1150:, Zip kinase, Focal adhesion kinases) have been implicated as well and actin polymerization dynamics plays a role in force maintenance. While myosin light chain phosphorylation correlates well with shortening velocity, other cell signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of force and maintenance of force. Notably the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on the focal adhesion adapter protein-paxillin by specific tyrosine kinases has been demonstrated to be essential to force development and maintenance. For example, cyclic nucleotides can relax arterial smooth muscle without reductions in crossbridge phosphorylation, a process termed force suppression. This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein,
987:. Myosin functions as an ATPase utilizing ATP to produce a molecular conformational change of part of the myosin and produces movement. Movement of the filaments over each other happens when the globular heads protruding from myosin filaments attach and interact with actin filaments to form crossbridges. The myosin heads tilt and drag along the actin filament a small distance (10–12 nm). The heads then release the actin filament and then changes angle to relocate to another site on the actin filament a further distance (10–12 nm) away. They can then re-bind to the actin molecule and drag it along further. This process is called crossbridge cycling and is the same for all muscles (see
1192:), a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity, a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell, and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein (hsp20)by Protein Kinases A and G. The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin-myosin interaction, and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14-3-3 protein is involved in this process. An alternative hypothesis is that phosphorylated
1221:, thereby contributing significantly to setting the level of blood pressure and blood flow to vascular beds. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and may maintain the contraction (tonically) for prolonged periods in blood vessels, bronchioles, and some sphincters. Activating arteriole smooth muscle can decrease the lumenal diameter 1/3 of resting so it drastically alters blood flow and resistance. Activation of aortic smooth muscle doesn't significantly alter the lumenal diameter but serves to increase the viscoelasticity of the vascular wall.
40:
306:
913:
line the airways of the lung, respond to high carbon dioxide producing vasodilation and vasoconstrict when carbon dioxide is low. These responses to carbon dioxide and oxygen by pulmonary blood vessels and bronchiole airway smooth muscle aid in matching perfusion and ventilation within the lungs. Further different smooth muscle tissues display extremes of abundant to little sarcoplasmic reticulum so excitation-contraction coupling varies with its dependence on intracellular or extracellular calcium.
406:
1009:
1130:
contractile force. This increase in force is termed calcium sensitization. The myosin light chain phosphatase is inhibited to increase the gain or sensitivity of myosin light chain kinase to calcium. There are number of cell signalling pathways believed to regulate this decrease in myosin light chain phosphatase: a RhoA-Rock kinase pathway, a
Protein kinase C-Protein kinase C potentiation
353:. This is due to the fact that smooth muscles for the most part are controlled and influenced by a combination of different neural elements. In addition, it has been observed that most of the time there will be some cell-to-cell communication and activators/inhibitors produced locally. This leads to a somewhat coordinated response even in multiunit smooth muscle.
909:. So there is a difference in the distribution of the various adrenergic receptors that explains the difference in why blood vessels from different areas respond to the same agent norepinephrine/epinephrine differently as well as differences due to varying amounts of these catecholamines that are released and sensitivities of various receptors to concentrations.
583:) that does not take part in contraction, but that polymerizes just below the plasma membrane in the presence of a contractile stimulant and may thereby assist in mechanical tension. Alpha-actin is also expressed as distinct genetic isoforms such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle specific isoforms of alpha-actin.
1108:
myosin head to the actin filament, this serine phosphorylation also activates the ATPase activity of the myosin head region to provide the energy to fuel the subsequent contraction. Phosphorylation of a threonine on position 18 (Thr18) on MLC20 is also possible and may further increase the ATPase activity of the myosin complex.
1205:
In invertebrate smooth muscle, contraction is initiated with the binding of calcium directly to myosin and then rapidly cycling cross-bridges, generating force. Similar to the mechanism of vertebrate smooth muscle, there is a low calcium and low energy utilization catch phase. This sustained phase or
1069:
Smooth muscle may contract phasically with rapid contraction and relaxation, or tonically with slow and sustained contraction. The reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, skin, eye, and vasculature all contain this tonic muscle type. This type of smooth muscle can maintain force for
1183:
and membrane bound adenylate cyclase, respectively. The cyclic nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) produced by these cyclases activate
Protein Kinase G and Protein Kinase A and phosphorylate a number of proteins. The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracellular calcium (inhibit L type Calcium
723:
Isolated single smooth muscle cells have been observed contracting in a spiral corkscrew fashion, and isolated permeabilized smooth muscle cells adhered to glass (so contractile proteins allowed to internally contract) demonstrate zones of contractile protein interactions along the long axis as the
1196:
may also alter the affinity of phosphorylated myosin with actin and inhibit contractility by interfering with crossbridge formation. The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and/or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux
1125:
