36:
153:
256:
125:
1524:
When assessing hypotension, the context of the baseline blood pressure needs to be considered. Acute decreases in mean arterial pressure of around 25% put people at increased risk for organ damage and potential mortality. Even one minute at a MAP of 50 mmHg, or accumulative effects over short
160:
While MAP can only be measured directly by invasive monitoring, it can be estimated by using a formula in which the lower (diastolic) blood pressure is doubled and added to the higher (systolic) blood pressure and that composite sum then is divided by 3 to estimate MAP.
2327:
Nicklas JY, Beckmann D, Killat J, Petzoldt M, Reuter DA, Rösch T, Saugel B (February 2019). "Continuous noninvasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using the vascular unloading technology during complex gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective observational study".
881:
The version of the MAP equation multiplying 0.412 by pulse pressure and adding diastolic blood is indicated to correlate better than other versions of the equation with left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid wall thickness and aortic stiffness. It is expressed:
2178:
Razminia M, Trivedi A, Molnar J, Elbzour M, Guerrero M, Salem Y, et al. (December 2004). "Validation of a new formula for mean arterial pressure calculation: the new formula is superior to the standard formula".
850:
2263:
Chemla D, HĂ©bert JL, Aptecar E, Mazoit JX, Zamani K, Frank R, et al. (July 2002). "Empirical estimates of mean aortic pressure: advantages, drawbacks and implications for pressure redundancy".
1126:
It has also been suggested that when getting readings from a neonates radial arterial line, mean arterial pressure can be approximated by averaging the systolic and diastolic pressure.
1108:
1023:
941:
234:
509:
1422:
1196:
1280:
439:
1990:"Mean arterial pressure values calculated using seven different methods and their associations with target organ deterioration in a single-center study of 1878 individuals"
1339:
321:
347:
132:
Mean arterial pressure can be measured directly or estimate from systolic and diastolic blood pressure by using a formula. The least invasive method is the use of a
762:
729:
634:
600:
569:
691:
664:
538:
367:
281:
2618:
140:
blood pressure device that works by a cuff only method where a microprocessor determines the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Invasively, an
1814:"Oscillometric measurement of blood pressure: a simplified explanation. A technical note on behalf of the British and Irish Hypertension Society"
1903:
1627:"Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in relation to ischemic stroke among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in rural areas of China"
2553:"Different prognostic impact of 24-hour mean blood pressure and pulse pressure on stroke and coronary artery disease in essential hypertension"
40:
Representation of the arterial pressure waveform over one cardiac cycle. The notch in the curve is associated with closing of the aortic valve.
1547:
MAP may be used like systolic blood pressure in monitoring and treating target blood pressure. Both are used as targets for assessing sepsis,
770:
3210:
1571:
in the prediction of stroke. However in older people, MAP is less predictive of stroke and a better predictor of cardiovascular disease.
116:, where a MAP of 90 mmHg or less is low risk, and a MAP of greater than 96 mmHg represents "stage one hypertension" with increased risk.
964:
For young patients with congenital heart disease a slight alteration to the factor used found to be more precise. This was written as:
2841:
1752:
3113:
164:
Thus, a common way to estimate mean arterial pressure is to take one-third of the pulse pressure added to the diastolic pressure:
2611:
2371:
Maheshwari K, Khanna S, Bajracharya GR, Makarova N, Riter Q, Raza S, Cywinski JB, Argalious M, Kurz A, Sessler DI (August 2018).
2086:
Gevers M, Hack WW, Ree EF, Lafeber HN, Westerhof N (1993). "Calculated mean arterial blood pressure in critically ill neonates".
1925:
2422:"Mean arterial pressure and mortality in patients with distributive shock: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database"
2535:
2311:
2479:
Magder SA (May 2014). "The highs and lows of blood pressure: toward meaningful clinical targets in patients with shock".
