353:
864:
840:
302:
404:
537:
547:
505:
366:
826:
695:
316:
288:
376:
260:
802:
36:
708:
682:
525:
430:
2511:
495:
417:
2531:
274:
515:
790:
389:
814:
852:
668:
47:
2521:
147:
advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this also limits their ability to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the tangible uniqueness of the product. The companies have to make a trade-off between reducing their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products.
155:
Platform sharing is a practice commonly employed by various brands within a corporate group. The fundamental components of a shared platform typically include the chassis and the drive unit. The extent to which different automobile or motorcycle models utilize the same components can vary, leading to
1373:
Leveraging the expense of developing the unseen structural elements—everything that supports the bodywork, mounts the powertrain and suspension, and provides the vehicle's crash protection—across several different vehicles allows manufacturers to generate sufficient sales volume to deliver economies
1059:
The two elements of platforms are constant and non-constant. If the non-constant elements are not designed to be easily integrated into the constant elements of the platform, extensive and expensive changes will have to be made in order to make the elements compatible again. Failure to do so negates
472:
Because automakers spend the majority of time and money on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and development by spreading it over several product lines. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers.
468:
The car platform strategy has become important in new product development and in the innovation process. The finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while – at the same time – they must be developed and produced at low cost. Adopting such a strategy
1097:
The propensity for a higher number of recall is greatly increased with platform sharing. If a defect is found in one model and that model shares its platform with nine other models, the recall would be magnified by ten thus costing the manufacturer more time and money to fix. An example of problems
1028:
Manufacturers that practice platform sharing have the ability to create several models based on the same design but with different names. This leads to the public looking over certain models and cannibalized sales from competing automakers with essentially similar products. This was prevalent among
340:
chassis, platform-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing technology enabled automakers to sharply reduce product development and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. Pictured
1213:
Used luxury cars can be great buys, if you ignore all the hype, know how to separate symbol from substance, and are smart enough to know that most of the high-end models don't give you much more than their lower-priced entry-level versions. For example, the Lexus ES 300 is a Toyota Camry with a
1066:
Platform sharing has the ability to be used in too many different models. However, in the minds of the consumers, the products may be too similar and more expensive products may be perceived to be cheaper. For example, the perceived value of a "luxury" brand may be not as desirable if it is too
97:
A basic definition of a platform in cars, from a technical point of view, includes underbody and suspensions (with axles) — where the underbody is made of the front floor, rear floor, engine compartment, and frame (reinforcement of underbody). Key mechanical components that define an automobile
636:
that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GM's divisions. Subsequently, GM introduced its "A" bodies for the same four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the "X" body platform, but with larger bodywork to make the cars seem larger, and with larger trunk compartments. They were popular
146:
Platform sharing is a product development method where different products and the brand attached share the same components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process. The companies gain on reduced procurement costs by taking
163:: In the context of structural equality, the differences between vehicles are minimal. Only the brand logo, front fairing, fuel tank, and, where applicable, headlights and rear lights, are distinct. Vehicles with structural equality are often produced on the same assembly line.
84:
to reduce the costs associated with the development of products by basing those products on a smaller number of platforms. This further allows companies to create distinct models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings. A car platform is not to be confused with a
644:
A similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GM's efforts on one platform. Once more, GM's four lower-level divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s.
186:: Also known as Carry Over Parts (COP), these are common parts that are replicated and adapted to different models. Examples include wheels or chassis components that are identical across different models, with only minor variations like model symbols.
1798:
Take the Lexus ES. It boasts the sexy panache of style and elegance that no other sedan can compare to. Except for the quotidian Toyota Camry, that is. Same car. Same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory,
1603:
The most upscale Toyota Camry, the V6 XLE, and the entry-level Lexus ES 300 are clones, but the price difference between them is over $ 4500. For that you get a more finely finished interior on the Lexus and the promise of better
616:
all wore a badge with the letter "K" to indicate their shared platform. In later stages, the "K" platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the
Corporation's different models. In the same decade, Fiat and
1251:"Uncommon Knowledge: Automobile Platform Sharing's Potential Impact on Advanced Technologies, pre-print for the 1st International Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE) Automotive Conference"
1006:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design flexible platforms that can be tailored to a country's specific needs without compromising quality. It also allows for manufacturing standardization and improved
893:. In some cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, "same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory", but the Lexus is marketed with premium coffee in the
469:
affects the development process and also has an important impact on an automaker's organizational structure. A platform strategy also offers advantages for the globalization process of automobile firms.