myosin light chains phosphorylation decreases, and energy utilization decreases and the muscle can relax. Still, smooth muscle has the ability of sustained maintenance of force in this situation as well. This sustained phase has been attributed to certain myosin crossbridges, termed latch-bridges,
912:
Generally, arterial smooth muscle responds to carbon dioxide by producing vasodilation, and responds to oxygen by producing vasoconstriction. Pulmonary blood vessels within the lung are unique as they vasodilate to high oxygen tension and vasoconstrict when it falls. Bronchiole, smooth muscle that
341:
Single-unit visceral smooth muscle is myogenic; it can contract regularly without input from a motor neuron (as opposed to multiunit smooth muscle, which is neurogenic - that is, its contraction must be initiated by an autonomic nervous system neuron). A few of the cells in a given single unit may
1170:
myosin light chains and thereby inhibits contraction. Other signaling pathways have also been implicated in the regulation actin and myosin dynamics. In general, the relaxation of smooth muscle is by cell-signaling pathways that increase the myosin phosphatase activity, decrease the intracellular
337:
in a bundle is innervated by an autonomic nerve fiber (myogenic). An action potential can be propagated through neighbouring muscle cells due to the presence of many gap junctions between the cells. Due to this property, single-unit bundles form a syncytium that contracts in a coordinated fashion
1107:
light chain, which causes a conformational change that increases the angle in the neck domain of the myosin heavy chain, which corresponds to the part of the cross-bridge cycle where the myosin head is unattached to the actin filament and relocates to another site on it. After attachment of the
1247:
The mechanism in which external factors stimulate growth and rearrangement is not yet fully understood. A number of growth factors and neurohumoral agents influence smooth muscle growth and differentiation. The Notch receptor and cell-signaling pathway have been demonstrated to be essential to
1206:
catch phase has been attributed to a catch protein that has similarities to myosin light-chain kinase and the elastic protein-titin called twitchin. Clams and other bivalve mollusks use this catch phase of smooth muscle to keep their shell closed for prolonged periods with little energy usage.
1171:
calcium levels, hyperpolarize the smooth muscle, and/or regulate actin and myosin muscle can be mediated by the endothelium-derived relaxing factor-nitric oxide, endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor (either an endogenous cannabinoid, cytochrome P450 metabolite, or hydrogen peroxide), or
1129:
Isolated preparations of vascular and visceral smooth muscle contract with depolarizing high potassium balanced saline generating a certain amount of contractile force. The same preparation stimulated in normal balanced saline with an agonist such as endothelin or serotonin will generate more
558:
Different combinations of heavy and light chains allow for up to hundreds of different types of myosin structures, but it is unlikely that more than a few such combinations are actually used or permitted within a specific smooth muscle bed. In the uterus, a shift in myosin expression has been
958:
couple adjacent cells chemically and electrically, facilitating the spread of chemicals (e.g., calcium) or action potentials between smooth muscle cells. Single unit smooth muscle displays numerous gap junctions and these tissues often organize into sheets or bundles which contract in bulk.
937:
activity and decrease MLCP activity, promoting muscle contraction. This allows arterioles to increase resistance in response to increased blood pressure and thus maintain constant blood flow. The Rhoa and Rac portion of the signaling pathway provides a calcium-independent way to regulate
594:
is between 2:1 and 10:1 in smooth muscle. Conversely, from a mass ratio standpoint (as opposed to a molar ratio), myosin is the dominant protein in striated skeletal muscle with the actin to myosin ratio falling in the 1:2 to 1:3 range. A typical value for healthy young adults is 1:2.2.
342:
behave as pacemaker cells, generating rhythmic action potentials due to their intrinsic electrical activity. Because of its myogenic nature, single-unit smooth muscle is usually active, even when it is not receiving any neural stimulation. Multiunit smooth muscle is found in the
1126:
that are cycling very slowly, notably slowing the progression to the cycle stage whereby dephosphorylated myosin detaches from the actin, thereby maintaining the force at low energy costs. This phenomenon is of great value especially for tonically active smooth muscle.
678:, which is the type found in the cytoskeleton, suggesting that dense bodies may coordinate tensions from both the contractile machinery and the cytoskeleton. Dense bodies appear darker under an electron microscope, and so they are sometimes described as electron dense.
1120:
myosin light chains correlates well with the shortening velocity of smooth muscle. During this period there is a rapid burst of energy utilization as measured by oxygen consumption. Within a few minutes of initiation the calcium level markedly decrease,
1070:
prolonged time with only little energy utilization. There are differences in the myosin heavy and light chains that also correlate with these differences in contractile patterns and kinetics of contraction between tonic and phasic smooth muscle.
932:
phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P, which binds to the S1P2 receptor in plasma membrane of cells. This leads to a transient increase in intracellular calcium, and activates Rac and Rhoa signaling pathways. Collectively, these serve to increase
876:
Smooth muscle in various regions of the vascular tree, the airway and lungs, kidneys and vagina is different in their expression of ionic channels, hormone receptors, cell-signaling pathways, and other proteins that determine function.
991:). Unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle, smooth muscle does not contain the calcium-binding protein troponin. Contraction is initiated by a calcium-regulated phosphorylation of myosin, rather than a calcium-activated troponin system.
994:
Crossbridge cycling causes contraction of myosin and actin complexes, in turn causing increased tension along the entire chains of tensile structures, ultimately resulting in contraction of the entire smooth muscle tissue.
