142:. These procedures remove the cancerous tissue and provide tissue samples to help identify underlying/invasive cancer while maintaining structure and function of the vagina. This surgery along with radiation therapy used to be the optimal treatment for high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. However, high rates of recurrence and severe side effects such as vaginal shortening, bleeding and sepsis have narrowed its uses. A partial upper vaginectomy is still the treatment of choice for certain cases of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia as it has success rates ranging from 69 to 88%.
373:
and transmasculine or otherwise nonbinary individuals, genitalia that aids in reducing gender dysphoria and affirming their gender identity through their physical appearance. Counseling is often provided to people considering gender-affirming surgeries prior to procedures in order to limit regret later down the line. In the context of gender-affirming surgery, procedures are categorized as either colpocleisis or total vaginectomy.
459:
the vagina. Tumors on the vagina and vulva of the dog accounts for 2.5%-3% of cancers affecting dogs and vaginectomies are one of the treatments to remove and cure the dog. Possible complications from the surgery include loss of bladder control, swelling, and improper skin healing. However, loss of bladder control was fixed spontaneously within 60 days of the operation and the dogs survived at least 100 days with no disease.
381:
an abdominal vaginectomy. In addition to a greater degree of tissue removal, total vaginectomy also involves a more complete closure of the space in the vaginal canal. In comparison to colpocleisis, it is more often preceded by separate oophorectomy and hysterectomy procedures and proceeded by a separate gender reconstruction surgery such as to create a neophallus. Total vaginectomy surgery is sometimes performed using
433:. For example, the first documented vaginal hysterectomy was performed in 1521 during the Italian Renaissance. Surgical techniques and medical knowledge developed slowly over time until the invention of anesthesia and antisepsis allowed for the age of modern surgery in the mid-nineteenth century. Since then, many techniques and instruments were developed specifically for vaginal surgery like the standardization of
377:
colpoclesis procedure is sometimes preceded by an oophorectomy and or a hysterectomy to remove the ovaries and uterus which reduces risks of complications from leaving these structures intact and reduces the amount of vaginal discharge. If the ovaries and uterus are left intact there are greater levels of vaginal discharge remain that can contribute to further gender dysphoria in individuals.
52:
397:, which is removed after 2–3 weeks. At discharge, individuals learn how to take care of the incisions and must limit their physical activity for the initial 2–3 weeks. Swelling of the abdominal area or abdominal pain are signs of complications during recovery. Some common complications that occur are urethral
380:
Total vaginectomy is becoming the more common form of vaginectomy in gender-affirming surgeries. It involves removal of the full thickness of vaginal wall tissue and can be approached vaginally, as in a transvaginal or transperineal vaginectomy, or abdominally through the area near the stomach, as in
458:
Total and partial vaginectomies are not commonly done on dogs as they are complex and are not considered first line therapy however, if other procedures do not work a vaginectomy can be performed on a dog. The most common reasons for a dog to get a vaginectomy include cancer and chronic infection of
351:
For vaginectomy as a treatment to cancer, tissue is removed in response to the extent of the cancer. A partial vaginectomy removes only the outer most layers of tissue and is performed if the abnormal cells are only found at the skin level. For example, individuals with rectal cancer that has spread
310:
There are pre- and post-operative steps that can be taken to minimize complications from vaginectomy. For example, other procedures that are often performed in conjunction with vaginectomy, such as metoidioplasty and phallourethroplasty, can be performed in two stages to increase the likelihood of a
162:
Although there has not been a consensus on the standard treatment for penis construction in transgender men, a vaginectomy is a vital step in many of the various techniques. Depending on the reconstructive surgeon and which method is used, the basic outline of the procedure involves taking skin from
372:
In vaginectomy for gender-affirming surgeries, the tissue from the vaginal wall is removed while outer labial flaps are sometimes left in place for other reconstructive surgeries. The procedure gives people who were assigned female sex at birth but do not identify as female, such as transsexual men
352:
to vaginal tissue may undergo a partial vaginectomy in which the posterior wall of the vagina near the anus is removed. A surgeon will make an incision on the abdomen in order to reach the vagina for removal. The operation to remove vaginal tissue will typically happen with at the same time as a
376:
Colpocleisis only removes a layer of epithelium or the outer most tissue in the vaginal canal. The walls of the vaginal canal are then sutured shut, but a small channel and the perineum area between the vagina and anus is typically left open to allow for discharge to be emitted from the body. A
449:
Vaginectomies are also performed outside of the human species. Similarly to humans, animals may also undergo vaginectomies to treat cancer of the vagina. Domesticated animals and pets such as dogs, cats, and horses are more likely to receive a vaginectomy because of its complicated procedure.
