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Between 1911 and 1913, Hess undertook the work that won him the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1936. For many years, scientists had been puzzled by the levels of ionizing radiation measured in the atmosphere. The assumption at the time was that the radiation would decrease as the distance from the earth,
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The result of Hess's meticulous work was published in the
Proceedings of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and showed the level of radiation decreased up to an altitude of about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi), but above that the level increased considerably, with the radiation detected at 5 kilometres
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previously used gave an approximate measurement of the radiation but indicated that at greater altitude in the atmosphere the level of radiation might actually be higher than that on the ground. Hess approached this mystery first by greatly increasing the precision of the measuring equipment, and
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then by personally taking the equipment aloft in a balloon. He systematically measured the radiation at altitudes up to 5.3 kilometres (3.3 mi) during 1911–1912. The daring flights were made both by day and during the night, at significant risk to himself.
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Victor Franz Hess was born on the 24th of June, 1883, in
Waldstein Castle, near Peggau in Steiermark, Austria. His father, Vinzens Hess, was a forester in Prince Öttingen-Wallerstein's service and his mother was Serafine Edle von Grossbauer-Waldstätt.
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appointed him professor of physics, and he later became a naturalized United States citizen in 1944. His wife died of cancer in 1955. The same year he married
Elizabeth M. Hoenke, the woman who nursed Berta at the end of her life.
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418:(3.1 mi), being about twice that at sea level. His conclusion was that there was radiation penetrating the atmosphere from outer space, and his discovery was confirmed by
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in his article "My Faith", in which he explained why he believed in God. He retired from
Fordham University in 1958 and he died on 17 December 1964, in
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543:"Victor F. Hess, Physicist, Dies. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1936. Was Early Experimenter on Conductivity of Air. Taught at Fordham Till 1958"
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In 1923, he returned to the
University of Graz, and was appointed the ordinary professor of experimental physics in 1925. The
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V. F. Hess (1912). "Über
Beobachtungen der durchdringenden Strahlung bei sieben Freiballonfahrten (English translation)".
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Hess took a leave of absence in 1921 and traveled to the United States, working at the
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appointed him professor, and director of the
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He was born to
Vinzenz Hess and Serafine Edle von Grossbauer-Waldstätt, in
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Victor
Francis Hess – Not only the Discoverer of the Cosmic Radiation
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677:"Essay: On Its Centenary, Celebrating a Ride That Advanced Physics"
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The Electrical Conductivity of the Atmosphere and Its Causes
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From 1901 to 1905, Hess was an undergraduate student at the
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Austrian-American physicist and Nobel laureate (1883–1964)
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Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
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the then assumed source of the radiation, increased. The
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649:"Victor Francis Hess | Austrian physicist | Britannica"
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331:, Austrian Academy of Sciences, from 1910 to 1920.
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334:In 1920, he married Marie Bertha Warner Breisky.
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360:Hess relocated to the United States with his
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747:Newspaper Archive. November 3, 1946, p. 52
422:in 1925, who gave the radiation the name "
319:. In 1910, Hess received his PhD from the
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166: 1920; died 1955)
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727:"Hess, Victor – Deutsche Biographie"
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446:. Hess and Anderson shared the 1936
801:"Reply to a parliamentary question"
702:"Profile detail: Victor Franz Hess"
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491:A lunar crater is named after Hess
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364:wife in 1938, in order to escape
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269:[ˈvɪktoːɐ̯fʁantsˈhɛs]
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849:Biography and Nobel lecture
508:. Constable & Company.
368:persecution. The same year
153:Marie Bertha Warner Breisky
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855:Diploma thesis (in German)
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806:(in German). p. 73
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355:University of Innsbruck
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100:Mount Vernon, New York
2689:Cosmic ray physicists
2462:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
758:"A Physicist's Faith"
404:Hess (center) at work
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837:at Wikimedia Commons
739:Victor Franz Hess. "
470:Carl Zeiss Institute
382:science and religion
376:He was a practicing
321:University of Vienna
126:University of Vienna
2487:Carl David Anderson
2481:Victor Francis Hess
841:Victor Francis Hess
576:"Victor Franz Hess"
551:. December 19, 1964
465:Abbe Memorial Prize
444:Carl David Anderson
390:Parkinson's disease
173:Elizabeth M. Hoenke
34:Victor Francis Hess
2506:Henry Hallett Dale
843:on Nobelprize.org
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611:Nuclear Technology
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1941:R. Richardson
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779:: 1084–1091.
