66:
2554:
1961:
2566:
113:
licensed
Version 5 to educational institutions, and Version 6 also to commercial sites. Schools paid $ 200 and others $ 20,000, discouraging most commercial use, but Version 6 was the most widely used version into the 1980s. Research Unix versions are often referred to by the edition of the
118:
that describes them, because early versions and the last few were never officially released outside of Bell Labs, and grew organically. So, the first
Research Unix would be the First Edition, and the last the Tenth Edition. Another common way of referring to them is as "Version
1050:
mechanism introduced in V8. The mount system call was extended to connect a stream to a file, the other end of which could be connected to a (user-level) program. This mechanism was used to implement network connection code in user space. Other innovations include
170:
Research Unix 8th
Edition started from (I think) BSD 4.1c, but with enormous amounts scooped out and replaced by our own stuff. This continued with 9th and 10th. The ordinary user command-set was, I guess, a bit more BSD-flavored than SysVish, but it was pretty
200:
First edition of the Unix manual, based on the version that ran on the PDP-11 at the time. The operating system was two years old, having been ported from the PDP-7 to the PDP-11/20 in 1970. Includes
1326:
1068:
Last
Research Unix. Although the manual was published outside of AT&T by Saunders College Publishing, there was no full distribution of the system itself. Novelties included graphics
1503:
1197:
1172:, released V8, V9, and V10 under the condition that only non-commercial use was allowed, and that they would not assert copyright claims against such use.
107:
applied to earlier versions as well. Prior to V8, the operating system was most commonly called simply UNIX (in caps) or the UNIX Time-Sharing System.
1335:
970:
686:
1626:
439:
982:
831:
811:
823:
619:
1402:
986:
771:
1057:. According to Dennis Ritchie, V9 and V10 were "conceptual": manuals existed, but no OS distributions "in complete and coherent form".
705:. First version widely available outside of Bell Laboratories, licensed to commercial users, and to be ported to non-PDP hardware (
1113:
Plan 9 was a successor operating system to
Research Unix developed by Bell Laboratories Computing Science Research Center (CSRC).
2602:
1230:
1597:
1751:
1717:
430:
Total number of installations at the time was 10, "with more expected", according to the preface of the manual. Adds
1522:
1658:
1461:
1885:
1975:
874:
and the last release of
Research Unix to see widespread external distributions. Merged most of the utilities of
2076:
1997:
895:
151:
91:(Vol. 57, No. 6, Part 2 July/August 1978) to distinguish it from other versions internal to Bell Labs (such as
17:
1145:
1006:
88:
2597:
1705:
930:
635:
2535:
2341:
2245:
1821:
1002:
136:
96:
2200:
1191:
1047:
99:) whose code-base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little-used until
2592:
2529:
2484:
2115:
1964:
1437:
604:
1638:
2230:
1946:
1941:
1432:
1077:
998:
389:
209:
1744:
1080:
1014:
329:
50:
2607:
2375:
815:
104:
2463:
1410:
654:. Targeted the PDP-11/40 and other 11 models with 18 bit addresses. Installations "above 50".
2570:
2523:
1604:
1125:
1104:
599:
interpreter. Number of installations was listed as "above 20". The manual was formatted with
245:
2518:
2421:
878:
with an extensively modified kernel with almost 80% more lines of code than V6. Ported to
65:
8:
2435:
2017:
1473:
1096:
742:
162:
described these later versions of
Research Unix as being closer to BSD than they were to
2450:
1990:
1737:
1375:
1149:
341:
273:
265:
1565:
1498:
1043:
Incorporated code from 4.3BSD; used internally. Featured a generalized version of the
2456:
2028:
1860:
1700:
1634:
1169:
1053:
751:
709:). May 1977 saw the release of MINI-UNIX, a "cut down" v6 for the low-end PDP-11/10.