154:. Depending on the extent of rectal cancer, a total or partial vaginectomy may be indicated to improve long-term survival. Following the surgery and removal of rectal tumors, vaginal and rectal reconstructive surgery can improve healing and may help with self-image and sexual function.
311:
favorable cosmetic outcome. Also, waiting for a period of time after completing a procedure, usually a minimum of 4 months, ensures that the person undergoing the surgery is clear of infections or risk thereof. Thus, procedures towards the end of the gender-affirming process, such as
226:
in addition to the urinary and gynecologic systems. The decision between the two procedures depends on extent of the cancer. Potential benefits of an AETV over a total pelvic exenteration include reduced risk of intestinal injury.
182:. Developed and performed in 1984, RAFFF consists of three stages and a complete vaginectomy is the second stage of RAFFF. The preferred technique is ablation vaginectomy with simultaneous scrotoplasty, which will close the
318:
For people with vaginal cancer, vaginectomy can be done partially, instead of radically, depending on the individual person's need as determined by the tumor's size, location, and stage. For example, some people had simple
360:
in which a portion of the colon is rediverted into a colostomy bag and the rectum is removed. A partial vaginectomy leaves much of the muscles in the vagina intact and can be followed by a vaginal reconstruction surgery.
175:(WPATH), is to provide an aesthetically appealing penis that enables sexual intercourse and sensitivity. Complications do arise from this procedure which may include tissue death, urethral complications, and infection.
283:
Many people who undergo vaginectomy do so for sexual health and intimacy. However, risks of vaginectomy include post-operative sensory issues that range from lack of sensation to excessive sensation, such as
837:"Partial Vaginectomy, Complete Vaginectomy, Partial Vestibule-Vaginectomy, Vulvo-Vestibule-Vaginectomy and Vulvo-Vestibulectomy: Different Surgical Procedure in Order to Better Approach Vaginal Diseases"
1694:
Ling B, Gao Z, Sun M, Sun F, Zhang A, Zhao W, Hu W (April 2008). "Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with vaginectomy and reconstruction of vagina in patients with stage I of primary vaginal carcinoma".
121:
must be performed to avoid the danger of retaining menstrual discharge within the body. In the latter case, thorough removal of vaginal lining is necessary to avoid continued secretion within the body.
917:
McArdle A, Bischof DA, Davidge K, Swallow CJ, Winter DC (November 2012). "Vaginal reconstruction following radical surgery for colorectal malignancies: a systematic review of the literature".
623:
Walton AB, Hellstrom WJ, Garcia MM (October 2021). "Options for
Masculinizing Genital Gender Affirming Surgery: A Critical Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future Directions".
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Individuals should expect to experience some pain in the first week after the operation. The average hospital stay after operation was a week and all individuals are discharged with a
437:
in 1937 which greatly improved survival rates by lowering risk of infection. Noble Sproat Heaney developed the "Heaney Stitch" in 1940 to standardize the technique for vaginal
588:
Frey JD, Poudrier G, Chiodo MV, Hazen A (March 2017). "An Update on
Genital Reconstruction Options for the Female-to-Male Transgender Patient: A Review of the Literature".
405:
in individuals who undergo vaginectomy and phallic reconstruction for gender-affirming surgeries. This is due to poor blood supply and improper width of the new urethra.
335:
function intact. This is an option depending on the invasiveness and severity of the disease and is specifically for individuals with stage I cancer in the upper vagina.
303:(an abnormal connection between two body parts), or, for people who have phalloplasty done in conjunction with vaginectomy, irritation or even erosion of the skin of the
1733:
Ogden JA, Selmic LE, Liptak JM, Oblak ML, Culp WT, de Mello Souza CH, et al. (August 2020). "Outcomes associated with vaginectomy and vulvovaginectomy in 21 dogs".
441:. The first documented case of radical vaginal surgery was in February 2003 where a person underwent a radical hysterectomy with vaginectomy and reconstruction.
1534:
Coulter M, Diamond DA, Estrada C, Grimstad F, Yu R, Doyle P (June 2022). "Vaginectomy in
Transmasculine Patients: A Review of Techniques in an Emerging Field".
