1007:
peripheral resistance, thereby elevating blood pressure. While vasoconstriction is a normal and essential regulatory mechanism for maintaining blood pressure and redistributing blood flow during various physiological processes, its dysregulation can contribute to pathological conditions. Chronic vasoconstriction is associated with hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Moreover, impaired blood flow resulting from abnormal vasoconstriction may contribute to tissue ischemia, which can be observed in conditions like
Raynaud's disease. Understanding the pathology of vasoconstriction is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to manage conditions associated with abnormal vascular tone.
34:
43:
60:
1149:
the entry of extracellular Ca, since it was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca (Figure 2A). ... In the rat caudal artery, U-46619-mediated contractile responses have an absolute requirement for Ca, which enters from the extracellular pool, is independent of intracellular Ca stores and is blocked by ROK inhibition.
168:. Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow. The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on the substance or circumstance. Many vasoconstrictors also cause
1148:
These results suggest that U-46619 elicits contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle by activating Ca entry from the extracellular space, which may or may not involve Ca-induced Ca release from the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum). ... A key step in the contractile response to U-46619 appears to be
271:
Once elevated, the intracellular calcium concentration is returned to its normal concentration through a variety of protein pumps and calcium exchangers located on the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum. This reduction in calcium removes the stimulus necessary for contraction, allowing for a
1002:
To summarize, vasoconstriction is a physiological process that involves the narrowing of blood vessels, particularly arteries and arterioles, resulting in a reduction of blood flow to specific tissues or organs. This phenomenon is primarily regulated by the contraction of smooth muscle cells within
1006:
Additionally, sympathetic nervous system activation, triggered by stress or other stimuli, prompts the release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that induces vasoconstriction by binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells. The narrowing of blood vessels leads to an increase in
1680:
Disdier, Patrick; Granel, Brigitte; Serratrice, Jacques; Constans, Joël; Michon-Pasturel, Ulrique; Hachulla, Eric; Conri, Claude; Devulder, Bernard; Swiader, Laure; Piquet, Philippe; Branchereau, Alain; Jouglard, Jacqueline; Moulin, Guy; Weiller, Pierre-Jean (January 2001). "Cannabis
Arteritis
280:
Factors that trigger vasoconstriction can be exogenous or endogenous in origin. Ambient temperature is an example of exogenous vasoconstriction. Cutaneous vasoconstriction will occur because of the body's exposure to the severe cold. Examples of endogenous factors include the
1301:
Horak, Friedrich; Zieglmayer, Petra; Zieglmayer, René; Lemell, Patrick; Yao, Ruji; Staudinger, Heribert; Danzig, Melvyn (February 2009). "A placebo-controlled study of the nasal decongestant effect of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine in the Vienna
Challenge Chamber".
1003:
the vessel walls. Several factors contribute to vasoconstriction, including the release of vasoconstrictor substances such as endothelin and angiotensin II, both of which play crucial roles in the modulation of vascular tone.
524:
is used as a form of energy to increase this pressure to heat the body. Once homeostasis is restored, the blood pressure and ATP production regulates. Vasoconstriction also occurs in superficial blood vessels of
1110:-induced contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle involves activation of Ca entry and Casensitization: Rho-associated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr-855, but not Thr-697"
332:
are used to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing
208:. However, the specific mechanisms for generating an increased intracellular concentration of calcium depends on the vasoconstrictor. Smooth muscle cells are capable of generating
520:
For example, vasoconstriction is a hypothermic preventative in which the blood vessels constrict and blood must move at a higher pressure to actively prevent a hypoxic reaction.
157:
turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains
1266:
Salerno, Stephen M.; Jackson, Jeffrey L.; Berbano, Elizabeth P. (8 August 2005). "Effect of Oral
Pseudoephedrine on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate: A Meta-analysis".
1744:
529:
animals when their ambient environment is cold; this process diverts the flow of heated blood to the center of the animal, preventing the loss of heat.
149:
and reducing acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus retaining body heat or increasing
216:
or pharmacokinetic components are more physiologically relevant. Two common stimuli for eliciting smooth muscle contraction are circulating
1967:
1161:
Butler; Siegman (December 1998). "Control of crossâbridge cycling by myosin light chain phosphorylation in mammalian smooth muscle".
1052:
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1737:
1717:
329:
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1730:
1583:
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845:
588:
574:
404:
64:
873:
614:
1237:
Moodley, D. S. (May 2017). "Local anaesthetics in dentistry - Part 3: Vasoconstrictors in local anaesthetics".
