264:"The Jetti's would be sent for, who always approached with their masters at their head, and, after prostration, and making their grand Someshvara III, touching the ground each time, they would be paired, one school against another. They had on their right hands the wood-guamootie <vajra-musti> of four steel talons, which were fixed to each back joint of their fingers, and had a terrific appearance when their fists were closed. Their heads were close shaved, their bodies oiled, and they wore only a pair of short drawers. On being matched, and the signal given from Tippu, they begin the combat, always by throwing the flowers, which they wear round their necks, in each other's faces; watching an opportunity for striking with the right hand, on which they wore this mischievous weapon which never failed lacerating the flesh, and drawing blood most copiously. Some pairs would close instantly, and no matter which was under, for the gripe was the whole ; they were in general taught to suit their holds to their opponent's body, with every part of which, as far as concerned them, they were well acquainted. If one got a hold against which his antagonist could not guard, he would be the conqueror; they would frequently break each other's legs and arms."
27:
609:
1067:
236:"The King has a thousand wrestlers for these feasts who wrestle before the King, but not in our manner, for they strike and wound each other with two circlets with points which they carry in their hands to strike with, and the one most wounded goes and takes his reward in the shape of a silk cloth, such as the King gives to these wrestlers. They have a captain over them, and they do not perform any other service in the kingdom."
600:
205:
associated with the Jyesti sub-caste, and is thought to date back to the 13th century. It describes the preparation of the arena, and exercises used, types of wrestlers, defines necessary physical characteristics, techniques of wrestling, and provides a fairly precise account of which foods wrestlers
364:
Matches are done in submission style, going until one competitor submits, gets disarmed, or is otherwise unable to continue. Both fighters receive payment after the match, with the winner receiving double the amount of his defeated opponent. If the match was a draw and neither fighter was submitted,
303:
in 1610. Unlike the bloody matches of old, modern combatants use knuckle-dusters with blunt studs. The fight ends immediately after first blood is drawn, and the referee's verdict is seldom questioned. On the rare occasion when the decision is disputed, the loser or his guru can appeal to the judges
352:
leaves are tied for good luck. A square altar is temporarily constructed in the middle of the wrestling pit, upon which a branch of the neem tree is planted so the wrestler can pray to the goddess
Limbaja. To the east of this altar a small platform is placed, upon which the wrestler's vajramusti is
360:
In the basic stance, the left arm is held out to the front with the hand open. The right arm, holding the vajramusti, is held to the side next to the waist. The left foot is placed forward while the right foot is turned to the side. Strikes, knees, elbows, takedowns and submission holds are all
361:
employed. There is an extensive use of locks to immobilize the opponent's right arm. These locks may be applied with the arms, legs, or a combination of the two. One of the few rules is the prohibition of any attack below the waist, so major targets are the face, chest and arms.
344:
or loincloth. The actual vajra-musti is not used for training due to the risk of injury. Instead, wrestlers substitute the weapon with a cloth woven between the fingers. The cloth is dipped in red ochre so that hits may be confirmed.
224:
aboriginals of
Gujarat (sometimes mistakenly referred to in European writings as being from Madagascar due to their appearance) were trained in vajra-musti from infancy. The Portuguese chronicler
284:. The family tradition of wrestling lost its prestige without its royal patronage. Modern Indians regarded such violent sports as barbarically outdated. Even the relatively safe
145:, slightly pointed at the sides, with small spikes at the knuckles. The variety used for warfare had long blades protruding from each end, and an elaborate bladed knuckle.
353:
kept. After the prayers and rituals are completed, the weapon is tied to the fighter's right hand so it won't get dislodged during the fight. Upon leaving their family's
217:
priests. By the 16th century, the
Jyestimalla were synonymous with fighting, renowned athletes and professional fighters who would act as bodyguards for the rich.
383:
John Will has re-published the original
Mallapurana text, along with a preface the outlines his encounter with the Jyesthimalla's of Baroda in 1984.
26:
727:
588:
566:
1124:
490:
169:. Matches were patronized by royalty and wrestlers thus became held in high regard. Vajra-musti and its unarmed counterpart
1605:
1101:
292:
trained in vajra-musti with one of the last masters in the 1980s, during which time the art was already nearly extinct.
