551:
activity increases local blood flow by inducing pericytes to dilate capillaries before upstream arteriole dilation occurs. This area is controversial, with a 2015 study claiming that pericytes do not express contractile proteins and are not capable of contraction in vivo, although the latter paper has been criticised for using a highly unconventional definition of pericyte which explicitly excludes contractile pericytes. It appears that different signaling pathways regulate the constriction of capillaries by pericytes and of arterioles by smooth muscle cells. Recent studies on rats have found such a signaling pathway in which after spinal cord injury and induced hypoxia below the injury, there is excess activity of monoamine receptors on pericytes which locally constricts capillaries and reduces blood flow to ischemic levels.
594:
739:. It has been proposed that a subtype of pericytes participates in this scarring in a glial-independent manner. Through lineage tracking studies, these subtype of pericytes were followed after stroke, revealing that they contribute to the glial scar by differentiating into myofibroblasts and depositing extracellular matrix. However, this remains controversial, as more recent studies suggest that the cell type followed in these scar studies is likely to be not pericytes, but fibroblasts.
212:
605:
individuals, though cases have been found in children. Hemangiopericytoma is caused by the excessive layering of sheets of pericytes around improperly formed blood vessels. Diagnosis of this tumor is difficult because of the inability to distinguish pericytes from other types of cells using light microscopy. Treatment may involve surgical removal and radiation therapy, depending on the level of bone penetration and stage in the tumor's development.
289:
29:
723:. Angiopoietin 2 can act as an antagonist to Tie-2, destabilizing the endothelial cells, which results in less endothelial cell and pericyte interaction. This occasionally leads to the formation of tumors. Similar to the inhibition of the PDGF pathway, angiopoietin 2 reduces levels of pericytes, leading to diabetic retinopathy.
617:. Studies have found that pericytes are essential in diabetic individuals to protect the endothelial cells of retinal capillaries. With the loss of pericytes, microaneurysms form in the capillaries. In response, the retina either increases its vascular permeability, leading to swelling of the eye through a
473:
endothelial cells as well as astrocytes, the pericytes grouped into structures that resembled capillaries. Furthermore, when the experimental group contained all of the following with the exception of pericytes, the endothelial cells would undergo apoptosis. It was thus concluded that pericytes must
654:
Immunohistochemical studies of human tissue from
Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis show pericyte loss and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Pericyte-deficient mouse models (which lack genes encoding steps in the PDGFB:PDGFRB signalling cascade) and have an Alzheimer's-causing
238:
molecules facilitate communication between pericytes and endothelial cells separated by the basement membrane. Pericytes can also form direct connections with neighboring cells by forming peg and socket arrangements in which parts of the cells interlock, similar to the gears of a clock. At these
646:
Studies have found that pericyte loss in the adult and aging brain leads to the disruption of proper cerebral perfusion and maintenance of the blood–brain barrier, which causes neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The apoptosis of pericytes in the aging brain may be the result of a failure in
550:
Increasing evidence suggests that pericytes can regulate blood flow at the capillary level. For the retina, movies have been published showing that pericytes constrict capillaries when their membrane potential is altered to cause calcium influx, and in the brain it has been reported that neuronal
584:
have physiological differences, correlated with immunophenotypic profiles by
Takahashi et al. During the early proliferative phase (0–12 months) the tumors express proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pericytesna), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and type IV collagenase, the former two
571:
Because of their crucial role in maintaining and regulating endothelial cell structure and blood flow, abnormalities in pericyte function are seen in many pathologies. They may either be present in excess, leading to diseases such as hypertension and tumor formation, or in deficiency, leading to
444:. However, whether these cells differentiate into each other is an outstanding question in the field. Pericytes' regenerative capacity is affected by aging. Such versatility is useful, as they actively remodel blood vessels throughout the body and can thereby blend homogeneously with the local
474:
be present to ensure the proper function of endothelial cells, and astrocytes must be present to ensure that both remain in contact. If not, then proper angiogenesis cannot occur. It has also been found that pericytes contribute to the survival of endothelial cells, as they secrete the protein
604:
is a rare vascular neoplasm, or abnormal growth, that may either be benign or malignant. In its malignant form, metastasis to the lungs, liver, brain, and extremities may occur. It most commonly manifests itself in the femur and proximal tibia as a bone sarcoma, and is usually found in older
529:
Aside from blood–brain barrier formation, pericytes also play an active role in its functionality. Animal models of developmental loss of pericytes show increased endothelial transcytosis, as well as skewed arterio-venous zonation, increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and
554:
Pericytes are important in maintaining circulation. In a study involving adult pericyte-deficient mice, cerebral blood flow was diminished with concurrent vascular regression due to loss of both endothelia and pericytes. Significantly greater hypoxia was reported in the hippocampus of
3243:
Vanlandewijck M, He L, Mäe MA, Andrae J, Ando K, Del Gaudio F, Nahar K, Lebouvier T, Laviña B, Gouveia L, Sun Y, Raschperger E, Räsänen M, Zarb Y, Mochizuki N, Keller A, Lendahl U, Betsholtz C (February 2018). "A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature".
585:
localized to both endothelium and pericytes, and the last to endothelium. The vascular markers CD31, von
Willebrand factor (vWF), and smooth muscle actin (pericyte marker) are present during the proliferating and involuting phases, but are lost after the lesion is fully involuted.
3035:
Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, Compton D, McClain J, Aldrich TH, Papadopoulos N, Daly TJ, Davis S, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD (July 1997). "Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis".
747:
The emerging evidence (as of 2019) suggests that neural microvascular pericytes, under instruction from resident glial cells, are reprogrammed into interneurons and enrich local neuronal microcircuits. This response is amplified by concomitant angiogenesis.
