Venetian glass - Knowledge

22: 641: 518: 233: 767:. The fall of the Venetian Republic caused hard times for glassmaking in Murano, and some of the Murano methods became lost. Controlled by France and Austria, Venetian glassmaking became unprofitable because of tariffs and taxes—and glassmakers that survived were reduced to making mostly beads. Napoleon closed the Venetian glass factories in 1807, although simple glassware and beadmaking continued. In the 1830s, outsiders tried to revive the industry. However, it was not until Venice became part of Italy in 1866 that Murano glassmaking could experience a revival. Around that time, local leaders such as the mayor of Murano Antonio Colleoni and Abbot Vincenzo Zanetti (founder of the 4951: 252:. The furnaces used to make molten glass were a fire hazard, especially in cities with wooden structures nearby. Moving the glassmaking industry to Murano removed the threat of a disastrous fire in Venice. The move also kept the technology of glassmaking, and the glassmakers, confined to Murano. This prevented the spread of Venetian glassmaking expertise to potential competitors. Glassmakers were not allowed to leave the island without permission from the government. Leaving without permission, or revealing trade secrets, was punishable by death. Locating the industry on a single island also made it easier for the government to monitor imports and exports. 274: 786: 404: 698:), which revealed all the secrets of Venetian glass production to the outside world, and by the later 16th century the efforts of the Venetian Republic to hold on to its virtual monopoly in the production of luxury glass, mainly by keeping skilled workers in the republic, were beginning to fail. Other countries, often led by their monarchs, were keen to have their own fine glass industries, and tempted skilled workers away. This led to a diffusion of the Venetian style to many centres around Europe. The glass made in this movement is called 329: 939: 389:—literally bouquet of flowers. Briati's typical chandelier was large with multiple arms decorated with garlands, flowers and leaves. One of the common uses of the huge Murano chandeliers was interior lighting for theatres and important rooms in palaces. Briati was born in Murano in 1686, and his family's business was glassmaking. He was allowed to work in a Bohemian glass factory, where he learned the secrets of working with Bohemian crystal—which was becoming more popular than Murano 480: 546: 36: 930: 165: 127:. Although Venetian glassmaking in factories existed as far back as the eighth century, it became concentrated in Murano by law beginning in 1291: since glass factories often caught fire, this removed much of the possibility of a major fire disaster for the city. Venetian glassmakers developed secret recipes and methods for making glass, and the concentration of Venice's glassmaking on the island of Murano enabled better control of those secrets. 2096: 1860: 809:(calcium oxide as about 10 percent of the glass) was also added for durability and to prevent solubility in water. Small quantities of other ingredients were added to the glass, mostly to affect appearance. Sand is a common source for silica. For certain types of glass, the Murano glassmakers used quartz as their source for silica. Quartz pebbles were crushed into a fine powder. Two sources for sand were 393:. In 1739, the Council of Ten allowed him to move his furnace from Murano to Venice because his work had caused such jealousy that he and his workers feared for their lives. (His father had been stabbed to death in 1701.) Briati retired in 1762, and his nephew became manager of the glass works. Briati died in Venice in 1772, and is buried in Murano. 771:), along with Murano manufacturers such as Fratelli Toso, began reinventing the earlier Murano techniques for making glass. Antonio Salviati, a Venetian lawyer who gave up his profession in 1859 in order to devote his time to glassmaking, also had an important role in the revival of glassmaking in Murano. 184:. Small communities grew in the lagoon, among which Venice eventually became the most prominent. The city of Venice became a highly successful trading port, and by the inception of the 11th century dominated trade between Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. It also had a strong navy. Many European 1037:

materials found near the beads, archaeologists estimated their arrival on the continent to sometime between 1440 and 1480, predating Christopher Columbus. The dating and provenance has however been challenged by other researchers who point out that such beads were first made in Venice in the mid-16th

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wood. During this second stage, the surface of the molten glass was skimmed to remove undesirable chemicals that affected the appearance of the glass. Additional techniques were used as glassmaking evolved. To improve clarity, molten glass was put in water and then re-melted. Another technique was to

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Venetian glassmaking grew in importance to the city's economy. Around 1271 the local glassmakers' guild made rules to help preserve glassmaking secrets. It was forbidden to divulge trade secrets outside of Venice. If a glassworker left the city without permission, he would be ordered to return. If he

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Murano became Europe's luxury glassmaking center, peaking in popularity in the 15th and 16th centuries. Venice's dominance in trade along the Mediterranean created a wealthy merchant class that was a strong connoisseur of the arts. This helped establish demand for art glass and more innovations. The

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Glassmaking is a difficult and uncomfortable profession, as glassmakers must work with a product heated to extremely high temperatures. Unlike 500 years ago, children of glassmakers do not enjoy any special privileges, extra wealth, or marriage into nobility. Today, it is difficult to recruit young

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Murrine technique begins with the layering of colored liquid glass, heated to 1,040 °C (1,900 °F), which is then stretched into long rods called canes. When cooled, these canes are then sliced in cross-sections, which reveals the layered pattern. Ercole Barovier, a descendant of Murano's

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Small mirrors were made in Murano beginning in the 1500s, and mirror makers had their own guild beginning in 1569. Murano mirrors were known for the artwork on the frame that held the mirror in addition to their quality. By the 1600s, Murano mirrors were in great demand. However, by the end of the

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committee), and had extra privileges. They did not work during the hot summer, during which furnace repair and maintenance was performed. During the 1300s, the annual summer vacation lasted five months. In the 1400s, the Venetian government shortened the summer vacation to three and a half months.