288:
dwindled in popularity. Fights persisted nonetheless, typically held during Dasara festivals. Australian martial artist
1139:
720:
557:
581:
357:(training hall), the wrestlers make their way to the public arena which they enter in a zig-zag, jumping fashion.
348:
On the day of a match, the combatants' heads are shaved, leaving only a small tuft of hair at the crown to which
462:
1600:
618:
1585:
713:
596:
1590:
574:
1580:
1595:
1331:
694:
689:
1366:
1293:
1129:
512:
1371:
1094:
50:
1529:
1245:
461:
Alter, Joseph S. (1992b). The
Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley:
176:
1149:
1235:
1230:
632:
304:
panel. The umpire and the judges are normally former wrestlers with decades of experience.
933:
8:
1506:
1481:
1459:
1407:
1154:
1070:
744:
736:
417:
369:
289:
240:
By the colonial period, the Jyesti clan became known as Jetti. At this time the Jetti of
229:
1549:
1336:
1313:
1225:
1175:
1087:
663:
604:
1559:
1361:
1346:
1341:
1240:
1205:
1066:
553:
141:
The vajramusti is usually made of ivory or buffalo horn. Its appearance is that of a
165:(1124ā1138), although it has been conjectured to have existed since as early as the
1449:
1278:
953:
782:
412:
333:
127:
1029:
1486:
1412:
1402:
1356:
1210:
1180:
1159:
1134:
923:
908:
508:
317:
300:
340:) are all used to strengthen the body and improve stamina. The only attire is a
225:
1554:
1432:
1427:
1376:
1260:
1200:
958:
928:
918:
536:
402:
325:
162:
142:
1574:
968:
903:
888:
837:
792:
777:
296:
193:
first mentioned in the 12th century. The Jyesti clan trained specifically in
166:
123:
312:
As a variant of wrestling, vajra-musti shares its training methodology with
1381:
1195:
1054:
998:
973:
873:
827:
817:
807:
772:
749:
658:
524:
427:
407:
313:
285:
253:
207:
194:
170:
174:
1422:
1298:
1215:
1190:
983:
913:
812:
797:
637:
377:
257:
202:
1464:
1351:
1321:
1283:
1185:
1039:
321:
705:
608:
1501:
1303:
1273:
1250:
1144:
1110:
978:
878:
397:
376:
state of India. His account is one of the few first hand accounts of
341:
277:
273:
249:
40:
1513:
1326:
1220:
1044:
842:
832:
802:
762:
757:
668:
653:
507:
437:
422:
158:
113:
1534:
442:
1491:
1471:
1417:
1288:
1268:
1003:
988:
893:
883:
787:
373:
269:
221:
214:
190:
186:
182:
130:
in which the weapon is employed. The weapon is sometimes called
1544:
1539:
1476:
1444:
1397:
1049:
1008:
993:
963:
948:
938:
898:
868:
392:
354:
281:
241:
31:
Drawing of Indian wrestlers carrying vajra-mushti (1792 A.D.).
1439:
1034:
1013:
943:
822:
767:
599:
432:
135:
1079:
122:, "thunder fist" or "diamond fist") refers to a "fist-load,
1496:
1454:
847:
349:
210:
529:
The
Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India
153:
The first literary mention of vajra-musti comes from the
256:
wrote the following account while he was a prisoner of
541:
474:
492:
295:
Vajra-musti matches are still held during the annual
228:
records the practice of vajra-musti in the southern
206:should eat in each season of the year. Unlike the
535:
1572:
117:
1095:
721:
582:
547:
1140:International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation
268:After independence, the Jetti today live in
531:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1102:
1088:
728:
714:
589:
575:
299:festival, a tradition dating back to the
181:(lit. "the most excellent wrestlers"), a
735:
1573:
523:
1083:
709:
570:
372:trained with the Jyesthi clan in the
477:Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour
13:
14:
1617:
517:Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts
126:-like" weapon and also a form of
1065:
607:
598:
25:
550:A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar
475:Earl Wilbraham Egerton (2002).
483:
468:
463:University of California Press
455:
1:
1109:
619:Wrestling Federation of India
552:. Adamant Media Corporation.
448:
213:clan, they are thought to be
1391:Grappling-based martial arts
7:
1606:Traditional sports of India
386:
365:then the prize was shared.