172:
1813:
2246:
1100:
Adelowo, Amos; Weber-LeBrun, Emily E.; Young, Stephen B. (May 2009). "Neovaginectomy
Following Vaginoplasty in a Male-to-Female Transgender Patient".
1057:
Kaur M, Joniau S, D'Hoore A, Vergote I (September 2014). "Indications, techniques and outcomes for pelvic exenteration in gynecological malignancy".
787:
Medina CA, Fein LA, Salgado CJ (October 2018). "Total vaginectomy and urethral lengthening at time of neourethral prelamination in transgender men".
1014:
Yao A, Ingargiola MJ, Lopez CD, Sanati-Mehrizy P, Burish NM, Jablonka EM, Taub PJ (June 2018). "Total penile reconstruction: A systematic review".
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1417:
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32:
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Vaginectomy procedures are described by the amount of vaginal tissue removed from an individual which is dependent on the reason for surgery.
1309:
Karam A (2019). "Premalignant & Malignant
Disorders of the Vulva & Vagina". In DeCherney AH, Nathan L, Laufer N, Roman AS (eds.).
259:
The safety of vaginectomy can depend on individual medical conditions and the subsequent risks they pose. For example, for people with
666:
Bizic M, Stojanovic B, Bencic M, Bordás N, Djordjevic M (November 2020). "Overview on metoidioplasty: variants of the technique".
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mellitus, potential contraindications for vaginectomy include wound-healing difficulty; for people who prefer to not undergo
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In addition to vaginectomy in humans, there have been instances of vaginectomy in other animals to treat vaginal cancer.
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If more invasive cancer is found, a more complete vaginectomy is performed to remove all cancerous tumors and cells.
139:
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which allows for increased speed and precision for a procedure with less blood loss and a quicker recovery time.
138:
Total or partial vaginectomy along with other procedures like laser vaporization can be used in the treatment of
1791:
163:
an area of the body like the forearm or abdomen followed by glans sculpture, vaginectomy, urethral anastomosis,
2236:
307:. Some of these locations may be suture sites; irritation of these sites may increase likelihood of infection.
2210:
1940:
886:
Frega A, Sopracordevole F, Assorgi C, Lombardi D, DE Sanctis V, Catalano A, et al. (January 2013).
1823:
357:
292:. To address this, skin grafting is often done with vaginectomy to allow recovery of sexual function.
2177:
1612:
Tizzano AP (2007). "Historical
Milestones in Female Pelvic Surgery, Gynecology, and Female Urology".
488:
295:
Other risks may involve consequences of the procedure itself. For example, possible injuries include
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179:
75:
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may choose vaginectomy in conjunction with other surgeries to make the clitoris more penis-like (
1945:
382:
1482:"Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence"
194:
An anterior pelvic exenteration with total vaginectomy (AETV) is a procedure that removes the
2215:
1832:
1480:
Bustos VP, Bustos SS, Mascaro A, Del Corral G, Forte AJ, Ciudad P, et al. (March 2021).
421:
and sterile tools, there have been many reports of vaginal surgery to treat problems such as
331:(a procedure that removes lymph nodes) - may be suggested to people who would prefer to keep
1138:
Blasdel G, Zhao LC, Bluebond-Langner R (2022). Keuroghlian AS, Potter J, Reisner SL (eds.).
413:
Vaginal surgeries have been around throughout medical history. Even before the invention of
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965:"Total phallic construction techniques in transgender men: an updated narrative review"
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are to remain intact, vaginectomy will leave a canal and opening suitable for draining
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1973:
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Rohrmann D, Jakse G (November 2003). "Urethroplasty in female-to-male transsexuals".
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Genital Gender-Affirming
Surgery: Patient Care, Decision Making, and Surgery Options
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327:. At this point, upper vaginectomy - along with other suggested procedures such as
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A vaginectomy is often necessary to remove all cancerous tissue associated with
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that is used to remove tissue with cancerous cells. It can also be used in
2182:
1985:
1930:
981:
272:
178:
Radial
Forearm Free Flap (RAFFF) is one of the techniques considered for
853:
198:(kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) as well as the gynecologic system (
41:
2172:
2134:
2122:
2112:
2047:
2013:
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implantation. The ideal outcome of this procedure, as described by the
1746:
958:
956:
353:
236:
218:) and is used as treatment of recurrent gynecologic cancers. A total
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injury (due to the proximity of the structures), development of a
2084:
963:
Falcone M, Preto M, Blecher G, Timpano M, Gontero P (June 2021).