385:
150:
Starting with the 8th
Edition, versions of Research Unix had a close relationship to
1379:
2063:
2013:
1465:
1365:
1155:
990:
918:
537:
was the mount point for a second hard disk). Total number of installations was 16.
257:
1696:
1608:
1353:
1305:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
2043:
2038:
2033:
2005:
1900:
1880:
1837:
1186:
1088:
871:
847:
839:
819:
807:
573:
486:
443:
1677:
2296:
1920:
1905:
1875:
1865:
1786:
1780:
1398:
1303:
1162:
1133:
1129:
883:
803:
791:
747:
714:
706:
659:
631:
585:
557:
494:
463:
435:
431:
333:
159:
100:
69:
1681:
2586:
2558:
2394:
2257:
2108:
2048:
1983:
1843:
1685:
1477:
1084:
1029:
914:
787:
763:
647:
213:
163:
1028:, and a regular expression library that introduced an API later mimicked by
2225:
2220:
1925:
1723:
1662:
1569:
1299:
1181:
1092:
938:
855:
755:
723:
698:
643:
510:
506:
490:
455:
408:
373:
345:
301:
221:
1370:
1032:'s reimplementation. First version with no assembly in the documentation.
2491:
2302:
1910:
1895:
1469:
1152:
1069:
962:
926:
851:
843:
835:
799:
702:
577:
565:
553:
530:
459:
404:
337:
285:
261:
241:
1552:
1530:
2512:
2409:
2316:
2291:
2235:
2205:
2053:
974:
954:
651:
467:
369:
357:
353:
233:
217:
2347:
2010:
1890:
1764:
1526:
958:
674:
623:
581:
502:
365:
349:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
277:
253:
249:
237:
205:
201:
154:. This began by using 4.1cBSD as the basis for the 8th Edition. In a
132:
54:
1729:
1257:
1205:- A version of Unix for internal use at Bell Labs for production use
2505:
2357:
2323:
2210:
2165:
2150:
1915:
1870:
1815:
1792:
1231:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
1202:
1083:, animation programs, and several tools later found in Plan 9: the
942:
891:
875:
767:
482:
447:
396:
115:
92:
2498:
1582:
2477:
2470:
2308:
2274:
2145:
2130:
2103:
2093:
1809:
1711:
1044:
966:
950:
922:
412:
393:
110:
603:
for the first time. Version described in
Thompson and Ritchie's
2445:
2364:
2240:
2215:
2179:
2135:
2098:
2087:
1137:
1010:
994:
978:
925:. Used internally, and only licensed for educational use. Adds
879:
795:
690:
669:
596:
590:
498:
381:
361:
155:
73:
42:
1001:
graphics terminal became the primary user interface. Includes
2415:
2382:
2369:
2279:
2191:
2172:
2158:
2120:
1712:
Full Manual Pages documentation for Research Unix 8th Edition
1499:"Interprocess Communication in the Ninth Edition Unix System"
1166:
1073:
934:
859:
775:
735:
728:
678:
600:
569:
451:
400:
325:
293:
229:
225:
144:
140:
131:
is the manual edition. All modern editions of Unix—excepting
38:
1693:- More links and source code for some Research Unix versions
607:
paper, the first public exposition of the operating system.
2285:
2268:
2140:
2006:
1760:
946:
863:
779:
682:
627:
561:
549:
518:
514:
416:
377:
297:
289:
269:
77:
34:
618:
Licensed to selected educational institutions. Introduced
2388:
2352:
2125:
1141:
910:
887:
867:
827:
783:
759:
694:
639:
46:
1690:
1659:
Samizdat no more: Old Unix source code opened for study
1198:
Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code
281:
1589:
1325:Thompson, Ken; Ritchie, Dennis M. (June 12, 1972).
1566:Caldera releases original unices under BSD license
1017:that allowed accessing remote computers' files as
1718:List of new features in Research Unix 9th Edition
2584:
1708:by Warren Toomey, School of IT, Bond University
1497:Presotto, David L.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1990).