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Murano in the 1200s was a summer resort where the aristocrats of Venice built villas with orchards and gardens. It took about an hour to row a boat from Venice to Murano. Although the glassmakers could not leave the island, the nobles had no such constraints. Despite their travel restrictions, the

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During the 16th century Murano glassmakers liberated themselves from the imitation of metalwork shapes, which had previously been their habit. Shapes became elongated and elegant, "then more elaborate and inclining to fantasy", for example in the hot-work pieces added to the sides of the stems of

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There are two main theories about the beginning of Venetian glassmaking. One is that glassmaking began as glassmakers from Aquileia arrived after fleeing barbarian invasions during the fifth century. A 19th-century author credits Italian writers Carlo Marin and the Count Filiasi for this idea.

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Overall, the industry has been shrinking as demand has waned. Imitation works (recognizable by experts but not by the typical tourist) from Asia and Eastern Europe take an estimated 40 to 45 percent of the market for Murano glass, and public tastes have changed while the designs in Murano have

659:, and the German-speaking states. At least 28 glassmaking furnaces were in Murano in 1581. Numerous leaders and dignitaries visited Murano during this century, including the queen of France, dukes, princes, generals, cardinals, archbishops, and ambassadors. Collectors of Murano glass included 862:). Cobalt was used for blue glass. Copper and iron were used for green and for various shades of green, blue, and yellow. Manganese was used to remove colors. Although natural gas is the furnace fuel of choice for glassmaking today, the fuel mandated in Murano during the 13th century was 608:("submerged" in Italian), is a form of artistic Murano glass that has layers of different colors (typically two), which are formed by dipping colored glass into another molten glass and then blowing the combination into a desired shape. The outermost layer, or casing, is often clear. 265:

Murano glassmakers sometimes complained they were not working enough. Glassmakers also enjoyed heightened social status. On December 22, 1376, it was announced that if a glassmaker's daughter married a nobleman, there was no forfeiture of social class, so their children were nobles.

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Eyeglasses are thought to have been invented in Italy; with Pisa, Venice, and Florence discussed as the location of the invention. Almost from the invention of eyeglasses sometime late in the thirteenth century, Venice was an important hub for the manufacturing of spectacle lenses.

320:, also known as goldstone glass, is translucent brownish with metallic (copper) specks. It was developed by Venetian glassmakers in the early 15th century. It is first cited in historical documents in 1626. The name aventurine is used because it was discovered accidentally. 985:

largely stayed the same. To fight the imitation problem, a group of companies and concerned individuals created a trademark in 1994 that certifies that the product was made on Murano. By 2012, about 50 companies were using the Artistic Glass Murano® trademark of origin.

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and dates from the seventh or eighth century. The original Venetian glassmakers were joined by glassmakers from Byzantium and from the Middle East—which enriched their glassmaking knowledge. Glass was made in the Middle East long before it was made in Europe, though

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in 1797 caused more hardship for Murano's glassmaking industry. Murano glassmaking began a revival in the 1920s. Today, Murano and Venice are tourist attractions, and Murano is home to numerous glass factories and a few individual artists' studios. Its

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While the Murano glassmakers were typically men, records exist beginning in the 1400s of women working in the manufacture of glass in Murano. A record from 1446 describes the employment of a woman who decorated glass and worked for Salvatore

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is the workbench used by the glassmaker. "Good tools are nice, but good hands are better", is an old Murano saying that reinforces the idea that the glassmakers of Murano rely on their skills instead of any advantage caused by special tools.

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failed to return, his family would be imprisoned. If he still did not return, an assassin would be sent to kill him. Additional rules specified ingredients used for making glass and the type of wood used as fuel for the furnaces.

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was known for using this technique, and it was made popular by Seguso Vetri d'Arte and the Mandruzzato family in the 1950s. This process is a popular technique for vases, and is sometimes used for sculptures.

1945: 119:. It flourished as a trading center and seaport in the High Middle Ages. Its connections with the Middle East helped its glassmakers gain additional skills, as glassmaking was more advanced in areas such as 460:

made in Murano was to produce a frosted or crackle version. The use of "crystal" as a marketing term for glass has continued into modern times, though for at least the last century it has normally meant

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was mixed with selected recycled waste glass (cullet) and melted in another furnace. Depending on the type and color of glass, other additives were used. Lead and tin were added for white opaque glass (

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at first, but the problem had been solved by 1714. The Bohemian glass was not suitable to the Murano-style artwork on the glass. However, this harder glass was produced as a thicker glass suitable for

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glassmakers. Foreign imitations, and difficulty attracting young workers, caused the number of professional glassmakers in Murano to decrease from about 6,000 in 1990 to fewer than 1,000 by 2012.

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The mixing and melting of the batch of ingredients was a two-stage process. First, nearly equal amounts of silica and flux were continuously stirred in a special furnace. The furnace was called a

2032: 531:, or milk glass, began being made in Murano during the 15th century, and Angelo Barovier is credited with its re-discovery and development. This glass is opaque white, and was meant to resemble 981:, Formia International, Simone Cenedese, Alessandro Mandruzzato, Vetreria Ducale, Estevan Rossetto 1950 and others. The oldest glass factory is Antica Vetreria Fratelli Toso, founded in 1854. 5209: 757:

made in Murano. By the 1700s, Murano glass was traded mostly with Italian states and the Turkish empire. Small quantities were traded with England, Flanders, the Netherlands and Spain.

192:. Treasures of many kinds were bought and sold in Venice: spices, precious metals, gemstones, ivory, silks—and glass. Successful trade bred a wealthy merchant class in addition to the 1096:

Shotwell supports this theory and uses the year 450 as the approximate start date. A second theory is that Venetian glassmaking developed from Venetian interaction and trade with the

5214: 377:, and also worked with colored glass. His family had been involved with glassmaking since at least 1331, and the family continued in the business after his death. He died in 1460. 491:(a.k.a. filigree) style was developed in Murano in the 1500s. By embedding glass canes (usually white but not always) in colorless glass, the glassware has a striped appearance. 5174: 5392: 1144:

Dugan and Shotwell describe Murano as a group of small islands connected by bridges. The official Murano glass shop says Murano is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) from Venice.

