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According to Ketana, both husband and wife should lead a virtuous life and have children. Ketana expects women to remain chaste and religious. The text suggests that women enjoyed some degree of social justice and rights. Ketana specifies punishments for a husband who takes away the ornaments of his
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mothers and their clients, as well as laws aimed at curbing the unfair earning practices of the procurers. Punishments for the greedy mothers include monetary fines in combination with other punishments such as cutting the convict's nose or ears, and shaving her head. Monetary fines are imposed on
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Similarly, Ketana lists different ways of determining if a person is telling the truth, depending on the person's varna. For example, a
Brahmin is weighed against bricks once, and then again on the day of the test: if he is lighter, he is determined to be telling the truth. Compared to this soft
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Ketana strongly defends the royal authority, and recommends severe punishments for those who challenge it. For example, if a person insults the king, Ketana mandates cutting his tongue, and driving him out of town.
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Velcheru
Narayana Rao; Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2013). "Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India". In Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.).
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hierarchy as the most important aspect of a functioning society. The author considers the king as a guarantor of this hierarchy, and states that the king's council should include
Brahmin advisors.
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The punishments recommended by Ketana vary by gender. For example, a high caste woman who has sex with a Shudra man is not to be killed: instead, she should undergo ritual atonement (
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If a lower-caste man rapes the wife of an upper-caste man, the rapist should be killed. If the rapist and the victim are belong to the same caste, the rapist should be fined 1000
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If a lower-caste man has sex with a higher-caste virgin, he should be killed. If a higher-caste man has sex with a lower-caste virgin, he should be fined 500
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treatment, a
Kshatriya is tested by placing a hot iron ball in his hands: he is determined to be telling the truth, if his hands are not burnt. Similarly, a
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laws to make them consistent with the contemporary Andhra society. According to scholar A. Padma, the text was "the basic source of law" during the
239:(outcaste/untouchable) woman, he should be humiliated by inscribing the drawing of a vagina on his body, fined, and driven out of the town.
298:. Someone who abuses people based on their country (e.g. calling people from Murikinadu stupid), language (e.g. calling Aravas, that is,
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Ketana outlines various rules to maintain social harmony. For example, someone who ridicules a handicapped person should be fined three
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A. Padma (2016). "Property Rights of Women in
Medieval Andhra / Women's Profession in Medieval Andhra". In Vijaya Ramaswamy (ed.).
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wife by force. He also allows women to enter into contracts, although only with the consent of their husbands. He does not allow
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Ketana does not consider prostitution a sin, and refers to laws aimed at protecting prostitutes from their greedy
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marriage with one's paternal aunt or maternal uncle's daughter is an acceptable custom in southern India.
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Expanding
Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards
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speakers quarrelsome) or caste (e.g. calling
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Neeraj Sahay (1999). "Issues in the
Emergence of an Agrarian Region in Andhra".
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should have his genitals cut off. However, he states that
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History and Her Struggle for Emancipation
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272:remarriage
127:Mitakshara
116:Mitakshara
113:-language
193:Like the
179:Brahmanic
156:Ketana's
49:Hindu law
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568:. SAGE.
360:44144083
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304:panas
300:Tamil
296:rukas
286:Other
256:Women
233:panas
224:panas
202:varna
188:caste
173:is a
137:Views
55:Genre
639:OCLC
612:ISBN
591:ISBN
570:ISBN
94:IAST
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