307:
248:, a form of wrestling with
244:are recorded as practicing
175:
10:
1622:
626:National Level Tournaments
368:Australian martial artist
148:
76:Diamond fist, thunder fist
1522:
1390:
1332:Collar-and-elbow position
1312:
1259:
1168:
1117:
1063:
1022:
861:
743:
695:Gachibowli Indoor Stadium
690:Khasbag Wrestling Stadium
682:
646:
625:
616:
118:
100:Place of origin
99:
91:
84:
72:
64:
56:
46:
36:
24:
16:Hindu martial arts weapon
1294:Small joint manipulation
1130:Craig Jones Invitational
220:During the Mughal era,
1530:Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi
548:Robert Sewell (1982).
316:. The sun salutation (
266:
238:
173:were practiced by the
1150:Polaris Pro Grappling
262:
234:
197:and vajra-musti. The
1601:Indian melee weapons
1367:Northāsouth position
633:Pro Wrestling League
543:. Anness Publishing.
1586:Indian martial arts
1482:Mongolian wrestling
1408:Brazilian jiu-jitsu
1372:Overāunder position
1071:Martial arts portal
737:Indian martial arts
418:Jobbarer Boli Khela
260:in the late 1700s.
230:Vijayanagara Empire
189:-worshipping Modha
21:
1591:Wrestling in India
1550:Wrestling headgear
1314:Grappling position
1169:General techniques
664:Maharashtra Kesari
605:Wrestling in India
498:. John Will. 1984.
380:in western media.
19:
1581:Fist-load weapons
1568:
1567:
1560:Wrestling singlet
1342:Crucifix position
1077:
1076:
703:
702:
537:Dr Tobias Capwell
107:
106:
80:
79:
57:Country of origin
1613:
1596:Weapons of India
1450:Jacket wrestling
1279:Compression lock
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1069:
954:Malappuram Kathi
783:Inbuan wrestling
730:
723:
716:
707:
706:
611:
603:
602:
591:
584:
577:
568:
567:
563:
544:
532:
527:(August 1992b).
525:Alter, Joseph S.
520:
500:
499:
497:
487:
481:
480:
472:
466:
459:
413:Inbuan wrestling
180:
128:Indian wrestling
121:
120:
87:
82:
81:
29:
22:
18:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1518:
1487:Shoot wrestling
1413:Catch wrestling
1403:Beach wrestling
1386:
1357:Knee-on-stomach
1308:
1255:
1211:Ippon seoi nage
1181:Clinch fighting
1164:
1160:COPA de Bangkok
1135:Grapplers Quest
1113:
1108:
1078:
1073:
1059:
1018:
924:Kayamkulam vaal
857:
748:
739:
734:
704:
699:
678:
642:
621:
612:
597:
595:
560:
513:Robert W. Smith
509:Donn F. Draeger
504:
503:
495:
489:
488:
484:
473:
469:
460:
456:
451:
389:
318:Surya Namaskara
310:
301:Wadiyar dynasty
151:
85:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:Wrestling shoe
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:Folk wrestling
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:Pinch grip tie
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:Grappling hold
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Grappling hold
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
865:
863:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
752:
741:
740:
733:
732:
725:
718:
710:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
686:
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
648:
647:Regional Level
644:
643:
641:
640:
635:
629:
627:
623:
622:
617:
614:
613:
594:
593:
586:
579:
571:
565:
564:
558:
545:
533:
521:
502:
501:
482:
467:
453:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
403:Brass knuckles
400:
395:
388:
385:
334:Hindu press-up
309:
306:
167:Maurya dynasty
150:
147:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1618:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:Related terms
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Elephant goad
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
864:
860:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Shastar Vidya
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
793:Kalaripayattu
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:Huyen langlon
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
753:
751:
750:combat sports
746:
742:
738:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
711:
708:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
681:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
645:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
624:
620:
615:
610:
606:
601:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
572:
569:
561:
559:0-543-92588-9
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
494:
493:
486:
478:
471:
464:
458:
454:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
384:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
356:
351:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
302:
298:
297:Mysore Dasara
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:naki ka kusti
243:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
178:
172:
168:
164:
163:Someswara III
160:
156:
146:
144:
143:knuckleduster
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:knuckleduster
115:
111:
102:
98:
95:Knuckleduster
94:
90:
83:
75:
71:
67:
65:Olympic sport
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
1382:Side control
1196:Fish-hooking
1118:Competitions
1055:Paika akhada
999:Shareeravadi
874:Ayudha katti
853:Vajra-mushti
852:
828:Musti-yuddha
818:Mardani khel
808:Malla-yuddha
773:Gatta gusthi
745:Martial arts
674:Vajra-mushti
673:
659:Malla-yuddha
549:
540:
528:
516:
491:
485:
476:
470:
457:
428:Malla-yuddha
408:Gatta gusthi
382:
367:
363:
359:
347:
337:
329:
314:malla-yuddha
311:
294:
286:malla-yuddha
267:
263:
254:James Scurry
245:
239:
235:
226:FernĆ£o Nunes
219:
208:South Indian
199:Malla Purana
198:
195:malla-yuddha
171:malla-yuddha
154:
152:
140:
134:which means
131:
109:
108:
51:Full contact
1299:Spinal lock
1216:Nelson hold
1191:Eye-gouging
984:Pichangatti
813:Mallakhamba
798:Lathi khela
638:Hind Kesari
519:. Kodansha.
