508:
operation. In case of a system fault during the operation of this command, file2 will either have its original contents, permissions and owner, or will have file1's contents, permissions and owner. Thus, file2 is considered precious. File1 may be truncated in case of a system fault. RESTRICTIONS Both files must exist. Both files must reside on the same file system. Neither file may be a "special device" (for example, a TTY port). To enter this command from the craft shell, switching file "/tmp/abc" with file "/tmp/xyz", enter for MML: EXC:ENVIR:UPROC,FN="/bin/atomsw",ARGS="/tmp/abc"-"/tmp/xyz"; For PDS enter: EXC:ENVIR:UPROC,FN"/bin/atomsw",ARGS("/tmp/abc","/tmp/xyz")! NOTE File 1 may be lost during a system fault. FILES /bin/atomsw
3102:
3092:
1958:
1019:
1948:
471:
run. The operating system for the 5ESS is restricted to a few people, employees and customers of the vendor, who either work on it or write the code for it. Having an image of a running system, which can be obtained on eBay, pulled from a working 3B21D, and imaged to a file or put into an Ultra60 or SPARCstation-5, provides the resources to attempt to run the UNIX-RTR system.
462:
The AT&T/Alcatel-Lucent emulator is not an easy program to get working correctly, even if one manages to have an image from a pulled working 5ESS hard disk 'dd' output file. First, there are quite a few bugs the user must navigate around in the installation process. Once this is done, there is a
458:
9.1 (SUNWconn), formerly known as SunLink X.25. The reason for packaging the X.25 stack with the 3B21D emulator is because the Bell System, regional Bell operating companies, and ILECs still use X.25 networks for their most critical of systems (telephone switches may live on X.25 or
Datakit VCS II, a
499:
FALLOC(1) 5ESS UNIX FALLOC(1) NAME falloc - allocate a contiguous file SYNOPSIS falloc filename size DESCRIPTION A contiguous file of the specified filename is allocated to be of 'size' (512 byte) blocks.
507:
ATOMSW(1) 5ESS UNIX ATOMSW(1) NAME atomsw - Atomic switch files SYNOPSIS atomsw file1 file2 DESCRIPTION Atomic switch of two files. The contents, permissions, and owners of two files are switched in a single
470:
The emulator runs on SPARCstation-5s and UltraSPARC-60s. It is likely that the 3B21D is emulated faster on a modern SPARC than a 3B21D microcomputer's processor actually runs as measured in MIPS. The most difficult thing about having the emulator is acquiring a DMERT/UNIX-RTR hdd image to actually
340:, assuming there is a system call for it, it is not known if one can send various signals or simply send one. Also unknown is whether the kernel process has a way of catching the signals that are delivered to it. It may be that the UNIX-RTR developers implemented an entire signal and messaging
466:
In addition, one of the bugs mentioned in the install process is a broken script to fdisk and image hard disks correctly: certain things need to be written to certain offsets, because the /opt/ATT3bem/bin/3bem process expects, or seems to need, these hard-coded locations.
453:
switch. There are parts of the 5ESS that are not part of the 3B21D microcomputer at all: SMs and CMs. Under the emulator the workstation is referred to as the 'AW' (Administrative
Workstation). The emulator installs with Solaris 2.6/SPARC and also comes with Solstice
463:
configuration file which connects peripherals to emulated peripherals. But there is scant documentation on the CD which describes this. The name of this file is em_devmap for SS5s, and em_devmap.ultra for Ultra60s.
500:
DIAGNOSTICS The command complains a needed directory is not searchable, the final directory is not writable, the file already exists or there is not enough space for the file.
488:
Though on 3B20D systems it will print 20 instead of 21, though 3B20Ds are rare, nowadays most non-VCDX 5ESSs are 3B21D hardware, not 3B20D (although they will run the software fine). The 3B20D uses the
449:
emulator (known as the 3B21E, the system behind the Very
Compact Digital eXchange, or VCDX) which is meant to provide a production environment to the Administrative Module (AM) portion of the
493:
processor while the 21 uses the WE32100. There may be some other differences, as well. One thing unusual about the processor is the direction the stack grows: up.