902:
813:
731:
656:
1337:
Halberstadt, Adam L. (2017). "Pharmacology and
Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine ('NBOMe') Hallucinogens".
42:
33:
1880:
918:
562:
285:, circulating hormones, and intrinsic mechanisms inherent to the vasculature itself (also referred to as the
2257:
2012:
1990:
544:
1718:
Are coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease associated with tobacco or cannabis consumption
1378:
Echeverri, DarĂo; Montes, FĂ©lix R.; Cabrera, Mariana; GalĂĄn, AngĂ©lica; Prieto, AngĂ©lica (25 August 2010).
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1997:
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Laccourreye, O.; Werner, A.; Giroud, J.-P.; Couloigner, V.; Bonfils, P.; Bondon-Guitton, E. (2015).
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loop in which the body tries to restore homeostasis (maintain constant internal environment).
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The mechanism that leads to vasoconstriction results from the increased concentration of
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resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large
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Medications causing vasoconstriction, also known as vasoconstrictors, are one type of
145:, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in controlling
1913:
1885:
1698:
1653:
1612:
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1481:
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1431:"Benefits, limits and danger of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as nasal decongestants"
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228:) that directly innervates the muscle. These compounds interact with cell surface
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225:
1341:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 32. pp. 283â311.
292:
Exposure to water causes vasoconstriction near the skin, which in turn causes
52:
Schematic depiction of relaxed vessel wall (left) and vasoconstriction (right)
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1890:
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348:
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173:
212:, but this mechanism is rarely utilized for contraction in the vasculature.
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16:
Narrowing of blood vessels due to the constriction of smooth muscle cells
1521:
Rod Flower; Humphrey P. Rang; Maureen M. Dale; Ritter, James M. (2007).
244:-mediated calcium release, as well as enhanced calcium entry across the
115:
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is topically applied to the nasal passages or eyes.Examples include:
181:
1595:
Swenson, Erik R. (June 2013). "Hypoxic
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction".
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cascade that leads to increased intracellular calcium from the
1578:, bc, main point W.W. Norton Company, New York, London (1999)
1435:
59:
2174:
1761:
992:. An increase in blood flow to the penis causes an erection.
995:
Improper vasoconstriction may also play a role in secondary
1752:
1574:
1377:
201:
154:
343:
vary. They may be both systemic and topical. For example,
509:
Vasoconstriction is a procedure of the body that averts
324:. Vasoconstrictors are also used clinically to increase
1478:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
1339:
1548:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
1265:
184:. Severe vasoconstriction may result in symptoms of
252:. The rise in intracellular calcium complexes with
172:. Medications that cause vasoconstriction include:
988:Vasoconstriction can be a contributing factor to
671:--> âMLCK activity --> âphosphorylation of
2328:
1545:
1475:
1738:
1675:Definition of Vasoconstriction on HealthScout
1198:"Vasoconstrictor agents for local anesthesia"
1160:
1104:Michael P. Walsh; et al. (2005-08-01) .
330:Vasoconstrictors mixed with local anesthetics
1516:
1514:
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1500:
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1474:Unless else specified in box, then ref is:
1336:
1745:
1731:
1384:International Journal of Vascular Medicine
1380:"Caffeine's Vascular Mechanisms of Action"
1304:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1195:
58:
1647:
1446:
1405:
1395:
1250:
1213:
1133:
1053:Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
869:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)
1629:
1495:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1754:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
1594:
1236:
2329:
1571:Richard Milsten and Julian Slowinski,
1539:
790:On smooth muscle cells: Activation of
1726:
1630:Temprano, Katherine K. (March 2016).
1463:
316:. Many are used in medicine to treat
166:medicine used to raise blood pressure
1597:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
1525:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
577:(primarily) --> âintracellular Ca
191:
268:to stimulate cross-bridge cycling.
82:resulting in the deformation of an
13:
1681:Revisited: Ten New Case Reports".
14:
2353:
1668:
598:activity --> âintracellular Ca
260:. This enzyme is responsible for
141:. The process is the opposite of
1175:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00450.x
587:more depolarization --> open
41:
32:
1632:"A Review of Raynaud's Disease"
1623:
1588:
1565:
1422:
874:Arginine vasopressin receptor 1
553:(â = increases. â = decreases)
328:or to reduce local blood flow.
