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organized road system in Europe. This system was in use for almost 2,000 years with some parts still in use as secondary roads. Via
Egnatia, the first highway to cross the Balkan Peninsula, was the first road built by Romans outside Italy. It was constructed in the second century B.C. The road began in Dyrrachium (modern Durrës), by the Adriatic sea, and passed through Serbia, Macedonia (Thessaliniki) and Thrace terminating at Cypsela (east of Evros river) and later extended up to Konstantinoupolis. The total length of the road from Dirrachium to Cypsela was about 750 km. From the study of sections of the road surviving in the Thrace region, Greece, it appears that the design and the construction of the road (in the area under discussion) was based on well-known specifications. Specifically, the road was always adapted to local topography, geomorphology and ground conditions. Thus the road avoided the difficult and unstable ground, the close curves and the steep grades. The thickness and the layering of the pavement varied according to the foundation conditions. In stable, rocky ground, the pavement consisted of only one layer of well-fitted cobble stones; whereas, in soft and unstable ground the soft soil was excavated and replaced by several layers of cobbles, gravels and rubbles held together with compacted sandy soil or lime mortar. Up to four stone layers have been found in an archaeological excavation in the road pavement in the Thrace area. Some layers were made waterproof by well-compacted clay soil. The thickness of the pavement varied from 25 cm to more than 150 cm. The materials used were mainly of local origin. The width of the road ranged from 4 m to 8 m, depending on the ground conditions and the traffic demand. In cities its width reached up to 20 m to accommodate the increased traffic. The horizontal curvature (curves) of the road was usually more than 100 m (R>100 m). Only in a few cases in mountainous areas curvatures of R = 10–20 m were found. The grade of the pavement normally was 1 to 2 percent, but in mountain regions gradients of 16 to 18 percent were observed. Gradients up to 20 percent were measured in a stretch of the road 2 km west of Kavala. The cross section of the pavement was convex, with grades perpendicular to its axis from 5 to 10 percent, for rapid drainage. Large rock blocks were placed at the sides of the pavement, raised above the surface, to prevent lateral spreading of the pavement and deterring carts and wagons from sliding off the road. A series of elongated rock blocks were constructed in the middle of the pavement, possibly for separating the opposite traffic. It is suggested that the remnants of this Roman road be preserved not only for their historic value, but also for their engineering significance.
1249:. Language: Czech. Abstract: Cette étude est l'œuvre de deux auteurs don't l'un (J. Votýpka-Pecha), en tant que médecin de l'expédition géologique tchécoslovaque en Albanie en 1957, a eu l'occasion de prospecter le terrain sur place. La première partie présente un bref compte-rendu de sa part, tandis que les deux auteurs répondent en commun de la partie suivante dans laquelle ces observations sont appréciées et confrontées avec la littérature. Il s'agit de l'établissement du tracé de la route romaine Via Egnatia et de l'identification des stations mantionnées dans différents itinéraires, entre l'actuel Elbasan et le Lac d'Okhrida, donc dans un secteur en bien des endroits d'accès difficile, qui pour cela avait été jusqu'ici peu prospecté. D'Elbasan (l'antique Scampa) la route longeait tout d'abord la rive droite du Shkumbin jusqu'au pont appelé aujourd'hui Ura e Haxhi Bëgarit (eventuellement Beqarit; station Genesis flumen, eventuellement mutatio Treiecto). De là, elle poursuivait le long de la rive gauche du fleuve, à travers le massif Polis, jusqu'à la commune de Qukës, où elle rencontrait à nouveau le Shkumbin; elle le franchissait sur un pont dont les vestiges sont encore visibles. C'est à peu près au point culminant du passage à travers le massif Polis, près de la commune de Babjë, que se trouvait