642:
Kane, J. R.; Anderson, R. E.; McCabe, P. S. (January 1983). "The 3B20D Processor & DMERT Operating System: Overview, Architecture, and
Performance of DMERT".
1055:
2163:
679:
Grzelakowski, M. E.; Campbell, J. H.; Dubman, M. R. (January 1983). "The 3B20D Processor & DMERT Operating System: DMERT Operating System".
3138:
3096:
1952:
1048:
607:
Bodenstab, D. E.; Houghton, T. F.; Kelleman, K. A.; Ronkin, G.; Schan, E. P. (1984). "UNIX Operating System
Porting Experiences".
2755:
771:
1996:
3128:
1962:
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809:
332:, the first to end a user process and the second to end a kernel process). It is unknown how much of the normal userland
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324:), that is used to send signals to kernel processes. It is likely there are two different system calls also (
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125:
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2017:
1989:
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2957:
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52:
496:
Manual page for falloc (which may be responsible for
Contiguous or eXtent file space allocation):
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2705:
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1161:
802:
2295:
2255:
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3143:
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2026:
1536:
1428:
369:
720:
3085:
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2592:
1982:
1941:
1352:
47:
2315:
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output is a bit different than expected. Namely, there are two completely new bits in the
8:
3044:
229:
with special support for large, contiguous, statically sized files, as used in real-time
210:
183:
180:
80:
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1033:
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2009:
753:
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445:-OEM package ATT3bem (which lives on Solaris SPARC in /opt/ATT3bem). This is a full
213:
processes. These processes' data structures were isolated from other processes with
2266:
2053:
1637:
1073:
777:
741:
690:
653:
616:
593:
581:
537:
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that connects the file manager to the disk (usually combined with the swap manager)
88:
2534:
2135:
474:
The uname -a output of the Bourne shell running UNIX-RTR (Real-time
Reliable) is:
2999:
2697:
2092:
1468:
1148:
958:
938:
895:
249:
214:
372:). Both of these have to do with contiguous data, however one may be to do with
3039:
3024:
3004:
2526:
2229:
2142:
2042:
1890:
1401:
1280:
1275:
978:
963:
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923:
844:
838:
767:
531:
434:
2681:
776:. Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences. Archived from
3122:
3049:
3019:
2190:
1646:
1394:
1265:
901:
830:
728:
459:
similar network developed at Bell Labs, but they do not have TCP/IP stacks).
267:
222:
745:
570:
Lycklama, H.; Bayer, D. L. (July–August 1978). "The MERT Operating System".
352:
If one has root on a UNIX-RTR system, they will surely soon find that their
3054:
2824:
2804:
2607:
2434:
2129:
1974:
1910:
1905:
1361:
1252:
1213:
983:
504:
UNIX-RTR includes an atomic file swap command (atomsw, manual page below):
308:
One interesting feature that DMERT – UNIX-RTR introduced was the notion of
263:
164:
149:
542:
248:
The MERT operating system was a four-layer design, in decreasing order of
2884:
2530:
2005:
1933:
1895:
1790:
1660:
968:
953:
313:
289:
226:
122:
288:
The standard supervisor was MERT/UNIX, a Unix emulator with an extended
2986:
2890:
2854:
2206:
1877:
1758:
1625:
490:
293:
271:
35:
536:. Fifth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. Austin, Texas.
3034:
3009:
2773:
2643:
2633:
2541:
2327:
2287:
2064:
1900:
1778:
1752:
1672:
1496:
1286:
1094:
948:
822:
721:"Designing for Ultrahigh Availability: The Unix RTR Operating System"
157:
62:
40:
20:
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2301:
2197:
2081:
1784:
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1666:
1373:
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1231:
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230:
296:
that enabled the use of MERT's custom IPC mechanisms, although an
2976:
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2866:
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2732:
2711:
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2561:
2342:
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1828:
1823:
1713:
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1631:
1529:
1504:
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1415:
1154:
867:
2970:
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2601:
2574:
2567:
2493:
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2397:
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2148:
1705:
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1408:
1367:
1181:
1172:
1136:
1114:
606:
430:
373:
297:
168:
101:
233:
applications. The design of MERT was influenced by
Dijkstra's
2723:
2519:
2440:
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2277:
2119:
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1797:
1601:
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architecture roots. In support, there is a separate command (
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2107:
2101:
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1103:
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2372:
2179:
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1585:
1520:
1385:
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360:
field. They both take place in the first column, and are
16:
Unix variant with real-time operating system capabilities
1063:
533:
MERT: a multi-environment real-time operating system
256:
Kernel: resource allocation of memory, CPU time and
719:Wallace, John J.; Barnes, Walter W. (August 1984).