2523:
2299:
2604:
1049:
For neonates, because of their altered physiology, a different formula has been proposed for a more precise reading:
1861:
112:
MAP is altered by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. It is used clinically to estimate the risk of
1041:
This added precision means cerebral blood flow can be more accurately maintained in uncontrolled hypertension.
1054:
969:
887:
169:
2754:
3131:
2886:
2864:
572:
449:
1348:
3126:
2871:
1673:
1532:, a MAP of 65 mmHg lasting for more than two hours was associated with higher mortality. In people with
1139:
2952:
1205:
137:
377:
3156:
3103:
2979:
2959:
2923:
2846:
2806:
2627:
1911:
2974:
2964:
2854:
735:
of systolic and diastolic pressures because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure pulse.
136:
which gives the values to calculate an estimate of the mean pressure. A similar method is to use a
46:
2373:"A Randomized Trial of Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring During Noncardiac Surgery"
1525:
periods, increases the risk of mortality by 5%, and can result in organ failure or complications.
1289:
289:
252:
Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure equals the pulse pressure which may be substituted in.
3220:
3161:
3093:
3038:
2939:
2859:
2743:
2721:
1505:
603:
113:
2739:
3215:
3098:
3002:
2748:
2706:
2701:
1702:"Association of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Outcomes With 24-Hour Mean Arterial Pressure"
1605:
329:
2947:
1556:
349:
is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end and
144:
with a transducer is placed and the mean pressure is determined by the subsequent waveform.
77:. Although methods of estimating MAP vary, a common calculation is to take one-third of the
2696:
2679:
20:
2596:
2039:"Formula and nomogram for the sphygmomanometric calculation of the mean arterial pressure"
8:
3043:
2881:
2876:
2711:
2684:
1884:
1595:
1529:
741:
708:
613:
579:
548:
1932:. Nuffield Dept.of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford. 12 September 2006. Archived from
673:
646:
520:
3151:
3016:
2769:
2582:
2504:
2456:
2421:
2420:
Vincent, Jean-Louis; Nielsen, Nathan D.; Shapiro, Nathan I.; et al. (2018-11-08).
2397:
2372:
2353:
2204:
2160:
2111:
2063:
2038:
2019:
1838:
1813:
1726:
1701:
1493:
667:
352:
266:
86:
2147:
2130:
1717:
156:
Mean arterial pressure in relation to systolic and diastolic pressure in blood vessels
2787:
2759:
2574:
2531:
2496:
2461:
2443:
2402:
2345:
2307:
2280:
2245:
2196:
2152:
2103:
2068:
2011:
1970:
1933:
1843:
1788:
1731:
1648:
640:
82:
2586:
2508:
2208:
2164:
2115:
2023:
3136:
2731:
2564:
2488:
2451:
2433:
2392:
2384:
2357:
2337:
2272:
2240:
2235:
2223:
2188:
2142:
2095:
2058:
2050:
2001:
1960:
1949:"Calculation of mean arterial pressure during exercise as a function of heart rate"
1833:
1825:
1721:
1713:
1638:
637:
133:
2986:
2716:
2492:
2388:
1643:
1626:
1497:
732:
89:), and add that amount to the diastolic pressure. A normal MAP is about 90 mmHg.
52:
263:
Another way to find the MAP is to use the systemic vascular resistance equated (
35:
3146:
3071:
3063:
2657:
2644:
2569:
2552:
1780:
1600:
1580:
1568:
1513:
694:
541:
152:
78:
70:
2438:
2341:
1829:
3204:
2764:
2674:
2667:
2652:
2447:
255:
141:
74:
2551:
Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Franklin SS, Porcellati C (May 2001).
3178:
3168:
3141:
3030:
3021:
2818:
2792:
2578:
2500:
2465:
2406:
2349:
2284:
2249:
2200:
2156:
2072:
2015:
1847:
1792:
1735:
1652:
1585:
1548:
2107:
2054:
1988:
Papaioannou TG, Protogerou AD, Vrachatis D, et al. (September 2016).
1987:
1974:
1947:
Moran D, Epstein Y, Keren G, Laor A, Sherez J, Shapiro Y (November 1995).