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707:
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140:Discovery of
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1797:von Klitzing
1789:Van der Meer
1229:
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652:
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586:. Retrieved
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553:. Retrieved
546:
504:
496:Publications
460:Lieben Prize
416:
407:
375:
359:
336:
333:
325:Stefan Meyer
314:
291:
260:
259:
224:Institutions
207:
195:Lieben Prize
94:(1964-12-17)
66:24 June 1883
46:Hess in 1936
2609:1964 deaths
2604:1883 births
2464:(Argentina)
2419:Peter Debye
2402:Nobel Prize
1841:Steinberger
1757:K. Siegbahn
1749:Bloembergen
1470:Chamberlain
1203:Schrödinger
1113:M. Siegbahn
1042:W. H. Bragg
1038:W. L. Bragg
810:10 December
619:. pp.
424:cosmic rays
396:Cosmic rays
282:cosmic rays
142:cosmic rays
108:Citizenship
18:Victor Hess
2598:Categories
2512:Otto Loewi
2430:Literature
2358:L'Huillier
2322:Hasselmann
2278:Strickland
2246:Kosterlitz
2170:Perlmutter
1909:Brockhouse
1614:Schrieffer
1486:Hofstadter
1438:C. N. Yang
1195:Heisenberg
1172:De Broglie
786:1808.02927
658:2023-02-14
588:2007-10-04
555:2012-09-30
522:References
343:New Jersey
62:1883-06-24
2514:(Austria)
2483:(Austria)
2411:Chemistry
2404:laureates
2342:Zeilinger
2162:Novoselov
2130:Kobayashi
2054:Abrikosov
1901:J. Taylor
1881:de Gennes
1873:R. Taylor
1765:K. Wilson
1713:R. Wilson
1697:Van Vleck
1668:1976–2000
1658:Rainwater
1654:Mottelson
1630:Josephson
1578:Gell-Mann
1542:Schwinger
1530:Prokhorov
1490:Mössbauer
1450:Cherenkov
1442:T. D. Lee
1366:Cockcroft
1357:1951–1975
1156:C. Wilson
1135:1926–1950
1081:Guillaume
970:Michelson
930:Becquerel
901:1901–1925
890:Laureates
711:August 7,
686:August 7,
288:Biography
274:physicist
2350:Agostini
2238:Thouless
2230:McDonald
2218:Nakamura
2186:Wineland
2118:Grünberg
2074:Politzer
2058:Ginzburg
2046:Giacconi
2026:Ketterle
1981:'t Hooft
1965:Laughlin
1957:Phillips
1937:Osheroff
1865:Friedman
1837:Schwartz
1833:Lederman
1753:Schawlow
1729:Weinberg
1538:Tomonaga
1430:Brattain
1422:Shockley
1331:Blackett
1323:Appleton
1315:Bridgman
1262:Lawrence
1242:Davisson
1222:Chadwick
1105:Millikan
1089:Einstein
978:Lippmann
946:Rayleigh
938:M. Curie
934:P. Curie
741:My Faith
438:and the
436:positron
428:particle
2473:Physics
2338:Clauser
2302:Penrose
2286:Peebles
2242:Haldane
2210:Akasaki
2198:Englert
2190:Haroche
2174:Schmidt
2134:Maskawa
2086:Glauber
2078:Wilczek
2062:Leggett
2042:Koshiba
2022:Cornell
2013:present
1997:Kroemer
1993:Alferov
1985:Veltman
1969:Störmer
1889:Charpak
1869:Kendall
1853:Dehmelt
1821:Bednorz
1721:Glashow
1709:Penzias
1705:Kapitsa
1677:Richter
1650:A. Bohr
1626:Giaever
1606:Bardeen
1570:Alvarez
1554:Kastler
1546:Feynman
1426:Bardeen
1390:Zernike
1382:Purcell
1152:Compton
1097:N. Bohr
986:Marconi
918:Lorentz
910:Röntgen
892:of the
514:1900377
327:at the
302:Austria
265:German:
218:Physics
185:
177:
168:
160:
156:
148:Spouses
111:Austria
2354:Krausz
2348:2023:
2334:Aspect
2332:2022:
2326:Manabe
2318:Parisi
2316:2021:
2306:Genzel
2300:2020:
2294:Queloz
2284:2019:
2274:Mourou
