873:
911:
854:
35:
380:
1968:
892:
97:, while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and the location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both
513:. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g., subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs. intravenous vs. intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, it's apples and rocks." Belcher's sea snake's actual LD
942:
The toxicity of snake venom, based on laboratory tests conducted on mice, is sometimes used to gauge the extent of danger to humans, but this is not enough. Many venomous snakes are specialized predators whose venom may be adapted specifically to incapacitate their preferred prey. A number of other
959:, Russell's viper, and saw-scaled viper), while less venomous than the inland taipan, are found in closer proximity to human settlements and are more confrontational, thus leading to more deaths from snakebite. In addition, some species, such as the
943:
factors are also critical in determining the potential hazard of any given venomous snake to humans, including their distribution and behavior. For example, while the inland taipan is regarded as the world's most venomous snake based on LD
351:, but poison and venom are not the same thing. Poisons must be ingested, inhaled or absorbed, while venom must be injected into the body by mechanical means. While unusual, there are a few species of snake that are actually poisonous.
1731:). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes." connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Though many (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) do -have- lots of venom stored. They are actually not as brutal as other snakes.
131:
immobilization and self-defense and is usually delivered through highly specialized teeth, hollow fangs, directly into the bloodstream or tissue of the target. Evidence has recently been presented for the
1300:
415:), which is the dose of venom per unit body mass that kills half of the test animals that receive it. The result obtained depends on which of the four delivery sites is used for the injection:
1116:
Williams, Becky L.; Brodie, Edmund D. Jr.; Brodie III, Edmund D. (2004). "A resistant predator and its toxic prey: persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes".
1727:. "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (
1442:
Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of
Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents.
509:, published in 1996. Prominent venom expert Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry has clarified the error: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called
967:, occasionally show some aggression, generally when alarmed or in self-defence, and then may deliver fatal doses of venom, resulting in high human mortality rates.
67:, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved
1867:
144:. The Toxicofera hypothesis further implies that "nonvenomous" snake lineages have either lost the ability to produce venom (but may still have lingering venom
1297:
1475:
Hodgson, W. C.; Dal Belo, C. A.; Rowan, E. G. (2007). "The neuromuscular activity of paradoxin: A presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the inland taipan (
1774:(starting at 44 min 33 s): "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes
160:
group for venomous snakes. Venom is known in several families. This has been interpreted to mean venom in snakes originated more than once as the result of
1790:
1168:
1289:
981:
435:
values indicate venoms that are more toxic, and there have been numerous studies on snake venom with a variability of potency estimates. SC LD
148:), or actually do produce venom in small quantities, likely sufficient to help capture small prey but causing no harm to humans when bitten.
1924:
1041:
McCartney, JA; Stevens, NJ; O'Connor, PM (March 20, 2014), "Oldest fossil evidence of modern
African venomous snakes found in Tanzania",
1702:
1823:
1421:
947:
tests on mice, it is a shy species and rarely strikes, and has not caused any known human fatalities. On the other hand, India's
1465:
A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice (of the species tested) is that of the Inland Taipan (
1311:), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014
1662:"The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice".
1617:(218,000 mice) ... than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979).
1397:
986:
1720:
505:, has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to the first edition of Ernst and Zug's book,
1571:
1100:
439:
is considered the most applicable to actual bites as only vipers with large fangs (such as large specimens from the genera
355:
are both venomous and poisonous – their poisons are stored in nuchal glands and are acquired by sequestering toxins from
1742:) is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes." nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013
1735:
1362:
1875:
1972:
1633:
17:
1092:
140:
families) as "toxic saliva" and evolved to extremes in those snake families normally classified as venomous by
1984:
1710:
1307:,"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (
1898:
1811:(starting at 1 min 49 s): "They have the most toxic venom towards humans then any other snake in the world
1718:
Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy
Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne
1794:
1762:
1481:
136:
hypothesis, that venom was present (in small amounts) in the ancestors of all snakes (as well as several
1798:
119:
The evolutionary history of venomous snakes can be traced back to as far as 28 million years ago.
1641:
1209:
428:
1286:
1188:
2000:
991:
976:
948:
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157:
114:
1659:
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are more consistent than the results obtained using saline alone. As an example, the venom of the
1827:
1401:
424:
1949:
1928:
1709:. "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world’s most venomous snake..." .