3183:
3173:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2802:
2129:
Chemla D, HĂ©bert JL, Zamani K, Coirault C, Lecarpentier Y (August 1999).
1590:
1537:
1625:
Zheng L, Sun Z, Li J, Zhang R, Zhang X, Liu S, et al. (July 2008).
3121:
2906:
2796:
2779:
2662:
2099:
2006:
1989:
1965:
1948:
860:
124:
2276:
2192:
3053:
2824:
2691:
16:
Average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle
845:{\displaystyle MAP\simeq DP+0.01\times \exp(4.14-40.74/HR)\times PP}
3081:
2812:
2370:
2037:
Meaney E, Alva F, Moguel R, Meaney A, Alva J, Webel R (July 2000).
2550:
3076:
1541:
443:
Therefore, MAP can be determined by rearranging the equation to:
2916:
2911:
1552:
1533:
1509:
369:
is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output).
872:
PP = pulse pressure which is systolic minus diastolic pressure
610:
This is only valid at normal resting heart rates during which
3048:
2635:
2326:
2419:
2177:
1700:
Melgarejo JD, Yang WY, Thijs L, et al. (January 2021).
1134:
Other formulas used to estimate mean arterial pressure are:
606:
and usually is small enough to be neglected in this formula.
2626:
1567:
In younger people, elevated MAP is used more commonly than
1501:
2302:. In McKean SC, Ross JJ, Dressler DD, Scheurer DB (eds.).
2128:
2526:. In Fuster V, Harrington RA, Narula J, Eapen ZJ (eds.).
2262:
283:), which is represented mathematically by the formula
2224:"A call for improving mean aortic pressure estimation"
2036:
1946:
1492:
Mean arterial pressure is a major determinant of the
1351:
1292:
1208:
1142:
1057:
972:
890:
773:
744:
711:
676:
649:
616:
582:
551:
523:
452:
380:
355:
332:
292:
269:
172:
2085:
1891:. Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine.
1699:
1504:
increase the risk stepwise of having higher risk of
98:(systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure)
93:
Mean arterial pressure = diastolic blood pressure +
1446:Thresholds for 24 hr. mean arterial pressure (MAP)
1416:
1333:
1274:
1190:
1102:
1017:
935:
844:
756:
723:
685:
658:
628:
594:
563:
532:
503:
433:
361:
341:
315:
275:
228:
3202:
2181:Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions
2221:
1787:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1624:
2297:
1674:"Calculating the mean arterial pressure (MAP)"
2612:
2544:
2521:
2364:
2330:Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
2320:
2304:Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine
1778:
1618:
2619:
2605:
34:
2568:
2455:
2437:
2396:
2239:
2146:
2062:
2005:
1964:
1837:
1725:
1642:
1129:
1500:in the body. MAP levels greater than 90
1440:
1103:{\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.466\times PP)}
1018:{\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.475\times PP)}
936:{\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.412\times PP)}
254:
229:{\displaystyle MAP\approx DP+1/3(SP-DP)}
151:
123:
2628:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
2413:
1753:"Understanding Blood Pressure Readings"
3203:
2478:
700:
2600:
1811:
1747:
1745:
504:{\displaystyle MAP=(CO\cdot SVR)+CVP}
2131:"Estimation of mean aortic pressure"
1926:"Cardiovascular Physiology (page 3)"
1882:
1781:"Physiology, Mean Arterial Pressure"
1774:
1772:
1770:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1417:{\displaystyle MAP=DAP+(PP/3)+5mmHg}
731:is more closely approximated by the
2222:Chemla D, Nitenberg A (June 2005).
1862:"Mean arterial pressure calculator"
13:
3211:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
1889:Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
1755:. American Heart Association. 2023
1742:
1191:{\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.33PP)+5}
333:
299:
14:
3232:
1901:
1854:
1767:
1718:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14929
1684:
1659:
1275:{\displaystyle MAP=DBP+\times PP}
959:
147:
73:in an individual during a single
2228:American Journal of Hypertension
876:
434:{\displaystyle SVR=(MAP-CVP)/CO}
2524:"Epidemiology of hypertension."