714:
Communication between endothelial cells and pericytes is vital. Inhibiting the PDGF pathway leads to pericyte deficiency. This causes endothelial hyperplasia, abnormal junctions, and diabetic retinopathy. A lack of pericytes also causes an upregulation of
514:. This barrier is composed of endothelial cells and ensures the protection and functionality of the brain and central nervous system. It has been found that pericytes are crucial to the postnatal formation of this barrier. Pericytes are responsible for
2395:
Li, Yaqing; Lucas-Osma, Ana M.; Black, Sophie; Bandet, Mischa V.; Stephens, Marilee J.; Vavrek, Romana; Sanelli, Leo; Fenrich, Keith K.; Di Narzo, Antonio F.; Dracheva, Stella; Winship, Ian R.; Fouad, Karim; Bennett, David J. (June 2017).
637:
increases its flux, and intracellular sorbitol and fructose accumulate. This leads to osmotic imbalance, which results in cellular damage. The presence of high glucose levels also leads to the buildup of AGE's, which also damage cells.
1834:
Gupta K, Kshirsagar S, Li W, Gui L, Ramakrishnan S, Gupta P, Law PY, Hebbel RP (March 1999). "VEGF prevents apoptosis of human microvascular endothelial cells via opposing effects on MAPK/ERK and SAPK/JNK signaling".
392:
signals and travel. Certain pericytes, known as microvascular pericytes, develop around the walls of capillaries and help to serve this function. Microvascular pericytes may not be contractile cells, as they lack
223:(CNS), pericytes wrap around the endothelial cells that line the inside of the capillary. These two types of cells can be easily distinguished from one another based on the presence of the prominent round
964:
Muhl, Lars; Genové, Guillem; Leptidis, Stefanos; Liu, Jianping; He, Liqun; Mocci, Giuseppe; Sun, Ying; Gustafsson, Sonja; Buyandelger, Byambajav; Chivukula, Indira V.; Segerstolpe, Åsa (December 2020).
1931:
Armulik A, Genové G, Mäe M, Nisancioglu MH, Wallgard E, Niaudet C, He L, Norlin J, Lindblom P, Strittmatter K, Johansson BR, Betsholtz C (November 2010). "Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier".
199:
Pericytes stabilize and monitor the maturation of endothelial cells by means of direct communication between the cell membrane as well as through paracrine signaling. A deficiency of pericytes in the
2010:
Mäe, Maarja A.; He, Liqun; Nordling, Sofia; Vazquez-Liebanas, Elisa; Nahar, Khayrun; Jung, Bongnam; Li, Xidan; Tan, Bryan C.; Chin Foo, Juat; Cazenave-Gassiot, Amaury; Wenk, Markus R. (2021-02-19).
2136:"Differing associations between Aβ accumulation, hypoperfusion, blood–brain barrier dysfunction and loss of PDGFRB pericyte marker in the precuneus and parietal white matter in Alzheimer's disease"
1177:
Hartmann, David A.; Berthiaume, Andrée-Anne; Grant, Roger I.; Harrill, Sarah A.; Koski, Tegan; Tieu, Taryn; McDowell, Konnor P.; Faino, Anna V.; Kelly, Abigail L.; Shih, Andy Y. (May 2021).
1522:
667:, pericytes constrict brain capillaries and then die, which may lead to a long-lasting decrease of blood flow and loss of blood–brain barrier function, increasing the death of nerve cells.
699:(PDGF) pathway signaling from endothelial cells recruits pericytes, so that pericytes can migrate to developing blood vessels. If this pathway is blocked, it leads to pericyte deficiency.
597:
Image of a solitary fibrous tumour that is most likely a hemangiopericytoma. It surrounds a staghorn-shaped blood vessel, which results from the arrangement of pericytes around the vessel
2861:
Thurston G, Suri C, Smith K, McClain J, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD, McDonald DM (December 1999). "Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1".
3073:"Tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulates angiopoietin-2 in host endothelium and destabilizes host vasculature, supporting angiogenesis in ovarian cancer"
651:) is released from endothelial cells in brain vasculature and binds to the receptor PDGFRB on pericytes, initiating their proliferation and investment in the vasculature.
243:
can be formed, which allow the pericytes and neighboring cells to exchange ions and other small molecules. Important molecules in these intercellular connections include
3305:
Farahani, Ramin M.; Rezaei-Lotfi, Saba; Simonian, Mary; Xaymardan, Munira; Hunter, Neil (2019). "Neural microvascular pericytes contribute to human adult neurogenesis".
502:(ERK-1, also known as MAPK3), which sustains cell survival over time, and inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun-NH2 kinase, which also promotes apoptosis.
2814:"PDGF, TGF-beta, and heterotypic cell-cell interactions mediate endothelial cell-induced recruitment of 10T1/2 cells and their differentiation to a smooth muscle fate"
372:-induced injury, type-1 pericytes give rise to adipogenic cells only in response to glycerol injection and type-2 become myogenic in response to both types of
108:
773:
361:(PDGFRβ+CD146+Nes-) and type-2 characterized by positive expression for nestin (PDGFRβ+CD146+Nes+). While both types are able to proliferate in response to
680:
Endothelial cells and pericytes are interdependent and failure of proper communication between the two cell types can lead to numerous human pathologies.
625:
of the eye. The end result is reduction or loss of vision. While it is unclear why pericytes are lost in diabetic patients, one hypothesis is that toxic
2773:"Defective paracrine signalling by TGFbeta in yolk sac vasculature of endoglin mutant mice: a paradigm for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia"
1526:
1239:"Regional Blood Flow in the Normal and Ischemic Brain Is Controlled by Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Cell Contractility and Not by Capillary Pericytes"
163:. The morphology, distribution, density and molecular fingerprints of pericytes vary between organs and vascular beds. Pericytes help to maintain
2896:
Bjarnegård M, Enge M, Norlin J, Gustafsdottir S, Fredriksson S, Abramsson A, Takemoto M, Gustafsson E, Fässler R, Betsholtz C (April 2004).