1692:
1583:
1183:
740:
543:
498:
416:
491:
when measured in 0.1% bovine serum albumin in saline; when saline alone is used, the value is
71:, although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include the
1453:
1425:
554:
420:
1525:; Hodgson, Wayne C. (1998). "Some pharmacological studies of venom from the inland taipan (
1449:
1125:
996:
672:
601:
568:
472:
161:
1853:
1673:
1557:
The Inland Taipan is believed to have the most toxic venom in the world (Sutherland, 1994)
8:
1902:
1699:
1567:
1137:
934:
634:
502:
480:
240:
Most are harmless, but others have potent venom and at least five species, including the
1831:
1758:
1651:. "Australia's inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world".
1429:
1241:
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1600:
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878:
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404:
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1676:(1m54s) "..the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world, the fierce snake".
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192:
178:
83:
1424:. Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute,
801:
782:
763:
1700:
Interview with
Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist
964:
702:
201:
1994:
1786:
1754:
1677:
1563:
1016:
872:
681:
582:
525:
391:
1374:
1978:
1502:
1145:
1074:
956:
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826:
677:
618:
521:
518:
464:
360:
213:
188:
184:
34:
1552:
1344:
1197:
164:. Around a quarter of all snake species are identified as being venomous.
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1006:
960:
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333:
283:
275:
267:
207:
196:
120:
64:
28:
517:(IM) is 0.24 mg/kg and 0.155 mg/kg. Studies on mice and human
463:) are capable of a truly intramuscular bite, snakebites rarely cause IV
1604:
352:
321:
263:
234:
145:
133:
98:
87:
39:
1089:
Rattlesnakes: Their
Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind
910:
1950:"Immediate First Aid for bites by Australian taipan or common taipan"
1624:
1242:"The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom"
1001:
614:
606:
305:
299:
259:
255:
241:
225:
219:
105:
properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world.
102:
79:
1596:
1367:– List of the Available Data and Sorted by Route of Injection"
853:
1011:
453:
447:
379:
329:
325:
279:
271:
249:
75:
1899:"Deadly Snakes: What are the world's most deadly venomous snakes?"
1531:
1323:
1249:
1321:
Tamiya, N.; Puffer, H. (1974). "Lethality of sea snake venoms".
1967:
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459:
408:
364:
348:
309:
137:
124:
1981:
Bite-prevention and treatment information for outdoor workers.
1422:"Frequently Asked Questions: What is the most venomous snake?"
891:
441:
317:
313:
60:
1040:
1716:
kingsnake.com
September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).
291:
128:
68:
1652:
1572:"Ecology of Highly Venomous Snakes: the Australian Genus
1448:
Florida
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation.
1231:
1229:
1169:"Biochemistry and pharmacology of colubrid snake venoms"
1115:
1691:
Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable
1680:(official YouTube Channel). Retrieved October 14, 2013.
467:, and IP envenomation is even rarer. Measurements of LD
1235:
90:. The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine
1927:. University of California, San Diego. Archived from
1520:
1226:
1636:. "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom -
1515:
The inland taipan is the world's most venomous snake
1474:
46:
Species of the suborder
Serpentes that produce venom
1450:"Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes"
1824:"Facts and Figures: World's Most Venomous Snakes"
367:can retain toxins in their livers from ingesting
1992:
403:Venom toxicities are compared by looking at the
1562:
933:snakes responsible for most fatal bites on the
507:Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book
982:List of fatal snake bites in the United States
1320:
726:Mainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Burma
1896:
1389:
1160:
1086:
501:, which sometimes is mistakenly called the
1282:
1280:
383:The world's most venomous snake, based on
1187:
1064:
1054:
1916:
1166:
411:as test animals and termed the murine LD
378:
33:
1277:
749:and Brunei, and in Halmahera, Indonesia
14:
1993:
1356:
1354:
987:List of fatal snake bites in Australia
639:Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
1734:Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012)
1658:Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011).
1398:"Which snakes are the most venomous?"
1034:
347:Venomous snakes are often said to be
1922:
1634:Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes
1176:Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews
1080:
528:is the most toxic among all snakes.
1979:Venomous snakes and outdoor workers
1925:"Immediate First Aid – Black Mamba"
1785:
1753:
1674:Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin
1360:
1351:
359:the snakes eat. Similarly, certain
24:
1942:
1830:. January 11, 2014. Archived from
1826:. Australian Venom Research Unit,
1613:doses per bite is much higher for
1400:. Australian Venom Research Unit,
1167:Mackessy, Stephen P. (June 2002).