2515:
2472:
2291:
2256:
2215:
2171:
2122:
2079:
2030:
1981:
1940:
1918:
1562:
1544:on the basis of estimated MAP.
1433:DAP = diastolic aortic pressure
738:For a more accurate formula of
2530:(14th ed.). McGraw Hill.
2241:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.10.025
1908:Essentials of Human Physiology
1895:
1876:
1805:
1519:
1436:DPB = diastolic blood pressure
1393:
1376:
1260:
1257:
1242:
1233:
1179:
1167:
1097:
1082:
1012:
997:
930:
915:
830:
807:
764:for elevated heart rates use:
636:can be approximated using the
486:
465:
417:
393:
223:
205:
1:
2755:Aortic valve area calculation
2522:Wong ND, Franklin SS (2017).
2306:(2nd ed.). McGraw Hill.
2298:Jones D, Francesco L (2017).
2148:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77948-4
1818:Journal of Human Hypertension
1611:
2493:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000324
2389:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003482
2088:Basic Research in Cardiology
1644:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510677
1596:Systemic vascular resistance
1528:In people hospitalized with
1427:MAP = mean arterial pressure
1334:{\displaystyle MAP=DAP+PP/3}
1119:MAP = mean arterial pressure
1034:MAP = mean arterial pressure
952:MAP = mean arterial pressure
869:MAP = mean arterial pressure
573:systemic vascular resistance
316:{\displaystyle R=\Delta P/Q}
248:MAP = mean arterial pressure
81:(the difference between the
7:
2872:Effective refractory period
2751:) / End-diastolic dimension
1574:
1044:
69:) is an average calculated
10:
3237:
2570:10.1161/01.cir.103.21.2579
1779:DeMers D, Wachs D (2022).
119:
18:
3157:Tubuloglomerular feedback
3112:
3104:Critical closing pressure
3062:
3029:
3015:
2995:
2932:
2924:Hexaxial reference system
2847:Cardiac electrophysiology
2834:
2778:
2730:
2643:
2634:
2439:10.1186/s13613-018-0448-9
2342:10.1007/s10877-018-0131-6
1830:10.1038/s41371-019-0196-9
45:
33:
28:
3132:Renin–angiotensin system
2426:Annals of Intensive Care
2377:Anesthesia and Analgesia
1904:"Section 3/3ch7/s3ch7_4"
1885:"Mean Arterial Pressure"
1467:Elevated blood pressure
1116:DBP = diastolic pressure
1031:DBP = diastolic pressure
949:DBP = diastolic pressure
342:{\displaystyle \Delta P}
19:Not to be confused with
3162:Cerebral autoregulation
3127:Kinin–kallikrein system
3094:Jugular venous pressure
2744:End-diastolic dimension
2722:Pressure volume diagram
1506:cardiovascular diseases
866:DP = diastolic pressure
604:central venous pressure
242:DP = diastolic pressure
114:cardiovascular diseases
3099:Portal venous pressure
3089:Mean arterial pressure
3003:Ventricular remodeling
2749:End-systolic dimension
2707:Cardiac function curve
2481:Critical Care Medicine
1606:Mean systemic pressure
1418:
1335:
1276:
1192:
1130:Other formula versions
1104:
1019:
937:
846:
758:
725:
687:
660:
630:
596:
565:
534:
505:
435:
363:
343:
317:
277:
260:
245:SP = systolic pressure
230:
157:
129:
63:mean arterial pressure
29:Mean arterial pressure
2740:Fractional shortening
2055:10.1136/heart.84.1.64
1994:Hypertension Research
1953:Applied Human Science
1864:. PhysiologyWeb. 2023
1812:Lewis PS (May 2019).