345:, where designs including 5-door hatchback, sedan, compact SUV and minivan were built on a common floor panel and many shared functional assemblies such as engine, transmission and chassis components.
1013:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to build/design differentiated products faster and cheaper. This is possible because the development and cost of the original platform have already been paid for.
190:
Platform sharing facilitates the efficient production and development of vehicles by leveraging common components across different models, thereby reducing costs and enhancing operational efficiency.
1111:
In automotive design, the top hat is one or more vehicle upper body structures that can share a common platform. The upper body could vary from a crossover to a sedan or coupe thereby creating
908:
be less noticeable now; however, it is still very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily consist of "under the skin" components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the
169:: When vehicles share the same platform, different fairings attach to the same fixation points, allowing for the easy interchange of components such as the fork, wing, engine, and transmission.
242:
in US markets. The chassis unit was common with many shared mechanical components while the exterior styling and interior trims were designed according to its individual brand and category.
1455:
982:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to cover many different market segments when a platform sharing strategy is implemented. This is exemplified by Ford in the case of the
1880:
582:. These two manufacturers made different category of vehicles under using the same chassis design at different years though the primary vehicle was still in production.
1632:
Toyota Camry XLE V-6 has exactly the same engine and shares many of the same body specifications with the Lexus ES 300. Comparably equipped, except for minor items
72:
is a shared set of common design, engineering, and production efforts, as well as major components, over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of
1713:
1492:
Wilhelm, B. (1997). "Platform and modular concept at
Volkswagen – their effect on the assembly process". In K. Shimokawa; U. Jürgens; T. Fujimoto (eds.).
1000:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design parts with fewer variation. A byproduct of this is increased quality, which results in lower defect rates.
1562:
1374:
of scale. This reduces costs, maximizes profits, and if done right can allow a family of vehicles to be built on the same assembly-line equipment.
1743:
1067:
similar to a mass-market version of the same platform. Conversely, platform sharing may increase the price of the economic models. Examples of
976:
Platform sharing allows for fewer parts for different models of vehicles and therefore the task of inventorying those parts is greatly reduced.
1819:
1368:
994:. They are essentially the same vehicles, but they are targeted as being in the mass-market, near luxury, and luxury vehicles segments.
1586:
1189:
1917:
1250:
455:
Greater flexibility across plants (the possibility of transferring production from one plant to another due to standardization)
1774:
1784:
1683:
1653:
1625:
1199:
448:. The concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components.
1866:
1030:
2389:
301:
1673:
1414:
1168:
1099:
1858:
1386:
Schlie, Erik; Yip, George (August 2000). "Regional follows global: strategy mixes in the world automotive industry".
2555:
17:
352:
1721:
2414:
1138:
2492:
2409:
2326:
1885:
863:
2524:
1158:
1148:
1515:
2273:
1910:
2475:
886:
771:
461:
Increased utilization of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences)
180:: These include components like the bodywork or fuel tank, which can vary significantly between models.
135:
1751:
839:
1079:(similar to the K-platform, though it was actually built on a different and unique Q-platform), the
1890:
1811:
1163:
1153:
315:
1360:
2230:
1143:
1116:
1076:
898:
767:
585:
In the United States, platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s. This was when
579:
1841:
1538:
746:
marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the
287:
2560:
2447:
2093:
1903:
1253:. International Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. Archived from
1128:
1968:
940:
also share much of their mechanical components but are visually entirely different. Both the
929:
223:
1283:
Muffatto, Moreno (20 April 1999). "Introducing a platform strategy in product development".
259:
2394:
1133:
649:
464:
Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis
239:
215:
129:
89:, although such a chassis can be part of an automobile's design platform, as noted below.
8:
2487:
2381:
2356:
2336:
2288:
2056:
987:
637:
through the 1980s, primarily. Even
Cadillac started offering a "J" body model called the
613:
546:
403:
227:
81:
504:
365:
2293:
2167:
1669:
1112:
1060:
the purpose of platform sharing in that it increases costs as opposed to reducing them.
