1005:
37:
97:
such, there is a discontinuity in the definition of the VEI between indices 1 and 2. The lower border of the volume of ejecta jumps by a factor of one hundred, from 10,000 to 1,000,000 m (350,000 to 35,310,000 cu ft), while the factor is ten between all higher indices. In the following table, the frequency of each VEI indicates the approximate frequency of new eruptions of that VEI or higher.
917:) have been identified, of which 30 occurred in the past 36 million years. Considering the estimated frequency is on the order of once in 50,000 years, there are likely many such eruptions in the last 132 Mya that are not yet known. Based on incomplete statistics, other authors assume that at least 60 VEI-8 eruptions have been identified. The most recent is
96:
With indices running from 0 to 8, the VEI associated with an eruption is dependent on how much volcanic material is thrown out, to what height, and how long the eruption lasts. The scale is logarithmic from VEI-2 and up; an increase of 1 index indicates an eruption that is 10 times as powerful. As
71:
Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from "gentle" to "mega-colossal") are used to determine the explosivity value. The scale is open-ended with the largest eruptions in history given a magnitude of 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive
88:(240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over 20 km (66,000 ft). The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale representing a tenfold increase in observed ejecta criteria, with the exception of between VEI-0, VEI-1 and VEI-2.
988:
erupted. Another weakness of the VEI is that it does not take into account the power output of an eruption, which makes the VEI extremely difficult to determine with prehistoric or unobserved eruptions.
948:(the last 11,700 years) which account for about 75% of the total known eruptions during the Holocene. Of these 7,742 eruptions, about 49% have a VEI of 2 or lower, and 90% have a VEI of 3 or lower.
1600:
1008:
1016:
1012:
1013:
1009:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1026:
214:
1021:
636:
1019:
1015:
1412:
1029:
1010:
1468:
1031:
1022:
1035:
1017:
1011:
936:
in the last 11,700 years. There are also 58 Plinian eruptions, and 13 caldera-forming eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes. By 2010, the
628:
1078:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1157:
186:
1088:
1524:
1083:
1073:
1207:
1136:
334:
1287:
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
1620:
1387:
1253:
350:
1493:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1024:
522:
538:
588:
444:
992:
Although VEI is quite suitable for classifying the explosive magnitude of eruptions, the index is not as significant as
1610:
1595:
1100:
1025:
910:
1023:
612:
326:
1625:
1605:
1094:
933:
514:
632:
436:
1552:
1462:
1165:
721:
604:
61:
705:
506:
1615:
1379:
1067:
819:
530:
273:
261:
1043:
771:
498:
358:
1517:
857:
681:
178:
1122: – Set of sixteen volcanoes noted for their eruptive history and proximity to densely populated areas
1656:
53:
428:
206:
202:
198:
980:(gas bubbling) of the volcanic products in question is not taken into account. In contrast, the DRE (
697:
31:
1158:"The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism"
937:
827:
729:
644:
554:
452:
366:
281:
701:
624:
1510:
1484:
1289:
1215:
941:
865:
779:
346:
1651:
1562:
893:
881:
265:
77:
57:
1405:"Volcanic Aerosols: The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate"
1190:
981:
811:
944:
had cataloged the assignment of a VEI for 7,742 volcanic eruptions that occurred during the
1646:
1491:
List of Large
Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
1421:
1348:
1298:
1219:
1174:
546:
225:
620:
8:
1577:
1051:
877:
759:
689:
17:
1425:
1352:
1302:
1178:
518:
1587:
1437:
1314:
1131:
1055:
292:
1404:
713:
432:
420:
377:
1490:
1383:
1318:
1249:
1059:
1039:
977:
869:
767:
148:
1441:
1360:
1547:
1458:
1429:
1356:
1306:
1182:
1119:
922:
901:
873:
807:
795:
608:
463:
269:
897:
596:
1567:
1497:
1125:
885:
803:
510:
404:
342:
1333:
1572:
993:
717:
600:
584:
416:
408:
257:
190:
1479:
1310:
1050:
ejected, colour-coded by time of eruption as in the legend. Pink lines denote
502:
1640:
965:
815:
791:
677:
655:
412:
330:
1186:
918:
616:
1473:
1116: – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
1113:
957:
783:
775:
685:
534:
526:
494:
440:
424:
354:
253:
72:
eruptions, defined as less than 10,000 m (350,000 cu ft) of
65:
763:
490:
322:
174:
969:
925:, more than 27,000 years ago, which means that there have not been any
861:
787:
592:
318:
249:
170:
1433:
914:
889:
799:
709:
314:
194:
182:
27:
Predictive
Qualitative scale for explosiveness of volcanic eruptions
945:
926:
693:
1480:
The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth
1533:
1502:
973:
400:
338:
996:
emissions in quantifying their atmospheric and climatic impact.