641:
303:
209:that was able to run Unix programs and privileged
3120:
3097:Category: Microkernel-based operating systems
1990:
1049:
803:
773:The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective
718:
569:
529:
225:was also implemented. MERT also had a custom
2004:
609:AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal
201:of Bell Labs' time-sharing operating system
424:
1997:
1983:
1947:
1056:
1042:
810:
796:
714:
712:
541:
2642:
565:
563:
561:
559:
766:
709:
3121:
600:
312:processes. This is connected with its
205:, MERT featured a redesigned, modular
1978:
1037:
817:
791:
556:
525:
523:
521:
72:UNIX-RTR/3B21D version still in use.
3139:Microkernel-based operating systems
530:Bayer, D. L.; Lycklama, H. (1975).
347:
179:) was the operating system for the
13:
695:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb04397.x
658:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb04396.x
621:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00064.x
586:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02142.x
518:
173:Duplex Multi Environment Real Time
14:
3155:
376:and the other with non-metadata.
342:application programming interface
3101:
3100:
3091:
3090:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1018:
1017:
262:Kernel-mode processes including
1543:Transaction Processing Facility
304:Kernel and non-kernel processes
760:
672:
635:
1:
682:Bell System Technical Journal
645:Bell System Technical Journal
573:Bell System Technical Journal
511:
344:(API) for kernel processes.
217:being the preferred form of
7:
3129:Real-time operating systems
2351:Multi-Environment Real-Time
1121:Multi-Environment Real-Time
1065:Real-time operating systems
483:<3B21D> <3B21D>
281:Operating system supervisor
186:minicomputer, designed for
134:Multi-Environment Real-Time
30:Multi-Environment Real-Time
10:
3160:
219:interprocess communication
190:; DMERT was later renamed
156:developed in the 1970s at
154:real-time operating system
18:
3063:
2985:
2952:
2803:
2772:
2722:
2696:
2632:
2591:
2551:
2466:
2413:
2286:
2276:
2265:
2118:
2091:
2063:
2025:
2016:
1919:
1876:
1837:
1618:
1578:
1552:
1519:
1495:
1467:
1427:
1384:
1351:
1324:
1297:
1261:
1251:
1226:Operating System Embedded
1192:
1171:
1093:
1083:
1072:
1013:
1000:AT&T Computer Systems
992:
911:
888:
860:
829:
336:mechanism is in place in
115:
97:
87:
76:
68:
58:
46:
34:
1511:Windows Embedded Compact
1005:Unix System Laboratories
476:
437:, are the vendor of the
425:Lucent emulator and VCDX
385:
19:Not to be confused with
746:10.1109/MC.1984.1659215
409:/no5text Crwxr-xr-xroot
300:emulator also existed.
3107:Category: Microkernels
1850:Robot Operating System
194:(Real-Time Reliable).
543:10.1145/800213.806519
3086:Open-source software
2593:Java virtual machine
1942:Open-source software
1353:Java virtual machine
3045:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
780:on 5 February 2015.
398:/cft xrwxr-xr-xroot
211:real-time computing
184:telephone switching
171:). A version named
81:Real-time computing
31:
880:MERT/DMERT/UNIX-RT
768:Ritchie, Dennis M.
