523:) centuries BC, by conurbation of the settlements as the site assumed an urban appearance with city blocks in a grid pattern arranged around a central square containing a water cistern. That evidence suggests that the city of Veii was shaped into its classical form in the 7th century BC by a population, presumably Etruscan, first settling there in the 10th century BC. During the settlement's early years, many homes were built in spherical shapes out of wood over a shallow trench and topped with a thatched roof. Up until the 7th century BC Veii had to depend on itself for the majority of its resources and goods. Many artisans found work in the textile industry, creating intricate wool designs for clothes and blankets. Further supporting their self-sufficiency, many yarn spools and loom weights have been discovered in the area.
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709:). He dug into the soft tuff rock below the walls whilst distracting the Veiians with attacks on the walls and infiltrated the city's drainage system to emerge in the citadel, leading to their defeat. Not interested in surrender but only in Veii's complete destruction, the Romans slaughtered the entire adult male population and made slaves of all the women and children. The plunder was very rich and extensive including the statue of
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472:. Most ceramic vessels were decorated with intricate details. Depictions of the everyday life of Etruscans were very common. Many uncovered vases and bowls portray images of farmers harvesting crops and raising animals, as well as blacksmiths in the midst of working in a raging fire. Battle victories, as well as other accomplishments, were very popular subjects in funerary ceramics.
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foliage. Due to their affinity to the stars, many
Veiians preferred to worship under the night sky. Once the city began to prosper, an official temple was built of wood and stone. The sanctuary was one of the oldest and most revered in Etruria, standing out for its sumptuous polychrome terracotta decorations, many of which can be seen today in the
456:, the statesmen would discuss issues regarding laws, taxes, and territorial disputes. Although little is known about the league itself, scholars have found that the city-states shared a common religion, as well as different variations of the same language. The leaders met on a yearly basis at the Fanum Volumnae Sanctuary near
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became more and more intricate. Through the use of terracotta, local sculptors began using their talents to add adornments around the coffins, creating detailed accounts of the deceased's life, as well as the deities that meant the most to them. Tombs were commonly decorated with sentimental objects,
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The use of burial and cremation altered depending on the stability of the settlement. In the early years, most citizens were cremated. As affluence increased, individuals were freer to bury their loved ones close by in order to visit them regularly. Burial sites dating back to the 9th century BC have
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Its proximity to the Tiber and the trade route to the interior, which became the Via
Flaminia, augmented its prosperity. The Veiians were known to trade with nearby Greece, as well as with the Phoenicians that made up the Levant region. Many Grecian pottery shards have been found throughout the site,
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During the 9th and 8th centuries BC, the population density and grave goods were on the increase: more and wealthier people and also more of a disparity in wealth: the rise of a wealthier class. In the 8th century BC, both the potter's wheel and writing were introduced from Greece. During the entire
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During times of war or economic difficulty, the use of cremation rose. Unlike their ancestors, however, the people of Veii continued the tradition of burial by keeping the urns of their loved ones in miniature tombs. Like the sarcophagi, the urns were made of terracotta and depicted varying scenes
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from the 7th c. BC, situated along an important route just outside the city (at modern
Portonaccio). Prior to their influx of wealth around the 7th century BC, the people of Veii preferred to worship their gods and goddesses in the open air. Early "temples" consisted of small shrines surrounded by
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that although the forces of
Tarquinii fought well on the right wing, initially pushing back the Roman left wing, the Veientes on the left wing faltered and fled the battle, because they were accustomed to defeat at the hands of the Romans. After the loss of the battle the forces of Veii returned
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The earliest evidence of occupation by demographic analysis, including that of the cemeteries, dates from the 10th century BC in the Late Bronze Age. Small settlements were scattered over a wider area than the plateau, and the population of the plateau at Veii is estimated to have been stable at
686:
Veii had been the capital of
Etruria, not inferior to Rome, either in number of arms or multitude of soldiers, so that relying on her wealth and luxury, and priding herself upon her refinement and sumptuousness, she had engaged in many honourable contests with the Romans for glory and empire
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In the 5th century BC, the
Fabians, an aristocratic Roman family, moved into an Etruscan town just outside of Fidenae. Due to the sudden increase of wealth in the community, many Etruscan citizens began to worry about the impending fall of the economy. Soon, battles broke out on both sides,
436:, or citadel, was placed on a bluff delineated by cliffs within the angle of confluence of the two streams, nearly separated from the main ridge by a gully, through which ran a road in the Roman period. An archaeological site, Piazza d'Armi ("military square"), marks the location today.
