1764:, YPF, and Wintershall; it has now been split into three blocks, with Wintershall as operator of Bandurria Norte, Pan American Energy as operator of Bandurria Centro, and YPF as operator of Bandurria Sur. YPF indicated in July 2015 that it planned to drill 20 wells in Bandurria Sur with the goal of beginning shale oil production within three years at a cost of US$ 282.2 million. ExxonMobil is the operator of the Bajo del Choique and La Invernada blocks and has an 85% working interest in them, with Gas y Petroleo del Neuquén holding the remaining 15%; they announced their first discovery on the former block in May 2014, and their first discovery on the latter in the following December. YPF and the Malaysian state oil company PETRONAS signed an agreement on August 28, 2014, whereby PETRONAS would receive a 50% interest together with YPF in return for contributing US$ 475 million as part of a three-year, US$ 550 million, pilot project of development in the Amarga Chica block, with YPF as operator. In November 2016 YPF and PETRONAS announced that they had spent US$ 165 million drilling 9 wells in the initial phase of Amarga Chica development, and that they had agreed to move to a second stage where they would spend another US$ 192.5 million on drilling 10 horizontal wells and constructing surface facilities. The El Orejano block, which (as mentioned above) YPF and Dow Argentina agreed to develop in 2013, was producing 750,000 cubic meters of shale gas (nearly 26 1/2 million cubic feet) daily from a total of 19 wells by December 2015; Dow and YPF agreed to invest another US$ 500 million in 2016 on top of the US$ 350 million already invested, and drill 30 more wells in order to triple that output. In January 2016,
1688:, the Malaysian state oil company, on a possible investment (agreed upon in the following August; see below) in the 187 square kilometer Amarga Chica zone of the Vaca Muerta formation; YPF also indicated that its current production in Vaca Muerta was over 20,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day from over 150 fracked wells using 19 fracking drill rigs. Helmerich & Payne disclosed on March 5, 2014, that it had contracted with YPF to deploy 10 drill rigs under five-year contracts from the United States to Argentina between the third quarter of 2014 and the first quarter of 2015 to work in the Vaca Muerta play in addition to the nine rigs Helmerich & Payne already had in the country. On April 10, 2014, Miguel Gallucio of YPF announced that Chevron had decided to continue its partnership with YPF in the "massive development" of Vaca Muerta; the US$ 1.24 billion pilot program financed by Chevron and ended in March had developed 161 fracked wells in a 20 square kilometer area. The new phase would frack 170 additional wells that year with a joint investment of over US$ 1.6 billion, with YPF continuing as operator. The goal agreed upon for future years would be to develop an area of 395 square kilometers with over 1500 fracked wells producing over 50,000 barrels of oil and 3 million cubic meters (over 100 million cubic feet) of natural gas a day. Chevron and YPF also agreed on a US$ 140,000,000, four-year exploration project to drill and analyze 7 vertical and 2 horizontal wells in a 200 square kilometer area (Narambuena) in the Chihuido de la Sierra Negra concession, to be financed by Chevron with YPF as operator. In an interview with the Argentine newspaper
612:(upper Tithonian â lower Valanginian), and to sabkha deposits of the Loma Montosa Formation (lower Valanginian), forming a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic depositional system. Westward the Vaca Muerta Formation includes slope facies (Huncal Member), and in the Chilean territory pass into shallow marine/volcanic deposits. By contrast, in the southern Mendoza area the Lower Mendoza Mesosequence consists of aggradational and divergent sequences, with a maximum thickness of 500 metres (1,600 ft) towards the center of the basin. It includes basinal to middle carbonate ramp deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation (early Tithonian â early Valanginian) and middle to inner ramp oyster-deposits of the Chachao Formation (early Valanginian), which form an homoclinal carbonate ramp system. Westward, undated tidal to continental mixed deposits have been recognized and correlated with the Vaca Muerta and
1726:
active in Vaca Muerta. In June 2015, YPF announced a new discovery in Vaca Muerta, this time in the La Ribera I block, with an initial output of 43,000 cubic meters (over 1.5 million cubic feet) of gas a day. In
November 2015, YPF indicated that production from Vaca Muerta was 54,000 barrels of oil equivalent daily, with 47,000 from Loma Campana; it also indicated that Chevron had invested US$ 2,500,000,000 over the last two years. YPF showed production for the third quarter of 2016 at 58,200 barrels of oil equivalent daily from 522 wells, with 11 rigs working. In September 2016, after the change of government in Argentina, YPF said that proposed new rates for gas would permit the continued development of gas in Vaca Muerta. As of 2017, there were almost 500 fracking wells, one of the most fracked sites outside North America.
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his company, with 4 producing wells in Vaca Muerta and 2 more drilling, would increase capital spending in
Argentine shale to "about" US$ 500 million in 2014 from US$ 170 million in 2013. Luis Sapag, of the Sapag family which has dominated Neuquén politics for half a century, was reported by Bloomberg in December 2013 as saying that the YPF-Chevron joint venture would invest as much as US$ 16 billion if the US$ 1.2 billion pilot venture was successful by March 2014, which would generate almost US$ 9 billion in royalties for Neuquén.
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1772:, and YPF announced a preliminary agreement for the development of two more blocks, at a cost of over US$ 500 million in the next three years: Bajada de Añelo and the southern zone of Cerro Arena, the latter together with Pluspetrol and Gas y Petróleo del Neuquén; an affiliate of American Energy Partners would acquire up to a 50% participation in both. Also Madalena Ventures, Azabache, and Tecpetrol participate in exploration and production.