309:), and imitation gemstones made of glass. In addition to guarding their secret processes and glass recipes, Venetian/Murano glassmakers strived for beauty with their glass. 2371: 745:-style glass was later modified by the addition of lime and chalk. This new glass is attributed to Bohemian glassmaker Michael Müller in 1683. It had a tendency to 62:

near the city. Traditionally it is made with a soda–lime "metal" and is typically elaborately decorated, with various "hot" glass-forming techniques, as well as

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was an incremental "development that stretched over nearly two centuries." They speculate that Barovier perfected the soda ash purification process used for

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glassmaker Louis le Vasseur d'Ossimont (1629-1689) made crystal that was similar to Ravenscroft's. In 1678, Johan Friedrich Kunkel von Lowenstein produced a

4845: 248:". Murano is actually a cluster of islands linked by short bridges, located less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the Venetian mainland in the 4117: 3120: 5275: 805:(sodium oxide as 10 to 20 percent of the glass composition) was added to enable the silica to melt at a lower temperature. A stabilizer, usually 1021:

to the Arctic Ocean. The researchers believed the likely route these artifacts traveled from their creation in Venice was across Europe, then

5504: 5307: 4390: 4077: 3393: 970: 797:(using today's terminology) that had extra attention focused on its appearance. Glass from that time typically contained 65 to 70 percent 385:

During the 1700s, Giuseppe Briati was famous for his work with ornamented mirrors and chandeliers. Briati's chandelier style was called

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At least three authors agree that Angelo Barovier died in 1460. The date of his birth is less certain, but is said to be around 1400.

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greatest glassmaker Angelo Barovier, won numerous awards during the 1940s and 1950s for his innovations using the murrine technique.

96:—which was almost transparent and considered the finest glass in the world. Murano glassmakers also developed a white-colored glass ( 725:(a.k.a. crystal) was created. Ravenscroft, who had lived for many years in Venice, made lead crystal that was less breakable than 21: 5443: 4838: 449: 1104:). Janssens says that "similarities in techniques and forms between Venetian glass and Byzantine and Islamic glass are evident". 1537: 577:

means thousand flowers. This technique was perfected in Alexandria, Egypt, and began being used in Murano in the 15th century.

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could be made extremely thin, thus reducing the remaining hint of color, and the Venetians usually made clear pieces this way.

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contains displays on the history of glassmaking as well as glass samples ranging from Egyptian times through the present day.

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was considered Europe's clearest glass, and is one of the main reasons Murano became "the most important glass center".

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spread of glassmaking talent in Europe eventually diminished the importance of Venice and its Murano glassmakers. The

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century, English-made mirrors had the best quality. Only one glass house in Murano was still making mirrors by 1772.

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The Venetian glassmakers of Murano are known for many innovations and refinements to glassmaking. Among them are

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made in Italy, Germany and elsewhere could be extremely sophisticated. Early products included beads, glass for

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language, where adding an "S" at the beginning of a noun (substantive) turns it into a verb or an adjective.

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rivers is considered the birthplace of glassmaking. Glass was made there before 2000 B.C. Glass was made in

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The 16th century was the golden age for Venetian glassmaking in Murano. Major trading partners included the

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Glass beads (a.k.a. Murano beads) were made by the Venetians beginning in the 1200s. The beads were used as

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has two sets of lines twisted in opposite directions. Francesco Zeno has been mentioned as the inventor of

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From its beginning until the fall of the Venetian Republic, Murano glass was mostly a very high quality

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is a soda glass, created during the 15th century by Murano's Angelo Barovier. The oldest reference to

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In the 1540s, the Murano glassmakers were unhappy with the 35-week work year, complaining that they

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It is thought that glass production in Venice began as early as around 450, as glassmakers from

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glasses. The glass was extremely thin, and therefore fragile, adding to the effect of luxury.

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A law dated November 8, 1291 confined most of Venice's glassmaking industry to the "island of

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in the fifth century, as people fled the barbarian invasions to the safety of islands in the

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became very popular. This type of glass was fragile and difficult to cut, but it could be

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The Venetian glassmakers had a set of tools that changed little for hundreds of years. A

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in addition to its artistic fame—and was Europe's major center for luxury glass from the

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Chambers, Karen S.; Oldknow, Tina; Ft. Wayne Museum of Art; Tampa Museum of Art (1999).

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dioxide, a de-coloring agent, was a key ingredient in the secret formula used to make

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or clear quartz, which had long been carved into various types of vessels and small

5292: 5154: 5108: 5001: 4918: 4554: 4539: 4290: 4275: 3557: 3542: 3293: 3278: 2548: 2454: 1118: 907:, an iron rod that holds the glass while work is done on the edge of the glass. A 664: 317: 83: 79: 47: 29: 2273: 1404: 895:

is a tong-like tool of various sizes used to shape glass that has not hardened. A

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and grinding. The Bohemian and English glass eventually became more popular than

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was a part of this diffusion, and initially was especially developed in Germany.

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evidence of a glass factory in the area comes from the Venetian lagoon island of

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in clear glass, and is often arranged in flower-like patterns. The Italian word

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glassmakers lived on a beautiful island, were under the direct rule of Venice's

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is a similar tool, only it has a pattern that can be imprinted on the glass. A

826: 818: 703: 656: 652: 645: 535:. It was often decorated with enamel showing sacred scenes or views of Venice. 257: 237: 204: 124: 120: 71: 4240: 4067: 4047: 4013: 3940: 3243: 2802: 2621: 2601: 2533: 2164: 5521: 5397: 5348: 5287: 5282: 5083: 4884: 4777: 4747: 4727: 4712: 4677: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4549: 4485: 4385: 4340: 4325: 4220: 3913: 3880: 3780: 3750: 3730: 3715: 3680: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3552: 3488: 3388: 3343: 3328: 3223: 3037: 3010: 2983: 2867: 2583: 2466: 2416:"European beads found in Alaska predate Columbus, controversial study claims" 2135:"A Comparison of Earlier and Later Venetian Glass – A Question of Continuity" 2110:"A Comparison of Earlier and Later Venetian Glass – A Question of Continuity" 1072: 1026: 806: 746: 3986: 3853: 3090: 3054: 2925: 2775: 2748: 2721: 2675: 2648: 2602:

Edwards, Geoffery; Sommerfield, Garry; National Gallery of Victoria (1998).