378:vajra-musti
326:Hindu squat
322:shirshasana
258:Tipu Sultan
203:Kula Purana
177:Jyeį¹£į¹Ä«malla
155:Manasollasa
132:Indra-musti
110:Vajra-musti
86:Vajramusti
20:Vajra-musti
1575:Categories
1465:Shuai jiao
1352:Half guard
1322:Back mount
1284:Joint lock
1246:Transition
1186:Collar tie
1040:Ankathattu
449:References
332:) and the
119:ą¤µą¤ą„ą¤°ą¤®ą„ą¤·ą„ą¤ą¤æ
1523:Equipment
1502:Wrestling
1423:Dishuquan
1304:Wristlock
1274:Chokehold
1251:Underhook
1145:Metamoris
1111:Grappling
979:Pesh-kabz
934:Khaį¹vÄį¹
ga
879:Bagh nakh
398:Bagh nakh
370:John Will
342:kowpeenam
290:John Will
278:Rajasthan
274:Hyderabad
250:bagh nakh
138:'s fist.
41:Grappling
1514:Yongmudo
1327:Bear hug
1236:Takedown
1221:Overhook
1045:Chekavar
843:Silambam
833:Pehlwani
803:Malakhra
763:Aki Kiti
758:Adimurai
683:Stadiums
669:Pehlwani
654:Malakhra
539:(2009).
515:(1969).
479:. Dover.
438:Pehlwani
423:Malakhra
387:See also
308:Practice
191:Brahmins
159:Chalukya
114:Sanskrit
47:Hardness
1492:Ssireum
1472:Jujutsu
1418:Chin Na
1289:Leglock
1269:Armlock
1155:Quintet
1004:Shuckra
989:Saintie
909:Firangi
894:Chakram
884:Bichuwa
862:Weapons
788:Kabaddi
374:Gujarat
270:Gujarat
222:Negrito
215:Brahmin
187:Krishna
157:of the
149:History
73:Meaning
1545:Judogi
1540:Gunbai
1507:Styles
1477:Kurash
1445:Gouren
1398:Aikido
1337:Cradle
1226:Sprawl
1176:Bridge
1050:Kalari
1030:Akhara
1009:Talwar
994:Savuku
964:Mudgar
959:Moplah
949:Maduvu
939:Kirpan
929:Khanda
899:Chentu
869:Aruval
556:
393:Akhara
355:akhara
330:bethak
282:Mysore
242:Baroda
1535:DohyÅ
1460:Sambo
1440:Glima
1362:Mount
1347:Guard
1241:Throw
1231:Sweep
1206:Hooks
1035:Ankam
1014:Urumi
944:Kukri
919:Katar
823:Mukna
768:Gatka
496:(PDF)
443:TekkÅ
433:Mukna
338:danda
201:is a
161:king
136:Indra
103:India
60:India
37:Focus
1497:Sumo
1455:Judo
1433:Belt
1125:ADCC
974:Pata
969:Otta
914:Gada
889:Bhuj
848:Sqay
554:ISBN
511:and
350:neem
280:and
211:Nair
183:jÄti
92:Type
747:and
320:),
185:of
1577::
324:,
276:,
272:,
252:.
232:.
68:No
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
729:e
722:t
715:v
590:e
583:t
576:v
562:.
465:.
336:(
328:(
116::
112:(
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