la station Ad Dianam (mansio Grandavia). Près du pont de Qukës se trouvait la station In Candavia (mutatio in Tabernas, Tres Tabernas). A propos de l'identification de ces stations et du tracé de la route d'Elbasan jusqu'à Qukës il ne peut y avoir de doute, et dans l'ensemble, les auteurs s'accordent à ce sujet avec Miller (Itineraria Romana) ainsi qu'avec les études du chercheur albanais Adam de 1953. Mais ils diffèrent foncièrement dans l'établissement du tracé du secteur suivant; ils estiment que la route ne passait par par l'affluent de rive droite du Shkumbin (Perroj i Lingajce), mais qu'aussitôt après le pont elle grimpait sur le massif, traversait le territoire des communes de Skroskë, Pishkash et Rajcë, après quoi elle ne rejoignait la route actuelle que sur les crêtes dominant le lac (Karakoll). C'est pourquoi ils situent la station Pons Servili vers le passage de la rivière dans la commune de Rajcë. Ils s'appuient ce faisant sur les trouvailles antiques de ce tracé (un fragment de statue de Skroskë, des pièces de monnaie au pied du Pishkash) ainsi que sur les traditions locales, mais avant tout sur les vestiges conservés de la route antique entre les communes de Pishkash et de Rajcë. — Sur le premier plan, la Via Egnatia est indiquée par une ligne interrompue (.—), sur le second, dessiné d'après une vue aérienne, son tracé est indiqué au pied du mont Pishkash.
1208:. Abstract: The Via Egnatia, which linked Dyrrachium to Kypsela and ultimately to Byzantium/Constantinople, was the first Roman highway to be built east of the Adriatic. The studies published so far on this important road are devoted almost exclusively to its military importance, particularly during the Roman Republic. This author's goal instead was to assess the importance of the Egnatia at a political, social, and cultural level, by examining written sources (literary and epigraphical) and material remains. The article looks into the policy of Roman emperors regarding the Egnatia, and the role of the Via as a factor of commercial, social, and cultural interaction between the Italian peninsula and the Greek world, as well as among the cities and regions that it crossed. It also shows the contribution of the Egnatia to the spectacular development of certain cities and the parallel weakening of others, together with its impact upon the rural landscape.
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1994. "94/692/EC: Commission
Decision of 17 May 1994 Concerning the Grant of Assistance from the Cohesion Financial Instrument to the Stage of Project Concerning the Construction of Via Egnatia - Igoumenitsa-Pedini Section - Subsection Vrosina (Psilorachi)-Pedini in Greece". Official Journal of the
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XEIDAKIS, G. S., and E. G. VARAGOULI. 1997. "Design and
Construction of Roman Roads: The Case of Via Egnatia in the Aegean Thrace, Northern Greece". Environmental & Engineering Geoscience. III, no. 1: 123–132. Abstract: Romans, the first real road designers, designed and constructed the first
367:. However, by the 5th century AD the road had largely fallen into disuse as a result of violent instability in the region. A 5th-century historian noted that the western sections of the Via Egnatia were in such a poor state that travellers could barely pass along it.
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Kollaros, G. A., E. G. Varagouli-Xidaki, A. G. Athanasopoulou-Kollarou, and G. S. Xidakis. 1988. "Via
Egnatia: A Modern Engineering Approach to an Ancient Highway". The Engineering Geology of Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites, Rotterdam, 1988. 3:
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243:). It covered a total distance of about 1,120 km (696 miles/746 Roman miles). Like other major Roman roads, it was about six metres (19.6 ft) wide, paved with large polygonal stone slabs or covered with a hard layer of sand.
1162:
Gunaropulu, Lukrētia, and
Miltiadēs B. Chatzopulos. Les milliaires de la voie égnatienne entre Héraclée des Lyncestes et Thessalonique. 1985. Modern Greek. Series: Meletēmata / Kentron Hellēnikēs kai Rōmaïkēs Archaiotētos, 1.