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Knowledge about original Murano glass, history, heritage, working technique

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essential for extracting molten glass and beginning the shaping process. A

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was also imported from Mediterranean coastal regions of Spain and France.

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Art of Glass: Glass in the Collection of the National Gallery of Victoria

2393:"Venetian Glass Beads Found in Arctic Alaska Predate Arrival of Columbus" 1179:, and was definitely making it in 1455. One set of authors believes that 1047: 1009:, including Punyik Point. Uninhabited today, and located a mile from the 998: 613: 570: 2458: 2134: 2109: 1946:"Deconstructing Glass and Building up Shards at the Early Royal Society" 1038:

century, and that an early 17th-century French origin is also possible.

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Some of Venice's historical glass factories in Murano remain well known

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Murano Magic: Complete Guide to Venetian Glass, Its History and Artists

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During the Early Middle Ages, Venice was originally controlled by the

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McFadden, David Revere; Barovier, Marino; Frantz, Susan K. (2001).

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as far back as 1700 B.C., and around 100 B.C. the Syrians started

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Modern Methods for Analyzing Archaeological and Historical Glass

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Hess, Catherine; Husband, Timothy; J. Paul Getty Museum (1997).

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is a large scissors used to cut glass before it has hardened. A

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fled to the islands to escape barbarian invaders. The earliest

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United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (1917).

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countries of the Middle East. Beginning in the 16th century,

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Edwards, Sommerfield & National Gallery of Victoria 1998

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conquered Venice during May 1797, and the Venetian Republic

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Archimede Seguso: Lace and Stone: Mid-Mod Glass from Murano

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is a marbled glass that looked like the semiprecious stone

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Corning Museum of Glass - The Rise of Venetian Glassmaking

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Clearly Inspired : Contemporary Glass and Its Origins

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United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917

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The World in a Bead. The Murano Glass Museum's Collection

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The Heart of Venice: International Competition for Ideas

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were announced to have been found at three prehistoric

301:, and mirrors. Additional refinements or creations are 108:. They later became Europe's finest makers of mirrors. 3887: 90:. During the 15th century, Murano glassmakers created 3836:

Venetian Art Glass: An American Collection, 1840-1970

369:. This type of glass was created during the 1400s by 2831:

Glassmaking in Renaissance Venice: The Fragile Craft

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Angelo Barovier is generally credited with creating

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Glassmaking tools holding a glass horse being shaped