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The population of the early Veii practiced both inhumation and cremation within the same family. The proportion was 50% in the 9th century BC, after a predomination of cremation (90%) earlier. In the 8th century, inhumation rose to 70%, which may be attributable to an influence from
448:, it is well documented that the league was one of the most influential organizations in the Mediterranean. Because the Etruscan civilization was split into a federation of city-states, the league allowed the leaders of each to come together and discuss a variety of topics. Like
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Veii was eventually abandoned after Roman times, and everything of value or utility was removed by anyone with access to the site. Finally it was filled and smoothed for ploughland and was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 17th century by the antiquarian
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eventually leading to war. The sequence of events following the initial conflicts is widely considered to be a legend; it is said that the Veiian warriors murdered 300 Fabii, leaving all but one dead in order to incite fear in the rest of the community.
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Camillus supported the patricians in opposing the plebeian plan to populate Veii with half of the city of Rome designed to resolve poverty and space issues. Camillus deliberately protracted the project until its abandonment.
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period, the settlements translocated around the plateau; however, a settlement (Casale del Fosso) maintained a cemetery to the north of the plateau continuously from the late 9th century BC to the early 6th century BC.
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against Veii (after the expiry of an earlier truce) and the
Etruscans. He is said to have shown valour in the campaign, and to have routed a great army of the enemy. The war helped him to cement his position at Rome.
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revolted against Rome and allied itself with Veii, giving
Tolumnus control of the Fidenate army. The Romans sent four envoys to demand an explanation but they were murdered. Rome declared war against Veii and sent
519:), the finds are localized to the plateau but appear to be associated with independent settlements, each with its own cemetery. Occupation gradually intensified in the 8th (remainder of Villanovan) and 7th (
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As population and wealth flourished within the city, the use of bronze became more and more common. The people of Veii first used metal for horse harnesses, weapons, fans, jewelry, and mirrors.
988:
Bernardinetti, Alessandra; Santis, Anna de; Drago, Luciana (1997). "Burials as
Evidence for Proto-Urban Development in Southern Etruria: the Case of Veii". In Andersen, Helle Damgaard (ed.).
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Nearly 30 years later, in 1997, the
Italian government moved to protect a part of that area, creating the Veio Regional Natural Park of 14,984 hectares (37,030 acres) between the
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The city was soon assimilated under Roman control and is termed "Roman Veii" as opposed to "Etruscan Veii" by scholarly literature. Under the empire the Romans called the city the
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The walls of Veii, of which small sections remain, bordered the two intersecting streams using the streambeds as a ditch, with a wall across the plateau closing the triangle.
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Saviano, Giovanna, Luciana Drago, Ferdinando Felli, and Maurizio Violo. 2002. "Architectural Decorations, Ceramics and Terracottas from Veii (Etruria): A Preliminary Study."
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important to the diseased individual. Items were still placed in the small tombs; however, the value of the objects steadily dropped as times of financial crisis continued.
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was going to expand into and develop that area as a suburb. Moreover, a new method of ploughing was turning over the soil a metre deep, destroying all surface evidence.
687:.......... as the city was furnished with all sorts of weapons, offensive and defensive, likewise with corn and all manner of provisions, they cheerfully endured a siege
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dating from as far back as the 8th century BC. Although the river brought wealth and affluence to Veii, it also placed it in competition with Rome for the domination of
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but the Roman losses were so high that a state of emergency was declared. A subsequent fiercely-fought battle with Veii in 437 BC reinforced by a contingent from
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1113:'s who refers to at least one war fought by Rome prior to the dispute with Veii, being the war with the Sabines and others arising out of the
576:), who had large possessions, and dwelt in a spacious city; they took occasion to commence a war, by claiming Fidenae as belonging to them....