1046:
909:
763:
622:
602:
598:
536:
474:
420:
342:
248:
235:
1399:
1292:
1254:
2530:
2195:
1926:
1780:
1679:
1649:
1621:
1430:
1195:
1080:
1072:
1023:
953:
699:
653:
638:
575:
825:
694:
273:
2459:
2442:
2235:
2200:
2010:
2000:
1963:
1467:
1434:
1426:
1395:
1318:
1288:
941:
805:
86:
571:
2404:
2331:
2147:
2076:
1870:
1068:
991:
937:
686:
392:
279:
1863:
206:
used a single chassis for certain class of model across most of its brands like
173:
The remaining vehicle parts are categorised into "head" parts and system parts:
2351:
2253:
2157:
2152:
1091:
1050:
952:, from the same platforms. One of the least conspicuous recent examples is the
894:
590:
586:
407:
379:
375:
307:
203:
199:
123:
1471:
1337:
1322:
567:
563:
2549:
2514:
2303:
2268:
2263:
2215:
2187:
2162:
2088:
2071:
2020:
1983:
1973:
1955:
1084:
1038:
983:
867:
762:, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the
711:
633:
626:
594:
433:
356:
1875:
801:
198:
One of the first car companies to use this product development approach was
2480:
2437:
2419:
2210:
2205:
2172:
2061:
2042:
2027:
2015:
2005:
1990:
1978:
1946:
948:
have had much success building many well-differentiated vehicles from many
882:
793:
755:
751:
56:
707:
2534:
2346:
2341:
2278:
2258:
2129:
921:
913:
843:
817:
775:
681:
672:
657:
641:, a much gussied-up version of the other four brands' platform siblings.
35:
1439:
524:
429:
2308:
2225:
2177:
2124:
2037:
2032:
1309:
Olson, Erik L (2008). "Implication of platformsharing on brand value".
917:
890:
877:
Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including
855:
321:
219:
139:
416:
2454:
2108:
2081:
2051:
1042:
1034:
970:
957:
878:
789:
779:
618:
514:
388:
337:
207:
114:
1895:
1539:"The Fiat Tipo is turning 30 (and getting a new model to celebrate)"
726:
Japanese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with
2399:
2283:
2139:
2098:
1697:... are automotive twins, as are the Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 300.
1098:
spreading across platforms and numerous versions of models are the
829:
813:
759:
747:
739:
609:
494:
293:
119:
103:
60:
1744:"Q&A: Richard Parry-Jones, Ford Global Product Development VP"
1563:"FIAT TIPO: FUNCTIONALITY, SIMPLICITY AND PERSONALITY TURN THIRTY"
851:
156:
different degrees of structural equality and platform similarity:
2220:
2103:
1995:
933:
559:
265:
107:
27:
Similar design and engineering specs shared between multiple cars
1071:
that suffered from being based on economy platforms include the
667:
1460:
International
Journal of Operations & Production Management
949:
945:
735:
77:
1456:"Platform strategies in international new product development"
46:
743:
731:
727:
562:
from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the
231:
211:
1415:"The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm"
1029:
U.S. domestic manufactures from the 1970s onward, e.g., the
2298:
451:
The use of a platform strategy provides several benefits:
1937:
925:
73:
458:
Cost reduction through using resources on a global scale
150:
770:. Other models that share platforms are the European
113:
Front and rear axles and the distance between them -
1335:
222:. Later, Chrysler Corporation would do the same for
55:Identical platform 2007 model year 4-door sedans:
1593:. Vol. 46, no. 6. June 1992. p. 98
589:used the same platform in the development of the
2547:
1772:
632:General Motors used similar strategies with its
558:Originally, a "platform" was a literally shared
193:
1615:
625:to compete with the German-dominated European
110:and other structural and mechanical components
76:, often from different, but somewhat related,
1911:
1285:International Journal of Production Economics
652:was one of the first European cars utilizing
1646:Lemon Aide Guide 2005: New Cars and Minivans
1244:
1242:
1361:"What, Exactly, Is an Automotive Platform?"
1249:Brylawski, Michael (27–29 September 1999).
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
477:are increased, as is return on investment.