1557:intracranial bleeding
1483:Stage 2 hypertension
1475:Stage 1 hypertension
1441:Clinical significance
1419:
1336:
1277:
1193:
1105:
1020:
938:
847:
759:
726:
688:
661:
631:
597:
566:
535:
506:
436:
364:
344:
318:
278:
258:
231:
155:
127:
2680:End-diastolic volume
1451:24 hr. MAP category
1349:
1290:
1206:
1140:
1055:
970:
888:
771:
742:
709:
705:At high heart rates
674:
647:
614:
580:
549:
521:
450:
378:
353:
330:
290:
267:
170:
21:mean airway pressure
3044:Vascular resistance
2882:Electrocardiography
2877:Pacemaker potential
2807:Conduction velocity
2712:Venous return curve
2685:End-systolic volume
1930:World of Anesthesia
1478:92 to < 96 mmHg
1470:90 to < 92 mmHg
1447:
1430:PP = pulse pressure
1122:PP = pulse pressure
1037:PP = pulse pressure
955:PP = pulse pressure
757:{\displaystyle MAP}
724:{\displaystyle MAP}
701:Elevated heart rate
629:{\displaystyle MAP}
595:{\displaystyle CVP}
564:{\displaystyle SVR}
259:Blood pressure cuff
134:blood pressure cuff
87:diastolic pressures
3152:Myogenic mechanism
2770:Left atrial volume
2702:Frank–Starling law
2100:10.1007/BF00788533
2007:10.1038/hr.2016.41
1966:10.2114/ahs.14.293
1680:. 8 December 2011.
1494:perfusion pressure
1445:
1414:
1331:
1272:
1188:
1100:
1015:
933:
842:
754:
721:
686:{\displaystyle DP}
683:
659:{\displaystyle SP}
656:
626:
592:
561:
533:{\displaystyle CO}
530:
501:
431:
359:
339:
313:
273:
261:
226:
158:
130:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3011:
3010:
2851:Action potential
2842:Conduction system
2788:Cardiac pacemaker
2760:Ejection fraction
2537:978-0-07-184324-9
2528:Hurst's The Heart
2313:978-0-07-184313-3
2277:10.1042/cs1030007
2193:10.1002/ccd.20217
1490:
1489:
362:{\displaystyle Q}
276:{\displaystyle R}
142:arterial catheter
61:In medicine, the
59:
58:
3228:
3137:Vasoconstrictors
3114:Regulation of BP
3027:
3026:
2960:pulmonary artery
2933:Chamber pressure
2641:
2640:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2487:(5): 1241–1251.
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2441:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2265:Clinical Science
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1910:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1637:(7): 1932–1937.
1622:
1448:
1444:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1389:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
942:
940:
939:
934:
851:
849:
848:
843:
823:
763:
761:
760:
755:
730:
728:
727:
722:
692:
690:
689:
684:
665:
663:
662:
657:
635:
633:
632:
627:
601:
599:
598:
593:
570:
568:
567:
562:
539:
537:
536:
531:
510:
508:
507:
502:
440:
438:
437:
432:
424:
372:In other words:
368:
366:
365:
360:
348:
346:
345:
340:
322:
320:
319:
314:
309:
282:
280:
279:
274:
235:
233:
232:
227:
201:
109:
108:
106:
105:
102:
99:
55:
38:
26:
25:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3108:
3058:
3020:
3017:Vascular system
3007:
2991:
2928:
2830:
2815:(Contractility)
2774:
2726:
2717:Wiggers diagram
2630:
2625:
2595:
2594:
2563:(21): 2579–84.