3391:
2193:"Deficiency in Mural Vascular Cells Coincides with Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Alzheimer's Disease: Pericytes in Alzheimer's Disease"
1986:
655:
mutation have exacerbated
Alzheimer's-like pathology compared to mice with normal pericyte coverage and an Alzheimer's-causing mutation.
2240:
Winkler, Ethan A.; Sengillo, Jesse D.; Sullivan, John S.; Henkel, Jenny S.; Appel, Stanley H.; Zlokovic, Berislav V. (January 2013).
2077:
Halliday, Matthew R; Rege, Sanket V; Ma, Qingyi; Zhao, Zhen; Miller, Carol A; Winkler, Ethan A; Zlokovic, Berislav V (January 2016).
967:"Single-cell analysis uncovers fibroblast heterogeneity and criteria for fibroblast and mural cell identification and discrimination"
613:
The retina of diabetic individuals often exhibits loss of pericytes, and this loss is a characteristic factor of the early stages of
451:
Aside from creating and remodeling blood vessels, pericytes have been found to protect endothelial cells from death via apoptosis or
1291:
Hall CN, Reynell C, Gesslein B, Hamilton NB, Mishra A, Sutherland BA, O'Farrell FM, Buchan AM, Lauritzen M, Attwell D (April 2014).
234:
Both pericytes and endothelial cells share a basement membrane where a variety of intercellular connections are made. Many types of
3194:
Soderblom C, Luo X, Blumenthal E, Bray E, Lyapichev K, Ramos J, Krishnan V, Lai-Hsu C, Park KK, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK (August 2013).
526:(which can damage the formation of the barrier) and by reducing the expression of molecules that increase vascular permeability.
711:
that promote N-cadherin trafficking to endothelial membranes. This trafficking strengthens endothelial contacts with pericytes.
2633:
Sagare, Abhay; Bell, Robert; Zhao, Zhen; Ma, Qingyi; Winkler, Ethan; Ramanathan, Anita; Zlokovic, Berislav (13 December 2013).
2191:
Sengillo, Jesse D.; Winkler, Ethan A.; Walker, Corey T.; Sullivan, John S.; Johnson, Mahlon; Zlokovic, Berislav V. (May 2013).
3143:
Göritz C, Dias DO, Tomilin N, Barbacid M, Shupliakov O, Frisén J (July 2011). "A pericyte origin of spinal cord scar tissue".
1112:
522:
amongst endothelial cells. Furthermore, they allow the formation of the blood–brain barrier by inhibiting the effects of CNS
2079:"Accelerated pericyte degeneration and blood–brain barrier breakdown in apolipoprotein E4 carriers with Alzheimer's disease"
479:
3071:
Zhang L, Yang N, Park JW, Katsaros D, Fracchioli S, Cao G, O'Brien-Jenkins A, Randall TC, Rubin SC, Coukos G (June 2003).
397:
isoforms, structures that are common amongst other contractile cells. These cells communicate with endothelial cells via
716:
530:
microaneurysms. Loss or dysfunction of pericytes is also theorized to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as
483:
2771:
Carvalho RL, Jonker L, Goumans MJ, Larsson J, Bouwman P, Karlsson S, Dijke PT, Arthur HM, Mummery CL (December 2004).
336:
3102:
Hammes HP, Lin J, Wagner P, Feng Y, Vom Hagen F, Krzizok T, Renner O, Breier G, Brownlee M, Deutsch U (April 2004).
353:
are of two distinct populations, each with its own role. The first pericyte subtype (Type-1) can differentiate into
318:
3384:
2898:"Endothelium-specific ablation of PDGFB leads to pericyte loss and glomerular, cardiac and placental abnormalities"
115:
33:
1787:"Pericytes promote endothelial cell survival through induction of autocrine VEGF-A signaling and Bcl-w expression"
1414:"Modelling physiological and pathological conditions to study pericyte biology in brain function and dysfunction"
519:
401:, and in turn cause endothelial cells to proliferate or be selectively inhibited. If this process did not occur,
159:
of blood capillaries, where they communicate with endothelial cells by means of both direct physical contact and
2455:"Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging"
3104:"Angiopoietin-2 causes pericyte dropout in the normal retina: evidence for involvement in diabetic retinopathy"
3072:
696:
630:
314:
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composed of fibronectin can be found. These plaques facilitate the connection of the basement membrane to the
539:
103:
3586:
486:
is directly responsible for preventing apoptosis, it is believed to be responsible for modulating apoptotic
3358:
3377:
687:(TGF) signaling, which is mediated by endothelial cells. This is important for pericyte differentiation.
767:
487:
227:
of the pericyte compared to the flat elongated nucleus of the endothelial cells. Pericytes also project
3754:
704:
684:
683:
There are several pathways of communication between the endothelial cells and pericytes. The first is
96:
3364:
2551:
Hammes HP, Lin J, Renner O, Shani M, Lundqvist A, Betsholtz C, Brownlee M, Deutsch U (October 2002).
310:
647:
communication between growth factors and receptors on pericytes. Platelet-derived growth factor B (
350:
299:
91:
79:
2594:"Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies"
357:
cells while the other (Type-2) into muscle cells. Type-1 characterized by negative expression for
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3487:
3475:
700:
511:
303:
176:
926:
3482:
1994:
732:
535:
531:
220:
200:
2242:"Blood–spinal cord barrier breakdown and pericyte reductions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
3759:
3633:
1693:
Gerhardt H, Betsholtz C (October 2003). "Endothelial-pericyte interactions in angiogenesis".
1408:
Rustenhoven, Justin; Smyth, Leon C.; Jansson, Deidre; Schweder, Patrick; Aalderink, Miranda;
692:
441:
1412:; Mee, Edward W.; Faull, Richard L. M.; Park, Thomas I.-H.; Dragunow, Mike (December 2018).
3764:
3253:
3152:
2939:"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor regulation of N-cadherin mediates vascular stabilization"
2646:
2398:"Pericytes impair capillary blood flow and motor function after chronic spinal cord injury"
1940:
1887:
1364:
1304:
978:
614:
421:
160:
2503:
1592:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (January 2013).