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529:) age. The formation covers a total area of 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi). The shale is at a depth of about 9,500 feet (2,900 m), where it has been found productive of oil and gas. Although called a shale, and with a total organic carbon content varying from 1 percent to 5 percent, the Vaca Muerta is predominately
595:, a TithonianâValanginian broad shallowing-upward sedimentary cycle. In the southern part of the NeuquĂ©n Basin the Lower Mendoza Mesosequence includes the basinal deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation (early to middle Tithonian), which to the south-southeast change to mixed carbonate-siliciclastic nearshore deposits of the
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well in the Vaca Muerta was drilled and completed. By
October 2012, 31 wells had been drilled and completed, and another 20 had been drilled and were awaiting completion. The drilling had extended the Vaca Muerta producing extent to an area of at least 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi). As of 2011, the total
541:. Formed in a marine environment with little clay and brittle rock, the deposit is 30 to 1,200 metres (98 to 3,937 ft) (usually over 400 metres (1,300 ft)) thick, extending throughout the basin. At the time of deposition, the Vaca Muerta was situated on the eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean.
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recognized the productive potential of the Vaca Muerta Shale of the Neuquén Basin, and completed
Argentina's first shale gas well at the Loma La Lata field. In November 2010, the company completed a tight oil well in the Vaca Muerta Shale in the Loma Campana area. In August 2011, the first horizontal
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1) Configuring a team of explorationists under the leadership of Mikel
Erquiaga with German Bottessi heading the team searching for gas. M di Benedetto was added to the team once the oil potential was fully identified. 2) Assigning budget and resources to that team. 3) Appointing a Welshman (R Ll
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subsidiary Dow
Argentina had signed an agreement to drill 16 natural gas wells in the El Orejano block of the Vaca Muerta formation over a 12-month period, with Dow contributing US$ 120,000,000 and YPF US$ 68,000,000. Shell Argentina CEO Juan Jose Aranguren was quoted on December 10, 2013, as saying
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In May 2013, YPF announced that it had negotiated a joint venture in which
Chevron would invest US$ 1.5 billion drilling 132 wells on the Loma Campana field. Chevron's participation was complicated by efforts by the plaintiffs who obtained a judgement in Ecuador with respect to actions by Texaco in
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As part of the visualization the logistics required to develop the assets were investigated with the need for importation of drilling rigs and fracturing equipment being identified together with an opportunity for Ăn-country proppant sand production. The critical path was however identified as being
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Kietzmann, D.A., MartĂn-Chivelet, J., Palma, R.M., LĂłpez-GĂłmez, J., Lescano, M., Concheyro, A., 2011a. Evidence of precessional and eccentricity orbital cycles in a
Tithonian source rock: the mid-outer carbonate ramp of the Vaca Muerta Formation, Northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. AAPG Bulletin 95,
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In April 2015, Gallucio stated that production in the Loma
Campana field had reached 44,000-45,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day. In April 2015, YPF signed a memorandum on cooperation with Gazprom, though it had previously denied the report. As of May 2015, more than 30 oil and gas companies were
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Kietzmann, D.A., Palma, R.M., Riccardi, A.C., MartĂn-Chivelet, J., LĂłpez-GĂłmez, J., 2014. Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a
Tithonian-Valanginian carbonate ramp (Vaca Muerta Formation): a misunderstood exceptional source rock in the Southern Mendoza area of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina.
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Target well locatĂons were selected in most of the exploration and production leases. A policy of systematically testing the wells after they had been stimulated was adopted with wells in the Loma La Lata/ Loma Campana area being tied into existing production facilities. These policies accelerated
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In February 2014, Archer Ltd. announced it had an "approximately US$ 400 million" contract with YPF to provide "five new built drilling rigs to support YPF's development of unconventional shale resources in the Neuquén area in Argentina." On February 18 of the same year, YPF announced that it had
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development; they indicated that Sinopec Argentina Exploration and Production S.A. was already doing due diligence on exploration and development in "certain areas" of Vaca Muerta together with YPF. In January 2015 YPF indicated that it and Chevron had invested over US$ 3 billion in their Loma
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Leanza, H. A., Sattler, F., Martinez, R., Carbone, O., 2011. La FormaciĂłn Vaca Muerta y Equivalentes (JurĂĄsico TardĂo â CretĂĄcico Temprano) en la Cuenca. Neuquina. In: Leanza, H.A., Arregui, C., Carbone, O., Daniela, J.C., VallĂ©s, J.M. (Eds.), GeologĂa y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia del
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As of April 2022, the following banks financed operations in Vaca Muerta: Citi Bank, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, HSBC, ING, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) and Morgan Stanley. Both IBD and World Bank have funded massive urban planning projects in Añelo city.
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In July 2013, protests against the ratification of the YPF-Chevron US$ 16 billion agreement to exploit the Loma Campana concession were heavily repressed by the police. Each oil well demands 640 water trucks, the equivalent of nine Olympic-size pools, over the lifetime of the well. Other
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Legarreta, L., Gulisano, C.A., 1989. AnĂĄlisis estratigrĂĄfico secuencial de la Cuenca Neuquina (TriĂĄsico superior- Terciario inferior, Argentina). In: Chebli, G., Spalletti, L.A., (Eds.), Cuencas Sedimentarias Argentinas. Universidad Nacional de TucumĂĄn, Serie CorrelaciĂłn GeolĂłgica 6, p.