1918:
1904:
1776:Control Your Cash: Making Money Make Sense
1516:"Automotive Platform Sharing: an Overview"
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
92:
1643:
1438:
1385:
1311:Journal of Product & Brand Management
1248:
1187:
331:
238:followed the same principle for Ford and
1773:McFarlane, Greg; Kincaid, Betty (2010).
1707:
1705:
1453:
1282:
1219:
862:
850:
838:
824:
812:
800:
788:
750:is essentially an upgraded and rebadged
706:
693:
680:
666:
545:
535:
523:
513:
503:
493:
428:
415:
402:
387:
374:
364:
351:
1678:. Pearson Addison Wesley. p. 672.
1668:
1616:Simmons, Lee; Simmons, Barbara (1997).
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1491:
1304:
1302:
1269:
106:, which serves as a foundation for the
14:
2548:
1587:"Rebate time and the cars are cheaper"
1412:
1358:
1336:Robertson, David; Ulrich Karl (1998).
1925:
1899:
1839:
1736:
1711:
1702:
1308:
1191:Lemon-Aid Used Cars and Minivans 2004
2520:
1833:
1513:
1500:
1299:
901:as part of the higher-priced badge.
897:showroom and reduced greens fees at
2493:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1844:. Automotive Design and Production.
1840:Kelly, Kevin M. (January 1, 2009).
1536:
932:-mates such as the sports-oriented
151:Characteristics of a joint platform
24:
1822:from the original on 20 April 2008
1371:from the original on 20 May 2021.
1169:List of Volkswagen Group platforms
973:management/smaller number of parts
885:. Examples also involve differing
881:, tail lights, and front and rear
25:
2572:
1852:
1056:Incompatible changes to platforms
960:; both use the GMT-360 platform.
621:jointly developed cars using the
485:
2529:
2519:
2510:
2509:
1936:Part of a series of articles on
1779:. Mill City Press. p. 142.
1338:"Planning for product platforms"
1017:
997:Increased quality and innovation
369:Nissan Bluebird Sylphy G10 Sedan
314:
300:
286:
272:
258:
45:
34:
1812:"Inside Truck Platform Sharing"
1804:
1766:
1662:
1637:
1609:
1579:
1555:
1530:
1485:
784:
721:
662:
489:
446:product or vehicle architecture
395:/Nissan AD Van Y1 Station Wagon
347:
1842:"Ford: Putting on the Top Hat"
1714:"Platform Sharing for Dummies"
1648:. Penguin Group. p. 145.
1447:
1406:
1379:
1352:
1329:
1194:. Penguin Group. p. 294.
1181:
1100:2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls
444:Many vendors refer to this as
13:
1:
2327:Approach and departure angles
1620:. Bantam Books. p. 131.
1514:Balu, Deepak (30 June 2004).
1496:. Springer. pp. 146–156.
1400:10.1016/S0263-2373(00)00019-0
1359:Markus, Frank (17 May 2021).
1293:10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00173-X
1174:
1139:List of Hyundai-Kia platforms
963:
566:platform chassis used by the
247:Examples of cars sharing the
194:Platform sharing among brands
1750:. April 2009. Archived from
1591:Kiplinger's Personal Finance
1431:10.1016/0048-7333(94)00775-3
1159:List of Stellantis platforms
1149:List of Mitsubishi platforms
7:
2390:Automotive light bulb types
1537:May, Melanie (2018-02-12).
1388:European Management Journal
1122:
766:which was based on the M-B
480:
10:
2577:
1712:Csere, Csaba (June 2003).
1494:Transforming Auto Assembly
1106:
1090:Risk concentration/higher
2505:
2468:
2430:
2380:
2369:
2319:
2246:
2186:
2138:
2117:
1954:
1945:
1933:
1472:10.1108/01443579910260766
1454:Muffatto, Moreno (1999).
1323:10.1108/10610420810887590
80:. It is practiced in the
2410:high-intensity discharge
1644:Edmonston, Phil (2004).
1567:www.media.stellantis.com
1188:Edmonston, Phil (2003).