1481:
1867:
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kinase. In order to control contraction, MLCK will work only when the muscle is stimulated to contract. Stimulation will increase the intracellular concentration of calcium ions. These bind to a molecule called
1082:
have been activated to allow crossbridges to form. When the light chains are phosphorylated, they become active and will allow contraction to occur. The enzyme that phosphorylates the light chains is called
1838:
Lawrie's Meat
Science, Lawrie RA, Ledward, D; 2014; Chapter 4, Table 4.1, Chemical Composition of Typical Mammalian Adult Muscle, percent of skeletal muscle tissue wet weight; myosin 5.5%, actin 2.5%, p.
720:
Also, the number of myosin filaments is dynamic between the relaxed and contracted state in some tissues as the ratio of actin to myosin changes, and the length and number of myosin filaments change.
727:
Smooth muscle-containing tissue needs to be stretched often, so elasticity is an important attribute of smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells may secrete a complex extracellular matrix containing
869:
produce rhythmic contractions. Also, contraction, as well as relaxation, can be induced by a number of physiochemical agents (e.g., hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters – particularly from the
743:. Smooth muscle also has specific elastin and collagen receptors to interact with these proteins of the extracellular matrix. These fibers with their extracellular matrices contribute to the
709:
During contraction, there is a spatial reorganization of the contractile machinery to optimize force development. part of this reorganization consists of vimentin being phosphorylated at
1605:. Authors: Stephen M. Schwartz, Robert P. Mecham. Editors: Stephen M. Schwartz, Robert P. Mecham. Contributors: Stephen M. Schwartz, Robert P. Mecham. Publisher: Academic Press, 1995.
1829:
Greger R, Windhorst U; Comprehensive Human
Physiology, Vol. II. Berlin, Springer, 1996; Chapter 46, Table 46.1, Myosin 45%, Actin 22% of skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins, p. 937
1728:
Matsuoka R, Yoshida MC, Furutani Y, Imamura S, Kanda N, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T, Takao A (1993). "Human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene mapped to chromosomal region 16q12".
693:. The adherens junctions consist of large number of proteins including alpha-actinin (α-actinin), vinculin and cytoskeletal actin. The adherens junctions are scattered around
1429:
Betts, J. Gordon; Young, Kelly A.; Wise, James A.; Johnson, Eddie; Poe, Brandon; Kruse, Dean H.; Korol, Oksana; Johnson, Jody E.; Womble, Mark; Desaix, Peter (6 March 2013).
1235:
in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Renin in turn activates the
1134:
17 (CPI-17) pathway, telokin, and a Zip kinase pathway. Further Rock kinase and Zip kinase have been implicated to directly phosphorylate the 20kd myosin light chains.
839:) in close proximity. The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane.
483:
of this gene that result in four distinct isoforms. Also, smooth muscle may contain MHC that is not involved in contraction, and that can arise from multiple genes.
697:
that are circumfering the smooth muscle cell in a rib-like pattern. The dense band (or dense plaques) areas alternate with regions of membrane containing numerous
1248:
vasculogenesis and the formation of arteries and veins. The proliferation is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is inhibited by nitric oxide.
101:
1096:, and form a calcium-calmodulin complex. It is this complex that will bind to MLCK to activate it, allowing the chain of reactions for contraction to occur.
954:. As a consequence, cells are mechanically coupled to one another such that contraction of one cell invokes some degree of contraction in an adjoining cell.
1964:
1402:
1430:
1214:
Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, their specific effects or end-functions differ.
1820:
Trappe S, Gallagher P, et al. Single muscle fibre contractile properties in young and old men and women. J Physiol (2003), 552.1, pp. 47–58, Table 8
1275:
701:. When complexes of actin and myosin contract, force is transduced to the sarcolemma through intermediate filaments attaching to such dense bands.
642:
has been suggested to be involved in tethering actin, myosin and tropomyosin, and thereby enhance the ability of smooth muscle to maintain tension.
372:. This ability to stretch and still maintain contractility is important in organs like the intestines and urinary bladder. Smooth muscle in the
1231:
A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes
658:
The actin filaments are attached to dense bodies, which are analogous to the Z-discs in striated muscle sarcomeres. Dense bodies are rich in
385:
1864:
626:
is present in smooth muscle, spanning seven actin monomers and is laid out end to end over the entire length of the thin filaments. In
2045:
532:. Its exact function is unclear, but it is believed that it contributes to the structural stability of the myosin head along with MLC
2247:
1985:
630:, tropomyosin serves to block actin–myosin interactions until calcium is present, but in smooth muscle, its function is unknown.
674:), and thereby appear to serve as anchors from which the thin filaments can exert force. Dense bodies also are associated with
521:
isoforms are found in smooth muscle, and they are encoded by different genes, but only one isoform participates in contraction.
368:. However, smooth muscle tissue tends to demonstrate greater elasticity and function within a larger length-tension curve than
1976:
2316:
1614:
681:
The intermediate filaments are connected to other intermediate filaments via dense bodies, which eventually are attached to
2633:
309:
The dense bodies and intermediate filaments are networked through the sarcoplasm, which cause the muscle fiber to contract.
1886:"Sphingosine-1-phosphate modulates spiral modiolar artery tone: A potential role in vascular-based inner ear pathologies?"