2270:Ashkin
2268:2018:
2262:Thorne
2258:Barish
2252:2017:
2236:2016:
2226:Kajita
2224:2015:
2208:2014:
2196:2013:
2184:2012:
2168:2011:
2156:2010:
2140:2009:
2124:2008:
2112:2007:
2102:Mather
2100:2006:
2094:Hänsch
2084:2005:
2068:2004:
2052:2003:
2036:2002:
2030:Wieman
2020:2001:
1991:2000:
1979:1999:
1963:1998:
1947:1997:
1933:D. Lee
1931:1996:
1925:Reines
1919:1995:
1907:1994:
1895:1993:
1887:1992:
1879:1991:
1863:1990:
1849:Ramsey
1847:1989:
1831:1988:
1825:Müller
1819:1987:
1813:Rohrer
1809:Binnig
1803:1986:
1795:1985:
1785:Rubbia
1783:1984:
1777:Fowler
1771:1983:
1763:1982:
1747:1981:
1737:Cronin
1735:1980:
1719:1979:
1703:1978:
1687:1977:
1675:1976:
1648:1975:
1642:Hewish
1636:1974:
1620:1973:
1610:Cooper
1604:1972:
1596:1971:
1586:Alfvén
1584:1970:
1576:1969:
1568:1968:
1560:1967:
1552:1966:
1536:1965:
1522:Townes
1520:1964:
1514:Jensen
1506:Wigner
1504:1963:
1498:Landau
1496:1962:
1484:1961:
1478:Glaser
1476:1960:
1464:1959:
1448:1958:
1436:1957:
1420:1956:
1408:1955:
1396:1954:
1388:1953:
1376:1952:
1370:Walton
1364:1951:
1347:Powell
1345:1950:
1339:Yukawa
1337:1949:
1329:1948:
1321:1947:
1313:1946:
1305:1945:
1297:1944:
1289:1943:
1260:1939:
1252:1938:
1240:1937:
1228:1936:
1220:1935:
1201:1933:
1193:1932:
1178:1930:
1170:1929:
1162:1928:
1150:1927:
1144:Perrin
1142:1926:
1121:Franck
1119:1925:
1111:1924:
1103:1923:
1095:1922:
1087:1921:
1079:1920:
1071:1919:
1065:Planck
1063:1918:
1057:Barkla
1055:1917:
1036:1915:
1028:1914:
1020:1913:
1012:1912:
1004:1911:
996:1910:
984:1909:
976:1908:
968:1907:
960:1906:
954:Lenard
952:1905:
944:1904:
928:1903:
922:Zeeman
916:1902:
908:1901:
627:
623:–124.
584:. 1936
512:
488:(1959)
482:(1936)
476:(1932)
462:(1919)
362:Jewish
298:Styria
214:Fields
202:(1936)
197:(1919)
191:Awards
102:, U.S.
78:Styria
74:Peggau
2558:1936
2454:Peace
2400:1936
2290:Mayor
2254:Weiss
2214:Amano
2202:Higgs
2178:Riess
2150:Smith
2146:Boyle
2126:Nambu
2106:Smoot
2070:Gross
2038:Davis
2011:2001–
2001:Kilby
1913:Shull
1897:Hulse
1805:Ruska
1741:Fitch
1725:Salam
1622:Esaki
1598:Gabor
1562:Bethe
1526:Basov
1466:Segrè
1454:Frank
1414:Kusch
1402:Bothe
1378:Bloch
1307:Pauli
1291:Stern
1254:Fermi
1207:Dirac
1180:Raman
1125:Hertz
1073:Stark
1014:Dalén
990:Braun
804:(PDF)
781:arXiv
388:from
349:, in
341:, in
179:(
175:
162:(
158:
2583:1941
2578:1940
2573:1939
2568:1938
2563:1937
2553:1935
2548:1934
2543:1933
2538:1932
2533:1931
2434:1936
2310:Ghez
2158:Geim
2114:Fert
2090:Hall
1973:Tsui
1921:Perl
1857:Paul
1693:Mott
1681:Ting
1638:Ryle
1590:Néel
1458:Tamm
1410:Lamb
1398:Born
1299:Rabi
1283:1942
1276:1941
1269:1940
1230:Hess
1214:1934
1187:1931
1049:1916
1030:Laue
1006:Wien
812:2012
713:2012
688:2012
625:ISBN
510:OCLC
474:Jena
440:muon
430:and
366:Nazi
310:Graz
276:and
89:Died
52:Born
2142:Kao
1949:Chu
743:".
636:...
621:121
130:PhD
2600::
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1999:/
1995:/
1983:/
1971:/
1967:/
1955:/
1951:/
1939:/
1935:/
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1911:/
1899:/
1871:/
1867:/
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263:(
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128:(
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