1496:
1351:
1324:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1258:"alt.folklore.computers: BSD (Dennis Ritchie)"
1991:
1745:
1697:The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System
1334:. Bell Telephone Laboratories. Archived from
1228:
1194:- Another operating system from the same team
27:Original Unix operating system from Bell Labs
1627:"Why Caldera Released Unix: A Brief History"
1215:
548:First version written in C. Also introduced
57:Computing Sciences Research Center (CSRC).
1998:
1984:
1752:
1738:
1403:"[TUHS] Re: V7 UNIX on VAX 11/750"
1393:
1391:
1389:
1595:
1369:
1311:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
1294:
1328:UNIX Programmer's Manual, Second Edition
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
64:
1706:The Restoration of Early UNIX Artifacts
1459:
1397:
1386:
1298:
1255:
14:
2585:
1624:
1553:"The IX Multilevel-Secure UNIX System"
1979:
1759:
1733:
1352:Ritchie, D. M.; Thompson, K. (1974).
1271:
166:, which also included some BSD code:
2565:
1596:Broderick, Bill (January 23, 2002).
1320:
1318:
1256:Ritchie, Dennis (26 October 2000).
1161:In 2017, Unix Heritage Society and
24:
1165:USA Inc., on behalf of itself and
1128:released Unix V1, V2, V3, V4, V5,
25:
2619:
1671:
1504:Software: Practice and Experience
1315:
2564:
2553:
2552:
1960:
1959:
466:compiler-compiler and the first
2551:indicate discontinued systems.
1652:
1618:
1575:
1559:
1545:
1515:
2603:Discontinued operating systems
1490:
1453:
1425:
1354:"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"
1345:
1249:
1229:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
147:—derive from the 7th Edition.
13:
1:
1625:Darwin, Ian F. (2002-02-03).
1460:Spencer, Henry (1986-01-19).
1209:
1091:. V10 was also the basis for
521:. Commands are split between
89:Bell System Technical Journal
1724:Emulator for running UNIX v9
1072:tools designed to work with
53:computers, developed in the
7:
2536:Windows Subsystem for Linux
1523:"Unix Tenth Edition Manual"
1175:
909:A modified 4.1cBSD for the
407:and functions for managing
175:
10:
2624:
60:
33:are early versions of the
2544:
2530:Windows Services for UNIX
2485:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
2434:
2333:
2254:
2189:
2073:
2062:
2024:
1955:
1942:AT&T Computer Systems
1934:
1853:
1830:
1802:
1771:
1438:The Unix Heritage Society
1358:Communications of the ACM
1119:
894:). 32V was the basis for
1947:Unix System Laboratories
1585:. lemis.com. 2002-01-24.
388:. The system also had a
135:implementations such as
1684:) by Ian F. Darwin and
1661:by Richard Chirgwin on
1598:"Dear Unix enthusiasts"
51:Interdata 7/32 and 8/32
173:
87:first appeared in the
80:
2524:UserLAnd Technologies
1605:Caldera International
1371:10.1145/361011.361061
1126:Caldera International
1099:operating system IX.
376:; also precursors of
168:
68:
37:operating system for
2519:UNIX System Services
2018:compatibility layers
1614:on 19 February 2009.
1095:and James A. Reeds'
750:'s C compiler. Adds
2598:Computing platforms
2246:Other distributions
1087:build tool and the
1015:network file system
1822:MERT/DMERT/UNIX-RT
1533:on 3 February 2015
870:. The ancestor of
81:
2580:
2579:
2430:
2429:
2014:operating systems
1973:
1972:
1861:Stephen R. Bourne
1701:Dennis M. Ritchie
1170:Bell Laboratories
1117:
1116:
1097:multilevel-secure
16:(Redirected from
2615:
2593:Bell Labs Unices
2568:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2071:
2070:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1686:Geoffrey Collyer
1666:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:. Archived from
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1607:. Archived from
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1529:. Archived from
1519:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:. Archived from
1401:(27 June 2003).