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Mitchum, R.M., Uliana, M.A., 1985. Seismic stratigraphy of carbonate depositional sequences, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous. Neuquén Basin, Argentina. In: Berg, R.B., Woolverton, D.G. (Eds.), Seismic Stratigraphy: An Integrated Approach to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 39,
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Spalletti, L.A., Franzese, J.R., Matheos, S.D. and Schwarz, E. (2000) Sequence stratigraphy of a tidally dominated carbonate-siliciclastic ramp; the Tithonian-Early Berriasian of the Southern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 157, pp.
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of Tithonian â Berriasian age. In the central part of the NeuquĂ©n Basin, also known as NeuquĂ©n embayment, the Lower Mendoza Mesosequence consists of basinal deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation (early to upper Tithonian), which to the east change to shoreface deposits of the
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Kietzmann, D.A., Palma, R.M., Bressan, G.S., 2008. Facies y microfacies de la rampa tithoniana-berriasiana de la Cuenca Neuquina (FormaciĂłn Vaca Muerta) en la secciĂłn del arroyo Loncoche â MalargĂŒe, provincia de Mendoza. Revista de la AsociaciĂłn GeolĂłgica Argentina 63,
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Gulisano, C.A., Gutiérrez Pleimling, A.R., Digregorio, R.E., 1984. Anålisis estratigråfico del intervalo Tithoniano-Valanginiano (Formaciones Vaca Muerta, Quintuco y Mulichinco) en el suroeste de la provincia de Neuquén. 9 Congreso Geológico Argentino, Actas 1,
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Spalletti, L. A., G. D. Veiga, E. Schwarz, and J. Franzese, 2008, DepĂłsitos de flujos gravitacionales subĂĄcueos de sedimentos en el flanco activo de la Cuenca Neuquina durante el CretĂĄcico Temprano: Revista de la AsociaciĂłn GeolĂłgica Argentina, v. 63,
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were described in 1892 by Dr. Guillermo Bodenbender. German paleontologists Beherendsen and Steuer determined the Tithonian age of these shales. In several outcrop locations, the Vaca Muerta Formation has been the site of paleontological finds: the
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Leanza, H.A., Hugo, C.A., Repol, D., Salvarredy Aranguren, M., 2003. El Miembro Huncal (Berriasiano inferior): un episodio turbidĂtico en la FormaciĂłn Vaca Muerta, Cuenca Neuquina, Argentina. Revista de la AsociaciĂłn GeolĂłgica Argentina 58,
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As of 2013 Vaca Muerta was divided into different development blocks. Consortium of YPF (50%) and Chevron (50%) develops General Enrique Mosconi concession, including Loma La Lata Norte and Loma Campana fields. Consortium of
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Leanza, H.A., 1973. Estudio sobre los cambios faciales de los estratos limĂtrofes JurĂĄsico-CretĂĄcicos entre LoncopuĂ© y Picun LeufĂș, Provincia del NeuquĂ©n, RepĂșblica Argentina. Revista de la AsociaciĂłn GeolĂłgica Argentina 28,
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Given the natural decline in gas production and dimininishing returns from conventional exploration activity, in 2008 the Repsol-YPF executive Tomas Garcia Blanco sponsored the search for "unconventional" shale gas by:
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was active in the Vaca Muerta in 2012â2013, but agreed to sell all its Argentine assets to YPF for US$ 800 million in an agreement signed February 12, 2014. The Bandurria block was formerly a joint venture of
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Kietzmann, D.A., Vennari, V.V., 2013. SedimentologĂa y estratigrafĂa de la FormaciĂłn Vaca Muerta (Tithoniano-Berriasiano) en el ĂĄrea del cerro Domuyo, norte de NeuquĂ©n, Argentina. Andean Geology 40, 41â65
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Legarreta, L., Kozlowski, E., Boll, A., 1981. Esquema estratigrĂĄfico y distribuciĂłn de facies del Grupo Mendoza en el ĂĄmbito surmendocino de la cuenca neuquina. 8Âș Congreso GeolĂłgico Argentino, Actas 3,
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Although the name Vaca Muerta Formation was introduced to the geological literature in 1931 by American geologist Charles E. Weaver, the highly bituminous shales in the Salado River valley in southern
1751:(45%) and Gas y Petroleo del NeuquĂ©n (10%). Consortium of Shell (65%, operator) Medanito (25%) and Gas y Petroleo del NeuquĂ©n (10%) develops Ăguila Mora and Sierras Blancas areas. Consortium of
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1650:. However, the government exempted tight gas from controls, and in 2011 the Vaca Muerta gas was selling for US$ 4â$ 7. The higher gas prices attracted major oil companies, including
3055:
1621:'s production alone was nearly 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m/d). In February 2012, Repsol YPF SA raised its estimate of oil reserves to 22.5 billion barrels (3.58
404:'s production alone was nearly 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m/d). In February 2012, Repsol YPF SA raised its estimate of oil reserves to 22.5 billion barrels (3.58
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2539:"A new Patagonian species of Cricosaurus (Crocodyliformes, Thalattosuchia): first evidence of Cricosaurus in MiddleâUpper Tithonian lithographic limestone from Gondwana"
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This team screened all Argentine source rock formations and proposed Vaca Muerta as principal objective given that logistics were easier and it held greater potential.
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Herrera Y, Gasparini Z, Fernandez MS (2015). "Purranisaurus potens Rusconi, an enigmatic metriorhynchid from the Late JurassicâEarly Cretaceous of the NeuquĂ©n Basin".