1138:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000045585.77875.09
532:Most venomous snakes of the world
398:
27:For the video game character, see
25:
2012:
1960:
1404:. August 25, 2007. Archived from
156:There is not a single or special
1966:
1495:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.002
1361:Fry, B. G. (February 24, 2012).
909:
890:
871:
852:
843:
471:using dry venom mixed with 0.1%
244:, have caused human fatalities.
1890:
1860:
1846:
1816:
1779:
1747:
1736:Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview
1314:
1109:
1093:University of California Press
802:Western Australian Tiger snake
342:
63:that are capable of producing
13:
1:
1713:. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
1711:Australian Academy of Science
1666:. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
1660:Animal Species: Inland Taipan
1655:. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
1644:. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
1545:10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00060-3
1027:
1337:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90104-4
1263:10.1016/0041-0101(79)90245-9
1056:10.1371/journal.pone.0090415
334:copperheads and cottonmouths
108:
7:
1795:National Geographic Channel
1763:National Geographic Channel
1118:Journal of Chemical Ecology
970:
151:
10:
2017:
1854:"What is an LD50 and LC50"
1609:... the number of mouse LD
112:
26:
1240:; Coulter, A. R. (1979).
553:
542:
539:
536:
374:
1985:Venomous Thailand Snakes
1740:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1729:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1638:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1615:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1527:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1477:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1467:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1309:Oxyuranus microlepidotus
1095:, Berkeley, 1956, 1972.
1091:(2 ed.). Berkeley:
992:List of venomous animals
977:List of dangerous snakes
654:Yellow-bellied sea snake
115:Evolution of snake venom
1828:University of Melbourne
1738:"...The inland taipan (
1698:Oakley, Cecily (2011).
1642:Encyclopædia Britannica
1402:University of Melbourne
658:Tropical oceanic waters
524:show that venom of the
431:(IP). Smaller murine LD
1868:"Most venomous snakes"
1584:Journal of Herpetology
741:Black-banded sea krait
544:subcutaneous injection
395:
43:
42:'s skull showing fangs
38:The lateral view of a
1759:"World's Worst Venom"
1647:BBC Nature Wildlife.
1523:Sutherland, Struan K.
1469:), found in Australia
1454:University of Florida
1426:University of Arizona
1198:10.1081/TXR-120004741
745:eastern coast of the
555:intravenous injection
382:
185:Purple-glossed snakes
37:
1975:at Wikimedia Commons
1801:on February 10, 2011
1568:Covacevich, Jeanette
1296:(February 08, 2005)
1087:Klauber LM. (1997).
997:Poisonous amphibians
783:Mainland tiger snake
569:bovine serum albumin
503:hook-nosed sea snake
473:bovine serum albumin
197:Revoil's short snake
162:convergent evolution
1923:Davidson, Terence.
1834:on October 11, 2014
1693:Belcher's sea snake
1130:2004JCEco..30.1901W
935:Indian Subcontinent
635:Eastern brown snake
533:
499:Belcher's sea snake
481:eastern brown snake
369:rough-skinned newts
1791:"Venom Deathmatch"
1723:2012-10-15 at the
1705:2013-10-22 at the
1649:Inland Taipan page
1303:2014-10-17 at the
1292:2014-04-19 at the
864:Bungarus caeruleus
688:, and other places
531:
511:Snakes in Question
405:median lethal dose
396:
142:parallel evolution
86:, and some of the
44:
1971:Media related to
1664:Australian Museum
1482:Neuropharmacology
1377:on April 13, 2012
1238:Sutherland, S. K.
1124:(10): 1901–1919.
1102:978-0-520-21056-1
841:
840:
834:0.1125 mg/kg
796:0.014 mg/kg
764:Black tiger snake
735:0.061 mg/kg
722:Many-banded krait
716:0.013 mg/kg
686:Coral Sea Islands
673:Peron's sea snake
617:, Tar River, and
602:Dubois' sea snake
340:
339:
314:saw-scaled vipers
181:(atractaspidids)
16:(Redirected from
2008:
1970:
1954:
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1911:
1909:
1897:Walls, Jerry G.
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1874:. Archived from
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1858:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1797:. Archived from
1783:
1777:
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1769:
1751:
1745:
1689:
1683:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1580:
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1521:Bell, Karen L.;
1517:
1489:(5): 1229–1236.