1395:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1296:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1156:software license
1140:and Unix 32V on
1056:
1027:
745:
739:
732:
672:
594:
536:
528:
524:
180:
179:
158:post from 2000,
21:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2540:
2437:
2426:
2329:
2250:
2185:
2065:
2058:
2020:
2004:
1974:
1969:
1951:
1930:
1901:Douglas McIlroy
1881:Brian Kernighan
1849:
1838:UNIX System III
1826:
1798:
1767:
1758:
1674:
1669:
1665:(30 March 2017)
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1583:"UNIX is free!"
1581:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1407:minnie.tuhs.org
1399:Ritchie, Dennis
1396:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1297:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1187:History of Unix
1178:
1122:
1052:
1018:
872:UNIX System III
741:
734:
727:
668:
589:
534:
526:
522:
481:Introduced a C
444:macro processor
183:Manual Edition
178:
103:, but has been
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1921:Dennis Ritchie
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Lee E. McMahon
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Stuart Feldman
1873:
1868:
1866:Lorinda Cherry
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1787:Version 7 Unix
1784:
1781:Version 6 Unix
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1678:UNIX Evolution
1673:
1672:External links
1670:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1635:O'Reilly Media
1631:Linuxdevcenter
1617:
1588:
1574:
1558:
1544:
1514:
1489:
1452:
1424:
1385:
1364:(7): 365–375.
1344:
1341:on 2016-10-06.
1314:
1300:McIlroy, M. D.
1270:
1248:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1163:Alcatel-Lucent
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
907:
904:
900:
899:
884:Interdata 8/32
748:Dennis Ritchie
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:Interdata 7/32
665:
662:
656:
655:
616:
613:
609:
608:
546:
543:
539:
538:
529:, requiring a
479:
476:
472:
471:
428:
425:
421:
420:
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:
184:
177:
174:
160:Dennis Ritchie
101:Version 8 Unix
70:Version 7 Unix
62:
59:
26:
18:Version 8 Unix
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2620:
2609:
2608:Unix variants
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2436:Compatibility
2433:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:Research Unix
2401:
2397:
2396:
2395:BlackBerry 10
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:DragonFly BSD
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1844:UNIX System V
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:Unix heritage
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1641:on 2004-06-01
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1413:on 2017-03-05
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1259:
1252:
1237:. p. 132
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:10th Edition
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:Henry Spencer
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
737:
730:
725:
722:Includes the
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:. Included a
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
541:
540:
532:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:Jun 12, 1972
426:
423:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:interpreter,
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
192:
188:
186:Release date
185:
182:
181:
172:
167:
165:
164:UNIX System V
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:Unix", where
126:
122:
117:
112:
108:
106:
105:retroactively
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Research Unix
79:
76:, running in
75:
71:
67:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:Research Unix
19:
2569:
2557:
2548:
2528:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2381:
2374:
2340:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2284:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2190:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2029:Architecture
1926:Ken Thompson
1772:
1663:register.com
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1630:
1620:
1609:the original
1591:
1577:
1570:slashdot.org
1561:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1517:
1508:
1502:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1455:
1445:December 19,
1443:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1336:the original
1327:
1304:
1261:. Retrieved
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1182:Ancient UNIX
1160:
1123:
1107:1st Edition
1093:Doug McIlroy
1037:9th Edition
1024:
1020:
921:replaced by
903:8th Edition
724:Bourne shell
612:5th Edition
542:4th Edition
475:3rd Edition
424:2nd Edition
409:punched tape
405:device files
197:Nov 3, 1971
194:1st Edition
189:Description
169:
149:
128:
124:
120:
109:
84:
82:
30:
29:
2492:MKS Toolkit
2303:OpenSolaris
1911:Joe Ossanna
1896:John Mashey
1537:25 December
1470:mod.sources
1462:"regexp(3)"
1081:interpreter
1070:typesetting
927:Berkeley DB
746:augmenting
715:7th Edition
660:6th Edition
650:, and the
531:search path
123:Unix" or "V
2587:Categories
2513:PWS/VSE-AF
2410:SerenityOS
2317:Tru64 UNIX
2292:OpenServer
2044:Philosophy
2034:Filesystem
1886:David Korn
1831:Commercial
1682:PostScript
1645:2022-01-18
1241:30 January
1210:References
1150:permissive
1013:. Added a
917:shell and
652:sticky bit
468:C compiler
2348:Domain/OS
2064:Operating
2011:Unix-like
1935:Companies
1891:Mike Lesk
1812:(c. 1975)
1765:Bell Labs
1527:Bell Labs
1482:9 January
1466:Newsgroup
1124:In 2002,
1065:Oct 1989
1040:Sep 1986
913:, with a
906:Feb 1985
719:Jan 1979
667:Includes
664:May 1975
615:Jun 1974
545:Nov 1973
478:Feb 1973
171:eclectic.