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2506:"A new ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of north-west Patagonia (Argentina) and its significance for the evolution of the narial complex of the ophthalmosaurids"
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The Vaca Muerta Formation (Late JurassicâEarly Cretaceous): History, Stratigraphic Context and Events of this Emblematic Unit of the NeuquĂ©n Basin, Argentina
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By March 2012 significant data was available from over 25 stimulated wells. The D-129 source rock had also started to be explored had tested positive.
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published September 14, 2014, Gallucio indicated that production in the Loma Campana field had reached 31,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day.
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2026:"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States"
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One problem in attracting development was Argentina's price controls on natural gas, keeping the price down to US$ 2.00-$ 2.50 per million
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On October 8, 2014, Argentine Industry Minister DĂ©bora Georgi reported that YPF had signed a confidential agreement in principle with
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M. S. FernĂĄndez. 1997. A new Ichthyosaur from the Tithonian (Late Jurassic) of the Neuquen Basin, Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.
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10 m). The US EIA estimates total recoverable hydrocarbons from this Vaca Muerta Formation to be 16.2 billion barrels (2.58
408:
10 m). The US EIA estimates total recoverable hydrocarbons from this Vaca Muerta Formation to be 16.2 billion barrels (2.58
3423:
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2218:"Chitinoidellids from the Early TithonianâEarly Valanginian Vaca Muerta Formation in the Northern NeuquĂ©n Basin, Argentina"
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In July 2013, protests were heavily repressed by the police. The huge water consumption of fracking as well as the
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Integrated Dynamic Flow Analysis to Characterize an Unconventional Reservoir in Argentina: The Loma La Lata Case
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holds. As of 2017, there were almost 500 fracking wells, one of the most fracked sites outside North America.
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Estimated wingspan of over 3 metres, represents a distinct taxon from named species due to size differences.
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1743:(45%) develops the Rincon de Aranda concession. The Los Toldos blocks are developed by the consortium of
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2103:"Everything You Need To Know About Vaca Muerta, One Of The Biggest Shale Fields Outside Of North America"
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https://www.ep.total.com/en/areas/unconventional-resources/vaca-muerta-bold-unconventional-development
1560:, which has had oil production since 1918. Wells producing from the Vaca Muerta itself are in several
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to collect the judgement from Chevron's Argentine assets. On September 24, 2013, YPF announced that
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Scott L. Weeden, "Argentina's shale-gas plays bring back majors," E&P Magazine, 3 Oct. 2011.
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that could lead to a US$ 1 billion investment in gas exploration and production "in Argentina".
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the collection of quality data needed for the certificaciĂłn of resource and reserve estimates.
3558:
MartĂn Ălvarez Mullally, Lisandro Arelovich, Fernando Cabrera y Diego di Risio. (March 2017).
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2446:(Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina".
1639: m) of natural gas, more than even the Neuquén Basin's hydrocarbon-rich Middle Jurassic
422: m) of natural gas, more than even the Neuquén Basin's hydrocarbon-rich Middle Jurassic
3052:"YPF y Sinopec firman un MOU para desarrollar nuevos proyectos de petroleo y gas en el paĂs"
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1755:(50%, operator) and Gas y Petroleo del Neuquén (50%) develops the Aguada Federal block.
8:
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3310:"Americas Petrogas Makes New Vaca Muerta Shale Exploration Discovery-Gas and Liquids"
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signed a memorandum of understanding for future cooperation in both conventional and
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493:. Waste from the oil exploitation since 2011 has been deposited close to the town of
3289:"Petrobras finds unconventional petroleum in Argentina's Vaca Muerta shale deposits"
3031:"YPF desmintiĂł a DĂ©bora Giorgi sobre la firma de un acuerdo con Gazprom - LA NACION"
2631:
2580:"An Unusual Marine Crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary of Patagonia"
2077:"Mapuche group files lawsuit against multinationals over pollution from Vaca Muerta"
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The large oil discovery in the Vaca Muerta Formation was made in 2010 by the former
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3013:"Miguel Galuccio: Para las inversiones hacen falta reglas y cumplirlas - LA NACION"
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The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history
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Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2062:. Argentina: Enlace por la Justicia Energética y Socioambiental (. p. 20.
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3360:"Germany's Wintershall joins Patagonia's Vaca Muerta shale gas and oil rush"
2991:"Chevron decidiĂł continuar con la etapa de desarrollo masivo en Vaca Muerta"
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The Vaca Muerta Shale is a continuous tight oil and shale gas reservoir of
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603:(middle Tithonian â lower Berriasian), and to continental deposits of the
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as oily sludge residue from fracking was tipped in illegal waste dumps.
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for "dangerous waste" due to "deficient treatment" close to the town of
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as oily sludge residue from fracking was tipped in illegal waste dumps.
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for "dangerous waste" due to "deficient treatment" close to the town of
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Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).
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3234:"Chevron, Argentina's YPF sign $ 1.24 billion Vaca Muerta shale deal"
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Partial skeleton of a subadult individual, referred incomplete ulna
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3078:"UPDATE 3-Argentina's Vaca Muerta shale output rises to 45,000 bpd"
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Badessich, MatĂas Fernandez; Berrios, Vicente (8â10 October 2012).