1543:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (January 2013).
231:
that wrap around the capillary wall, allowing the cells to regulate capillary blood flow.
191:. Pericytes have been postulated to regulate capillary blood flow and the clearance and
8:
2986:
Hellström M, Gerhardt H, Kalén M, Li X, Eriksson U, Wolburg H, Betsholtz C (April 2001).
2526:
2348:"Astrocytes mediate neurovascular signaling to capillary pericytes but not to arterioles"
1738:"Angiogenesis of the blood-brain barrier in vitro and the function of cerebral pericytes"
478:
during cellular crosstalk. Bcl-w is an instrumental protein in the pathway that enforces
3257:
3156:
2988:"Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis"
2650:
2453:
Bell RD, Winkler EA, Sagare AP, Singh I, LaRue B, Deane R, Zlokovic BV (November 2010).
2046:
2011:
1944:
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1368:
1308:
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Pericytes are also associated with endothelial cell differentiation and multiplication,
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180:
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1523:"Pericyte, Astrocyte and Basal Lamina Association with the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)"
1504:
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994:
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942:
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858:
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376:. The extent to which type-1 pericytes participate in fat accumulation is not known.
156:
3342:
3196:"Perivascular fibroblasts form the fibrotic scar after contusive spinal cord injury"
1771:
1722:
3681:
3643:
3553:
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2147:
2106:
2090:
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1978:
1956:
1948:
1903:
1895:
1844:
1806:
1798:
1749:
1702:
1665:
1657:
1646:"Type-1 pericytes participate in fibrous tissue deposition in aged skeletal muscle"
1613:
1605:
1564:
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1494:
1484:
1443:
1425:
1380:
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1320:
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1002:
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expression and discourages apoptosis. Although there is some speculation as to why
445:
358:
144:
2874:
2346:
Mishra A, Reynolds JP, Chen Y, Gourine AV, Rusakov DA, Attwell D (December 2016).
2028:
792:
Dore-Duffy, P. (2008). "Pericytes: Pluripotent cells of the blood brain barrier".
413:
exogenous proteins. This suggests that the cell type might have been derived from
3723:
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3520:
3427:
2470:
1802:
1254:
495:
366:
84:
3049:
2569:
2552:
1609:
1179:"Brain capillary pericytes exert a substantial but slow influence on blood flow"
1104:
3708:
3651:
3525:
3444:
3120:
3103:
2689:
1876:"Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis"
1661:
1194:
990:
805:
762:
688:
634:
515:
469:
N/pAPN that may help to promote angiogenesis. When this hormone was mixed with
466:
259:
48:
2937:
Paik JH, Skoura A, Chae SS, Cowan AE, Han DK, Proia RL, Hla T (October 2004).
2610:
2593:
2257:
1706:
1560:
1430:
893:
695:
signaling is essential for maturation and stabilization of endothelial cells.
3748:
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3505:
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2314:
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2159:
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2102:
2037:
1545:"Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential"
1439:
1202:
998:
618:
406:
3164:
1644:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O (December 2013).
3713:
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1508:
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1409:
1394:
1334:
1272:
1237:
Hill RA, Tong L, Yuan P, Murikinati S, Gupta S, Grutzendler J (July 2015).
1220:
1163:
1122:
1076:
1016:
911:
862:
827:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O (January 2015).
813:
703:(S1P) signaling also aids in pericyte recruitment by communication through
633:(AGE) accumulate in the pericytes. Because of the build-up of glucose, the
452:
410:
398:
385:
263:
240:
228:
224:
192:
3057:
3003:
2847:
2829:
2701:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
2094:
1987:"Key to blood-brain barrier opens way for treating Alzheimer's and stroke"
1754:
1737:
1489:
1154:
1137:
950:
494:. Two biochemical mechanisms utilized by VEGF to accomplish this would be
3691:
3676:
3639:
3624:
3620:
1095:
Dore-Duffy P, Cleary K (2011). "Morphology and properties of pericytes".
829:"Pericytes at the intersection between tissue regeneration and pathology"
402:
248:
164:
148:
44:
40:
3655:
3592:
3274:
3265:
2954:
1952:
1899:
1594:"Skeletal muscle neural progenitor cells exhibit properties of NG2-glia"
1376:
1316:
1293:"Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease"
510:
Pericytes play a crucial role in the formation and functionality of the
420:
A lineage relationship to other cell types has been proposed, including
175:, one of the organs with higher pericyte coverage, and also sustain the
2659:
2297:
Attwell D, Mishra A, Hall CN, O'Farrell FM, Dalkara T (February 2016).
2012:"Single-Cell Analysis of Blood-Brain Barrier Response to Pericyte Loss"
1961:
1871:
844:
736:
581:
437:
211:
168:
140:
36:
3318:
2914:
2897:
2789:
2772:
2208:
1785:
Franco M, Roswall P, Cortez E, Hanahan D, Pietras K (September 2011).
121:
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2413:
2363:
1473:"Tumor angiogenesis: pericytes and maturation are not to be ignored"
1058:
731:
Usually, astrocytes are associated with the scarring process in the
288:
215:
Gap cell junction created between two neighboring cells by connexin.
2635:"Pericyte loss influences Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in mice"
720:
626:
556:
470:
425:
362:
252:
235:
270:, and the plasma membrane of the pericytes and endothelial cells.
2895:
878:"The role of pericytes in blood-vessel formation and maintenance"
462:
457:
429:
278:
3612:
3600:
3535:
3419:
3400:
3034:
1407:
1099:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 686. pp. 49–68.
708:
664:
560:
491:
475:
373:
188:
2296:
1353:"Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes"
1176:
28:
3596:
3558:
3545:
2239:
2190:
2009:
648:
499:
394:
267:
203:
can cause increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier.
172:
67:
2770:
2134:
Miners, J Scott; Schulz, Isabel; Love, Seth (January 2018).