629: 188:passed through Venice on their way to and from the 3971:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Shiffer Pub. p. 223. 3952:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Shiffer Pub. p. 224. 2995:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 288. 2957: 2910:. New York: Corning Museum of Glass. p. 339. 2633:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 384. 3049:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 2993:Objects of Virtue : Art in Renaissance Italy 2964:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 2908:Beyond Venice: Glass in Venetian Style, 1500-1750 1843: 1841: 1157:—contrary to typical complaints of too much work. 268: 153: 5519: 3022:. Antique Collectors Club Limited. p. 191. 2758:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes 2079: 2077: 1017:, the area was on ancient trade routes from the 713:came to an end. In 1673, English glass merchant 2230: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1397: 612:was developed in Murano during the late 1930s. 340:and jewelry. They were also popular in Africa. 3833: 2906:Page, Jutta-Annette; Doménech, Ignasi (2004). 2879:. New York: Tudor Publishing Co. p. 394. 2220: 2218: 2205: 2203: 2190: 2188: 1838: 1816: 1814: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1342: 1315: 1313: 78:, but it has a long history of innovations in 4839: 4111: 3114: 3061: 2990: 2939:. London: S. Low, Son, and Marston. pp. 2175: 2173: 2074: 1770:Hess, Husband & J. Paul Getty Museum 1997 1705: 1650: 1648: 1604:Hess, Husband & J. Paul Getty Museum 1997 1560: 1558: 1538:"Ancient and Modern Venetian Glass of Murano" 1261: 1259: 1234: 1232: 1230: 829:. Their source for soda was what they called 465:glass of the type developed by Ravenscroft. 3894:. New York: American Craft Museum. pp. 2905: 2266: 1757: 1711: 220:, jewelry, small mirrors, and window glass. 4125: 3128: 2893:The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts 2606:. South Melbourne: Macmillan. p. 208. 2518:. San Francisco: Pomegranate. p. 134. 2407: 2254: 2242: 2215: 2200: 2185: 2127: 2089:Capital Entertainment (Annapolis, Maryland) 1811: 1775: 1727: 1701: 1699: 1585: 1544:. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1882-01-01 1426: 1378: 1354: 1310: 4846: 4832: 4118: 4104: 3121: 3107: 2852:. Venice: Arsenale Editrice. p. 207. 2731:European Glass in the J. Paul Getty Museum 2303: 2291: 2276:. Paul Engle (author of book Conciatore). 2170: 2158: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1660: 1645: 1633: 1609: 1555: 1298: 1286: 1256: 1227: 871:purify the flux by boiling and filtering. 277:Carafes containing aventurine glass thread 5197: Administrative magistracies 4391:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano 3860: 3394:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano 2315: 1984: 1878: 1866: 1739: 1575: 1573: 1479: 1477: 1450: 1332: 1330: 1328: 3834:Barovier, Marino; Sonego, Carla (2004). 2955: 2847: 2782: 2706:. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown. 2701: 2563: 2309: 2297: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2209: 2194: 2179: 2152: 2062: 1820: 1781: 1733: 1696: 1639: 1564: 1513: 1391: 1366: 1348: 1319: 1304: 1292: 1276: 1274: 1265: 1238: 1215: 817:. Quartz pebbles were selected from the 784: 639: 544: 516: 478: 402: 327: 272: 231: 163: 34: 20: 16:Glassmaking tradition from Venice, Italy 3070: 3062:Warmus, William; Oldknow, Tina (2020). 2510:, 1991, Conran Octopus, ISBN 1850296545 2508:Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Glass 2340: 2102: 2050: 2008: 1996: 1990: 1972: 1849:"1950s Glassware Reflects Distinct Era" 1826: 1799: 1787: 1763: 1684: 1672: 1597: 1591: 1489: 1438: 1432: 1244: 1221: 5520: 4853: 4068:YouTube Video: The art of Murano glass 4053:Murano Glass Museum (English language) 3998:. Milano: Skira Editore. p. 532. 3993: 3950:Fratelli Toso: Italian Glass 1854-1980 3920: 3838:. Stuttgart: Arnoldsche. p. 352. 2932: 2828: 2809: 2755: 2660:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Pub. 2540: 2413: 2361: 2068: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1884: 1872: 1751: 1745: 1627: 1621: 1570: 1501: 1474: 1462: 1456: 1411:. MuranoGlassItaly Store. 7 May 2017. 1325: 1250: 428:The name arose because it looked like 4827: 4514:List of defunct glassmaking companies 4099: 3517:List of defunct glassmaking companies 3102: 2874: 2682: 2655: 2590: 2440: 2346: 2141:from the original on October 13, 2018 1832: 1690: 1519: 1495: 1444: 1372: 1271: 1187:, and also discovered the stabilizer. 957:today, including De Biasi, Gabbiani, 3966: 3947: 3017: 2991:Syson, Luke; Thornton, Dora (2001). 2628: 2481:from the original on 29 January 2022 2056: 2019: 2002: 1978: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1805: 1793: 1678: 1666: 1579: 1507: 1483: 1468: 1336: 1280: 499:has twisted or spiral patterns, and 421:is dated May 24, 1453. At the time, 5172: Judicial magistracies 3863:Murano Glass: Themes and Variations 2936:Marvels of Glass-Making in All Ages 2547:. London: Methuen and Co. pp. 227: 39:Decorated bowl from Murano, c. 1870 13: 5245:Riformatori dello studio di Padova 3865:. Stuttgart: Arnold. p. 223. 3827: 2414:Geggel, Laura (11 February 2021). 1053:Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia 14: 5559: 5210:Provveditori sopra beni communali 5187: Fiscal magistracies 4043:List of glass factories on Murano 4021: 2877:Old Glass – European and American 2631:Artists' techniques and materials 997:In February 2021, Venetian glass 410:cristallo stem glass, around 1500 4949: 4073:Murano glass in the 20th century 3925:. Antiga Edizioni. p. 375. 3064:Venice and American Studio Glass 3020:Murano : A History of Glass 2848:Mentasti, Rosa Barovier (1997). 2094: 1858: 937: 928: 850:furnace, and the mix was called 835:—plant ash found in the eastern 781:Glass coloring and color marking 717:created a clear glass he called 630:Golden age, decline, and revival 5215:Provveditori sopra beni inculti 2434: 2385: 2374:from the original on 2018-06-19 2329:from the original on 2018-10-13 2280:from the original on 2021-11-25 2116:from the original on 2018-10-13 2039:from the original on 2023-09-15 2025: 1963: 1952:from the original on 2022-12-09 1938: 1415:from the original on 2020-02-01 1190: 1169: 1160: 1155:did not get enough time to work 1147: 1138: 1128: 774: 5051: Principal organs 2683:Geary, Theresa Flores (2008). 2441:Blair, Elliot H. (July 2021). 