1601:
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range
Province
542:
73:
36:
985:
1244:
Dosseto, A. (2011). Turner, S. P.; Van-Orman, J. A. (eds.).
961:
486:
52:) is a relative measure/prediction of the explosiveness of
1246:
Timescales of
Magmatic Processes: From Core to Atmosphere
1403:
Miles, M. G.; Grainger, R. G.; Highwood, E. J. (2004).
984:) is sometimes calculated to give the actual amount of
913:
of VEI-8 magnitude within the last 132 million years (
1413:
Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
1402:
1373:
1286:
1042:. The apparent volume of each bubble is linearly
1638:
1156:Newhall, Christopher G.; Self, Stephen (1982).
1007:
1469:How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption
1374:Siebert, L.; Simkin, T.; Kimberly, P. (2010).
1216:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1128: – Indicator of spread of volcanic ejecta
1079:List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century
1518:
999:
1282:
1280:
1155:
30:"VEI" redirects here. For the company, see
1525:
1511:
1262:
1334:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
1239:
1237:
1089:List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions
1277:
1084:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
1003:
35:
1268:
1243:
1137:List of natural disasters by death toll
14:
1639:
1234:
1506:
1331:
1074:List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999
1396:
1271:Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis
24:
1532:
1208:"Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)"
1101:List of largest volcanic eruptions
25:
1668:
1452:
91:
40:VEI and ejecta volume correlation
1103:(VEI-7–8, mostly within 500 Mya)
1095:List of large volcanic eruptions
1553:Prediction of volcanic activity
1361:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
1166:Journal of Geophysical Research
62:United States Geological Survey
1380:University of California Press
1367:
1325:
1200:
1149:
1068:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
1038:Clickable imagemap of notable
951:
76:ejected; and 8 representing a
13:
1:
1621:Quaternary volcanic eruptions
1142:
1070:(mostly VEI-6, within 2 kya)
7:
1107:
929:eruptions with a VEI of 8.
10:
1673:
1611:Largest volcanic eruptions
1596:Extraterrestrial volcanoes
1558:Volcanic explosivity index
1482:, a 2004 article from the
1269:Rothery, David A. (2010),
1097:(VEI-5–8, within 450+ Mya)
1000:Lists of notable eruptions
376:Strombolian / Vulcanian /
46:volcanic explosivity index
29:
1586:
1540:
1311:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
932:There have been at least
856:
833:
826:
758:
735:
728:
676:
650:
643:
633:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
583:
560:
553:
485:
458:
451:
399:
372:
365:
313:
287:
280:
248:
220:
213:
169:
144:
141:
136:
105:
102:
32:Visual Entertainment Inc.
1626:Volcanic eruption deaths
1606:Large volcanic eruptions
1212:Global Volcanism Program
1058:and yellow spots denote
938:Global Volcanism Program
1485:Bulletin of Volcanology
1290:Bulletin of Volcanology
1187:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231
972:are all treated alike.
942:Smithsonian Institution
834:> 1,000 km
347:Whakaari / White Island
1563:Volcanic Seven Summits
1376:Volcanoes of the World
1063:
266:Dieng Volcanic Complex
78:supervolcanic eruption
58:Christopher G. Newhall
41:
1341:Earth-Science Reviews
1196:on December 13, 2013.
1052:convergent boundaries
1037:
982:dense-rock equivalent
934:10 eruptions of VEI-7
736:> 100 km
459:> 0.1 km
39:
1332:Bryan, S.E. (2010).
1222:on November 10, 2011
1056:divergent boundaries
1054:, blue lines denote
651:> 10 km
268:(1964, 1979, 2017),
56:. It was devised by
1578:Volcano observatory
1426:2004QJRMS.130.2361M
1353:2010ESRv..102..207B
1303:2004BVol...66..735M
1248:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1179:1982JGR....87.1231N
561:> 1 km
1657:1982 introductions
1496:2012-01-17 at the
1459:VEI glossary entry
1420:(602): 2361–2376.
1382:. pp. 28–38.