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of
Macedonia, ordered its construction, though the exact date is uncertain; the road presumably took its name from its builder. It may have succeeded an earlier military road from Illyria to Byzantium, as described by
301:. The route, thus gave the colonies of the southern Balkans a direct connection to Rome. It was also a vital link to Roman territories further to the east; until a more northerly route across Illyria was opened under
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during the 6th century, though even then the dilapidated road was said to be virtually unusable during wet weather. Almost all
Byzantine overland trade with western Europe traveled along the Via Egnatia. During the
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Sande, Siri. 2004. "The
Petropigi Fortress: A Late Byzantine and Early Ottoman "Statio" on the Via Egnatia". Interaction and Isolation in Late Byzantine Culture / Ed. by Jan Olof Rosenqvist. 89–99.
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Amore, M G, L Bejko, Y Cerova, and I Gjipali. 2005. "Archaeological
Reports and Notes - Via Egnatia (Albania) Project: Results of Fieldwork 2002". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18: 336.
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found along the route's length, marking the road for a length of 860 kilometres as far as the border between
Macedonia and Thrace. Bilingual inscriptions on the milestones record that
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it was Rome's main link with her empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It was repaired and expanded several times but experienced lengthy periods of neglect due to Rome's civil wars.
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Heywood, Colin, and Elizabeth Zachariadou. The Via Egnatia in the Ottoman Period: The Menzilhānes of the Ṣol Ḳol in the Late 17th/Early 18th Century. Rethymnon:
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Votýpka-Pecha, Josef, and Ladislav Vidman. 1959. "VIA EGNATIA MEZI ELBASANEM A OCHRIDSKÝM JEZEREM". Listy Filologické / Folia Philologica. 82, no. 2: 187–196.
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Ene Draghici-Vasilescu, Elena, Heavenly sustenance in Patristic texts and Byzantine iconography. Nourished by the Word, London, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2018;
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Lolos, Yannis. 2007. "Via Egnatia after Egnatius: Imperial Policy and Inter-regional Contacts". Mediterranean Historical Review. 22, no. 2: 273–293.
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Collart, Paul. 1935. "Une réfection de la « Via Egnatia » sous Trajan". Bulletin De Correspondence Hellénique. 59, no. 1: 395–415.
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Walbank, Frank W. 2005. "The Via Egnatia: Its Role in Roman Strategy". Da Apollonia E Dyrracgium Ad Herakleia Lynkestidos. OCLC: 887098540.
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Tafel, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich. De via Romanorum militari Egnatia qua Illyricum Macedonia et Thracia iungebantur: diss. geographica. 1837.
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Elena Koytcheva, "Logistical problems for the movement of the early crusaders through the Balkans: transport and road systems", p. 54 in
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Attekum, Marietta van, and Holger de Bruin. Via Egnatia on Foot: A Journey into History. Driebergen: Via Egnatia Foundation, 2014.
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stretch runs far south of the Via Egnatia. Its name means "Via Egnatia" in Greek, alluding to its ancient counterpart.
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La via Egnatia I. Da Apollonia e Dyrrachium ad Herakleia Lynkestidos, Istituto Grafico Editoriale Romano
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16–17). It also played a vital role in several key moments in Roman history: the armies of
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O'Sullivan, Firmin. The Egnatian Way. Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972. 264 pages.
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Zachariadou, Elizabeth A. The Via Egnatia under Ottoman rule (1380–1699). Rethymnon:
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Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
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Kazazaki, Zoe. Monasteries of the Via Egnatia. : , 1999.
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along the Via Egnatia to their fateful meeting at the
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1 and 2 Thesssalonians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary
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New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, Vol. 1
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on his second missionary journey as he traveled from
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2nd-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
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European Communities. Legislation. 37, no. 277: 66.
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235:. From there it ran through Thrace to the city of
1016:, fn. 11 p. 3. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2006.
437:. It runs in parallel to the Via Egnatia between
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359:. Surviving milestones record that the emperor
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934:, p. 749. Princeton University Press, 2000.
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429:Today there is a modern highway in
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1046:. London: UCL Press. p. 54.