1969:Battie & Cottle, 68, 71–77 1107: 1089: 686:In 1612 the Florentine priest 636:Fall of the Republic of Venice 380: 269:Major products and innovations 154:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages 115:before eventually becoming an 1: 5220:Esecutori contro la bestemmia 4906:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio 4451:Sterlite Optical Technologies 4301:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works 3454:Sterlite Optical Technologies 3304:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works 2783:Janssens, Koen H. A. (2011). 2496: 1542:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 709:Eventually, the dominance of 620: 538: 355: 344:noted that the people of the 312: 58:, typically on the island of 5393:Venetian commercial shipping 5303:Provveditore Generale da Mar 3996:Paolo Venini and His Furnace 2833:. Taylor & Francis Ltd. 2814:. New York: Viking Penguin. 2702:Hilliard, Elizabeth (2001). 2395:. Sci-News. 16 February 2021 1209: 1083: 569:technique made from colored 565:glass is a variation of the 495:has straight white stripes, 472: 396: 7: 5543:Glass trademarks and brands 4910:Wars of expansion in Italy 4088:Murano glass master legends 2956:Shotwell, David J. (2002). 2829:McCray, W. Patrick (2017). 2733:. Los Angeles: The Museum. 2362:Hooper, John (2012-01-30). 2325:. Corning Museum of Glass. 2137:. Corning Museum of Glass. 2112:. Corning Museum of Glass. 1041: 854:. In the second stage, the 598: 178:decline of the Roman Empire 10: 5564: 5298:Captain General of the Sea 5235:Cinque savi alla mercanzia 2933:Sauzay, Alexandre (1870). 2810:Madden, Thomas F. (2012). 2685:The Illustrated Bead Bible 2568:. Arsenale Editrice (IT). 2564:Dorigato, Attilia (2003). 2071:, p. Ch. 17 of e-book 1855:. 1999-02-19. p. 123. 778: 633: 589: 580: 555: 510: 456:. An easy modification to 157: 133:occupation and dissolution 5493: 5459:Accademia degli Incogniti 5419: 5412: 5334: 5327: 5263: 5116:Procurators of Saint Mark 5043: 5036: 4965: 4958: 4947: 4864: 4653: 4522: 4504: 4131: 4028:A History of Murano Glass 3656: 3525: 3507: 3134: 3018:Toso, Gianfranco (2000). 2875:Moore, N. Hudson (1935). 2850:Venetian Glass: 1890-1990 2597:. Walkabout photo guides. 2506:and Cottle, Simon, eds., 2323:"Tools of the Glassmaker" 2091:. 1998-09-11. p. 15. 1706:Syson & Thornton 2001 992: 669:King Ferdinand of Hungary 135:of the Venetian state by 4241:Firozabad glass industry 4236:Fenton Art Glass Company 3921:Panini, Augusto (2017). 3861:Heiremans, Marc (2002). 3244:Firozabad glass industry 3239:Fenton Art Glass Company 3073:A Short History of Glass 2756:Ilardi, Vincent (2007). 2629:Fuga, Antonella (2006). 1758:Page & Doménech 2004 1078: 919: 874: 323: 5424:Scuole Grandi of Venice 4545:Irving Wightman Colburn 4126:Glass makers and brands 3548:Irving Wightman Colburn 3129:Glass makers and brands 3071:Zerwick, Chloe (1990). 2656:Gable, Carl I. (2004). 2566:Murano, Island of Glass 2541:Dillon, Edward (1907). 1113:The region between the 54:) is glassware made in 5250:Magistrato alla Sanità 5205:Provveditori all'Armar 3994:Sonego, Carla (2017). 2891:Osborne, Harold (ed), 2687:. New York: Sterling. 790: 648: 553: 525: 484: 411: 333: 305:, multicolored glass ( 278: 241: 169: 146:(Glass Museum) in the 117:independent city state 51: 40: 32: 5276:Conflicts and battles 5240:Magistrato alle pompe 5200:Magistrato alle acque 5165:Correttori alle Leggi 4936:Ottoman–Venetian wars 4901:Venetian–Genoese wars 4610:Henry William Stiegel 4341:Mats Jonasson Målerås 4281:Holmegaard Glassworks 4063:Promovetro Consortium 3967:Piña, Leslie (2007). 3948:Piña, Leslie (2004). 3613:Henry William Stiegel 3344:Mats Jonasson Målerås 3284:Holmegaard Glassworks 2812:Venice: A New History 2591:Dugan, James (2019). 1630:, chapter 5 of e-book 1102:Eastern Mediterranean 1025:and finally over the 788: 661:Henry VIII of England 643: 548: 520: 482: 406: 331: 276: 235: 167: 38: 24: 5434:Venetian Renaissance 5190:Camerlenghi di Comun 4982:Domini di Terraferma 4585:Michael Joseph Owens 4161:Aurora Glass Foundry 3588:Michael Joseph Owens 3164:Aurora Glass Foundry 1655:Chambers et al. 1999 1616:Chambers et al. 1999 1115:Tigris and Euphrates 342:Christopher Columbus 113:Eastern Roman Empire 5464:Accademia Veneziana 5429:Gothic architecture 5160:Avogadoria de Comùn 4673:Bomex/Duran/Endural 4590:Alastair Pilkington 4266:Guardian Industries 4171:Barovier & Toso 3676:Bomex/Duran/Endural 3593:Alastair Pilkington 3269:Guardian Industries 3174:Barovier & Toso 2459:10.1017/aaq.2021.38 2274:"The Glass Lexicon" 1063:Murano Glass Museum 967:Barovier & Toso 947:Modern Murano glass 769:Murano Glass Museum 741:. The Bohemian and 673:Francis I of France 214:Ancient Roman glass 104:) that looked like 88:Italian Renaissance 28:vase, around 1600, 5481:Carnival of Venice 5180:Lords of the Night 5104:Savi di Terraferma 5099:Savi del Consiglio 5089:Signoria of Venice 5065:promissione ducale 4891:Chrysobull of 1082 4856:Republic of Venice 4535:Richard M. Atwater 4356:Nippon Sheet Glass 4296:Kingdom of Crystal 4216:Dartington Crystal 4083:Murano Glass tools 4058:Primary processing 3538:Richard M. Atwater 3359:Nippon Sheet Glass 3299:Kingdom of Crystal 3219:Dartington Crystal 2447:American Antiquity 2239:, pp. 531–532 1669:, pp. 122–124 1351:, pp. 586–587 1035:radiocarbon dating 1031:Eurasian continent 1011:Continental Divide 801:. A flux, usually 791: 715:George Ravenscroft 677:Philip II of Spain 649: 554: 533:enameled porcelain 526: 485: 483:Filigree style jar 434:hardstone carvings 412: 334: 279: 242: 170: 160:Republic of Venice 148:Palazzo Giustinian 137:Napoleon Bonaparte 41: 33: 5515: 5514: 5489: 5488: 5408: 5407: 5323: 5322: 5148:State Inquisitors 5079:Commune of Venice 5032: 5031: 4821: 4820: 4630:Tomasz Urbanowicz 4620:Lino Tagliapietra 4615:S. Donald Stookey 4466:Val Saint Lambert 4361:Nižbor glassworks 4276:Hardman & Co. 4005:978-8-85723-354-3 3978:978-0-76432-661-5 3959:978-0-76432-026-2 3932:978-8-89965-790-1 3905:978-1-89038-505-7 3872:978-3-89790-163-6 3845:978-3-89790-205-3 3824: 3823: 3633:Tomasz Urbanowicz 3623:Lino Tagliapietra 3618:S. Donald Stookey 3469:Val Saint Lambert 3364:Nižbor glassworks 3279:Hardman & Co. 3082:978-0-81093-801-4 3029:978-8-87743-215-5 3002:978-0-89236-657-6 2975:978-0-87349-385-7 2917:978-0-87290-157-5 2859:978-8-87743-119-6 2840:978-0-75460-050-3 2821:978-1-10160-113-6 2794:978-1-11831-420-3 2767:978-0-87169-259-7 2740:978-0-89236-255-4 2713:978-0-82122-768-8 2694:978-1-4027-2353-7 2667:978-0-76431-946-4 2640:978-0-89236-860-0 2613:978-0-95857-431-0 2575:978-8-87743-293-3 2525:978-0-76490-932-0 1853:Annapolis Capital 505:vetro a retortoli 501:vetro a reticello 497:vetro a retortoli 168:Venice and Murano 5555: 5538:History of glass 5507: 5500: 5417: 5416: 5339:Economic history 5332: 5331: 5293:Venetian