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Over 10,000 Etruscan written pieces are known. Varying examples of Etruscan script have been uncovered all over the ancient world.
729:. The city never recovered its former wealth or its population after the Roman conquest. Nevertheless, after Rome's defeat in the
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on the east, the Via Campagnanese on the north and the city of Rome on the south. Within the park are the comuni of
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The documented history of Veii, like that of all Italian cities in their early centuries, is sparse and unreliable.
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The site is now a protected area, part of the Parco di Veio established by the regional authority of Lazio in 1997.
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C. J. Smith, The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology, Cambridge University Press,
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In 509 BC, after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the family of Tarquinius Superbus went into exile in
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whose family was part of the Veientine aristocracy and who instigated a war with Rome in 438 BC. The nearby
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1070:"Etruscan Art | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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In 406 BC, Rome declared war against Veii, still powerful and well-fortified, and her allies Falerii and
776:, "public territory", the land belonging to the state, which in those times was primarily agricultural (
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The territory of a city-state anywhere within the Roman domain was, in Roman legal terminology, an
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Veii: The Historical Topography of the Ancient City: A Restudy of John Ward-Perkins’s Survey.
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The first (to oppose Romulus) were the Veientes, a people of Tuscany (the site is now in
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There are also long tunnels leading into the plateau of the city, which may corroborate
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Ward-Perkins, John Bryan. 1961. "Veii: The Historical Topography of the Ancient City."
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304:'s army in 396 BC. Veii continued to be occupied after its capture by the Romans.
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Every Etruscan stronghold was built on an elevation, and Veii was no exception. Its
382:. The sanctuary included the temple of Apollo of about 510 BC to which belonged the
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which required the Romans to commence a siege lasting many years. As Plutarch says:
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Torelli, Mario (2000). "The Etruscan City-State". In Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.).
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Quilici, L., S. Quilici Gigli, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (3 May 2021).
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992:(illustrated ed.). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 317–342.
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Apollo of Veii, dating from around 510 BC, in the Villa Giulia museum of Rome.
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Boitani, Francesca, and Ugo Fusco. 2015. "A New Mithraic Relief from Veii."
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Kahane, Anne; Threipland, Leslie Murray; Ward-Perkins, John Bryan (1968).
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Cascino, Roberta, Helga Di Giuseppe, and Helen L. Patterson, eds. 2012.
1246:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 969.
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277:. Many other sites associated with and in the city-state of Veii are in
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Neils, Jenifer. 2008. "Niobe (?) on the Portonaccio Temple at Veii."
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1048:. Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 195.
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and, when that failed, by force of arms. He convinced the cities of
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by Rome in the 7th century BC during the reign of Rome's third king
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remained for the most part agrarian until it became evident after
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and Veii to support him, and led their armies against Rome in the
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in Etruria. Tarquin sought to regain the throne, at first by the
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uncovered in 1843, a chamber tomb with the oldest known Etruscan
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Urbanization in the Mediterranean in the 9th to 6th centuries BC
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been uncovered. As inhumation became more and more popular, the
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Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale
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1295:(reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 198.
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about 1,000. In the 9th century BC, the Early Iron Age (
792:. The northwest border was probably as far west as the
626:. The Roman army was victorious, and it is recorded by
421:'s account of the Roman victory in the Battle of Veii.
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The impressive thermal baths and the forum built under
1280:. London, Chicago: John Murray, University of Chicago.
1178:"Veii and the Etruscans | UNRV.com Roman History"
768:. The law made a number of fine distinctions, but by
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The Valchetta flows a few miles eastward to join the
288:. It was alternately at war and in alliance with the
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963:
Nature, History and Archaeology in the Heart of Rome
705:, Camillus commanded the final strike against Veii (
531:, where inhumation prevailed in the 9th century BC.
568:(writing even later in the 1st C. AD) says of them:
489:as well as items they may need in the afterlife.