1523:Rang & Dale's pharmacology
1371:
1330:
1294:
1259:
1230:
1189:
1163:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
1154:
1097:
1071:
563:Stretch-activated ion channels
489:Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
70:showing vasoconstriction of a
1:
1881:Aortic valve area calculation
1316:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60240-2
1268:Archives of Internal Medicine
1064:
919:Arginine vasopressin receptor
504:
1280:10.1001/archinte.165.15.1686
1239:South African Dental Journal
983:
876:(V1) on smooth muscle cells
545:vascular smooth muscle cells
7:
1998:Effective refractory period
1877:) / End-diastolic dimension
1448:10.1016/j.anorl.2014.11.001
1010:
854:Asymmetric dimethylarginine
299:
232:. Such stimuli result in a
10:
2358:
1695:10.1177/000331970105200101
547:if not otherwise specified
256:, which in turn activates
222:sympathetic nervous system
2342:Cardiovascular physiology
2283:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2238:
2230:Critical closing pressure
2188:
2155:
2141:
2121:
2058:
2050:Hexaxial reference system
1973:Cardiac electrophysiology
1960:
1904:
1856:
1769:
1760:
913:--> âintracellular Ca
867:
848:--> âintracellular Ca
776:
742:--> âintracellular Ca
707:
566:
294:water-immersion wrinkling
275:
258:myosin light-chain kinase
186:intermittent claudication
108:
96:
91:
57:
26:
21:
2258:Reninâangiotensin system
1546:Walter F. Boron (2005).
1476:Walter F. Boron (2005).
824:--> âintracellular Ca
591:--> âintracellular Ca
540:(â = opens. â = closes)
341:routes of administration
283:autonomic nervous system
129:is the narrowing of the
2288:Cerebral autoregulation
2253:Kininâkallikrein system
2220:Jugular venous pressure
1870:End-diastolic dimension
1848:Pressure volume diagram
615:ATP-sensitive K channel
513:. It is part of a body
511:orthostatic hypotension
2225:Portal venous pressure
2215:Mean arterial pressure
2129:Ventricular remodeling
1875:End-systolic dimension
1833:Cardiac function curve
1079:"Medihaler Ergotamine"
860:Reduced production of
784:Angiotensin receptor 1
675:(calcium-independent)
238:sarcoplasmic reticulum
220:and activation of the
159:mean arterial pressure
110:Anatomical terminology
1866:Fractional shortening
1609:10.1089/ham.2013.1010
1550:. Elsevier/Saunders.
1480:. Elsevier/Saunders.
968:Various receptors on
901:--> activation of
812:--> activation of
730:--> activation of
322:topical decongestants
1806:End-diastolic volume
1347:10.1007/7854_2016_64
990:erectile dysfunction
754:thromboxane receptor
347:is taken orally and
272:return to baseline.
230:adrenergic receptors
224:(through release of
2170:Vascular resistance
2008:Electrocardiography
2003:Pacemaker potential
1933:Conduction velocity
1838:Venous return curve
1811:End-systolic volume
1397:10.1155/2010/834060
1196:Yagiela JA (1995).
936:platelet activation
767:endothelin receptor
704:adrenergic receptor
681:adrenergic agonists
264:the light chain of
234:signal transduction
206:smooth muscle cells
151:vascular resistance
68:electron micrograph
2278:Myogenic mechanism
1896:Left atrial volume
1828:FrankâStarling law
1126:10.1042/BJ20050237
204:) within vascular
153:. This makes the
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2137:
2136:
1977:Action potential
1968:Conduction system
1914:Cardiac pacemaker
1886:Ejection fraction
1636:Missouri Medicine
1532:978-0-443-06911-6
1356:978-3-319-52442-9
1274:(15): 1686â1694.
1018:Addison's disease
981:
980:
890:activity --> â
801:activity --> â
719:activity --> â
663:activity --> â
515:negative feedback
502:
501:
357:Vasoconstrictors
304:Examples include
210:action potentials
192:General mechanism
124:
123:
119:
80:endothelial cells
2349:
2337:Vasoconstrictors
2263:Vasoconstrictors
2240:Regulation of BP
2153:
2152:
2086:pulmonary artery
2059:Chamber pressure
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1038:Pheochromocytoma
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535:Vasoconstrictor
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250:calcium channels
127:Vasoconstriction
116:edit on Wikidata
113:
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22:Vasoconstriction
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2143:Vascular system
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1941:(Contractility)
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1843:Wiggers diagram
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683:
665:phosphorylation
653:
624:(extracellular)
610:(intracellular)
596:Na-Ca exchanger
580:âVoltage-gated
552:
542:
541:
539:
507:
491:(in eye drops)
475:Pseudoephedrine
468:Propylhexedrine
433:Methylphenidate
345:pseudoephedrine
302:
278:
262:phosphorylating
194:
120:
87:
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50:
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2198:Pulse pressure
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2190:Blood pressure
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1947:(Excitability)
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1784:Cardiac output
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1771:Cardiac output
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1669:External links
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1664:
1663:
1642:(2): 123â126.