Arsenal 5271:Military history 5255:Grand chancellor 5198: 5188: 5173: 5155:Council of Forty 5109:Savi agli Ordini 5075:(abolished 1423) 5052: 5041: 5040: 5002:Venetian Albania 4963: 4962: 4953: 4919:Wars in Lombardy 4857: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4570:Edward D. Libbey 4540:Frederick Carder 4120: 4113: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4017: 3990: 3963: 3944: 3917: 3884: 3857: 3573:Edward D. Libbey 3543:Frederick Carder 3123: 3116: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3067: 3058: 3041: 3014: 2987: 2963: 2952: 2929: 2888: 2871: 2844: 2825: 2806: 2779: 2752: 2725: 2698: 2679: 2652: 2625: 2598: 2594:Capturing Venice 2587: 2560: 2537: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2155:, pp. 80–81 2150: 2148: 2146: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2081: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1845: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1594:, pp. 50–51 1589: 1583: 1577: 1568: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1534: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1435:, pp. 49–50 1430: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1409:MuranoGlassItaly 1401: 1395: 1389: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1269: 1263: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1225: 1219: 1204: 1194: 1188: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1111: 1105: 1093: 941: 932: 897:borselle puntata 883:, also called a 696:The Art of Glass 665:Pope Clement VII 655:, Italy, Spain, 552:bowl circa 1870s 350:American Indians 332:Millefiori beads 318:Aventurine glass 228:Island of Murano 176:grew during the 84:High Middle Ages 30:Hermitage Museum 5563: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5485: 5404: 5319: 5259: 5230:Savi all'eresia 5196: 5186: 5171: 5050: 5028: 4954: 4945: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4822: 4817: 4655: 4649: 4640:John M. Whitall 4625:W. E. S. Turner 4518: 4506: 4500: 4481:Watts & Co. 4201:Caithness Glass 4133: 4127: 4124: 4093: 4048:Muranoglass.com 4024: 4006: 3979: 3960: 3933: 3906: 3873: 3846: 3830: 3828:Further reading 3825: 3820: 3658: 3652: 3643:John M. Whitall 3628:W. E. S. Turner 3521: 3509: 3503: 3484:Watts & Co. 3204:Caithness Glass 3136: 3130: 3127: 3097: 3083: 3066:. Milan: Skira. 3047:Commerce Report 3030: 3003: 2976: 2918: 2860: 2841: 2822: 2795: 2768: 2741: 2714: 2695: 2668: 2641: 2614: 2576: 2526: 2499: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2420:livescience.com 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2144: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1712: 1704: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1405:"Murano Island" 1403: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1326: 1318: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1272: 1264: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1199:comes from the 1195: 1191: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1112: 1108: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1044: 995: 951: 950: 949: 948: 944: 943: 942: 934: 933: 922: 885:canna da soffio 877: 795:soda–lime glass 783: 777: 751:glass engraving 737:-like glass in 700:façon de Venise 692:L’Arte Vetraria 638: 632: 623: 603: 592: 583: 560: 543: 515: 477: 401: 383: 371:Angelo Barovier 360: 326: 315: 271: 250:Venetian lagoon 230: 182:Venetian Lagoon 162: 156: 143:Museo del Vetro 52:vetro veneziano 17: 12: 11: 5: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5528:Venetian glass 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5381:Via Argentaria 5375: 5373:Venetian glass 5370: 5369: 5368: 5366:Banco del Giro 5361:Bank of Venice 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5143:Council of Ten 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5047: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5007:Ionian Islands 5004: 4999: 4994: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4924:War of Ferrara 4921: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896:Fourth Crusade 4893: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773:Satsuma Kiriko 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4426:Royal Brierley 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4406:PPG Industries 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4331:Johns Manville 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316:Liuli Gongfang 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4191:Bormioli Rocco 4188: 4183: 4178: 4176:Berengo Studio 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Anchor Hocking 4137: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4022:External links 4020: 4019: 4018: 4004: 3991: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3931: 3918: 3904: 3891:Venetian Glass 3885: 3871: 3858: 3844: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3776:Satsuma Kiriko 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3429:Royal Brierley 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409:PPG Industries 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3334:Johns Manville 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319:Liuli Gongfang 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3194:Bormioli Rocco 3191: 3186: 3181: 3179:Berengo Studio 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3144:Anchor Hocking 3140: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3095: 3081: 3068: 3059: 3042: 3028: 3015: 3001: 2988: 2974: 2953: 2930: 2916: 2903: 2889: 2872: 2858: 2845: 2839: 2826: 2820: 2807: 2793: 2780: 2766: 2753: 2739: 2726: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2680: 2666: 2653: 2639: 2626: 2612: 2599: 2588: 2574: 2561: 2538: 2524: 2511: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2453:(3): 638–642. 