Fenrir 1086:Vættir 1071:Sigurd 1066:Jötunn 920:on the 881:Their 870:, the 764:slaves 685:, and 679:Dyflin 675:Dublin 663:Jórvík 651:Orkney 637:, and 585:, the 575:Sweden 573:, and 571:Norway 487:Sweden 473:Norway 350:Sweden 266:Sweden 204:Sweden 194:Norway 140:Sweden 135:Norway 16297:Women 16257:Music 16212:Domes 16202:Dance 16089:Milan 15428:Genoa 15406:First 15027:Suebi 15012:Sciri 14987:Rugii 14977:Quadi 14962:Njars 14947:Marsi 14905:Lugii 14873:Jutes 14838:Harii 14833:Gutes 14791:Goths 14781:Geats 14719:Danes 14664:Chali 14585:Segni 14525:Baemi 14368:Runes 14353:Rings 14346:Norse 14314:Names 14307:Norse 14290:Norse 14273:Norse 13732:Rusla 13727:Rorik 13722:Rollo 13677:Ottir 13304:Sword 12793:Italy 12598:Knarr 12589:Ships 12511:Skald 12506:Sagas 12441:Gothi 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