2549:
2545:
2538:
2520:
2516:
2477:
2473:
2418:
2414:
2369:
2365:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2296:
2292:
2261:
2257:
2220:
2216:
2176:
2172:
2127:
2123:
2084:
2080:
2035:
2031:
1986:
1982:
1945:
1941:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1900:
1896:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1577:
1565:
1522:
1443:
1385:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1323:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
971:
968:
967:
962:
889:
886:
885:
879:
819:
772:
769:
768:
743:
740:
739:
733:arithmetic mean
710:
707:
706:
703:
695:blood pressures
675:
672:
671:
648:
645:
644:
615:
612:
611:
581:
578:
577:
550:
547:
546:
522:
519:
518:
451:
448:
447:
420:
379:
376:
375:
354:
351:
350:
331:
328:
327:
305:
291:
288:
287:
268:
265:
264:
197:
171:
168:
167:
150:
122:
103:
100:
97:
96:
94:
92:
51:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3221:Blood pressure
3218:
3213:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3147:Autoregulation
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3072:Pulse pressure
3068:
3066:
3064:Blood pressure
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2940:Central venous
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:(Excitability)
2816:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2658:Cardiac output
2655:
2649:
2647:
2645:Cardiac output
2638:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2543:
2536:
2514:
2471:
2412:
2383:(2): 424–431.
2363:
2319:
2312:
2290:
2255:
2214:
2187:(4): 419–425.
2170:
2121:
2078:
2029:
2000:(9): 640–647.
1980:
1959:(6): 293–295.
1939:
1936:on 2006-12-11.
1917:
1914:on 2016-03-24.
1894:
1875:
1853:
1824:(5): 349–351.
1804:
1766:
1741:
1683:
1678:Nursing Center
1658:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1601:Pulse pressure
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:Blood pressure
1576:
1573:
1569:pulse pressure
1564:
1561:
1540:dosage may be
1521:
1518:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
961:
960:Young patients
958:
957:
956:
953:
950:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
853:
852:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
753:
750:
747:
720:
717:
714:
702:
699:
682:
679:
655:
652:
625:
622:
619:
608:
607:
591:
588:
585:
575:
560:
557:
554:
544:
542:cardiac output
529:
526:
512:
511:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
358:
338:
335:
324:
323:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
272:
250:
249:
246:
243:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
149:
148:Estimating MAP
146:
121:
118:
79:pulse pressure
71:blood pressure
57:
56:
49:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3233:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Medical signs
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Cardiac index
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:Stroke volume
2673:
2669:
2668:Stroke volume
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Cardiac cycle
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:"Hypotension"
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:(9178): 596.
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1883:Klabunde RE.
1879:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1486:> 96 mmHg
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:< 90 mmHg
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
965:
954:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
927:
924:
921:
918:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
883:
877:Most accurate
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
856:
839:
836:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:
810:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
767:
766:
765:
751:
748:
745:
736:
734:
718:
715:
712:
698:
696:
680:
677:
669:
653:
650:
642:
639:
623:
620:
617:
605:
589:
586:
583:
576:
574:
558:
555:
552:
545:
543:
527:
524:
517:
516:
515:
498:
495:
492:
489:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
462:
459:
456:
453:
446:
445:
444:
441:
428:
425:
421:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
390:
387:
384:
381:
373:
370:
356:
336:
310:
306:
302:
296:
293:
286:
285:
284:
270:
257:
253:
247:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
202:
198:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
165:
162:
154:
145:
143:
139:
138:oscillometric
135:
128:Arterial line
126:
117:
115:
110:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:cardiac cycle
72:
68:
64:
54:
50:
48:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3179:Carotid body
3142:Vasodilators
3088:
3022:hemodynamics
2827:(Relaxation)
2819:Bathmotropic
2793:Chronotropic
2560:
2556:
2546:
2527:
2517:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2336:(1): 25–30.
2333:
2329:
2322:
2303:
2293:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2094:(1): 80–85.
2091:
2087:
2081:
2046:
2042:
2032:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1934:the original
1929:
1920:
1912:the original
1907:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1856:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1796:. Retrieved
1784:
1757:. Retrieved
1712:(1): 39–48.