2433: 2422:. Live Science 2406: 2384: 2351: 2339: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2214: 2199: 2184: 2169: 2157: 2126: 2101: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2024: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1962: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1865: 1837: 1825: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1710: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1584: 1569: 1554: 1524: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1396: 1377: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1324: 1309: 1297: 1285: 1270: 1255: 1243: 1226: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1189: 1168: 1159: 1146: 1137: 1127: 1106: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1040: 994: 991: 975:Berengo Studio 946: 945: 936: 935: 927: 926: 925: 924: 923: 921: 918: 876: 873: 827:Northern Italy 776: 773: 765:came to an end 704:Engraved glass 657:Ottoman Turkey 653:Spanish Indies 646:enameled glass 631: 628: 622: 619: 602: 597: 591: 588: 582: 579: 556:Main article: 542: 537: 514: 509: 476: 471: 400: 395: 382: 379: 359: 354: 325: 322: 314: 311: 270: 267: 262:state-security 260:(the Venetian 258:Council of Ten 229: 226: 205:archaeological 155: 152: 44:Venetian glass 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5560: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377:Trade routes 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5314: 5313:Sailing ships 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288:Venetian navy 5286: 5284: 5283:Venetian army 5281: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5121:Great Council 5119: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084:Minor Council 5082: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4885:Pax Nicephori 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645:Caspar Wistar 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575:Dante Marioni 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Deming Jarves 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4550:Henry Crimmel 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486:World Kitchen 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Owens Corning 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 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3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389:Owens Corning 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2895:, 1975, OUP, 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504:Battie, David 2502: 2501: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2394: 2388: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2310:Dorigato 2003 2306: 2299: 2298:Shotwell 2002 2294: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2263:, p. 188 2262: 2261:Mentasti 1997 2257: 2251:, p. 526 2250: 2249:Janssens 2011 2245: 2238: 2237:Janssens 2011 2233: 2227:, p. 523 2226: 2225:Janssens 2011 2221: 2219: 2212:, p. 524 2211: 2210:Janssens 2011 2206: 2204: 2197:, p. 528 2196: 2195:Janssens 2011 2191: 2189: 2181: 2180:Janssens 2011 2176: 2174: 2167:, p. 150 2166: 2161: 2154: 2153:Hilliard 2001 2145:September 28, 2140: 2136: 2130: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2059:, p. 109 2058: 2053: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2022:, p. 105 2021: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2005:, p. 103 2004: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1981:, p. 102 1980: 1975: 1966: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1823:, p. 351 1822: 1821:Shotwell 2002 1817: 1815: 1808:, p. 282 1807: 1802: 1796:, p. 257 1795: 1790: 1784:, p. 294 1783: 1782:Shotwell 2002 1778: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1748:, p. 203 1747: 1742: 1736:, p. 110 1735: 1734:Shotwell 2002 1730: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1708:, p. 186 1707: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1681:, p. 127 1680: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1640:Shotwell 2002 1636: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1566: 1565:Shotwell 2002 1561: 1559: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1522:, p. 202 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1459:, p. 182 1458: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1394:, p. 366 1393: 1392:Shotwell 2002 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1375:, p. 123 1374: 1369: 1363:, p. 789 1362: 1357: 1350: 1349:Shotwell 2002 1345: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1322:, p. 587 1321: 1320:Shotwell 2002 1316: 1314: 1307:, p. 546 1306: 1305:Shotwell 2002 1301: 1295:, p. 343 1294: 1293:Shotwell 2002 1289: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1268:, p. 586 1267: 1266:Shotwell 2002 1262: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1241:, p. 520 1240: 1239:Janssens 2011 1235: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1141: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1074: 1073:Made in Italy 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:Bering Strait 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 990: 986: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 940: 931: 917: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 872: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 841:allume catina 838: 837:Mediterranean 834: 833: 832:allume catina 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 787: 782: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 647: 642: 637: 627: 618: 615: 611: 607: 601: 596: 587: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 551: 547: 541: 536: 534: 530: 524:lattimo glass 523: 519: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 481: 475: 470: 468: 464: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 409: 405: 399: 394: 392: 388: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 330: 321: 319: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295: 290: 289: 284: 275: 266: 263: 259: 253: 251: 247: 240:visits Murano 239: 234: 225: 221: 219: 215: 210: 206: 202: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172:The Venetian 166: 161: 151: 149: 145: 144: 138: 134: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 31: 27: 23: 19: 5439:Architecture 5386:Via de Zenta 5372: 5094:Full College 5063: 4987:Stato da Màr 4929:Italian Wars 4914:War of Padua 4883: 4683:Chevron bead 4635:Paolo Venini 4580:Antonio Neri 4560:A. H. Heisey 4471:Vallérysthal 4431:Saint-Gobain 4351:Mosser Glass 4181:Blenko Glass 4151:Ardagh Group 4146:Arc Holdings 4092: 3995: 3968: 3949: 3922: 3890: 3862: 3835: 3686:Chevron bead 3638:Paolo Venini 3583:Antonio Neri 3563:A. H. Heisey 3474:Vallérysthal 3434:Saint-Gobain 3354:Mosser Glass 3184:Blenko Glass 3154:Ardagh Group 3149:Arc Holdings 3072: 3063: 3046: 3019: 2992: 2960:Glass A to Z 2959: 2935: 2907: 2892: 2876: 2849: 2830: 2811: 2784: 2757: 2730: 2703: 2684: 2657: 2630: 2603: 2593: 2565: 2543: 2515: 2507: 2483:. Retrieved 2450: 2446: 2436: 2424:. Retrieved 2419: 2409: 2397:. Retrieved 2387: 2376:. Retrieved 2368:The Guardian 2367: 2349:, p. 44 2342: 2331:. Retrieved 2317: 2312:, p. 31 2305: 2300:, p. 48 2293: 2282:. Retrieved 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2182:, p. 26 2160: 2143:. Retrieved 2129: 2118:. Retrieved 2104: 2088: 2064: 2052: 2041:. Retrieved 2027: 1998: 1993:, p. 65 1991:Zerwick 1990 1986: 1974: 1965: 1954:. 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