1217:
The contractile function of vascular smooth muscle regulates the lumenal diameter of the small arteries-arterioles called
2664:
1851:, Volume 8 of Electron Microscopy in Biology and Medicine, Editor P. Motta, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012,
17:
1259:. However, the smooth muscle within the Aorta and Pulmonary arteries (the Great Arteries of the heart) is derived from
796:
256:
are types of smooth muscles. The iris dilator and sphincter muscles are contained in the iris and contract in order to
2209:
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1999:
579:. Smooth muscle alpha-actin is the predominant isoform within smooth muscle. There is also a lot of actin (mainly
2122:
848:
365:
1961:
1856:
1163:
1034:
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853:
A smooth muscle is excited by external stimuli, which causes contraction. Each step is further detailed below.
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morphology, holding the two heavy chains together (imagine two snakes wrapped around each other, such as in a
2334:
2127:
2038:
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is a genetic condition in which the body of a developing embryo does not create enough smooth muscle for the
751:, propagating ventricular contraction and smoothing out the pulsatile flow, and the smooth muscle within the
96:
1434:
1339:
1236:
898:
420:. In the relaxed state, each cell is 30–200 micrometers in length, some thousands of times shorter than a
1228:
fashion, rhythmically forcing foodstuffs through the digestive tract as the result of phasic contraction.
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2117:
1285:
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Aguilar_2010 (above reference) "In skeletal or striated muscle, there is 3-fold more myosin than actin."
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89:
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stimulation or the adrenal medulla) by producing vasoconstriction (this response is mediated through
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with a wide middle and tapering ends, and a single nucleus. Like striated muscle, smooth muscle can
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84:
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1989:
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The embryological origin of smooth muscle is usually of mesodermal origin, after the creation of
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molecules may exist in equal number as actin, and has been proposed to be a load-bearing protein.
2012:
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1925:
Sullivan G, Guess WL (1969). "Atromentin: a smooth muscle stimulant in
Clitocybe subilludens".
1603:
The vascular smooth muscle cell: molecular and biological responses to the extracellular matrix
984:
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373:
369:
333:. It is not found in the heart which has cardiac muscle. In single-unit smooth muscle a single
222:
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2006:
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of these tissues. For example, the great arteries are viscolelastic vessels that act like a
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The thin filaments that are part of the contractile machinery are predominantly composed of
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making the whole muscle contract or relax. (such as the uterine muscles during childbirth).
2264:
1995:
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906:
560:
545:
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421:
885:
For instance, blood vessels in skin, gastrointestinal system, kidney and brain respond to
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activity of the myosin complex that otherwise provides energy to fuel muscle contraction.
459:(MHC) which constitute the head and tail domains. Each of these heavy chains contains the
8:
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2112:
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377:
249:
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350:
183:
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1934:
1907:
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1745:
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1606:
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1371:
1218:
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939:
901:). However, blood vessels within skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle respond to these
808:
748:
2017:
1902:
1885:
321:. Most smooth muscle is of the single-unit type, and is found in the walls of most
2398:
2214:
2197:
2174:
1973:
1897:
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1737:
1700:
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824:
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389:
1689:"Physiological pathways and molecular mechanisms regulating uterine contractility"
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1980:
1968:
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To maintain organ dimensions against force, cells are fastened to one another by
812:
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357:
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144:
77:
39:
1955:
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502:. These bind the heavy chains in the "neck" region between the head and tail.
2881:
2748:
2256:
2068:
955:
862:
740:
736:
686:
326:
277:
151:. Nonetheless, it is found in invertebrates as well and is controlled by the
140:
1741:
1705:
1688:
675:
580:
576:
572:
475:). Thus, myosin II has two heads. In smooth muscle, there is a single gene (
2427:
2380:
1911:
1798:
1714:
1582:
1533:
1264:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1154:, and may prevent phosphorylated myosin heads from interacting with actin.
784:
776:
752:
237:
234:
218:
214:
194:
1938:
1884:
Scherer EQ, Lidington D, Oestreicher E, Arnold W, Pohl U, Bolz SS (2006).
1749:
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origin, although coronary artery smooth muscle is of mesodermal origin.
325:(viscera); and lines blood vessels (except large elastic arteries), the
2847:
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2623:
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is a benign neoplasm of the extremities; vascular leiomyosarcomas is a
1256:
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1093:
980:
820:
816:
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768:
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499:
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smooth muscle. Within single-unit muscle, the whole bundle or sheet of
137:
114:
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2757:
2743:
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792:
639:
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However, the terms single- and multi-unit smooth muscle represent an
257:
187:
160:
1008:
979:) over each other. The energy for this to happen is provided by the
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Also, all three of these proteins may have a role in inhibiting the
2842:
2813:
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2578:
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728:
698:
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1958:– baby born with smooth muscle condition has 8 organs transplanted
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The phosphorylation of the light chains by MLCK is countered by a
2857:
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1883:
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659:
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present, but much of the cytoplasm is taken up by the proteins -
413:
346:, in the iris of the eye, and lining the large elastic arteries.