1891:"Argentina Hopes for a Big Payoff in Its Shale Oil Field Discovery"
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The Vaca Muerta Formation represents the most distal facies of the
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2700:"The Late Jurassic pterosaurs from northern Patagonia, Argentina"
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Hydrocarbon source rock maturity (Ro %) of the Vaca Muerta.
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2941:"Dirty Oilmen Get Clean Sheets Every 12 Hours: Argentina Credit"
3538:
2862:"Chevron says shale to help make Argentina energy independent"
1980:
2959:"Archer secures drilling contract with YPF S.A. in Argentina"
2884:"Chevron Argentina Asset Freeze Revoked Easing Shale Venture"
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3161:"YPF anuncia un nuevo descubrimiento de gas no convencional"
2504:
Campos, L.; FernĂĄndez, M.S.; Herrera, Y. (22 October 2019).
3107:"UPDATE 2-Russia deepens energy cooperation with Argentina"
2057:"Vaca MuertaMegaprojectA fracking carbon bomb in Patagonia"
1718:
Campana venture, which YPF described as the most important
530:
178:
3595:
in the Encyclopedia of Science and Technology in Argentina
2923:"Shell to Triple Argentine Shale Spending as Winds Change"
2537:
Herrera, Y.; Gasparini, Z.; FernĂĄndez, M.S. (7 May 2013).
2292:
1960:"Shale Veteran Takes On Argentina's $ 6 Billion Shortfall"
461:
The Vaca Muerta Formation, commonly known as Vaca Muerta (
371:. It is well known as the host rock for major deposits of
3491:"Argentina's YPF sees 1,181 TCF shale gas in Vaca Muerta"
3424:"Exxon makes second discovery in Argentina's Vaca Muerta"
2804:"Chevron agrees terms of Argentina shale investment: YPF"
2644:
2536:
2031:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013
1946:
http://www.ypf.com/YPFHoy/YPFSalaPrensa/Paginas/Home.aspx
1618:
1464:
401:
3473:"Acuerdo con American Energy Partners para Vaca Muerta"
1629:
10 m) of oil and 308 trillion cubic feet (8.7
412:
10 m) of oil and 308 trillion cubic feet (8.7
2578:
Gasparini, Z.; Pol, D.; Spalletti, L.A. (6 Jan 2006).
2503:
2442:
Gasparini, Z.; O'Gorman, J. (2014). "A new species of
3560:"Megaproyecto Vaca Muerta. Informe de externalidades"
2577:
2441:
2165:
3232:
Lifschitz, Alejandro; Grazina, Karina (2013-07-16).
2698:
CodorniĂș, Laura; Gasparini, Zulma (September 2012).
1921:"Repsol hails largest ever 927 million bbl oil find"
1819:
3539:Ben Miller and Emilie Sweigart (October 11, 2019).
3037:. 9 October 2014 – via La Nacion (Argentina).
1564:, including the Loma La Lata, Loma Lata Norte, and
3659:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America
2137:. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.
2697:
1948:, "YPF firmo un acuerdo con PETRONAS", 18.02.2014
1785:environmental externalities include the clash of
3600:
3231:
2638:
2127:
1780:Human right violations and environmental impacts
1722:project in the world outside the United States.
497:, which is about 1,200km south of Buenos Aires.
1355:Oil and gas exploration and production timeline
3520:
3302:
2881:
2054:
3483:
3412:ExxonMobil discovers oil and gas in Argentina
3225:
3046:
3044:
2875:
2795:
2497:
2201:"Argentina's Vaca Muerta draws GTW spotlight"
2020:
2018:
2016:
3575:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3136:"A promising future beckons for Vaca Muerta"
2783:Exploration Production - Vaca Muerta - Total
643:
3352:
3327:
3281:
1684:signed an memorandum of understanding with
1595:the availability of heavy motor mechanics.
270:>30,000 km (12,000 sq mi)
3257:
3041:
2013:
315:
3075:
2827:
2764:"BNamericas - Loma de la Lata Norte area"
2731:
2674:
2613:
2603:
2562:
2521:
2510:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2467:
2435:
2263:
2261:
2249:
2215:
2161:
2159:
2121:
2071:
2069:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1914:
1912:
1552:had long been known as a major petroleum
599:(lower part of the middle Tithonian) and
509:Stratigraphy of the Vaca Muerta Formation
433:interfere with agriculture. In 2018, the
3614:Lower Cretaceous Series of South America
2222:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2094:
1882:
1263:
1135:
974:
806:
726:
504:
3541:"How Countries Manage Water: Argentina"
2854:
2835:"YPF, Chevron sign deal on Vaca Muerta"
2801:
2274:. AAPG Geoscience Technology Workshop.
2268:Leanza, HĂ©ctor A. (2â4 December 2012).
1957:
1729:
1678:
3601:
2267:
2258:
2195:
2193:
2156:
2100:
2066:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1975:
1973:
1934:
1909:
1888:
1607:were around 927 million barrels (147.4
3514:
3335:"Shell joins shale hunt in Argentina"
3199:"Acuerdo de continuidad YPF-Petronas"
2973:"Drilling Rig and Technology Company"
2001:"Repsol YPF Mb50's "Liquid Mud" Blog"
1918:
390:are around 927 million barrels (147.4
3381:"YPF adquiere los activos de Apache"
3551:
3128:
2190:
2043:
1970:
1379:
700:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in
13:
2647:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1060:
867:
165:30â1,200 m (98â3,937 ft)
14:
3700:
3586:
2216:Kietzmann, Diego A. (July 2017).