29:
3116:
3115:
3030:James G. Mitchell
3015:Per Brinch Hansen
2834:
2833:
2669:
2668:
2462:
2461:
2158:
2157:
2075:Mac OS nanokernel
1972:
1971:
1700:
1699:
1554:Texas Instruments
1320:
1319:
1247:
1246:
1031:
1030:
919:Stephen R. Bourne
364:(contiguous) and
188:high availability
140:), later renamed
131:
130:
3151:
3134:Bell Labs Unices
3104:
3103:
3094:
3093:
2640:
2639:
2468:Capability-based
2284:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2023:
2022:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1638:ERIKA Enterprise
1326:Capability-based
1259:
1258:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1020:
812:
805:
798:
789:
788:
782:
781:
764:
758:
757:
725:
716:
707:
706:
676:
670:
669:
639:
633:
632:
615:(8): 1769–1790.
604:
598:
597:
580:(6): 2049–2086.
567:
554:
553:
551:
550:
545:
527:
484:
480:
419:
416:
412:
408:
405:
401:
397:
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382:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:File system bits
339:
331:
327:
323:
319:
270:, file manager,
221:(IPC), although
77:Marketing target
32:
28:
26:Operating system
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3089:
3059:
3000:Thomas Bushnell
2981:
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2830:
2799:
2768:
2718:
2692:
2665:
2628:
2587:
2547:
2458:
2409:
2268:
2261:
2154:
2114:
2087:
2059:
2012:
2003:
1973:
1968:
1945:
1915:
1872:
1833:
1696:
1614:
1574:
1548:
1515:
1491:
1463:
1423:
1380:
1347:
1316:
1293:
1243:
1188:
1167:
1149:Real-Time Linux
1075:
1068:
1062:
1032:
1027:
1009:
988:
959:Douglas McIlroy
939:Brian Kernighan
907:
896:UNIX System III
884:
856:
825:
816:
786:
785:
765:
761:
723:
717:
710:
677:
673:
640:
636:
605:
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568:
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429:AT&T, then
427:
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365:
361:
357:
353:
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329:
325:
321:
320:) rather than (
317:
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215:message passing
148:), is a hybrid
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3081:
3073:
3071:= discontinued
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Richard Rashid
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Jochen Liedtke
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:David Cheriton
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2949:
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2946:
2940:
2934:
2915:
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2901:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
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2852:
2844:
2835:
2832:
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2829:
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2809:
2807:
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2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:Icaros Desktop
2753:
2747:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2682:Classic Mac OS
2678:
2670:
2667:
2666:
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2663:
2656:
2648:
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2637:
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2629:
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2527:HarmonyOS NEXT
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2290:
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2271:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2249:TI-RTOS kernel
2246:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2225:Off++ → Plan B
2223:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
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2014:
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2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
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1929:
1927:= discontinued
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:David Cheriton
1888:
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1880:
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1569:TI-RTOS Kernel
1566:
1558:
1556:
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1455:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1402:Concurrent DOS
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1330:
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1322:
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1314:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:(organization)
1281:T-Engine Forum
1278:
1276:Micro T-Kernel
1268:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1196:
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1190:
1189:
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1177:
1175:
1169:
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1166:
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1158:
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1146:
1140:
1133:
1117:
1112:
1107:
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1053:
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1038:
1029:
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1026:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
979:Dennis Ritchie
976:
971:
966:
964:Lee E. McMahon
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Stuart Feldman
931:
926:
924:Lorinda Cherry
921:
915:
913:
909:
908:
906:
905:
899:
892:
890:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
871:
864:
862:
858:
857:
855:
854:
848:
845:Version 7 Unix
842:
839:Version 6 Unix
835:
833:
827:
826:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
784:
783:
759:
708:
689:(1): 303–322.
671:
652:(1): 291–301.