1709:
1706:Hypertension
1705:
1677:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1586:Hypertension
1566:
1563:Hypertension
1549:major trauma
1546:
1527:
1523:
1491:
1345:
1342:
1286:
1283:
1202:
1199:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1111:
1051:
1048:
1040:
1026:
966:
963:
944:
884:
880:
854:
737:
704:
609:
513:
442:
374:
371:
325:
262:
251:
237:
166:
163:
159:
131:
111:
91:
66:
62:
60:
3184:Glomus cell
3174:Aortic body
3169:Paraganglia
2980:ventricular
2953:ventricular
2902:QT interval
2897:QRS complex
2892:PR interval
2865:ventricular
2803:Dromotropic
2557:Circulation
2271:(1): 7–13.
1591:Hypotension
1538:vasopressor
1520:Hypotension
1454:24 hr. MAP
3205:Categories
3122:Baroreflex
3039:Compliance
3031:Blood flow
2907:ST segment
2835:Conduction
2825:Lusitropic
2797:Heart rate
2780:Heart rate
2732:Ultrasound
2663:Heart rate
2432:(1): 107.
2234:(6): 891.
1902:Nosek TM.
1798:2022-05-22
1785:StatPearls
1612:References
1508:, such as
861:heart rate
3082:Diastolic
3054:Perfusion
2813:Inotropic
2692:Afterload
2448:2110-5820
2049:(1): 64.
1514:mortality
1264:×
1249:×
1089:×
1004:×
922:×
834:×
814:−
805:
799:×
784:≃
668:diastolic
475:⋅
406:−
334:Δ
300:Δ
215:−
183:≈
3077:Systolic
2855:cardiac
2587:13521935
2579:11382727
2509:39745357
2501:24736333
2466:30411243
2407:29916861
2350:29556885
2285:12095398
2250:15925755
2209:25022922
2201:15558774
2165:20720814
2157:10470724
2116:27547225
2073:10862592
2024:11382793
2016:27194570
1848:30926901
1793:30855814
1736:33296250
1653:18451345
1575:See also
1542:titrated
1496:seen by
1045:Neonates
641:systolic
638:measured
238:where:
83:systolic
2697:Preload
2457:6223403
2398:6072385
2358:4025532
2108:8471006
2064:1729401
1975:8591100
1839:8076036
1727:7720872
1459:Normal
1112:where:
1027:where:
945:where:
855:Where
514:where:
120:Testing
107:
95:
53:D062186
2987:Aortic
2975:atrial
2948:atrial
2944:Right
2917:U wave
2912:T wave
2887:P wave
2860:atrial
2585:
2577:
2534:
2507:
2499:
2464:
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2114:
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2022:
2014:
1973:
1868:3 June
1846:
1836:
1791:
1759:3 June
1734:
1724:
1651:
1631:Stroke
1555:, and
1553:stroke
1536:, the
1534:sepsis
1512:, and
1510:stroke
1498:organs
1246:0.0012
666:) and
326:where
3049:Pulse
2996:Other
2971:Left
2965:wedge
2636:Heart
2583:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2354:S2CID
2205:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2112:S2CID
2043:Heart
2020:S2CID
1530:shock
1086:0.466
1001:0.475
919:0.412
859:HR =
817:40.74
2575:PMID
2532:ISBN
2497:PMID
2462:PMID
2444:ISSN
2403:PMID
2346:PMID
2308:ISBN
2281:PMID
2246:PMID
2197:PMID
2153:PMID
2104:PMID
2069:PMID
2012:PMID
1971:PMID
1870:2023
1844:PMID
1789:PMID
1761:2023
1732:PMID
1649:PMID
1502:mmHg
1237:0.33
1171:0.33
811:4.14
796:0.01
85:and
47:MeSH
2742:= (
2565:doi
2561:103
2489:doi
2452:PMC
2434:doi
2393:PMC
2385:doi
2381:127
2338:doi
2273:doi
2269:103
2236:doi
2189:doi
2143:doi
2139:354
2096:doi
2059:PMC
2051:doi
2002:doi
1961:doi
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1826:doi
1722:PMC
1714:doi
1639:doi
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1284:or
1200:or
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1365:D
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1356:A
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1321:P
1318:P
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1312:P
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1306:D
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1252:H
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