1800:were suing Exxon, French company
1581:Lolley) as engineering advisor.
1530: m or 927 million
967:
660:Taxon falsely reported as present
3619:Jurassic System of South America
3609:Geologic formations of Argentina
2055:Diego di Risio (December 2017).
1850:
1836:
1822:
1789:with agriculture in the town of
1378:
1371:
47:
3532:
3503:from the original on 2014-02-22
3465:
3448:
3434:
3416:
3405:
3387:
3373:
3246:from the original on 2015-09-24
3208:
3171:
3153:
3117:from the original on 2015-11-24
3099:
3088:from the original on 2015-11-25
3069:
3023:
3005:
2983:
2965:
2951:
2933:
2915:
2901:
2882:Pablo Gonzalez (June 5, 2013).
2816:from the original on 2013-11-23
2786:
2774:
2756:
2691:
2571:
2530:
2484:
2425:
2422:Sedimentary Geology 302, 64â86.
2415:
2405:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2209:
1889:Krauss, Clifford (2011-07-04).
1747:(45%, operator of the blocks),
799:
665:Dubious taxon or junior synonym
16:Geologic formation in Argentina
3076:Bronstein, Hugh (2015-04-09).
2802:Grazina, Karina (2013-05-15).
2143:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1993:
1951:
1140:from the Vaca Muerta Formation
979:from the Vaca Muerta Formation
811:from the Vaca Muerta Formation
731:from the Vaca Muerta Formation
719:
714:
1:
3395:"Web Page Under Construction"
1958:Attwood, James (2014-12-16).
1876:
1500:45,000 barrels per day (~2.2
1221:pterosaur with affinities to
1128:
623:
2667:10.1080/02724634.2014.904790
2460:10.5710/amgh.03.04.2014.2225
2242:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.03.005
2101:Badkar, Mamta (2012-04-27).
1919:Canty, Daniel (2011-11-08).
1770:American Energy Partners, LP
1571:
1556:for other formations in the
456:
7:
3674:Geology of Neuquén Province
3624:Late Jurassic South America
1815:
627:
618:Lindero de Piedra Formation
10:
3705:
2977:Helmerich & Payne, Inc
2332:NeuquĂ©n, NeuquĂ©n, 113â129.
2174:Cambridge University Press
1617: m), and as of 2014
1256:
593:Lower Mendoza Mesosequence
500:
400: m), and as of 2014
3664:Paleontology in Argentina
3654:Reservoir rock formations
3523:"Vaca Muerta Megaproject"
3399:www.buenosairesherald.com
2724:10.1017/S1755691013000388
2523:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz095
1538:
1514:
1497:Current production of oil
1496:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1423:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1366:
1361:
786:
777:
775:
773:
771:
759:
634:
630:
605:Bajada Colorada Formation
314:
306:
298:
287:
279:
274:
266:
256:
246:
207:
202:
184:
174:
169:
161:
151:
133:
123:
113:
26:
21:
3362:. MercoPress. 2014-01-08
3291:. MercoPress. 2013-12-04
1715:unconventional petroleum
1709:In January 2015 YPF and
632:
616:, receiving the name of
3679:Oil fields in Argentina
3521:Diego di Risio (2017).
2864:. Bloomberg. 2013-05-16
2605:10.1126/science.1120803
2492:Journal of Paleontology
1704:
1387:Location of Vaca Muerta
1223:Archaeopterodactyloidea
533:and consists of mature
3649:Source rock formations
3442:"Acuerdo YPF-Petronas"
1515:Estimated oil in place
1065:
872:
708:taxa are discredited.
510:
2083:. pp. 2018â12â22
1981:"Vacamuertashale.com"
1923:. Arabian Oil and Gas
1445:38.20000°S 69.50000°W
1064:
871:
601:PicĂșn LeufĂș Formation
597:Carrin Cura Formation
508:
333:Vaca Muerta Formation
323:Huincul basement high
231:38.20000°S 69.50000°W
22:Vaca Muerta Formation
3629:Cretaceous Argentina
3265:"Campo Loma Campana"
2199:Carol Cain McGowen,
1871:Los Molles Formation
1739:(55%, operator) and
1730:Blocks and financing
1720:unconventional (oil)
1679:Developments in 2014
1672:Dow Chemical Company
1668:Lago Agrio oil field
1641:Los Molles Formation
1539:Producing formations
1476:Start of development
1450:-38.20000; -69.50000
481:age, located in the
424:Los Molles Formation
359:age, located in the
335:, commonly known as
236:-38.20000; -69.50000
118:Geological formation
3456:"Acuerdo YPF y Dow"
2840:Buenos Aires Herald
2716:2012EESTR.103..399C
2659:2015JVPal..35E4790H
2596:2006Sci...311...70G
2555:2013Palgy..56..663H
2234:2017JSAES..76..152K
1806:Pan American Energy
1793:, Chubut province.
1762:Pan American Energy
1660:Chevron Corporation
1484:Start of production
1441: /
1267:of the Vaca Muerta
447:Pan American Energy
227: /
28:Stratigraphic range
3684:Unconventional oil
3634:Jurassic Argentina
3545:Americas Quarterly
2564:10.1111/pala.12010
2081:Buenos Aires Times
1896:The New York Times
1757:Apache Corporation
1518:126 million tonnes
1066:
1026:A metriorhynchine
873:
655:Reclassified taxon
614:Chachao Formations
610:Quintuco Formation
511:
156:Tordillo Formation
3314:Americas Petrogas
3312:(Press release).