426:
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304:
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1385:
Operative techniques in gynecologic surgery
Gynecologic oncology
1013:
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can also be used as treatment which involves the removal of the
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who experience neovaginal complications or those who choose to
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63:
1312:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology
1289:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology
1285:"Premalignant & Malignant Disorders of the Uterine Cervix"
834:
2164:
1840:
1533:
1479:
835:
Zambelli D, Valentini S, Ballotta G, Cunto M (January 2022).
332:
199:
110:
1214:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
1093:
1056:
916:
888:"Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: a therapeutical dilemma"
98:), or create a relatively smooth, featureless genital area (
1137:
665:
289:
51:
1016:
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
962:
1647:"The history and evolution of sutures in pelvic surgery"
1332:
1287:. In DeCherney AH, Nathan L, Laufer N, Roman AS (eds.).
1212:. In Tintinalli JE, Ma OJ, Yealy DM, Meckler GD (eds.).
1099:
323:(a procedure that removes a uterus) and then discovered
587:
1780:
The vaginectomy article on the Mad Gender Science wiki
1732:
712:
Heston AL, Esmonde NO, Dugi DD, Berli JU (June 2019).
711:
622:
267:, potential contraindications include gonad removal (
189:
173:
World Professional Association for Transgender Health
1644:
1315:(12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
1291:(12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
133:
1536:
Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
1216:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
507:
157:
66:. It is one form of treatment for individuals with
1282:
1333:Maingot R, Zinner M, Ashley SW, Hines OH (2019).
1181:
786:
510:"Innovations in the Management of Vaginal Cancer"
2228:
1645:Muffly TM, Tizzano AP, Walters MD (March 2011).
235:Neovaginectomy has been performed to remove the
1614:Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery
1529:
1527:
1525:
1486:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open
1133:
1131:
830:
828:
826:
1239:Garcia MM (2020). McAninch JW, Lue TF (eds.).
1234:
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1230:
1207:
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1807:
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1434:Reconstructive and aesthetic genital surgery
1190:(15 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill LLC
1128:
823:
508:Kulkarni A, Dogra N, Zigras T (April 2022).
117:. Otherwise, as in genital nullification, a
1227:
668:International Journal of Impotence Research
367:
230:
1814:
1800:
1723:
1465:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1416:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1367:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1245:(19th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill
1188:Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery
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62:is a surgery to remove all or part of the
2247:Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)
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1651:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
50:
1611:
714:"Phalloplasty: techniques and outcomes"
560:"Non-Binary Options For Metoidioplasty"
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1430:
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1102:Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Surgery
767:"Surgical Treatment of Vaginal Cancer"
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78:. Some people born with a vagina who
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707:
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254:
1822:Tests and procedures involving the
1283:Garcia LM, Holschneider CH (2019).
969:Translational Andrology and Urology
789:International Urogynecology Journal
771:EMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology
718:Translational Andrology and Urology
94:), construct of a full-size penis (
13:
1622:10.1016/b978-0-323-02902-5.50007-1
590:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
190:Recurrent gynecologic malignancies
14:
2258:
1773:
1339:(Thirteenth ed.). New York.
1182:Brackmann M, Reynolds RK (2020).
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140:vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
134:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
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158:Genital gender-affirming surgery
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1208:Gaddis ML, Grimstad FW (2020).
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315:, are usually done separately.
1336:Maingot's abdominal operations
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16:Surgical removal of the vagina
1:
1591:10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00356-7
494:
338:
1548:10.1097/SPV.0000000000001132
1498:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477
1114:10.1097/SPV.0b013e3181aacc41
1071:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000109
602:10.1097/PRS.0000000000003062
7:
2242:Surgical removal procedures
2211:Gynecologic ultrasonography
1941:Uterine artery embolization
1709:10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.12.012
1616:. Elsevier. pp. 3–14.