343:
334:
230:
198:
2225:
364:
in terms of structure, function, regulation of contraction, and
2798:
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2139:
2090:
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1100:
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710:
671:
647:
591:
429:
388:(PDGFRα) that are electrically coupled and work together as an
261:
210:
1727:
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In the digestive tract, smooth muscle contracts in a rhythmic
2557:
2547:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
1347:
1314:. They can occur in any organ, but they usually occur in the
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1334:. Vascular smooth muscle tumors are very rare. They can be
479:) that codes for the heavy chains myosin II, but there are
289:
285:
281:
273:
1549:"Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function"
779:. These invaginations in the sarcoplasm contain a host of
619:
are significant proteins expressed within smooth muscle.
241:
221:, (excluding blood and lymph capillaries) it is known as
1482:"10.8 Smooth Muscle - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax"
264:
the pupils. The ciliary muscles change the shape of the
1197:
which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation.
611:(which takes on the regulatory role in smooth muscle),
559:
hypothesized to avail for changes in the directions of
2009: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
1330:. Leiomyosarcomas are one of the more common types of
967:
Smooth muscle contraction is caused by the sliding of
925:
835:, ATP sensitive potassium channels, calcium sensitive
717:, resulting in some disassembly of vimentin polymers.
1428:
1338:, and morbidity can be significant with either type.
865:
dynamics) or as in the gut special pacemakers cells
1403:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
1142:
Other cell signaling pathways and protein kinases (
842:
436:- which together have the capability to contract.
1765:"The actin gene family: function follows isoform"
905:producing vasodilation because they possess beta-
2879:
1276:Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome
490:(MLC), resulting in 2 per head, weighing 20 (MLC
2018:Where smooth muscle tissue is found in the body
1974:Stomach smooth muscle identified using antibody
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1310:are most commonly benign, and are then called
861:Smooth muscle may contract spontaneously (via
225:. There is smooth muscle in the tracts of the
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1762:
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920:(S1P) signaling is an important regulator of
386:platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
1877:
1547:Sanders, KM; Ward, SM; Koh, SD (July 2014).
1326:. Malignant smooth muscle tumors are called
1099:Activation consists of phosphorylation of a
598:
317:, also known as visceral smooth muscle, and
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1078:Crossbridge cycling cannot occur until the
1037:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
603:Smooth muscle does not contain the protein
276:, smooth muscle cells such as those of the
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1190:sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase
563:that are seen during the menstrual cycle.
38:
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1057:Learn how and when to remove this message
412:A smooth-muscle cell is a spindle-shaped
313:Smooth muscle is grouped into two types:
171:). It can be divided into two subgroups,
2013:Smooth muscle histology photomicrographs
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404:
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180:
66:muscularis levis; muscularis nonstriatus
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193:Smooth muscle is found in the walls of
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689:of the smooth muscle cell, called the
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1390:has been shown to be a smooth muscle
685:(also called focal adhesions) in the
2634:Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
1035:adding citations to reliable sources
1002:
945:
2333:
2053:
1520:Song, NN; Xu, WX (2016-10-25). "".
1513:
1415:
1270:
1209:
136:is one of the three major types of
24:
1449:
998:
25:
2904:
2255:
2210:List of muscles of the human body
1949:
1103:on position 19 (Ser19) on the MLC
731:(predominantly types I and III),
1687:Aguilar HN, Mitchell BF (2010).
1457:"Thesaurus results for Striated"
1166:, which dephosphorylates the MLC
1007:
962:
300:
2665:Excitation–contraction coupling
1918:
1903:10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.01.011
1849:Ultrastructure of Smooth Muscle
1842:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
916:Recent research indicates that
849:Excitation-contraction coupling
843:Excitation-contraction coupling
653:
395:
376:is activated by a composite of
366:excitation-contraction coupling
27:Involuntary non-striated muscle
1763:Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM (2010).
1721:
1500:
1288:(ASMA) can be a symptom of an
1164:myosin light-chain phosphatase
755:contributes to this property.
704:
284:to stand erect in response to
159:, so-called because it has no
13:
1:
1408:
1286:Anti-smooth muscle antibodies
1157:
763:The sarcolemma also contains
662:(α-actinin), and also attach
513:and actively participates in
163:and therefore no striations (
1340:Intravascular leiomyomatosis
1239:to regulate blood pressure.
1138:Other contractile mechanisms
899:alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
857:Inducing stimuli and factors
767:, which are microdomains of
295:
7:
1381:
1282:. This condition is fatal.