133:Unix-like
83:The term
55:Bell Labs
39:DEC PDP-7
2559:Category
2506:P.I.P.S.
2342:Coherent
2324:UnixWare
2258:System V
2211:ChromeOS
2166:NeXTSTEP
2151:bridgeOS
2049:Security
1965:Category
1916:Rob Pike
1871:Tom Duff
1816:PWB/UNIX
1803:Internal
1793:UNIX/32V
1773:Research
1380:53235982
1302:(1987).
1203:PWB/UNIX
1176:See also
1153:BSD-like
1148:under a
1089:rc shell
1021:hostname
943:compress
915:System V
892:UNIX/32V
876:PWB/UNIX
768:basename
527:/usr/bin
505:, size,
483:debugger
397:compiler
176:Versions
137:Coherent
111:AT&T
93:PWB/UNIX
72:for the
2571:Commons
2549:Italics
2478:MachTen
2471:Interix
2451:Darling
2422:more...
2309:Illumos
2297:Solaris
2231:Red Hat
2201:Android
2146:watchOS
2131:audioOS
2104:OpenBSD
2094:FreeBSD
2066:systems
2039:History
1810:CB UNIX
1474:Usenet:
1468::
1417:9 April
1192:Inferno
1045:Streams
971:netnews
967:netstat
923:Streams
919:sockets
792:fortune
419:disks.
413:DECtape
394:Fortran
61:History
2457:Eunice
2446:Cygwin
2438:layers
2365:LynxOS
2241:Ubuntu
2226:Gentoo
2221:Fedora
2216:Debian
2180:Ultrix
2136:iPadOS
2116:Darwin
2099:NetBSD
2088:386BSD
1854:People
1846:(1983)
1840:(1982)
1818:(1977)
1795:(1979)
1789:(1979)
1783:(1975)
1572:(2002)
1476:
1378:
1263:3 July
1138:PDP-11
1120:Legacy
1105:Plan 9
1011:Altran
1007:Pascal
997:. The
995:vmstat
979:telnet
931:curses
880:PDP-11
796:iostat
788:factor
764:banner
740:, and
701:, and
691:ptrace
687:newgrp
670:ratfor
597:SNOBOL
591:printf
588:, and
517:, and
499:passwd
415:, and
384:, and
382:reboot
362:umount
156:Usenet
143:, and
116:manual
74:PDP-11
43:PDP-11
2416:Xenix
2383:OSF/1
2370:Minix
2334:Other
2280:HP-UX
2192:Linux
2173:SunOS
2159:DYNIX
2121:macOS
2054:Shell
1612:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1441:. n.d
1433:"csh"
1376:S2CID
1339:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
1309:(PDF)
1167:Nokia
1110:1992
1074:troff
939:clear
935:cflow
933:(3),
860:tsort
856:false
848:touch
776:diff3
736:stdio
729:ioctl
699:units
693:(2),
679:chgrp
644:spell
601:troff
574:sleep
570:nohup
511:split
507:speak
491:crypt
487:pipes
456:strip
452:nroff
442:, m6
440:login
401:BASIC
374:write
346:strip
326:rmdir
302:mount
294:mkdir
230:chown
226:chmod
222:chdir
145:Linux
141:Minix
2499:PASE
2358:Hurd
2286:IRIX
2269:A/UX
2236:SUSE
2206:Arch
2141:tvOS
2016:and
2009:and
2007:Unix
1761:Unix
1539:2013
1484:2013
1447:2022
1419:2014
1265:2014
1243:2015
1235:BYTE
1146:FOSS
1076:, a
1025:path
1009:and
1003:Lisp
999:Blit
983:tset
963:last
947:cpio
896:3BSD
886:and
864:uucp
852:true