296:for over 300 years. It eventually fell in the
740:The Romans built wealthy villas in the region and
1046:A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures
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691:After ten years, in 396 BC, the Romans appointed
675:unhorsed Tolumnus and killed him with his spear.
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546:According to Livy (writing 700 years later) the
370:was the greatest and most honoured in the city.
265:and 16 km (9.9 mi) north-northwest of
393:have been partially excavated in recent years.
1406:"An Archaeological Survey of Southern Etruria"
588:Fidenae and Veii were said to have again been
1600:
1373:. London, Chicago: John Murray, LacusCurtius.
1336:Parks and Protected Areas in the Lazio Region
1271:
701:. After defeating both Falerii and Capena at
27:Ancient Etruscan city in Isola Farnese, Italy
1702:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
1449:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1318:The Ager Veientanus, North and East of Rome
1291:Rich, John; Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (1992).
1278:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
468:Veii's sculptures and statues were made of
444:Despite the many mysteries surrounding the
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1593:
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340:plateau 190 hectares (470 acres) in area.
45:
1614:
1384:. Parco Regionale di Veio. Archived from
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635:writes that later in 509 BC, consul
355:and Veii's territory included this area.
1494:The Changing Landscape of South Etruria.
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934:Archaeological area of Poggio Sommavilla
599:In the 6th century BC Rome's sixth king
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554:in a war with Rome during the reign of
406:have been found. The most famous is the
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261:city situated on the southern limits of
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788:and the coast; that is all of southern
386:(now in the National Etruscan Museum).
273:. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the
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1293:City and country in the ancient world
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800:in the north. In Etruscan times the
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1515:Papers of the British School at Rome
1371:The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria
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373:The largest visible monument is the
1404:Hemphill, Patricial (Winter 1970).
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24:
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1109:However this account differs from
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744:had an estate there, according to
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336:The city of Veii lies mainly on a
25:
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671:was indecisive until the tribune
646:The most famous king of Veii was
284:Veii was the richest city of the
2315:Former populated places in Italy
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2029:English words of Etruscan origin
1903:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
1725:
1510:Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
880:and Municipio XX of the city of
804:shared the countryside with the
639:returned to fight the Veientes.
509:
427:
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1982:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
1783:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
1379:"The Park of Veio: Our concern"
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314:Neighbourhood of Veii in 450 BC
1943:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
1918:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
1103:
1094:
1076:
1062:
1037:
951:
13:
1:
1508:The Etruscan Cities and Rome.
1320:. the British School at Rome.
1259:A Brief History of the Romans
944:
2320:Archaeological sites in Rome
1948:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
1773:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
1552:Resources in other libraries
1332:"Veio Regional Natural Park"
1272:William Smith, ed. (2009) .
837:. It was published in 1968.
69:
7:
1933:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
1367:"Chapter I Veii – The City"
887:
257:) was an important ancient
51:Ruins of the temple of Veii
10:
2341:
1938:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
1928:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
1854:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
1697:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
1261:. Oxford University Press.
727:Municipium Augustum Veiens
637:Publius Valerius Publicola
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2325:National museums of Italy
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1961:
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1875:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
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1717:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
1682:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
1622:
1547:Resources in your library
1488:10.1515/etst.2008.11.1.35
1338:. agrinet. Archived from
1257:Boatwright, Mary (2006).
663:with an army who won the
562:, in the 8th century BC.
232:Area archeologica di Veio
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1923:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
1501:Periodico Di Mineralogia
1365:Dennis, George (2009) .
1115:Rape of the Sabine Women
2092:Tumulus of Montefortini
1429:"Places: 423116 (Veii)"
1243:Encyclopædia Britannica
829:, then Director of the
827:John Bryan Ward-Perkins
721:Roman and later history
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171:190 ha (470 acres)
1913:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
1908:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
1506:Scullard, H. H. 1967.
831:British School at Rome
689:
673:Aulus Cornelius Cossus
585:
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550:and the Veientes were
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1823:Monterozzi necropolis
1616:Etruscan civilization
1567:11 April 2022 at the
899:Etruscan Civilization
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624:Battle of Silva Arsia
616:Tarquinian conspiracy
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570:
558:mythical first king,
347:on the south side of
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144:42.02333°N 12.38972°E
86:Alternative name
2155:Civita di Bagnoregio
1828:Mythological figures
1492:Potter, T. W. 1979.