1164:List of Toyota platforms
1154:List of Nissan platforms
936:and the economy-focused
134:Placement and choice of
2556:Automotive technologies
1342:Sloan Management Review
1144:List of Mazda platforms
1117:product differentiation
1077:Chrysler TC by Maserati
1010:Greater product variety
979:Lower development costs
899:Pebble Beach Golf Links
580:Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
550:Volkswagen Karmann-Ghia
128:Type of front and rear
93:Definition and benefits
2094:Stressed member engine
1518:. Frost & Sullivan
1129:List of Ford platforms
1003:Global standardization
870:
858:
846:
832:
820:
808:
796:
714:
702:
689:
676:
551:
541:
529:
519:
509:
499:
437:
424:
411:
396:
383:
370:
360:
359:(N16) 5-Door Hatchback
332:Multiple body variants
122:mechanism and type of
2226:Windshield/windscreen
1876:California government
1413:Ulrich, Karl (1995).
1031:Chevrolet Trailblazer
930:Volkswagen A platform
866:
854:
842:
828:
816:
804:
792:
710:
697:
684:
670:
549:
539:
527:
517:
507:
497:
432:
419:
406:
391:
378:
368:
355:
2395:Daytime running lamp
1886:The Truth about Cars
1134:List of GM platforms
742:brand, and Toyota's
656:, also used for the
336:In recent years for
2357:Weight distribution
2289:Omniview technology
1748:Automobile Magazine
1670:Perloff, Jeffrey M.
1257:on 28 November 2010
988:Mercury Mountaineer
161:Structural equality
82:automotive industry
2476:Registration plate
1869:2011-07-15 at the
1724:on 6 December 2010
1287:. 60–61: 145–153.
1113:economies of scale
1047:Oldsmobile Bravada
910:Nissan FM platform
871:
859:
847:
833:
821:
809:
797:
715:
703:
690:
677:
654:a modular platform
623:Type Four platform
603:Oldsmobile Cutlass
599:Chevrolet Chevelle
552:
542:
530:
520:
510:
500:
475:economies of scale
438:
425:
421:Nissan Almera Tino
412:
397:
384:
371:
361:
343:Nissan MS platform
249:Fiat Mini platform
98:platform include:
2543:
2542:
2501:
2500:
2365:
2364:
2196:Glass run channel
2130:Trunk/boot/dickie
1927:Automotive design
1786:978-1-936107-88-9
1754:on 12 August 2010
1685:978-0-321-16073-7
1655:978-0-14-301637-3
1627:978-0-553-57366-4
1201:978-0-670-04375-0
1081:Maybach 57 and 62
1073:Cadillac Cimarron
1024:Badge engineering
954:Chevy Trailblazer
904:Platform sharing
875:
874:
719:
718:
700:Cadillac Cimarron
576:Volkswagen Beetle
574:, as well as the
556:
555:
540:Volkswagen Beetle
442:
441:
410:(T30) Compact SUV
382:P12 Station Wagon
16:(Redirected from
2568:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2460:Window deflector
2443:Side-view mirror
2378:
2377:
2001:Continental tire
1964:Backbone chassis
1952:
1951:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1720:. Archived from
1709:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1466:(5/6): 449–460.
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1185:
1063:Product dilution
942:Volkswagen Group
924:positioned as a
806:Chevrolet Malibu
785:
663:
578:frame under the
490:
348:
318:
304:
290:
276:
262:
87:platform chassis
49:
38:
21:
18:Vehicle platform
2576:
2575:
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2566:
2565:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2497:
2464:
2426:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2332:Breakover angle
2315:
2242:
2182:
2134:
2113:
1941:
1929:
1924:
1881:Motor Authority
1871:Wayback Machine
1855:
1850:
1849:
1838:
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1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1452:
1448:
1419:Research Policy
1411:
1407:
1384:
1380:
1357:
1353:
1334:
1330:
1307:
1300:
1281:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1220:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1125:
1109:
1069:luxury vehicles
1020:
992:Lincoln Aviator
966:
938:Volkswagen Golf
724:
687:Pontiac Sunbird
488:
483:
393:Nissan Wingroad
334:
329:
328:
327:
324:
319:
310:
305:
296:
291:
282:
277:
268:
263:
252:
251:
196:
153:
95:
66:
65:
64:
63:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2541:
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2537:
2527:
2517:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
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2490:
2485:
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2483:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2431:Other elements
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2352:Turning radius
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Bumper sticker
2250:
2248:
2247:Other elements
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1864:Safe Car Guide
1861:
1854:
1853:External links
1851:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1818:. 2008-04-22.