3647:
3616:
3497:
3404:
1930:
1351:
Peppiatt CM, Howarth C, Mobbs P, Attwell D (October 2006).
1350:
1290:
244:
3193:
2811:
1784:
43:
displaying pericytes that are lining the outer surface of
3142:
2729:
2345:
354:
3242:
2985:
2860:
2553:"Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy"
1735:
1043:"Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease"
675:
2394:
1869:
1525:. University of Arizona Health Sciences. Archived from
2730:
Armulik A, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C (September 2005).
2452:
1643:
1591:
1542:
1236:
1135:
826:
3361: — Pericytes can be used for muscle regeneration
3070:
1138:"Current concepts of blood-brain barrier development"
963:
774:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
742:
555:
pericyte-deficient mice as well as inflammation, and
2550:
1833:
3101:
2936:
1040:
155:throughout the body. Pericytes are embedded in the
2591:
2076:
1924:
1736:Ramsauer M, Krause D, Dermietzel R (August 2002).
1142:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
380:Angiogenesis and the survival of endothelial cells
3028:
2592:Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B (September 2003).
1692:
1464:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1041:Winkler EA, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV (October 2011).
3746:
2812:Hirschi KK, Rohovsky SA, D'Amore PA (May 1998).
2632:
2133:
1346:
1344:
1094:
490:and inhibiting activation of apoptosis-inducing
2889:
2140:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
2083:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
1650:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
1470:
409:could result. These types of pericyte can also
2979:
2546:
2544:
1083:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
621:, or forms new vessels that permeate into the
542:through breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
279:Skeletal muscle regeneration and fat formation
179:. These cells are also a key component of the
3385:
2854:
2764:
2303:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1639:
1637:
1538:
1536:
1341:
641:
2805:
2723:
2290:
1286:
1284:
1282:
3095:
2585:
2541:
2339:
1023:
875:
317:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3392:
3378:
3064:
2715:|...|intentional=yes}}
1634:
1533:
1136:Liebner S, Czupalla CJ, Wolburg H (2011).
791:
258:In some regions of the basement membrane,
27:
3273:
3219:
3119:
3011:
2962:
2930:
2913:
2837:
2788:
2747:
2668:
2658:
2609:
2568:
2478:
2446:
2429:
2371:
2322:
2273:
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2167:
2110:
2045:
2027:
1960:
1907:
1810:
1753:
1669:
1617:
1568:
1498:
1488:
1447:
1429:
1384:
1324:
1279:
1262:
1210:
1153:
1097:The Blood-Brain and Other Neural Barriers
1066:
1006:
901:
852:
337:Learn how and when to remove this message
719:(VEGF), leading to vascular leakage and
592:
566:
210:
608:
16:Cells associated with capillary linings
3747:
3399:
505:
3373:
1232:
1230:
676:Endothelial and pericyte interactions
588:
924:
785:
315:adding citations to reliable sources
282:
183:, which includes endothelial cells,
2732:"Endothelial/pericyte interactions"
2524:
13:
2749:10.1161/01.RES.0000182903.16652.d7
1993:. October 14, 2010. Archived from
1227:
876:Bergers G, Song S (October 2005).
743:Contribution to adult neurogenesis
717:vascular endothelial growth factor
14:
3776:
3352:
2504:"Pericytes in Health and Disease"
2501:
500:extracellular regulatory kinase 1
3307:Journal of Comparative Neurology
287:
116:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
3298:
3236:
3187:
3136:
2626:
2518:
2495:
2388:
2233:
2184:
2127:
2070:
2003:
1863:
1827:
1778:
1729:
1686:
1585:
1515:
1401:
925:Sims, David E. (January 1986).
631:advanced glycation end-products
3212:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2524-13.2013
1870:Daneman R, Zhou L, Kebede AA,
1471:Fakhrejahani E, Toi M (2012).
1170:
1129:
957:
918:
869:
820:
697:Platelet-derived growth factor
1:
2875:10.1126/science.286.5449.2511
2029:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317473
794:Current Pharmaceutical Design
779:
575:
545:
2471:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.043
1803:10.1182/blood-2011-01-331694
1255:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.001
943:10.1016/0040-8166(86)90026-1
770:caused by death of pericytes
707:. S1P sends signals through
572:neurodegenerative diseases.
488:signal transduction pathways
455:elements. It has been shown
206:
7:
3200:The Journal of Neuroscience
3050:10.1126/science.277.5322.55
2992:The Journal of Cell Biology
2818:The Journal of Cell Biology
2570:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3107
1610:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.008
1105:10.1007/978-1-60761-938-3_2
751:
726:
705:G protein-coupled receptors
670:
273:
10:
3781:
3121:10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1104
2690:10.1038/s41467-024-47285-6
2506:. Celesta Software Pvt Ltd
1837:Experimental Cell Research
1662:10.1152/ajpcell.00171.2013
1598:Experimental Cell Research
1195:10.1038/s41593-020-00793-2
991:10.1038/s41467-020-17740-1
806:10.2174/138161208784705469
685:transforming growth factor
642:Neurodegenerative diseases
3667:
3632:
3585:
3576:
3544:
3496:
3453:
3418:
3411:
2611:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2653
2258:10.1007/s00401-012-1039-8
1707:10.1007/s00441-003-0745-x
1561:10.1016/j.scr.2012.09.003
1431:10.1186/s12868-018-0405-4
894:10.1215/S1152851705000232
658:
461:that pericytes release a
114:
102:
90:
78:
66:
61:
56:
26:
21:
2527:"Solitary Fibrous Tumor"
2315:10.1177/0271678x15610340
2152:10.1177/0271678X17690761
1695:Cell and Tissue Research
351:skeletal striated muscle
3734:Circulatory anastomosis
3697:Internal elastic lamina
3488:Precapillary resistance
3165:10.1126/science.1203165
2943:Genes & Development
927:"The pericyte—A review"
701:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
580:The clinical phases of
255:and various integrins.