1179:and PGI2 stimulate soluble
867:interstitial cells of Cajal
758:
382:interstitial cells of Cajal
356:Smooth muscle differs from
10:
2909:
2670:Sliding filament mechanism
2193:Anatomical terms of muscle
1565:10.1152/physrev.00037.2013
1201:Invertebrate smooth muscle
1116:Phosphorylation of the MLC
1074:Activation of myosin heads
977:sliding filament mechanism
846:
819:(RhoA, G alpha), kinases (
486:Myosin II also contains 4
44:Depiction of smooth muscle
2833:
2791:
2766:
2719:
2712:
2682:
2642:
2604:
2528:
2495:
2418:
2411:
2389:
2324:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2263:
2185:
2152:
2061:
2007:Histology image: 21701ooa
1358:that can be found in the
1346:that extends through the
1085:myosin light-chain kinase
599:Other associated proteins
439:
315:single-unit smooth muscle
107:
95:
83:
71:
59:
54:
49:
37:
32:
1243:Growth and rearrangement
1237:renin–angiotensin system
871:autonomic nervous system
831:), ion channels (L type
566:
390:SIP functional syncytium
153:autonomic nervous system
2863:Fukutin-related protein
1742:10.1002/ajmg.1320460110
1461:www.merriam-webster.com
1280:gastrointestinal system
1087:(MLCK), also called MLC
918:sphingosine-1-phosphate
666:(consisting largely of
544:) exist as a result of
463:head domain, while the
319:multiunit smooth muscle
268:to focus on objects in
2821:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
2650:Neuromuscular junction
2558:elastic filament/titin
2280:Vascular smooth muscle
1986:UIUC Histology Subject
1962:Smooth muscle antibody
1255:in a process known as
922:vascular smooth muscle
664:intermediate filaments
511:regulatory light chain
409:
374:gastrointestinal tract
310:
223:vascular smooth muscle
109:Anatomical terminology
2553:thick filament/myosin
1706:10.1093/humupd/dmq016
1553:Physiological Reviews
1188:channels, stimulates
1112:Sustained maintenance
847:Further information:
536:. Two variants of MLC
530:essential light chain
528:is also known as the
509:is also known as the
408:
308:
254:iris sphincter muscle
1332:soft-tissue sarcomas
1308:Smooth muscle tumors
1031:improve this section
930:sphingosine kinase 1
907:adrenergic receptors
801:adrenergic receptors
797:muscarinic receptors
715:p21 activated kinase
561:uterine contractions
546:alternative splicing
444:Myosin is primarily
422:skeletal muscle cell
2548:thin filament/actin
2534:(a, i, and h bands;
2113:Fascial compartment
1693:Hum. Reprod. Update
1336:malignant or benign
1219:resistance arteries
1184:channels, inhibits
926:transmural pressure
881:External substances
401:Smooth muscle cells
378:smooth muscle cells
250:iris dilator muscle
181:smooth muscle cells
18:Smooth muscle cells
1979:2015-09-23 at the
1967:2009-03-16 at the
1870:2017-05-10 at the
1522:Sheng li xue bao:
1506:Berne & Levy.
1398:Myogenic mechanism
1372:peripheral vessels
1364:pulmonary arteries
1360:inferior vena cava
1356:malignant neoplasm
1292:disorder, such as
989:muscle contraction
952:adherens junctions
924:contraction. When
837:potassium channels
683:adherens junctions
515:muscle contraction
448:in smooth muscle.
410:
351:oversimplification
311:
213:. In the walls of
143:, the other being
90:H2.00.05.1.00001
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2829:
2828:
2783:Myosatellite cell
2699:Intercalated disc
2678:
2677:
2606:Connective tissue
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2487:Synemin/desmuslin
2407:
2406:
2223:
2222:
2020:(medlineplus.gov)
2000:muscular-muscle08
1996:Histology at KUMC
1730:Am. J. Med. Genet
1615:978-0-12-632310-8
1437:on 7 October 2021
1181:guanylate cyclase
1132:inhibitor protein
1067:
1066:
1059:
946:Spread of impulse
940:resistance artery
809:adenylate cyclase
123:
122:
118:
16:(Redirected from
2900:
2717:
2716:
2500:
2416:
2415:
2399:Laminin, alpha 2
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2215:Composite muscle
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2024:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1881:
1875:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1781:10.1002/cm.20475
1760:
1754:
1753:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1684:
1617:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:. Archived from
1426:
1271:Related diseases
1210:Specific effects
1144:Protein kinase C
1062:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1011:
1003:
833:calcium channels
829:protein Kinase A
825:protein kinase C
805:second messenger
724:cell contracts.
467:tails take on a
288:temperature and
197:, including the
115:edit on Wikidata
112:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2888:Muscular system
2878:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2835:
2825:
2787:
2762:
2708:
2685:
2674:
2638:
2600:
2535:
2533:
2516:
2496:
2491:
2403:
2385:
2326:
2315:
2302:
2291:
2284:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2224:
2219:
2181:
2148:
2079:Skeletal muscle
2057:
2055:Muscular system
2052:
2003:"Smooth Muscle"
1981:Wayback Machine
1969:Wayback Machine
1952:
1947:
1946:
1923:
1919:
1890:Cardiovasc. Res
1882:
1878:
1872:Wayback Machine
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1761:
1757:
1726:
1722:
1685:
1620:
1597:
1590:
1545:
1541:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1488:. 25 April 2013
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1431:"Smooth muscle"
1427:
1416:
1411:
1384:
1376:Atherosclerosis
1344:benign neoplasm
1328:leiomyosarcomas
1273:
1245:
1212:
1203:
1169:
1160:
1140:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1090:
1076:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1028:
1012:
1001:
999:Phasic or tonic
965:
948:
883:
859:
851:
845:
813:phospholipase C
771:specialized to
761:
745:viscoelasticity
707:
656:
628:striated muscle
601:
569:
551:
543:
539:
535:
527:
520:
508:
497:
493:
481:splice variants
442:
424:. There are no
418:tense and relax
403:
398:
370:striated muscle
358:skeletal muscle
331:digestive tract
323:internal organs
303:
298:
246:ciliary muscles
119:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Muscle spindle
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2536:z and m lines)
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2340:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2305:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2165:Pennate muscle
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Cardiac muscle
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1951:
1950:External links
1948:
1945:
1944:
1917:
1876:
1841:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1775:(10): 630–34.