1803:
1785:
1765:
1735:
1718:Car and Driver
1701:
1684:
1675:Microeconomics
1661:
1654:
1636:
1626:
1618:Penny pinching
1608:
1578:
1554:
1529:
1499:
1484:
1446:
1425:(3): 419–441.
1405:
1394:(4): 343–354.
1378:
1351:
1328:
1317:(4): 244–253.
1298:
1268:
1218:
1200:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:Isuzu Ascender
1026:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
980:
977:
974:
965:
962:
916:marketed as a
873:
872:
860:
848:
835:
834:
822:
810:
798:
723:
720:
717:
716:
704:
691:
678:
608:In the 1980s,
591:Pontiac LeMans
554:
553:
543:
532:
531:
528:Citroën Méhari
521:
511:
501:
487:
486:Early examples
484:
482:
479:
473:Additionally,
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
440:
439:
426:
413:
408:Nissan X-Trail
399:
398:
385:
380:Nissan Primera
372:
362:
333:
330:
326:
325:
320:
313:
311:
308:Lancia Ypsilon
306:
299:
297:
292:
285:
283:
278:
271:
269:
264:
257:
254:
253:
246:
245:
244:
204:General Motors
200:General Motors
195:
192:
188:
187:
181:
171:
170:
164:
152:
149:
144:
143:
132:
126:
124:power steering
117:
111:
94:
91:
54:
53:
44:
43:
42:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2561:Car platforms
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
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2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Hood ornament
2267:
2265:
2264:Front-end bra
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Quarter glass
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
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2159:
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2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Quarter panel
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Body-on-frame
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1916:
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1909:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
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1807:
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1623:
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1612:
1605:
1592:
1588:
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1568:
1564:
1558:
1544:
1543:TheJournal.ie
1540:
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1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1465:
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1416:
1409:
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1397:
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1389:
1382:
1375:
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1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
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1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1214:higher price.
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:Jaguar X-Type
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Buick Rainier
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:Disadvantages
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
985:
984:Ford Explorer
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
869:
868:Holden Vectra
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
713:
712:Daewoo Espero
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
640:
635:
630:
628:
627:executive car
624:
620:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
595:Buick Skylark
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:Citroën Dyane
569:
565:
561:
548:
544:
538:
534:
533:
526:
522:
518:Citroën Ami 6
516:
512:
508:Citroën Dyane
506:
502:
496:
492:
491:
478:
476:
470:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
435:
434:Nissan Serena
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
400:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
367:
363:
358:
357:Nissan Pulsar
354:
350:
349:
346:
344:
341:below is the
339:
323:
317:
312:
309:
303:
298:
295:
289:
284:
281:
275:
270:
267:
261:
256:
255:
250:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
174:
168:
167:Same platform
165:
162:
159:
158:
157:
148:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
125:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:
99:
90:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
62:
58:
48:
37:
19:
2481:vanity plate
2420:trafficators
2231:washer fluid
2211:Power window
2206:Opera window
2118:Compartments
2066:
2006:Crumple zone
1991:Cabrio coach
1935:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1797:
1790:. Retrieved
1775:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1717:
1696:
1689:. Retrieved
1674:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1493:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1463:
1459:
1449:
1440:1721.1/48938
1422:
1418:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1314:
1310:
1284:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1212:
1205:. Retrieved
1190:
1183:
1110:
905:
903:
895:dealership's
876:
794:Cadillac BLS
768:SLK roadster
758:merged with
756:Daimler-Benz
752:Toyota Camry
725:
722:Recent years
647:
643:
634:"J" platform
631:
607:
584:
557:
471:
467:
450:
445:
443:
423:V10 Mini MPV
335:
197:
189:
184:System Parts
183:
177:
172:
166:
160:
154:
145:
96:
70:car platform
69:
67:
57:Toyota Camry
2415:sealed beam
2347:Roll center
2342:Ride height
2279:Japan black
2274:Instruments
2259:Curb feeler
2125:Hood/bonnet
1891:Motor Trend
1816:Motor Trend
1365:Motor Trend
1348:(4): 19–31.