1622:
1603:(2): 101â110.
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1531:
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1421:
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1355:
1329:
1310:(2): 116â120.
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1258:
1245:(4): 176â178.
1229:
1188:
1169:(4): 389â400.
1153:
1120:(3): 763â774.
1107:
1106:"Thromboxane A
1096:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
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929:
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922:
921:on endothelium
915:
914:
904:
893:
882:
879:Activation of
877:
871:
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858:
856:
850:
849:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
825:
815:
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793:
786:
780:
778:angiotensin II
774:
773:
770:
763:
757:
756:
750:
744:
743:
733:
722:
711:
708:Activation of
706:
701:
696:
690:norepinephrine
677:
676:
651:
648:Activation of
646:
641:
635:
634:
631:
625:
618:
617:
611:
604:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
592:
578:
568:depolarization
565:
559:
555:
554:
549:
536:
506:
503:
500:
499:
497:Xylometazoline
493:
492:
485:
484:
478:
477:
471:
470:
464:
463:
457:
456:
450:
449:
443:
442:
436:
435:
429:
428:
422:
421:
415:
414:
408:
407:
401:
400:
394:
393:
387:
386:
384:Antihistamines
380:
379:
373:
372:
366:
365:
359:
358:
326:blood pressure
314:antihistamines
301:
298:
277:
274:
226:norepinephrine
193:
190:
174:antihistamines
170:pupil dilation
122:
121:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
89:
88:
63:
55:
54:
51:
40:
39:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2354:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Cardiac index
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:Stroke volume
1799:
1795:
1794:Stroke volume
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Cardiac cycle
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1584:0-393-04740-7
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1557:1-4160-2328-3
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:1-4160-2328-3
1483:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
976:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
933:
932:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
912:
908:
900:
896:
889:
885:
878:
875:
872:
870:
866:
863:
859:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
843:
841:
840:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
811:
807:
800:
796:
789:
788:
787:
785:
781:
779:
775:
768:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
737:
729:
725:
718:
714:
705:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
679:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:
612:
609:
606:
605:
597:
593:
590:
586:
585:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:
569:
564:
560:
557:
556:
551:Transduction
550:
546:
537:
534:
533:
530:
528:
523:
518:
516:
512:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:Phenylephrine
459:
458:
455:
454:Oxymetazoline
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
352:
350:
349:phenylephrine
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
290:
288:
284:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:decongestants
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:blood vessels
128:
117:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
61:
56:
44:
35:
25:
20:
2305:Carotid body
2268:Vasodilators
2262:
2148:hemodynamics
1953:(Relaxation)
1945:Bathmotropic
1919:Chronotropic
1686:
1682:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1572:
1567:
1547:
1541:
1522:
1477:
1441:(1): 31â34.
1438:
1434:
1424:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1338:
1332:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1117:
1113:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1048:Vasodilation
1033:Nitric oxide
1028:Hypertension
1005:
1001:
997:hypertension
994:
987:
962:shear stress
934:Products of
862:nitric oxide
644:NPY receptor
629:P2X receptor
527:warm-blooded
519:
508:
370:Amphetamines
338:
310:amphetamines
303:
291:
279:
270:
195:
163:
143:vasodilation
126:
125:
65:Transmission
2310:Glomus cell
2300:Aortic body
2295:Paraganglia
2106:ventricular
2079:ventricular
2028:QT interval
2023:QRS complex
2018:PR interval
1991:ventricular
1929:Dromotropic
1573:The sexual
1202:Anesth Prog
977:production
970:endothelium
927:production
829:endothelium
748:thromboxane
686:epinephrine
582:Na channels
447:Naphazoline
412:Ergometrine
318:hypotension
289:response).
218:epinephrine
92:Identifiers
84:erythrocyte
72:microvessel
2331:Categories
2248:Baroreflex
2165:Compliance
2157:Blood flow
2033:ST segment
1961:Conduction
1951:Lusitropic
1923:Heart rate
1906:Heart rate
1858:Ultrasound
1789:Heart rate
1689:(1): 1â5.