1755:
1720:
1618:
1588:
1559:(3): 859–907.
1539:
1528:(5): 621–627.
1512:
1499:
1473:
1448:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1383:
1380:
1352:angioleiomyoma
1272:
1269:
1261:ectomesenchyme
1244:
1241:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1139:
1136:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1088:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1047:September 2020
1015:
1013:
1006:
1000:
997:
964:
961:
947:
944:
903:catecholamines
887:norepinephrine
882:
879:
858:
855:
844:
841:
773:cell signaling
760:
757:
706:
703:
655:
652:
644:
643:
637:
631:
600:
597:
568:
565:
556:
555:
554:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
525:
522:
518:
506:
495:
491:
484:
441:
438:
402:
399:
397:
394:
362:cardiac muscle
302:
299:
297:
294:
149:cardiac muscle
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2905:
2894:
2893:Muscle tissue
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:Microfilament
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:Intracellular
2410:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:extracellular
2323:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:Muscle tissue
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:Smooth muscle
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:Muscle tissue
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:9781461306832
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1699:(6): 725–44.
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1611:0-12-632310-0
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1510:, 6th Edition
1509:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:This section
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:filaments (a
974:
970:
960:
957:
956:Gap junctions
953:
943:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:ionic channel
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:proteoglycans
738:
737:glycoproteins
734:
730:
725:
721:
718:
716:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:cell membrane
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:alpha-actinin
651:
649:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
593:
589:
586:The ratio of
584:
582:
578:
574:
564:
562:
547:
531:
523:
516:
512:
504:
503:
501:
494:) and 17 (MLC
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:contains two
454:
451:
450:
449:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
339:
336:
332:
328:
327:urinary tract
324:
320:
316:
307:
301:Gross anatomy
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:arrector pili
275:
271:
270:accommodation
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:lymph vessels
216:
215:blood vessels
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:hollow organs
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:muscle tissue
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
48:
41:
36:
33:Smooth muscle
31:
19:
2727:Muscle fiber
2497:
2428:Dystrobrevin
2381:Dystroglycan
2083:
1998:
1988:
1933:(1): 72–75.
1930:
1926:
1920:
1896:(1): 79–87.
1893:
1889:
1879:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1772:
1769:Cytoskeleton
1768:
1758:
1736:(1): 61–67.
1733:
1729:
1723:
1696:
1692:
1602:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:openstax.org
1485:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1370:, and other
1306:
1284:
1274:
1265:neural crest
1253:muscle cells
1250:
1246:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1204:
1186:IP3 receptor
1177:Nitric oxide
1173:prostacyclin
1161:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1098:
1080:myosin heads
1077:
1068:
1053:
1044:
1029:Please help
1017:
993:
966:
949:
915:
911:
884:
875:
860:
852:
807:generators (
785:prostacyclin
777:ion channels
762:
753:tunica media
726:
722:
719:
708:
694:
680:
657:
654:Dense bodies
645:
602:
585:
570:
557:
529:
510:
488:light chains
487:
457:heavy chains
456:
443:
411:
396:Microanatomy
384:(ICCs), and
355:
348:
340:
318:
314:
312:
235:reproductive
192:
176:
172:
168:
164:
155:. It is non-
133:
129:
125:
124:
65:
2778:Muscle cell
2753:Myofilament
2572:Tropomyosin
2543:Myofilament
2344:Sarcoglycan
2144:Aponeurosis
2096:Superficial
1320:small bowel
1290:auto-immune
1226:peristaltic
963:Contraction
928:increases,
895:sympathetic
891:epinephrine
775:events and
769:lipid rafts
705:Contraction
695:dense bands
624:Tropomyosin
577:gamma-actin
573:alpha-actin
469:coiled-coil
227:respiratory
173:single-unit
55:Identifiers
2882:Categories
2848:Telethonin
2809:Sarcolemma
2804:Sarcoplasm
2737:extrafusal
2732:intrafusal
2694:Myocardium
2655:Motor unit
2629:Endomysium
2624:Perimysium
2512:Caveolin 3
2445:Syntrophin
2423:Dystrophin
2275:Calmodulin
2170:Unipennate
1857:1461306833
1508:Physiology
1409:References
1388:Atromentin
1312:leiomyomas
1257:myogenesis
1158:Relaxation
1148:Rho kinase
1094:calmodulin
981:hydrolysis
821:rho kinase
817:G proteins
789:endothelin
749:Windkessel
691:sarcolemma
676:beta-actin
609:calmodulin
607:; instead
581:beta-actin
548:at the MLC
465:C-terminal
461:N-terminal
426:myofibrils
329:, and the
203:intestines
177:multi-unit
161:sarcomeres
138:vertebrate
2853:Dysferlin
2836:ungrouped
2758:Sarcomere
2744:Myofibril
2704:Nebulette
2614:Epimysium
2530:Sarcomere
2482:Dysbindin
2477:Syncoilin
2394:Sarcospan
2325:Membrane/
2312:Costamere
2203:Insertion
2175:Bipennate
1392:stimulant
1324:esophagus
1298:cirrhosis
1294:hepatitis
1018:does not
793:serotonin
781:receptors
640:Caldesmon
613:caldesmon
517:. Two MLC
453:Myosin II
380:(SMCs),
296:Structure
272:. In the
262:constrict
240:. In the
188:syncytium
184:contracts
2843:Myotilin
2814:T-tubule
2774:Myoblast
2619:Fascicle
2579:Troponin
2498:related:
2301:Skeletal
2290:Striated
2160:Fusiform
2106:Visceral
1977:Archived
1965:Archived
1912:16533504
1868:Archived
1799:20737541
1715:20551073
1583:24987007
1534:27778026
1466:22 April
1382:See also
1175:(PGI2).