1144:. New York, NY: McGraw Hill
1141:Surgical Gender Affirmation
1059:Current Opinion in Oncology
919:Annals of Surgical Oncology
462:
388:
347:Removal of cancerous tissue
313:penile prosthesis placement
55:Diagram of female genitalia
10:
2263:
1824:female reproductive system
1028:10.1016/j.bjps.2018.02.002
680:10.1038/s41443-020-00346-y
637:10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.07.002
408:
358:abdominoperineal resection
180:total phallic construction
2201:
2178:Female genital mutilation
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2010:
1982:
1954:
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1900:
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1210:"The Transgender Patient"
931:10.1245/s10434-012-2503-3
801:10.1007/s00192-017-3517-y
527:10.3390/curroncol29050250
489:List of surgeries by type
38:
26:
21:
1663:10.1258/jrsm.2010.100243
368:Gender-affirming surgery
231:Reversal of vaginoplasty
76:gender-affirming surgery
2188:Clitoral hood reduction
2155:Vaginal transplantation
1186:. In Doherty GM (ed.).
731:10.21037/tau.2019.05.05
625:Sexual Medicine Reviews
453:
128:
56:
2237:Gynecological surgery
2216:Hysterosalpingography
1833:Gynecological surgery
100:genital nullification
54:
2002:Endometrial ablation
1697:Gynecologic Oncology
982:10.21037/tau-20-1340
431:poor bladder control
167:and finished with a
2053:Cervical conization
1936:Pelvic exenteration
1854:Salpingoophorectomy
892:Anticancer Research
854:10.3390/ani12020196
484:Pelvic exenteration
417:techniques such as
279:Risks/complications
220:pelvic exenteration
186:along the midline.
115:menstrual discharge
2070:Cervical screening
2025:Uterine myomectomy
1997:Endometrial biopsy
1785:2020-09-19 at the
1735:Veterinary Surgery
1431:Zeplin PH (2020).
564:Metoidioplasty.net
383:robotic assistance
243:, for instance in
57:
2224:
2223:
2150:Vaginal wet mount
2094:
2093:
2065:Cervical cerclage
1974:Vacuum aspiration
1747:10.1111/vsu.13466
1444:978-3-13-241306-1
1395:978-1-4963-6074-8
1382:Hatch KD (2019).
1346:978-0-07-184429-1
925:(12): 3933–3942.
795:(10): 1463–1468.
773:. 26 August 2021.
255:Contraindications
245:transgender women
169:penile prosthesis
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2018:
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1579:European Urology
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1542:(6): e222–e230.
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975:(6): 2583–2595.
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72:rectal cancer
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2140:Colpocleisis
2107:
2080:Cervicectomy
2035:
2012:
1984:
1969:Hysteroscopy
1956:
1926:Hysterectomy
1921:Genitoplasty
1911:
1872:Falloposcopy
1849:Oophorectomy
1738:
1734:
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1700:
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1241:
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1177:
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469:Oophorectomy
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249:detransition
241:vaginoplasty
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177:
165:scrotoplasty
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96:phalloplasty
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2183:Labiaplasty
2108:Vaginectomy
1986:Endometrium
1931:Hysterotomy
1266:|work=
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273:orchiectomy
60:Vaginectomy
22:Vaginectomy
2231:Categories
2173:Vulvectomy
2135:Hymenotomy
2123:Episiotomy
2113:Culdoscopy
2048:Colposcopy
2014:Myometrium
1453:1080250689
1404:1079400829
1355:1225946158
1319:2022-07-28
1295:2022-07-28
1249:2022-07-26
1220:2022-07-28
1194:2022-07-28
1148:2022-07-26
847:(2): 196.
495:References
425:, vaginal
419:anesthesia
403:strictures
339:Techniques
239:following
2087:insertion
1763:219549190
1564:247190683
1461:cite book
1412:cite book
1363:cite book
1268:ignored (
1258:cite book
1167:ignored (
1157:cite book
1122:1542-5983
1087:205546063
696:221217936
653:237440377
354:colostomy
237:neovagina
88:nonbinary
84:trans men
2074:pap test
1912:General:
1783:Archived
1755:32515509
1717:18237770
1681:21357979
1599:14572764
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809:29188324
750:31380232
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645:34493480
610:28234856
546:35621640
463:See also
423:prolapse
399:fistulas
395:catheter
389:Recovery
288:or even
261:diabetes
80:identify
28:ICD-9-CM
2085:Pessary
1841:Ovaries
1672:3046193
1507:8099405
1044:4591969
992:8261414
864:8773321
841:Animals
741:6626313
570:28 June
537:9139564
435:sutures
427:fistula
409:History
333:ovarian
305:phallus
301:fistula
200:ovaries
111:ovaries
105:If the
2100:Vagina
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216:vagina
212:cervix
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2165:Vulva
1759:S2CID
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1467:link
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1369:link
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1341:ISBN
1270:help
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