1745:Americas Petrogas
1662:to Vaca Muerta.
1550:Vaca Muerta Shale
1546:
1545:
1352:
1351:
1344:thalassochelydian
1254:
1253:
1185:Partial skeleton
1126:
1125:
965:
964:
797:
796:
712:
711:
703:
691:
690:
687:
680:
673:
666:
661:
656:
651:
537:, marls and lime
469:), is a geologic
441:, French company
347:), is a geologic
329:
328:
325:is shown in grey.
283:Charles E. Weaver
3696:
3639:Berriasian Stage
3581:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:www.worldoil.com
3420:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:"Tarifas de gas"
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3054:. Archived from
3048:
3039:
3038:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2997:. Archived from
2987:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2735:
2710:(3â4): 399â408.
2695:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2617:
2607:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2213:
2207:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:Business Insider
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1886:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:Argentina portal
1827:
1826:
1825:
1766:Aubrey McClendon
1635:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1526:
1525:
1506:
1505:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1416:Offshore/onshore
1410:Neuquén Province
1382:
1381:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1303:N. laticentralis
1261:
1260:
1232:Pterodactyloidea
1133:
1132:
972:
971:
886:A. thalassonotus
804:
803:
724:
723:
701:
683:
676:
669:
664:
659:
654:
647:
644:
628:
523:Early Cretaceous
479:Early Cretaceous
418:
417:
411:
407:
396:
395:
357:Early Cretaceous
319:
251:Neuquén Province
242:
241:
239:
238:
237:
232:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
109:
46:
19:
18:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3644:Tithonian Stage
3599:
3598:
3589:
3584:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2696:
2692:
2643:
2639:
2590:(5757): 70â73.
2576:
2572:
2535:
2531:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2266:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:. p. 894.
2172:. Vol. 2.
2164:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1782:
1732:
1707:
1681:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1610:
1608:
1605:proven reserves
1574:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1501:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1259:
1131:
1079:G. araucanensis
1016:C. araucanensis
970:
957:ophthalmosaurid
928:ophthalmosaurid
909:Ophthalmosaurus
898:ophthalmosaurid
880:Arthropterygius
863:ophthalmosaurid
860:platypterygiine
802:
792:P. almanzaensis
780:thalassophonean
722:
717:
699:
642:
626:
503:
459:
415:
413:
409:
405:
393:
391:
388:proven reserves
320:
235:
233:
229:
226:
221:
218:
216:
214:
213:
146:PicĂșn LeufĂș Fm.
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
41:
40:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3587:External links
3585:
3583:
3582:
3550:
3531:
3513:
3499:. 2013-07-24.
3482:
3464:
3447:
3433:
3415:
3404:
3386:
3372:
3351:
3326:
3301:
3280:
3256:
3224:
3207:
3187:
3170:
3152:
3127:
3113:. 2015-04-23.
3098:
3068:
3040:
3022:
3004:
3001:on 2014-04-13.
2982:
2964:
2950:
2932:
2914:
2900:
2874:
2853:
2826:
2794:
2785:
2773:
2768:BNamericas.com
2755:
2690:
2653:(2): e904790.
2637:
2570:
2549:(3): 663â678.
2529:
2496:
2483:
2454:(4): 269â283.
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2291:
2257:
2208:
2189:
2182:
2155:
2120:
2093:
2065:
2042:
2012:
1992:
1969:
1950:
1933:
1908:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1844:Geology portal
1833:
1817:
1814:
1781:
1778:
1731:
1728:
1706:
1703:
1680:
1677:
1573:
1570:
1544:
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1498:
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1468:
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1458:
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1425:
1421:
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1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
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1364:
1363:
1356:
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1318:
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1305:
1300:
1292:
1291:
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1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1236:Indeterminate
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1219:Pterodactyloid
1216:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:pterodactyloid
1186:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:metriorhynchid
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:metriorhynchid
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1056:metriorhynchid
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:D. andiniensis
1041:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:metriorhynchid
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
977:Pseudosuchians
969:
968:Pseudosuchians
966:
963:
962:
960:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:C. gaspariniae
942:
934:
933:
931:
924:
922:
920:
918:
912:
904:
903:
901:
894:
892:
890:
888:
883:
875:
874:
865:
856:
854:
852:
850:
845:
842:Caypullisaurus
837:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
814:
813:
801:
798:
795:
794:
788:
787:
785:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:P. patagonicus
765:
757:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
721:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
694:
692:
689:
688:
681:
674:
667:
662:
657:
652:
636:
635:
633:
631:
625:
622:
570:Caypullisaurus
551:crocodylomorph
502:
499:
458:
455:
327:
326:
312:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
138:Mulichinco Fm.
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3701:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Neuquén Basin
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3572:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3524:
3517:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3217:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3180:
3179:"YPF informa"
3174:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3141:
3140:ADI Analytics
3137:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3058:on 2016-03-04
3057:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2947:. 2013-12-17.
2946:
2942:
2936:
2929:. 2013-12-10.