844:test
836:tail
832:tabs
820:make
812:look
808:lint
800:join
780:expr
703:wall
683:cron
628:diff
605:CACM
586:wait
578:sync
566:nice
562:grep
558:file
554:dump
550:comm
535:/usr
525:and
523:/bin
519:yacc
515:uniq
495:kill
460:stty
436:exit
432:echo
417:RK05
399:, a
392:and
378:fsck
342:stat
338:sort
330:roff
298:mkfs
290:mesg
286:mail
270:init
266:glob
262:find
242:date
97:MERT
95:and
78:SIMH
49:and
35:Unix
2464:GNV
2389:QNX
2376:MOS
2353:GNU
2275:AIX
2126:iOS
2077:BSD
1763:by
1699:by
1568:on
1366:doi
1144:as
1142:VAX
1136:on
1054:Sam
1048:IPC
1019:/n/
975:seq
959:ksh
955:cut
951:csh
911:VAX
888:VAX
868:uux
840:tar
828:sed
824:rev
804:lex
784:f77
760:awk
752:adb
743:pcc
738:(3)
731:(2)
695:tbl
648:tee
640:pwd
636:lpr
632:eqn
620:col
593:(3)
464:tmg
448:man
386:adb
370:who
358:tty
354:sum
234:cmp
218:cat
214:cal
210:bcd
152:BSD
47:VAX
2589::
1633:.
1629:.
1603:.
1525:.
1509:19
1507:.
1501:.
1472:.
1464:.
1435:.
1405:.
1388:^
1374:.
1362:17
1360:.
1356:.
1317:^
1273:^
1233:.
1217:^
1158:.
1134:V7
1132:,
1130:V6
1085:Mk
1005:,
993:,
991:vi
989:,
987:ul
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
949:,
945:,
941:,
937:,
929:,
898:.
882:,
866:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
838:,
834:,
830:,
826:,
822:,
818:,
816:m4
814:,
810:,
806:,
802:,
798:,
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
772:cu
770:,
766:,
762:,
758:,
756:at
754:,
733:,
726:,
697:,
689:,
685:,
681:,
677:,
675:bc
673:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
624:dd
622:,
584:,
582:tr
580:,
576:,
572:,
568:,
564:,
560:,
556:,
552:,
513:,
509:,
503:ps
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
470:.
462:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
438:,
434:,
411:,
380:,
372:,
368:,
366:wc
364:,
360:,
356:,
352:,
350:su
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
334:sh
332:,
328:,
324:,
322:rm
320:,
318:pr
316:,
314:od
312:,
310:nm
308:,
306:mv
304:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
282:ls
280:,
278:ln
276:,
274:ld
272:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
258:ed
256:,
254:du
252:,
250:df
248:,
246:dc
244:,
240:,
238:cp
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
208:,
206:as
204:,
202:ar
139:,
45:,
41:,
1999:e
1992:t
1985:v
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1726:.
1720:.
1714:.
1680:(
1648:.
1555:.
1541:.
1511:.
1486:.
1449:.
1421:.
1382:.
1368::
1267:.
1245:.
1078:C
1023:/
890:(
533:(
390:B
129:x
125:x
121:x
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