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1148:, 2nd ed., Roma 2005. (See also
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1874:Roman fortifications in Greece
1214:Romiopoulou, Catherine. 1974.
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25:Egnatia Street, Thessaloniki
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1070:İthaki Yay. İstanbul 2014,
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239:(later Constantinople, now
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35:Via Egnatia / Ἐγνατία Ὁδός
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1268:Crete University Press
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19:For other uses, see
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707:
697:
691:
690:
687:
682:
676:
675:
672:
661:
655:
654:
651:
646:
642:
641:
638:
633:
627:
626:
623:
618:
614:
613:
608:
603:
599:
598:
595:
590:
584:
583:
580:
575:
571:
570:
565:
560:
556:
555:
552:
547:
546:Mansio Scampa
543:
542:
539:
528:
522:
521:
518:
513:
509:
508:
503:
498:
492:
491:
488:
485:
475:
472:
412:
409:
393:Fourth Crusade
248:
245:
107:
106:
105:2nd century BC
103:
99:
98:
91:Roman Republic
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
65:Constantinople
53:
49:
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1916:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1773:Via Trionfale
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:Via Severiana
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:Via Ostiensis
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:Via Nomentana
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:Via Militaris
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:Via Domiziana
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:Via Ardeatina
1406:
1404:
1403:
1402:Via Aquitania
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:91-86884-12-3
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:9789603860044
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1053:1-85728-495-X
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:0-8028-2836-1
1019:
1015:
1009:
1003:
1002:0-8028-4511-8
999:
995:
989:
987:
980:
977:
976:
969:
962:
961:0-7546-5740-X
958:
954:
948:
941:
940:0-691-04945-9
937:
933:
927:
923:
910:
908:
905:
903:
899:
896:
895:
891:
889:
882:, 15 km
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
836:
834:
833:Caenophrurium
831:
830:
826:
824:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:
787:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
666:
662:
660:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
645:Thessalonike
644:
643:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
558:
557:
553:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
484:Ancient name
483:
479:
471:
469:
465:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
418:
417:Ottoman Turks
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Julius Caesar
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
136:
130:
125:
118:
113:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
30:
26:
22:
1904:Roman Thrace
1799:
1794:Via Vitellia
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1724:Via Postumia
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1640:Via Labicana
1638:
1631:
1626:Via Hadriana
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1598:Via Flaminia
1596:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1521:Via Cornelia
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1472:Via Caecilia
1470:
1465:Via Brixiana
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1423:Via Asinaria
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1395:Via Aquillia
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1167:: 159882150.
1145:
1103:
1083:
1067:
1062:
1042:
1038:Haldon, John
1013:
1008:
993:
973:
972:Inscription
968:
952:
947:
931:
926:
880:Küçükçekmece
743:Traianoupoli
667:, 6 km
649:Thessaloniki
487:Modern name
477:
455:
447:Thessaloniki
439:Thessaloniki
435:Egnatia Odos
428:
423:
419:
414:
397:Latin Empire
369:
318:Thessalonica
310:Apostle Paul
307:
299:Adriatic Sea
287:Adriatic Sea
284:
256:
250:
233:Thessalonica
214:
213:), over the
207:Adriatic Sea
197:Starting at
196:
151:
149:
1811:By province
1780:Via Valeria
1759:Via Traiana
1738:Via Salaria
1703:Via Popilia
1696:Via Pontica
1612:Via Gallica
1577:Via Egnatia
1563:Via Domitia
1528:Via Corsica
1479:Via Campana
1451:Via Aurelia
1437:Via Augusta
1367:Via Amerina
1360:Via Agrippa
1346:Via Aemilia
1331:Roman roads
1294:Via Egnatia
837:Sinekli in
821:Village of
788:Village of
699:14 km
451:Igoumenitsa
380:Justinian I
341:Mark Antony
258:Geographica
152:Via Egnatia
1838:Categories
1731:Via Regina
1647:Via Latina
1619:Via Gemina
1605:Via Flavia
1591:Via Flacca
1549:Via Devana
1507:Via Clodia
1486:Via Cassia
1374:Via Anicia
1197:1705–1713.