139:) are multi-functional
47:that are encircling an
3483:Precapillary sphincter
3359:www.stemcellsfreak.com
1849:10.1006/excr.1998.4359
733:central nervous system
598:
442:mesenchymal stem cells
405:and abnormal vascular
266:structure composed of
229:finger-like extensions
221:central nervous system
216:
201:central nervous system
3004:10.1083/jcb.153.3.543
2830:10.1083/jcb.141.3.805
2707:|...}}
2684:(Retracted, see
2639:Nature Communications
2299:"What is a pericyte?"
2246:Acta Neuropathologica
2095:10.1038/jcbfm.2015.44
1991:Karolinska Institutet
1755:10.1096/fj.01-0814fje
1155:10.1387/ijdb.103224sl
971:Nature Communications
596:
567:Clinical significance
214:
147:that wrap around the
2736:Circulation Research
2016:Circulation Research
1529:on 16 February 2017.
768:Diabetic retinopathy
615:diabetic retinopathy
609:Diabetic retinopathy
311:improve this section
239:interlocking sites,
3365:Diagram at udel.edu
3266:10.1038/nature25739
3258:2018Natur.554..475V
3157:2011Sci...333..238G
2955:10.1101/gad.1227804
2651:2013NatCo...4.2932S
2352:Nature Neuroscience
1953:10.1038/nature09522
1945:2010Natur.468..557A
1900:10.1038/nature09513
1892:2010Natur.468..562D
1490:10.1155/2012/261750
1477:Journal of Oncology
1377:10.1038/nature05193
1369:2006Natur.443..700P
1317:10.1038/nature13165
1309:2014Natur.508...55H
1183:Nature Neuroscience
1047:Nature Neuroscience
983:2020NatCo..11.3953M
520:vesicle trafficking
512:blood–brain barrier
506:Blood–brain barrier
465:known as pericytic
422:smooth muscle cells
195:of cellular debris
177:blood–brain barrier
161:paracrine signaling
37:electron micrograph
3644:Pulmonary arteries
3578:Circulatory system
2660:10.1038/ncomms3932
1549:Stem Cell Research
845:10.1042/CS20140278
758:Hemangiopericytoma
602:Hemangiopericytoma
599:
589:Hemangiopericytoma
217:
181:neurovascular unit
97:H3.09.02.0.02006
3755:Contractile cells
3742:
3741:
3663:
3662:
3572:
3571:
3319:10.1002/cne.24565
3252:(7693): 475–480.
2915:10.1242/dev.01080
2790:10.1242/dev.01529
2358:(12): 1619–1627.
2209:10.1111/bpa.12004
1874:(November 2010).
1656:(11): C1098–113.
1114:978-1-60761-937-6
1053:(11): 1398–1405.
663:In conditions of
623:vitreous membrane
349:Pericytes in the
347:
346:
339:
171:functions in the
157:basement membrane
149:endothelial cells
135:(formerly called
130:
129:
125:
45:endothelial cells
3772:
3682:Microcirculation
3583:
3582:
3554:Lymphatic vessel
3511:Superficial vein
3416:
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3387:
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3370:
3347:
3346:
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3151:(6039): 238–42.
3140:
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3068:
3062:
3061:
3032:
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2949:(19): 2392–403.
2934:
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2869:(5449): 2511–4.
2858:
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2761:
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2007:
2001:
1998:
1982:
1964:
1939:(7323): 557–61.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1867:
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1860:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1782:
1776:
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1451:
1433:
1418:BMC Neuroscience
1410:Scotter, Emma L.
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1328:
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1277:
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1127:
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833:Clinical Science
824:
818:
817:
789:
424:, neural cells,
342:
335:
331:
328:
322:
291:
283:
260:adhesion plaques
145:microcirculation
122:edit on Wikidata
119:
31:
19:
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3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3745:
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3743:
3738:
3724:Vascular nerves
3659:
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3568:
3564:Lymph capillary
3540:
3521:Perforator vein
3492:
3449:
3428:Nutrient artery
3407:
3398:
3355:
3350:
3303:
3299:
3241:
3237:
3206:(34): 13882–7.
3192:
3188:
3141:
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3096:
3083:(12): 3403–12.
3077:Cancer Research
3069:
3065:
3044:(5322): 55–60.
3033:
3029:
2984:
2980:
2935:
2931:
2894:
2890:
2859:
2855:
2810:
2806:
2783:(24): 6237–47.
2769:
2765:
2728:
2724:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2683:
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2627:
2590:
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2563:(10): 3107–12.
2549:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2500:
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2447:
2414:10.1038/nm.4331
2402:Nature Medicine
2393:
2389:
2364:10.1038/nn.4428
2344:
2340:
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2238:
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2197:Brain Pathology
2189:
2185:
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1886:(7323): 562–6.
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1783:
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1363:(7112): 700–4.
1349:
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1303:(7494): 55–60.
1289:
1280:
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1148:(4–5): 467–76.
1134:
1130:
1115:
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1059:10.1038/nn.2946
1039:
1024:
962:
958:
931:Tissue and Cell
923:
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870:
825:
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800:(16): 1581–93.
790:
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782:
754:
745:
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678:
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661:
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611:
591:
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569:
548:
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496:phosphorylation
382:
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343:
332:
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323:
308:
292:
281:
276:
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3757:
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3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
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3709:Tunica externa
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3652:Pulmonary vein
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3591:
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3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
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3541:
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3526:Emissary veins
3523:
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3508:
3502:
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3480:
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3445:Elastic artery
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3409:
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3382:
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3362:
3354:
3353:External links
3351:
3349:
3348:
3313:(4): 780–796.
3297:
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3114:(4): 1104–10.
3094:
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2908:(8): 1847–57.
2888:
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2604:(9): 2653–64.
2584:
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2203:(3): 303–310.
2183:
2146:(1): 103–115.
2126:
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2069:
2022:(4): e46–e62.