1466:Archeologia Classica
854:Castelnuovo di Porto
521:Orientalising period
375:sanctuary of Minerva
2024:Tyrsenian languages
1953:Roman-Etruscan Wars
1865:Terracotta warriors
924:Roman-Etruscan Wars
772:it meant primarily
731:battle of the Allia
140: /
34:
2067:Monteleone Chariot
2018:Tabula Cortonensis
1798:Haruspex/Extispicy
1637:Villanovan culture
1517:29, no. 16: 1–123.
1496:London: Paul Elek.
1482:11, no. 1: 35–48.
1034:Plutarch: Camillus
909:Portonaccio (Veio)
850:Campagnano di Roma
780:is "field"). The
754:Raffaello Fabretti
586:
539:Conflict with Rome
517:Villanovan culture
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220:Public access
149:42.02333; 12.38972
77:Shown within Italy
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2292:
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2062:Impasto (pottery)
1813:Liver of Piacenza
1763:Chimera of Arezzo
1528:Library resources
1302:978-0-415-08223-5
1207:978-0-521-85692-8
1100:Plutarch: Romulus
1055:978-87-7876-177-4
999:978-87-7289-412-6
844:on the west, the
821:that the city of
665:battle of Fidenae
497:Etruscan language
300:to Roman general
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16:(Redirected from
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2005:Lemnian language
1976:Cippus Perusinus
1895:Military history
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1647:Founding of Rome
1642:Padanian Etruria
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479:Burial practices
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99:Province of Rome
72:
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35:
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21:
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2310:Etruscan cities
2295:
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2293:
2288:
2274:
2101:
2033:
2000:Raetic language
1957:
1889:
1793:Fanum Voltumnae
1788:Tiburtine Sibyl
1778:Etruscan League
1730:
1721:
1692:Servius Tullius
1672:Caelius Vibenna
1618:
1613:
1579:
1571:
1569:Wayback Machine
1558:
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1459:Further reading
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1391:on 22 July 2011
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1165:Ab urbe condita
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1148:Ab urbe condita
1141:
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1130:Ab urbe condita
1124:
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1088:Ab urbe condita
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959:"Parco di Veio"
957:
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947:
890:
862:Magliano Romano
835:ager Veientanus
815:ager Veiantanus
802:ager Veiantanus
782:ager Veientanus
762:
760:Ager Veientanus
723:
713:taken to Rome.
601:Servius Tullius
541:
512:
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97:Isola Farnese,
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2014:
2011:Tabula Capuana
2007:
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1748:Apollo of Veii
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1342:on 1 July 2002
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798:Lake Bracciano
794:Monti Sabatini
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707:Battle of Veii
661:Lucius Sergius
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919:Silva Ciminia
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807:Silva Ciminia
803:
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774:ager publicus
771:
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648:Lars Tolumnus
644:
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634:
629:
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569:
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510:Early history
502:
494:
490:
487:
476:
473:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
428:Piazza d'Armi
425:
422:
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404:chamber tombs
401:
400:
394:
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387:
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364:
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290:Roman Kingdom
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64:
55:
48:
43:
36:
30:
19:
2244:
2205:Poggio Colla
2097:Vicus Tuscus
2077:Negau helmet
2016:
2009:
1987:
1980:
1852:
1753:Architecture
1707:Lars Porsena
1580:(in Italian)
1572:(in Italian)
1542:Online books
1532:
1514:
1507:
1503:71: 203–215.
1500:
1493:
1479:
1472:
1468:66: 519–546.