1252:10566/3893
1090:2016-05-20
1065:References
1058:Hemostasis
975:Endothelin
925:Endothelin
833:endothelin
761:endothelin
505:Endogenous
482:Stimulants
440:Mephedrone
334:hemorrhage
306:stimulants
254:calmodulin
246:sarcolemma
182:stimulants
147:hemorrhage
139:arterioles
137:and small
2208:Diastolic
2180:Perfusion
1939:Inotropic
1818:Afterload
1683:Angiology
1114:Biochem J
1084:drugs.com
984:Pathology
941:Endotoxin
835:synthesis
538:Receptor
363:25I-NBOMe
76:pericytes
2203:Systolic
1981:cardiac
1711:26030253
1703:11205926
1658:27311222
1617:23795729
1562:Page 771
1492:Page 479
1457:25532441
1416:21188209
1390:: 1â10.
1365:28097528
1324:19230461
1288:16087815
1144:15823093
1023:Inotrope
1011:See also
946:Thrombin
907:receptor
886:--> â
818:receptor
797:--> â
736:receptor
715:--> â
694:dopamine
659:--> â
655:--> â
391:Caffeine
300:Examples
287:myogenic
248:through
240:through
214:Hormonal
135:arteries
1823:Preload
1649:6139949
1407:3003984
1224:8934977
1215:2148913
1183:9887963
1135:1180727
956:Hypoxia
951:insulin
584:-->
570:-->
558:Stretch
398:Cocaine
320:and as
198:calcium
103:D014661
2113:Aortic
2101:atrial
2074:atrial
2070:Right
2043:U wave
2038:T wave
2013:P wave
1986:atrial
1709:
1701:
1656:
1646:
1615:
1582:
1554:
1529:
1484:
1455:
1414:
1404:
1363:
1353:
1322:
1286:
1222:
1212:
1181:
1142:
1132:
692:, and
684:e.g.,
312:, and
276:Causes
266:myosin
180:, and
2175:Pulse
2122:Other
2097:Left
2091:wedge
1762:Heart
1707:S2CID
1043:Shock
846:VDCCs
844:open
589:VDCCs
575:VDCCs
573:open
114:[
1699:PMID
1654:PMID
1613:PMID
1580:ISBN
1575:male
1552:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1453:PMID
1412:PMID
1388:2010
1361:PMID
1351:ISBN
1320:PMID
1284:PMID
1220:PMID
1179:PMID
1140:PMID
960:Low
897:and
808:and
726:and
669:MLCK
657:cAMP
633:âCa
339:The
202:ions
200:(Ca
155:skin
98:MeSH
78:and
1868:= (
1691:doi
1644:PMC
1640:113
1605:doi
1443:doi
1439:132
1402:PMC
1392:doi
1343:doi
1312:doi
1308:102
1276:doi
1272:165
1247:hdl
1210:PMC
1171:doi
1167:164
1130:PMC
1122:doi
1118:389
909:in
899:DAG
888:PLC
827:On
820:in
810:DAG
799:PLC
738:in
728:DAG
717:PLC
673:MLC
667:of
661:PKA
639:NPY
622:ATP
608:ATP
543:On
522:ATP
426:LSD
419:LSA
405:DOM
377:AMT
242:IP3
86:(E)
74:by
2333::
1705:.
1697:.
1687:52
1685:.
1652:.
1638:.
1634:.
1611:.
1601:14
1599:.
1497:^
1465:^
1451:.
1437:.
1433:.
1410:.
1400:.
1386:.
1382:.
1359:.
1349:.
1318:.
1306:.
1282:.
1270:.
1243:72
1241:.
1218:.
1206:42
1204:.
1200:.
1177:.
1165:.
1146:.
1138:.
1128:.
1116:.
1112:.
1081:.
999:.
911:SR
903:IP
892:IP
831::
822:SR
814:IP
803:IP
769:ET
740:SR
732:IP
721:IP
688:,
336:.
308:,
296:.
188:.
176:,
161:.
2145:/
1935:)
1931:(
1925:)
1921:(
1746:e
1739:t
1732:v
1713:.
1693::
1660:.
1619:.
1607::
1560:.
1535:.
1490:.
1459:.
1445::
1418:.
1394::
1367:.
1345::
1326:.
1314::
1290:.
1278::
1255:.
1249::
1226:.
1185:.
1173::
1124::
1108:2
1093:.
905:3
894:3
883:q
881:G
816:3
805:3
794:q
792:G
782:â
771:A
765:â
752:â
734:3
723:3
712:q
710:G
702:1
700:α
698:â
652:i
650:G
627:â
613:â
594:â
561:â
118:]
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