2002:
2000:
1999:
1997:on 2014-02-01.
1923:
1862:
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1826:
1777:
1748:(10): 1274–6.
1728:
1685:
1633:
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1340:
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1226:
1189:(5): 633–645.
1169:
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1082:
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956:
937:(2): 153–174.
917:
882:Neuro-Oncology
868:
819:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
771:
765:
763:Mesoangioblast
760:
753:
750:
744:
741:
728:
725:
689:Angiopoietin 1
677:
674:
672:
669:
660:
657:
643:
640:
635:polyol pathway
610:
607:
590:
587:
577:
574:
568:
565:
547:
544:
518:formation and
516:tight junction
507:
504:
467:aminopeptidase
388:, survival of
381:
378:
368:
345:
344:
295:
293:
286:
280:
277:
275:
272:
208:
205:
151:that line the
128:
127:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
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75:
70:
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3753:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Rete mirabile
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Vasa nervorum
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:Tunica intima
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
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3670:
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3532:
3531:Venous plexus
3529:
3527:
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3509:
3507:
3506:Vena comitans
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3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:(3): 543–53.
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:(3): 805–14.
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2742:(6): 512–23.
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2714:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:Diabetes Care
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2528:
2521:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:(3): 409–27.
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:FASEB Journal
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:(1): 95–110.
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
960:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
888:(4): 452–64.
887:
883:
879:
872:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
784:
775:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
749:
740:
738:
734:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
668:
666:
656:
652:
650:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:macular edema
616:
606:
603:
595:
586:
583:
573:
564:
562:
558:
552:
543:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
449:
448:environment.
447:
443:
439:
436:, as well as
435:
431:
430:muscle fibers
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
407:morphogenesis
404:
400:
399:gap junctions
396:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
364:
360:
356:
352:
341:
338:
330:
320:
316:
312:
306:
305:
301:
296:This section
294:
290:
285:
284:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:gap junctions
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
213:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
123:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
30:
25:
20:
3760:Animal cells
3714:Vasa vasorum
3704:Tunica media
3669:Microanatomy
3438:Metarteriole
3310:
3306:
3300:
3275:10138/301079
3249:
3245:
3238:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3041:
3037:
3030:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2711:{{
2703:{{
2642:
2638:
2628:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2560:
2556:
2531:. Retrieved
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2497:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2405:
2401:
2390:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2309:(2): 451–5.
2306:
2302:
2292:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1995:the original
1990:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1883:
1879:
1865:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1701:(1): 15–23.
1698:
1694:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1604:(1): 45–63.
1601:
1597:
1587:
1555:(1): 67–84.
1552:
1548:
1527:the original
1517:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1421:
1417:
1403:
1360:
1356:
1300:
1296:
1246:
1242:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1096:
1050:
1046:
974:
970:
959:
934:
930:
920:
885:
881:
871:
839:(2): 81–93.
836:
832:
822:
797:
793:
787:
746:
730:
713:
682:
679:
662:
653:
645:
612:
600:
579:
570:
563:impairment.
553:
549:
528:
524:immune cells
509:
456:
450:
419:
386:angiogenesis
383:
348:
333:
324:
309:Please help
297:
264:cytoskeletal
257:
233:
218:
196:
193:phagocytosis
137:Rouget cells
136:
132:
131:
72:
34:Transmission
3765:Human cells
3692:Endothelium
3677:Microvessel
3640:Right heart
3625:Right heart
3609:Capillaries
3471:Fenestrated
3455:Capillaries
2902:Development
2777:Development
2525:Gellman H.
2510:22 November
1962:10616/40288
977:(1): 3953.
737:glial scars
536:Parkinson's
532:Alzheimer's
438:fibroblasts
411:phagocytose
403:hyperplasia
249:fibronectin
165:homeostatic
153:capillaries
141:mural cells
62:Identifiers
49:erythrocyte
41:microvessel
3749:Categories
3656:Left heart
3605:Arterioles
3593:Left heart
3476:Sinusoidal
3466:Continuous
2533:2 November
2529:. Medscape
780:References
735:, forming
721:hemorrhage
582:hemangioma
576:Hemangioma
546:Blood flow
440:and other
434:adipocytes
245:N-cadherin
185:astrocytes
169:hemostatic
3634:Pulmonary
3621:Vena cava
3516:Deep vein
3433:Arteriole
3327:1096-9861
3292:205264161
3181:206532774
2713:retracted
2705:retracted
2502:Munde P.
2422:1546-170X
2266:0001-6322
2160:0271-678X
2103:0271-678X
2064:229721934
2038:0009-7330
1872:Barres BA
1440:1471-2202
1203:1097-6256
999:2041-1723
453:cytotoxic
415:microglia
390:apoptotic
298:does not
207:Structure
197:in vitro.
133:Pericytes
73:pericytus
3601:Arteries
3587:Systemic
3420:Arteries
3401:Arteries
3343:53711787
3335:30471080
3284:29443965
3230:23966707
3173:21737741
3130:15047628
3108:Diabetes
3089:12810677
3022:11331305
2973:15371328
2924:15084468
2883:10617467
2799:15548578
2758:16166562
2698:38570509
2679:24336108
2645:: 2932.
2620:12941734
2579:12351455
2557:Diabetes
2489:21040844
2440:28459438
2382:27775719
2333:26661200
2284:22941226
2227:23126372
2178:28151041
2121:25757756
2056:33375813
2047:10858745
1971:20944627
1918:20944625
1857:10066377
1821:21778339
1772:37606009
1764:12153997
1723:24258796
1715:12883993
1680:24067916
1628:22999866
1579:23128780
1509:22007214
1483:: 1–10.
1458:29471788
1424:(1): 6.