1471:
1462:
1460:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:on July 15, 2018
1428:. Archived from
1417:
1415:
1413:
1408:on June 26, 2014
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1373:. Archived from
1363:"Snakes Venom LD
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1318:
1312:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1246:
1233:
1224:
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1208:. Archived from
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1113:
1107:
1106:
1084:
1078:
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1068:
1058:
1038:
1022:Venomous lizards
917:Saw-scaled viper
913:
894:
875:
856:
831:0.164 mg/kg
821:Beaked sea snake
812:0.194 mg/kg
809:0.124 mg/kg
793:0.118 mg/kg
790:0.118 mg/kg
774:0.131 mg/kg
771:0.099 mg/kg
755:0.111 mg/kg
732:0.108 mg/kg
713:0.105 mg/kg
710:0.064 mg/kg
694:0.079 mg/kg
664:0.067 mg/kg
648:0.01 mg/kg
645:0.053 mg/kg
642:0.041 mg/kg
626:0.044 mg/kg
593:0.025 mg/kg
534:
530:
494:
490:
308:, including the
189:centipede eaters
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166:
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883:Daboia russelii
879:Russell's viper
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747:Malay Peninsula
590:0.01 mg/kg
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483:has a murine LD
470:
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407:(usually using
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399:Toxicity issues
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357:poisonous toads
353:Keelback snakes
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310:Russell's viper
179:Atractaspididae
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84:Atractaspididae
50:Venomous snakes
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1878:on May 8, 2017
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1787:Seymour, Jamie
1778:
1755:Seymour, Jamie
1746:
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1672:presentation .
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1564:Shine, Richard
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1257:(6): 661–664.
1236:Broad, A. J.;
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1182:(1–2): 43–83.
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965:coastal taipan
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386:
376:
373:
344:
341:
338:
337:
303:
296:
295:
253:
246:
245:
238:
231:
230:
202:Chilorhinophis
193:burrowing asps
182:
175:
174:
171:
153:
150:
113:Main article:
110:
107:
93:
45:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2013:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1931:on 2023-07-25
1930:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1856:. 2018-12-31.
1855:
1849:
1833:
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1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
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1701:
1697:
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1694:
1688:
1679:
1678:Australia Zoo
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
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1646:
1643:
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1631:
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1577:
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1427:
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1407:
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1368:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:Most Venomous
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1215:on 2010-06-02
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1049:(3): e90415,
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Venomous fish
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
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985:
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932:
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903:
899:
893:
884:
880:
874:
865:
861:
855:
844:Other factors
836:
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719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:Taiwan Strait
679:
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620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
584:
583:Inland taipan
581:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
565:
562:
556:
551:
545:
535:
529:
527:
526:inland taipan
523:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
482:
478:
474:
466:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
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430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
406:
394:of Australia.
393:
392:inland taipan
389:
381:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:garter snakes
358:
354:
350:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
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311:
307:
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186:
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159:
149:
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139:
135:
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126:
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116:
106:
104:
100:
96:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1944:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1862:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1818:
1810:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1781:
1773:
1766:. Retrieved
1749:
1739:
1728:
1687:
1637:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1591:(1): 60–69.
1588:
1582:
1573:
1556:
1539:(1): 63–74.
1536:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1457:. Retrieved
1441:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1371:venomdoc.com
1370:
1331:(1): 85–87.
1328:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1254:
1248:
1217:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1179:
1175:
1162:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1046:
1042:
1036:
957:common krait
953:Indian cobra
941:
920:
901:
898:Indian cobra
882:
863:
860:Common krait
827:Indo-Pacific
678:Gulf of Siam
619:Indian Ocean
519:cardiac cell
510:
506:
497:
465:envenomation
458:
452:
446:
440:
402:
346:
326:rattlesnakes
324:, including
280:tiger snakes
276:death adders
268:coral snakes
264:brown snakes
237:(colubrids)
229:, and more.
224:
218:
214:Homoroselaps
212:
206:
200:
173:Description
155:
123:is modified
118:
49:
48:
1908:November 5,
1882:October 13,
1670:Steve Irwin
1576:(Elapidae)"
1459:November 5,
1436:October 14,
1412:October 14,
1381:October 14,
1007:Toxic birds
961:black mamba
611:Arafura Sea
343:Terminology
318:puff adders
306:True vipers
302:(viperids)
288:king cobras
208:Hypoptophis
146:pseudogenes
121:Snake venom
29:Venom Snake
1935:2010-05-12
1287:Fry, Bryan
1219:2009-09-26
1028:References
577:in saline
429:peritoneum
330:lanceheads
322:pit vipers
294:and more.