1183:9603860042
918:References
849:Selymbria
800:Adrianople
680:Amphipolis
574:Damastion
559:Lychnidos
512:Claudiana
496:Dyrrachium
464:Aromanians
459:Calea Mare
389:Asia Minor
263:milestones
229:Aegean Sea
225:Lake Ohrid
199:Dyrrachium
119:(Neapolis)
76:Roman road
56:Dyrrachium
1818:Britannia
1801:Via XVIII
1668:Via Maris
1535:Via Decia
1388:Via Appia
1381:Via Annia
1247:0024-4457
1206:0951-8967
1139:0007-4217
898:Byzantium
863:Melantias
841:district
816:Perinthus
714:Neapolis
663:Possibly
526:Apollonia
376:Procopius
365:Parthians
295:Via Appia
291:Bosphorus
271:proconsul
237:Byzantium
221:Jablanica
216:Candaviae
205:) on the
192:Via Appia
168:Macedonia
164:Illyricum
60:Byzantium
1153:Archived
1110:. p. 36.
1092:Archived
1040:(1999).
979:I, 02977
907:Istanbul
900:, later
888:Istanbul
790:Kermeyan
695:Philippi
685:Amfipoli
602:Florina
588:Heraclea
554:Albania
541:Albania
520:Albania
424:left arm
403:and the
385:Crusades
347:pursued
345:Octavian
314:Philippi
303:Augustus
276:Polybius
241:Istanbul
211:Shkumbin
52:Location
1338:By road
1270:, 1996.
1185:(v.1);
1174:, 1996.
911:Turkey
892:Turkey
875:Rhegion
869:Turkey
857:Turkey
853:Silivri
844:Turkey
839:Silivri
827:Turkey
810:Turkey
794:Turkey
777:Turkey
753:Kypsela
747:Greece
734:Greece
722:Greece
709:Greece
689:Greece
674:Greece
653:Greece
640:Greece
625:Greece
617:Edessa
606:Florina
550:Elbasan
506:Albania
420:sol kol
349:Cassius
289:to the
176:Albania
172:Thracia
129:Radozda
102:Periods
87:Builder
82:History
63:(later
1823:Judaea
1245:
1231:
1204:
1193:(v.1).
1189:
1181:
1137:
1074:
1050:
1020:
1000:
959:
938:
805:Edirne
769:Aenus
763:Turkey
758:İpsala
718:Kavala
705:Kavala
665:Kitros
621:Edessa
611:Greece
593:Bitola
501:Durrës
431:Greece
422:(lit.
361:Trajan
353:Brutus
330:Pompey
280:Cicero
253:Strabo
203:Durrës
188:Turkey
184:Greece
170:, and
160:Romans
154:was a
117:Kavala
27:; and
783:Aproi
659:Pydna
636:Pella
631:Pella
578:Resen
563:Ohrid
516:Peqin
443:Evros
201:(now
140:Resen
1243:ISSN
1229:ISBN
1202:ISSN
1187:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1165:OCLC
1135:ISSN
1072:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1018:ISBN
998:ISBN
957:ISBN
936:ISBN
773:Enez
536:Fier
351:and
343:and
328:and
322:Acts
278:and
156:road
150:The
72:Type
975:CIL
886:of
703:of
534:of
316:to
255:'s
231:at
142:in
58:to
1840::
1029:^
985:^
701:NW
669:SW
538:)
470:.
407:.
374:;
269:,
194:.
182:,
178:,
166:,
93:,
23:;
1323:e
1316:t
1309:v
1235:.
1159:)
1141:.
1056:.
1024:.
963:.
942:.
884:W
532:W
449:-
320:(
219:(
67:)
31:.
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