2928:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:Palaeontology
2540:
2533:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2494:71(3):479-484
2493:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2204:AAPG Explorer
2202:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2183:9780521837620
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Choiyoi Group
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:Energy portal
1853:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:TotalEnergies
1799:
1796:In 2018, the
1794:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1598:In July 2010
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Neuquén Basin
1555:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:Field history
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1171:Herbstosaurus
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1122:
1120:
1117:A geosaurine
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:Purranisaurus
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:A geosaurine
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:A geosaurine
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
980:
978:
973:
961:
958:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
925:
923:
921:
919:
916:
913:
911:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
884:
882:
881:
877:
876:
870:
866:
864:
861:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
848:C. bonapartei
846:
844:
843:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
812:
810:
805:
793:
790:
789:
784:
781:
769:
766:
764:
763:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
732:
730:
725:
707:
698:
695:
693:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
663:
658:
653:
650:
646:
645:
641:
638:
637:
629:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
586:
581:
580:
579:Herbstosaurus
576:
572:
571:
567:
563:
562:
558:and possibly
557:
556:
552:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Late Jurassic
507:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Neuquén Basin
480:
476:
475:Late Jurassic
472:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:TotalEnergies
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
403:
399:
389:
386:. The total
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Neuquén Basin
358:
354:
353:Late Jurassic
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
324:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
240:
212:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
189:Organic shale
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:Mendoza Group
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
42:148â140
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3553:
3544:
3534:
3516:
3505:. Retrieved
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3450:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3375:
3364:. Retrieved
3354:
3343:. Retrieved
3341:. 2011-12-15
3329:
3318:. Retrieved
3316:. 2013-04-07
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3283:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:
3259:
3248:. Retrieved
3237:
3227:
3210:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3142:. 2019-05-20
3139:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3081:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2999:the original
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:(in Spanish)
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:
2877:
2866:. Retrieved
2856:
2845:. Retrieved
2843:. 2013-05-15
2838:
2829:
2818:. Retrieved
2807:
2797:
2788:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2283:. Retrieved
2276:Buenos Aires
2270:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2206:, Jan. 2013.
2203:
2168:
2147:. Retrieved
2130:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2106:
2096:
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2033:. Retrieved
2004:. Retrieved
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1925:. Retrieved
1900:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1795:
1783:
1774:
1733:
1724:
1708:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1664:
1645:
1636:
1614:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:Loma Campana
1547:
1527:
1507:
1331:
1324:
1302:
1295:
1206:
1199:
1176:
1169:
1136:
1106:
1099:
1078:
1071:
1043:
1036:
1015:
1008:
975:
959:ichthyosaur
944:
939:Catutosaurus
937:
930:ichthyosaur
914:
907:
900:ichthyosaur
885:
878:
847:
840:
809:Ichthyosaurs
807:
800:Ichthyosaurs
791:
767:
760:
727:
705:
696:
639:
590:
583:
577:
568:
559:
553:
543:
535:black shales
512:
485:in northern
466:
460:
428:
419:
397:
381:
363:in northern
344:
336:
332:
330:
299:Year defined
292:Salado River
275:Type section
142:Quintuco Fm.
3593:Vaca Muerta
3477:www.ypf.com
3339:Argus Media
3165:www.ypf.com
2995:www.ypf.com
2676:11336/13737
2615:11336/73480
2448:Ameghiniana
2251:11336/20014
2228:: 152â164.
2145:. SPE156163
2139:San Antonio
1753:Wintershall
1554:source rock
1542:Vaca Muerta
1448: /
1424:Coordinates
1362:Vaca Muerta
1346:sea-turtle
1332:N. neuquina
1326:Neusticemys
1315:platychelid
1244:Tibiotarsus
1177:H. pigmaeus
1010:Cricosaurus
729:Plesiosaurs
720:Plesiosaurs
715:Vertebrates
706:crossed out
685:Morphotaxon
566:ichthyosaur
555:Cricosaurus
337:Vaca Muerta
234: /
209:Coordinates
3603:Categories
3507:2014-02-18
3366:2014-02-18
3345:2014-02-18
3320:2014-02-18
3295:2014-02-18
3274:2014-02-18
3269:BNamericas
3250:2014-02-18
3146:2021-04-21
3121:2017-07-03
3092:2017-07-03
3062:2015-02-04
2868:2014-02-18
2847:2013-05-17
2820:2014-02-18
2733:11336/1319
2469:11336/9372
2444:Pliosaurus
2412:1459â1474.
2285:2014-02-18
2149:2014-03-10
2114:2014-02-18
2087:2022-06-25
2006:2012-04-13
1986:2012-04-13
1927:2011-12-26
1902:2014-02-24
1877:References
1787:sand mines
1749:ExxonMobil
1741:Total S.A.
1656:Total S.A.
1652:ExxonMobil
1600:Repsol-YPF
1562:oil fields
1510: t/a)
1492:Production
1201:Wenupteryx
1192:pterosaur
1138:Pterosaurs
1129:Pterosaurs
1038:Dakosaurus
783:pliosaurid
762:Pliosaurus
702:small text
671:Ichnotaxon
624:Paleobiota
585:Wenupteryx
575:pterosaurs
573:, and the
527:Berriasian
431:sand mines
384:Repsol-YPF
36:Berriasian
3035:La NaciĂłn
3017:La NaciĂłn
2945:Bloomberg
2927:Bloomberg
2911:Firma Dow
2888:Bloomberg
2750:130885184
2742:1755-6910
2685:128937976
2478:130194647
1964:Bloomberg
1737:Petrobras
1691:La NaciĂłn
1572:2008-2013
1436:69°30âČ0âłW
1433:38°12âČ0âłS
1400:Argentina
1107:P. potens
1073:Geosaurus
640:Color key
561:Geosaurus
539:mudstones
519:Tithonian
491:Argentina
487:Patagonia
471:formation
457:Geography
377:shale gas
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