922:Infiniti FX
914:Nissan 350Z
891:drivetrains
844:Opel Vectra
818:Saturn Aura
673:Opel Ascona
658:Fiat Tempra
568:Citroën Ami
564:Citroën 2CV
498:Citroën 2CV
130:suspensions
2550:Categories
2201:Greenhouse
1826:2008-04-29
1792:6 November
1758:6 November
1728:6 November
1691:6 November
1604:service...
1597:6 November
1572:2024-06-27
1548:2024-06-27
1522:6 November
1477:6 November
1261:6 November
1207:6 November
1175:References
1007:logistics.
964:Advantages
918:sports car
879:headlights
856:Fiat Croma
778:, and the
772:Ford Focus
601:, and the
322:Fiat Panda
220:Oldsmobile
178:Head Parts
142:components
140:powertrain
138:and other
2455:Tow hitch
2373:equipment
2299:Tire/tyre
2158:Gull-wing
2148:Butterfly
2109:Trunk lid
2052:Monocoque
1956:Framework
1043:Saab 9-7X
1035:GMC Envoy
971:inventory
958:Chevy SSR
780:Volvo S40
764:Crossfire
650:Fiat Tipo
648:The 1988
629:segment.
338:monocoque
208:Chevrolet
202:in 1908.
115:wheelbase
2515:Category
2400:Headlamp
2382:Lighting
2371:Exterior
2337:Overhang
2320:Geometry
2304:run-flat
2284:Nerf bar
2099:Subframe
2067:Platform
2057:Overhang
1969:Beltline
1867:Archived
1859:EE Times
1820:Archived
1672:(2004).
1369:Archived
1123:See also
1083:and the
830:Saab 9-5
760:Chrysler
754:. After
748:Lexus ES
740:Infiniti
639:Cimarron
610:Chrysler
481:Examples
294:Fiat Uno
280:Fiat 500
224:Plymouth
120:Steering
104:floorpan
61:Lexus ES
2525:Commons
2221:Sunroof
2173:Suicide
2168:Sliding
2163:Scissor
2104:Tonneau
2089:Spoiler
1996:Chassis
1107:Top hat
969:Easier
950:marques
934:Audi TT
912:-mates
887:engines
883:fascias
776:Mazda 3
560:chassis
436:Minivan
266:Ford Ka
240:Mercury
216:Pontiac
108:chassis
78:marques
2535:Portal
2405:hidden
2153:Canopy
2062:Pillar
2043:shaker
2028:Grille
2021:skirts
2016:ponton
2011:Fender
1984:Dagmar
1979:Bumper
1783:
1682:
1652:
1624:
1198:
1092:recall
1075:, the
1049:, and
990:, and
946:Toyota
928:. The
736:Nissan
734:line,
614:K-cars
597:, the
593:, the
234:cars.
228:DeSoto
136:engine
2488:Theft
2469:Legal
2448:power
2309:spare
2294:Parts
2236:wiper
2188:Glass
2140:Doors
2038:scoop
744:Lexus
732:Acura
728:Honda
698:1988
685:1988
671:1986
232:Dodge
212:Buick
2438:Horn
2178:Swan
2082:rack
2077:Roof
2033:Hood
1947:Body
1938:cars
1794:2010
1781:ISBN
1760:2010
1730:2010
1693:2010
1680:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1599:2010
1524:2010
1479:2010
1263:2010
1209:2010
1196:ISBN
1115:and
1094:rate
956:and
944:and
920:and
889:and
619:Saab
570:and
236:Ford
230:and
218:and
102:The
74:cars
59:and
1799:...
1468:doi
1435:hdl
1427:doi
1396:doi
1319:doi
1289:doi
926:SUV
906:may
738:'s
730:'s
612:'s
2552::
1814:.
1796:.
1746:.
1716:.
1704:^
1695:.
1630:.
1601:.
1589:.
1565:.
1541:.
1502:^
1464:19
1462:.
1458:.
1433:.
1423:24
1421:.
1417:.
1392:18
1390:.
1367:.
1363:.
1346:39
1344:.
1340:.
1315:17
1313:.
1301:^
1271:^
1221:^
1211:.
1119:.
1045:,
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
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