1395:17036005
1335:24670647
1273:26119027
1221:33603231
1164:21769778
1123:21082366
1077:22030551
1017:32769974
912:16212810
863:25236972
814:18673199
752:See also
727:Scarring
671:Research
627:sorbitol
557:learning
471:cerebral
426:NG2 glia
363:glycerol
327:May 2022
274:Function
253:connexin
236:integrin
22:Pericyte
3613:Venules
3412:Vessels
3254:Bibcode
3221:3755723
3153:Bibcode
3145:Science
3058:9204896
3038:Science
3013:2190573
2863:Science
2848:9566978
2839:2132737
2670:3945879
2647:Bibcode
2480:3056408
2431:5716958
2373:5131849
2324:4759679
2275:3535352
2218:3628957
2169:5757436
2112:4758554
1979:4429989
1941:Bibcode
1909:3241506
1888:Bibcode
1812:3172806
1671:3882385
1619:3597239
1570:3781014
1500:3191787
1449:5824614
1386:1761848
1365:Bibcode
1326:3976267
1305:Bibcode
1264:4487786
1212:8102366
1068:4020628
1008:7414220
979:Bibcode
951:3085281
903:1871727
854:4200531
709:GTPases
492:enzymes
463:hormone
458:in vivo
319:removed
304:sources
225:nucleus
219:In the
189:neurons
143:of the
85:D020286
57:Details
3536:Venule
3462:Types
3341:
3333:
3325:
3290:
3282:
3246:Nature
3228:
3218:
3179:
3171:
3128:
3087:
3056:
3020:
3010:
2971:
2964:522989
2961:
2922:
2881:
2846:
2836:
2797:
2756:
2696:
2692:,
2677:
2667:
2618:
2577:
2487:
2477:
2459:Neuron
2438:
2428:
2420:
2380:
2370:
2331:
2321:
2282:
2272:
2264:
2225:
2215:
2176:
2166:
2158:
2119:
2109:
2101:
2062:
2054:
2044:
2036:
1977:
1969:
1933:Nature
1916:
1906:
1880:Nature
1855:
1819:
1809:
1770:
1762:
1721:
1713:
1678:
1668:
1626:
1616:
1577:
1567:
1507:
1497:
1456:
1446:
1438:
1393:
1383:
1357:Nature
1333:
1323:
1297:Nature
1271:
1261:
1243:Neuron
1219:
1209:
1201:
1162:
1121:
1111:
1075:
1065:
1015:
1005:
997:
949:
910:
900:
861:
851:
812:
665:stroke
659:Stroke
561:memory
480:VEGF-A
446:tissue
393:alpha-
374:injury
359:nestin
187:, and
3648:Lungs
3617:Veins
3597:Aorta
3559:Lymph
3546:Lymph
3498:Veins
3405:veins
3339:S2CID
3288:S2CID
3177:S2CID
2709:with
2060:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1791:Blood
1768:S2CID
1719:S2CID
693:Tie-2
649:PDGFB
476:Bcl-w
395:actin
268:actin
173:brain
120:[
109:63174
68:Latin
39:of a
3403:and
3331:PMID
3323:ISSN
3280:PMID
3226:PMID
3169:PMID
3126:PMID
3085:PMID
3054:PMID
3018:PMID
2969:PMID
2920:PMID
2879:PMID
2844:PMID
2795:PMID
2754:PMID
2694:PMID
2675:PMID
2616:PMID
2575:PMID
2535:2011
2512:2014
2485:PMID
2436:PMID
2418:ISSN
2378:PMID
2329:PMID
2280:PMID
2262:ISSN
2223:PMID
2174:PMID
2156:ISSN
2117:PMID
2099:ISSN
2052:PMID
2034:ISSN
1967:PMID
1914:PMID
1853:PMID
1817:PMID
1760:PMID
1711:PMID
1676:PMID
1624:PMID
1575:PMID
1505:PMID
1481:2012
1454:PMID
1436:ISSN
1391:PMID
1331:PMID
1269:PMID
1217:PMID
1199:ISSN
1160:PMID
1119:PMID
1109:ISBN
1073:PMID
1013:PMID
995:ISSN
947:PMID
908:PMID
859:PMID
810:PMID
691:and
629:and
559:and
538:and
484:VEGF
367:BaCl
302:any
300:cite
167:and
80:MeSH
51:(E).
3654:→ (
3623:→ (
3315:doi
3311:527
3270:hdl
3262:doi
3250:554
3216:PMC
3208:doi
3161:doi
3149:333
3116:doi
3046:doi
3042:277
3008:PMC
3000:doi
2996:153
2959:PMC
2951:doi
2910:doi
2906:131
2871:doi
2867:286
2834:PMC
2826:doi
2822:141
2785:doi
2781:131
2744:doi
2686:doi
2665:PMC
2655:doi
2606:doi
2565:doi
2475:PMC
2467:doi
2426:PMC
2410:doi
2368:PMC
2360:doi
2319:PMC
2311:doi
2270:PMC
2254:doi
2250:125
2213:PMC
2205:doi
2164:PMC
2148:doi
2107:PMC
2091:doi
2042:PMC
2024:doi
2020:128
1957:hdl
1949:doi
1937:468
1904:PMC
1896:doi
1884:468
1845:doi
1841:247
1807:PMC
1799:doi
1795:118
1750:doi
1703:doi
1699:314
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1654:305
1614:PMC
1606:doi
1602:319
1565:PMC
1557:doi
1495:PMC
1485:doi
1444:PMC
1426:doi
1381:PMC
1373:doi
1361:443
1321:PMC
1313:doi
1301:508
1259:PMC
1251:doi
1207:PMC
1191:doi
1150:doi
1101:doi
1063:PMC
1055:doi
1003:PMC
987:doi
939:doi
898:PMC
890:doi
849:PMC
841:doi
837:128
802:doi
540:ALS
498:of
365:or
355:fat
313:by
104:FMA
3751::
3650:→
3646:→
3642:→
3619:→
3615:→
3611:→
3607:→
3603:→
3599:→
3595:→
3337:.
3329:.
3321:.
3309:.
3286:.
3278:.
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