256:Sea snakes
252:(elapids)
235:Colubridae
134:Toxicofera
99:neurotoxic
88:Colubridae
40:king cobra
1805:April 17,
1768:April 17,
1574:Oxyuranus
1184:CiteSeerX
1002:Snakebite
902:Naja naja
825:Tropical
806:Australia
787:Australia
768:Australia
707:Australia
615:Timor Sea
607:Coral Sea
587:Australia
390:, is the
349:poisonous
300:Viperidae
242:boomslang
226:Micrelaps
220:Macrelaps
158:taxonomic
127:used for
109:Evolution
103:hemotoxic
80:Viperidae
61:Serpentes
1995:Category
1903:Reptiles
1838:July 14,
1721:Archived
1703:Archived
1632:LISTS .
1570:(1983).
1511:19532337
1503:17313963
1301:Archived
1290:Archived
1206:86568032
1154:14274035
1146:15609827
1075:24646522
1043:PLOS ONE
1012:Venomoid
971:See also
949:Big Four
931:Big Four
493:53 μg/kg
489:41 μg/kg
487:(SC) of
454:Crotalus
448:Bothrops
417:subcutis
250:Elapidae
152:Taxonomy
76:Elapidae
73:families
58:suborder
1605:1563782
1553:9604283
1532:Toxicon
1345:4818649
1324:Toxicon
1250:Toxicon
1126:Bibcode
1066:3960104
522:culture
409:rodents
260:taipans
170:Family
56:of the
54:species
1603:
1551:
1509:
1501:
1343:
1271:524395
1269:
1204:
1186:
1152:
1144:
1099:
1073:
1063:
573:saline
540:Region
477:saline
460:Daboia
425:muscle
423:(IV),
419:(SC),
375:Danger
365:Oregon
292:cobras
284:mambas
272:kraits
138:lizard
125:saliva
1987:List.
1601:JSTOR
1579:(PDF)
1507:S2CID
1245:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1202:S2CID
1172:(PDF)
1150:S2CID
567:0.1%
537:Snake
457:, or
442:Bitis
363:from
69:fangs
65:venom
1910:2013
1884:2014
1840:2014
1807:2014
1770:2014
1640:" .
1549:PMID
1529:)".
1499:PMID
1479:)".
1461:2013
1438:2013
1414:2013
1383:2013
1341:PMID
1267:PMID
1142:PMID
1097:ISBN
1071:PMID
963:and
929:The
837:N/A
815:N/A
777:N/A
758:N/A
697:N/A
667:N/A
629:N/A
596:N/A
421:vein
332:and
320:and
129:prey
101:and
52:are
1695:)
1653:BBC
1593:doi
1541:doi
1491:doi
1333:doi
1259:doi
1194:doi
1134:doi
1061:PMC
1051:doi
752:N/A
729:N/A
691:N/A
661:N/A
623:N/A
571:in
475:in
427:or
1997::
1901:.
1870:.
1809:.
1793:.
1789:.
1772:.
1761:.
1757:.
1611:50
1607:.
1599:.
1589:17
1587:.
1581:.
1566:;
1555:.
1547:.
1537:36
1535:.
1513:.
1505:.
1497:.
1487:52
1485:.
1463:.
1452:.
1440:.
1369:.
1365:50
1353:^
1339:.
1329:12
1327:.
1279:^
1265:.
1255:17
1253:.
1247:.
1228:^
1200:.
1192:.
1180:21
1178:.
1174:.
1148:.
1140:.
1132:.
1122:30
1120:.
1069:,
1059:,
1045:,
955:,
945:50
684:,
680:,
613:,
609:,
560:50
558:LD
549:50
547:LD
515:50
495:.
485:50
469:50
451:,
445:,
437:50
433:50
413:50
387:50
385:LD
371:.
336:.
328:,
316:,
312:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
223:,
217:,
211:,
205:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
94:50
92:LD
82:,
78:,
1952:.
1938:.
1912:.
1886:.
1842:.
1595::
1543::
1493::
1416:.
1395:*
1385:.
1347:.
1335::
1273:.
1261::
1222:.
1196::
1156:.
1136::
1128::
1105:.
1053::
1047:9
951:(
923:)
919:(
904:)
900:(
885:)
881:(
866:)
862:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