765:caveolae
759:Caveolae
729:collagen
699:caveolae
668:vimentin
634:Calponin
617:calponin
605:troponin
473:caduceus
446:class II
157:striated
145:skeletal
2858:Fukutin
2684:Cardiac
2643:General
2563:nebulin
2123:Forearm
1939:5815216
1927:Lloydia
1790:2949686
1750:7684189
1574:4152167
1441:10 June
1039:removed
1024:sources
823:-ROCK,
733:elastin
524:The MLC
505:The MLC
414:myocyte
344:trachea
238:systems
231:urinary
207:bladder
199:stomach
169:stripes
78:D009130
50:Details
2834:Other/
2799:Desmin
2686:muscle
2303:muscle
2292:muscle
2267:muscle
2265:Smooth
2198:Origin
2140:Tendon
2091:Fascia
2062:Tissue
1937:
1910:
1865:p. 163
1855:
1797:
1787:
1748:
1713:
1609:
1599:p. 174
1581:
1571:
1532:
1492:10 May
1374:. See
1322:, and
1316:uterus
1101:serine
969:myosin
942:tone.
893:(from
739:, and
672:desmin
648:ATPase
592:myosin
440:Myosin
430:myosin
280:cause
258:dilate
252:, and
244:, the
233:, and
217:, and
211:uterus
134:muscle
126:Smooth
2792:Other
2767:Cells
2720:Fiber
2186:Other
2153:Shape
2128:Thigh
1368:veins
1348:veins
1342:is a
1302:lupus
1300:, or
1233:renin
1194:Hsp20
1152:hsp20
973:actin
713:by a
588:actin
567:Actin
552:gene.
542:17a/b
477:MYH11
434:actin
186:as a
165:bands
113:[
102:14070
61:Latin
2713:Both
2507:NOS1
2374:SGCZ
2369:SGCG
2364:SGCE
2359:SGCD
2354:SGCB
2349:SGCA
2317:DAPC
2101:Deep
1935:PMID
1908:PMID
1853:ISBN
1795:PMID
1746:PMID
1711:PMID
1607:ISBN
1601:in:
1579:PMID
1530:PMID
1494:2022
1468:2022
1443:2021
1366:and
1022:any
1020:cite
971:and
935:MLCK
889:and
670:and
615:and
575:and
540:(MLC
432:and
360:and
335:cell
290:fear
286:cold
282:hair
274:skin
266:lens
242:eyes
209:and
175:and
147:and
130:soft
73:MeSH
2335:DAP
2133:Leg
2118:Arm
1990:265
1956:BBC
1898:doi
1863:. (
1785:PMC
1777:doi
1738:doi
1701:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1263:of
1121:MLC
1033:by
985:ATP
983:of
873:).
815:),
803:),
711:Ser
590:to
500:kDa
260:or
167:or
97:FMA
2884::
2470:G2
2465:G1
2460:B2
2455:B1
1931:32
1929:.
1906:.
1894:70
1892:.
1888:.
1859:,
1839:76
1793:.
1783:.
1773:67
1771:.
1767:.
1744:.
1734:46
1732:.
1709:.
1697:16
1695:.
1691:.
1621:^
1613:,
1591:^
1577:.
1567:.
1557:94
1555:.
1551:.
1526:68
1524:.
1484:.
1459:.
1417:^
1378:.
1362:,
1350:;
1318:,
1304:.
1296:,
1168:20
1146:,
1123:20
1118:20
1105:20
1089:20
827:,
811:,
799:,
795:,
791:,
787:,
735:,
550:17
538:17
534:20
526:17
519:20
507:20
498:)
496:17
492:20
392:.
292:.
248:,
229:,
205:,
201:,
190:.
132:)
85:TH
2776:/
2751:/
2594:I
2589:C
2584:T
2532:/
2450:A
2438:B
2433:A
2337::
2314:/
2249:e
2242:t
2235:v
2142:/
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
1941:.
1914:.
1900::
1874:)
1801:.
1779::
1752:.
1740::
1717:.
1703::
1585:.
1563::
1536:.
1496:.
1470:.
1445:.
1394:.
1060:)
1054:(
1049:)
1045:(
1041:.
1027:.
783:(
128:(
117:]
20:)
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