634:
599:
555:
516:
515:
513:
510:
506:
498:
477:
435:Alcatel-Lucent
426:
423:
387:drwxr-xr-xroot
386:
349:
346:
314:microkernelish
305:
302:
292:interface and
286:
285:
284:User processes
282:
279:
268:device drivers
260:
199:generalization
181:AT&T 3B20D
142:UNIX Real-Time
129:
128:
120:
113:
112:
99:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
38:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3156:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Avie Tevanian
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Gernot Heiser
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
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2865:
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2699:
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2683:
2679:
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2657:
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2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:^ integrates
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
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2598:
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2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
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2279:
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2264:
2258:
2257:
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2250:
2247:
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2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:Little Kernel
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
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2069:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
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1902:
1899:
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1500:
1498:
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1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:Multiuser DOS
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:ITRON project
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
910:
903:
902:UNIX System V
900:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
863:
859:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
790:
779:
775:
774:
769:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
729:IEEE Computer
722:
715:
713:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:
675:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
638:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
566:
564:
562:
560:
544:
539:
535:
534:
526:
524:
522:
517:
505:
497:
494:
492:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
384:
377:
375:
371:
345:
343:
335:
315:
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
283:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
254:
253:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:shared memory
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:minicomputers
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
69:Working state
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
49:
45:
42:
39:
37:
33:
22:
3144:Microkernels
3105:
3095:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3055:William Wulf
2929:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2896:
2846:
2838:
2825:Workplace OS
2823:
2816:
2812:
2805:AIM alliance
2792:
2710:
2704:
2680:
2673:
2658:
2651:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2573:
2540:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2435:Nucleus RTOS
2420:
2403:
2396:
2384:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2314:
2307:
2294:
2254:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2205:
2189:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2147:
2128:
2106:
2100:
2080:
2073:
2041:
2035:
2006:Microkernels
1961:
1951:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1911:Ken Sakamura
1906:Adam Dunkels
1809:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1771:
1764:
1712:
1704:
1652:
1619:Low resource
1607:
1600:
1593:
1561:
1535:
1528:
1482:
1481:^° kernel →
1476:
1449:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1333:
1214:Nucleus RTOS
1199:
1180:
1160:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1102:
984:Ken Thompson
879:
778:the original
772:
762:
733:
727:
686:
680:
674:
649:
643:
637:
612:
608:
602:
577:
571:
547:. Retrieved
532:
502:
495:
487:
473:
469:
465:
461:
428:
378:
351:
333:
309:
307:
287:
276:root process
275:
264:input/output
247:
241:, and IBM's
198:
196:
191:
176:
172:
167:(especially
150:time-sharing
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
89:Available in
83:applications
2995:Gordon Bell
2885:OpenComRTOS
2782:Singularity
2608:Chorus/Jazz
2531:OpenHarmony
2010:nanokernels
1934:Microkernel
1896:Dave Cutler
1886:Gordon Bell
1791:Sintran III
1661:OpenComRTOS
1362:Chorus/Jazz
969:Joe Ossanna
954:John Mashey
441:-based and
338:/bin/kpkill
318:/bin/kpkill
290:system call
237:, Hansen's
227:file system
160:for use in
123:Microkernel
3123:Categories
2987:Developers
2954:Frameworks
2891:Phantom OS
2855:ChibiOS/RT
2213:µ-velOSity
2207:MicroEmpix
1953:Comparison
1878:Developers
1839:Frameworks
1781:° Standard
1759:Phantom OS
1737:µ-velOSity
1626:ChibiOS/RT
944:David Korn
889:Commercial
549:2008-08-18
512:References
433:, and now
358:drwxr-xr-x
258:interrupts
250:protection
48:Written in
3078:Real-time
3035:Ike Nassi
3010:Dan Dodge
2774:Microsoft
2644:Unix-like
2634:Macintosh
2542:HarmonyOS
2429:Integrity
2328:Minix-vmd
2288:Unix-like
2267:Operating
2065:Macintosh
1901:Dan Dodge
1829:UniProton
1779:RT-Thread
1753:Microware
1673:RT-Thread
1497:Microsoft
1287:T-License
1208:Integrity
1095:Unix-like
1074:Operating
993:Companies
949:Mike Lesk
870:(c. 1975)
823:Bell Labs
740:: 31–39.
420:/no5data
334:signaling
330:kpkill(2)
322:/bin/kill
274:manager,
158:Bell Labs
98:Platforms
63:Unix-like
59:OS family
41:Bell Labs
36:Developer
21:Penn MERT
2861:FreeRTOS
2818:Taligent
2750:Broadway
2744:AspireOS
2614:ChorusOS
2535:Oniro OS
2422:ChorusOS
2302:GNU Hurd
2256:Vanguard
2198:GNU Mach
2082:NuKernel
1963:Category
1785:ScreenOS
1725:FreeRTOS
1667:PX5 RTOS
1374:ChorusOS
1271:T-Kernel
1232:PX5 RTOS
1201:ChorusOS
1110:Junos OS
1023:Category
974:Rob Pike
929:Tom Duff
874:PWB/UNIX
861:Internal
851:UNIX/32V
831:Research
770:(1977).