1465:
1433:. Retrieved
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1393:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1370:
1359:Bibliography
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1335:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1237:"Veii"
1218:Livy, iv. 17
1214:
1209:, pp. 161 ff
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1182:www.unrv.com
1181:
1172:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1064:
1045:
1039:
989:
966:. Retrieved
962:
953:
939:Tiber Valley
846:Via Flaminia
839:
834:
819:World War II
814:
812:
805:
801:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
763:
750:
739:
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724:
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696:
690:
685:
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652:Roman colony
645:
641:
609:
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571:
564:
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542:
533:
525:
513:
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491:
482:
474:
467:
443:
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431:
423:
416:
397:
395:
388:
380:Villa Giulia
372:
365:
357:
353:Via Flaminia
342:
335:
332:City of Veii
322:Site of Veii
306:
283:
246:
242:
241:
235:(in Italian)
29:
2082:Portonaccio
2057:Etruscology
1657:Tyrrhenians
786:Tiber river
345:Tiber River
147: /
123:Coordinates
2299:Categories
2115:Acquarossa
2039:Archeology
1431:. Pleiades
1413:Expedition
968:14 January
945:References
842:Via Cassia
486:sarcophagi
470:terracotta
396:Many rich
351:along the
292:and later
212:Management
191:Site notes
163:Settlement
135:12°23′23″E
132:42°01′24″N
2250:Vetulonia
2235:Tarquinia
2210:Populonia
2180:Fescennia
2150:Cerveteri
2107:Key sites
1818:Mezentius
1652:Tyrrhenus
1091:, 1:14–15
878:Sacrofano
746:Suetonius
620:Tarquinii
548:Fidenates
204:Ownership
196:Condition
2265:Volterra
2260:Volsinii
2255:Vie Cave
2240:Tuscania
2220:Rusellae
2052:Cuniculi
2047:Bucchero
1971:Alphabet
1963:Language
1848:Religion
1838:Poppilia
1687:Tanaquil
1565:Archived
1445:cite web
888:See also
858:Formello
735:Camillus
698:dictator
693:Camillus
590:defeated
566:Plutarch
552:defeated
450:Congress
412:frescoes
391:Augustus
302:Camillus
294:Republic
279:Formello
259:Etruscan
94:Location
18:Veientes
2200:Perusia
2195:Orvieto
2190:Norchia
2185:Fidenae
2175:Falerii
2170:Etruria
2160:Clusium
2135:Bologna
2130:Baratti
1833:Persius
1803:Jewelry
1740:society
1736:Culture
1662:Tarchon
1632:Origins
1624:History
1435:7 March
1418:18 June
1395:15 June
1346:15 June
1187:9 April
1151:, 2.6–7
929:Weshesh
870:Morlupo
790:Etruria
669:Falerii
656:Fidenae
560:Romulus
505:History
458:Orvieto
452:or the
263:Etruria
251:Italian
228:Website
176:History
2286:Portal
2125:Aleria
1880:Vegoia
1808:Lausus
1530:about
1299:
1274:"Ager"
1205:
1052:
1019:"Veii"
996:
703:Nepete
680:Capena
631:home.
604:warred
556:Rome's
529:Latium
399:Tumuli
361:Latium
349:Labaro
245:(also
207:Public
199:Ruined
181:Events
117:Latium
113:Region
2270:Vulci
2230:Spina
2215:Pyrgi
2165:Cumae
2140:Caere
2120:Adria
1885:Vulca
1860:Tages
1843:Raeti
1768:Coins
1677:Capys
1409:(PDF)
1389:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
874:Riano
742:Livia
612:Caere
574:Lazio
271:Italy
247:Veius
107:Italy
103:Lazio
89:Veius
2305:Veii
2245:Veii
2145:Ceri
1738:and
1533:Veii
1451:link
1437:2012
1420:2009
1397:2009
1348:2009
1297:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1189:2023
1161:Livy
1143:Livy
1133:1.42
1126:Livy
1111:Livy
1083:Livy
1050:ISBN
994:ISBN
970:2012
882:Rome
823:Rome
813:The
796:and
778:ager
770:ager
766:ager
711:Juno
633:Livy
628:Livy
419:Livy
402:and
368:Juno
338:tuff
327:Site
267:Rome
255:Veio
243:Veii
168:Area
160:Type
39:Veio
33:Veii
1758:Art
1484:doi
1167:2.8
695:as
654:of
464:Art
460:.
434:arx
363:.
223:Yes
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1443:{{
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