754:17689432
703:12901173
666:31828139
629:35326182
481:uname-a
379:Example
231:database
192:Unix RTR
162:embedded
3068:Italics
2977:TI-RTOS
2925:Harmony
2904:SharpOS
2898:RC 4000
2867:HelenOS
2787:ThreadX
2764:MorphOS
2733:AmigaOS
2712:Symbian
2689:kernel)
2687:PowerPC
2675:Copland
2660:MacMach
2653:MachTen
2414:Partial
2360:Unix-RT
2343:MkLinux
2334:Minix 3
2280:support
2269:systems
2243:RTLinux
2237:PowerUP
2220:nucleus
2018:Kernels
1924:Italics
1868:Xenomai
1862:TI-RTOS
1824:VxWorks
1811:Harmony
1714:DioneOS
1685:ThreadX
1654:Nano-RK
1643:FunkOS°
1632:Contiki
1537:4690 OS
1530:4680 OS
1505:ThreadX
1484:Symbian
1416:REAL/32
1298:Partial
1255:support
1228:^ (OSE)
1193:Partial
1155:RTLinux
1130:Unix-RT
1087:support
1076:systems
868:CB UNIX
594:8711402
491:WE32000
443:Solaris
370:extents
326:kill(2)
239:Monitor
169:PDP-11s
146:UNIX-RT
93:English
2971:Genode
2965:Cosmos
2943:Zephyr
2848:BeRTOS
2840:Amoeba
2636:hosted
2602:JavaOS
2582:Wombat
2575:REX OS
2568:PikeOS
2562:LLinux
2555:kernel
2513:Midori
2494:CapROS
2483:KeyKOS
2477:GNOSIS
2398:UNICOS
2386:Spring
2367:OS2000
2316:MeikOS
2149:WarpOS
2136:ExecSG
2067:hosted
2029:family
1706:BeRTOS
1691:Zephyr
1675:° Nano
1647:Mynewt
1609:VAXELN
1595:RSX-11
1583:PDP-11
1458:Wombat
1451:REX OS
1444:PikeOS
1438:LLinux
1431:kernel
1409:FlexOS
1368:JavaOS
1182:LiteOS
1173:LiteOS
1137:OS2000
1115:LynxOS
1067:(RTOS)
912:People
904:(1983)
898:(1982)
876:(1977)
853:(1979)
847:(1979)
841:(1975)
752:
701:
664:
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431:Lucent
413:TueDec
402:MonDec
391:SunDec
374:inodes
310:kernel
298:RSX-11
266:(I/O)
207:kernel
117:Kernel
102:PDP-11
2919:Thoth
2873:µC/OS
2794:Verve
2726:-type
2724:Amiga
2698:Psion
2520:NLTSS
2500:Hydra
2441:NuttX
2392:Tinix
2379:Redox
2322:Minix
2309:Lites
2278:POSIX
2164:ADEOS
2143:Quark
2122:-type
2120:Amiga
2093:Psion
2037:Eumel
1805:Thoth
1798:THEOS
1731:µC/OS
1720:embOS
1602:RT-11
1545:(TPF)
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1220:NuttX
1085:POSIX
750:S2CID
736:(8).
724:(PDF)
699:S2CID
662:S2CID
625:S2CID
590:S2CID
447:3B21D
439:SPARC
381:ls -l
354:ls -l
294:shell
243:CP-67
177:DMERT
110:3B21D
106:3B20D
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2958:kits
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2813:Pink
2738:AROS
2706:EPOC
2506:seL4
2489:EROS
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2230:Opus
2191:Mach
2172:EROS
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1253:TRON
1238:RIOT
1162:UNOS
1126:MERT
1104:DNIX
819:Unix
738:IEEE
456:X.25
451:5ESS
418:2014
407:2013
396:2003
328:and
272:swap
203:Unix
152:and
138:MERT
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