1132:Lists of volcanoes
1064:
1040:volcanic eruptions
911:About 40 eruptions
858:Flat Landing Brook
54:volcanic eruptions
42:
1634:
1633:
1389:978-0-520-26877-7
1255:978-1-4443-3260-5
1173:(C2): 1231–1238.
908:
907:
846:> 50,000 years
16:(Redirected from
1664:
1548:Decade Volcanoes
1527:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1446:
1445:
1434:10.1256/qj.03.60
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1378:(3rd ed.).
1371:
1365:
1364:
1347:(3–4): 207–229.
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1273:, Teach Yourself
1266:
1260:
1259:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1218:. Archived from
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1189:. Archived from
1162:
1153:
1120:Decade Volcanoes
1048:volume of tephra
1006:
923:Oruanui eruption
830:
732:
647:
564:Peléan / Plinian
557:
519:Eyjafjallajökull
455:
369:
284:
235:
217:
100:
99:
87:
85:
21:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1582:
1568:Volcanic winter
1536:
1531:
1498:Wayback Machine
1455:
1450:
1449:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1372:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1285:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1242:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1126:Dispersal index
1110:
1036:
1004:
1002:
956:Under the VEI,
954:
866:Wah Wah Springs
828:
748:500–1,000 years
730:
645:
555:
453:
421:Soufrière Hills
405:Nevado del Ruiz
367:
282:
233:
215:
131:
126:
113:Classification
109:
107:
94:
83:
81:
80:that can eject
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Earth timeline
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:Volcano Number
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:Volcano topics
1530:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1454:
1453:External links
1451:
1448:
1447:
1395:
1388:
1366:
1324:
1297:(8): 735–748.
1276:
1261:
1254:
1233:
1199:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1001:
998:
994:sulfur dioxide
953:
950:
906:
905:
854:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
824:
823:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:Super-colossal
740:
737:
734:
726:
725:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
652:
649:
641:
640:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
551:
550:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
460:
457:
449:
448:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
374:
373:> 10 m
371:
363:
362:
317:(since 1934),
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:Strombolian /
289:
288:> 10 m
286:
278:
277:
258:Havre Seamount
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
231:
228:
222:
221:> 10 m
219:
211:
210:
191:Fagradalsfjall
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
146:
145:< 10 m
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
104:
93:
92:Classification
90:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Hazard scales
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
997:
995:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:Mega-colossal
839:
837:Ultra-Plinian
836:
831:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:Campi Flegrei
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:Ultra-Plinian
738:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Lake Ilopango
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
657:
656:Ultra-Plinian
653:
648:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
558:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
466:/ Sub-Plinian
465:
461:
456:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:(1963-1967),
402:
398:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
380:/ Sub-Plinian
379:
375:
370:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Ritter Island
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
294:
290:
285:
279:
275:
272:(1977, 2002,
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
237:
232:
229:
227:
223:
218:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:(2021-2023),
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
140:
135:
130:Stratospheric
129:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
101:
98:
89:
79:
75:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
38:
33:
19:
1557:
1483:
1474:The Guardian
1472:
1417:
1411:
1398:
1375:
1369:
1344:
1340:
1327:
1294:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1245:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1211:
1202:
1191:the original
1170:
1164:
1151:
1114:Supervolcano
1047:
1044:proportional
991:
978:vesicularity
955:
931:
909:
754:substantial
686:Huaynaputina
672:substantial
666:50–100 years
579:significant
469:Catastrophic
441:Cumbre Vieja
254:Raoul Island
234:100 m – 1 km
125:Tropospheric
122:Periodicity
116:Description
95:
70:
66:Stephen Self
49:
45:
43:
1647:Volcanology
952:Limitations
878:Yellowstone
760:Long Valley
751:substantial
702:Santa Maria
669:substantial
576:substantial
567:Cataclysmic
478:substantial
392:substantial
321:(current),
226:Strombolian
224:Hawaiian /
177:(current),
175:Mawson Peak
173:(current),
1641:Categories
1226:August 21,
1143:References
970:ignimbrite
966:lava bombs
919:Lake TaupĹŤ
868:(30 Mya),
862:Ordovician
843:> 20 km
745:> 20 km
663:> 20 km
654:Plinian /
617:El ChichĂłn
609:St. Helens
570:> 10 km
472:> 10 km
270:Nyiragongo
162:negligible
156:< 100 m
132:injection
127:injection
1319:129680497
1091:(VEI-5–7)
870:La Garita
800:Santorini
710:Novarupta
511:Lamington
481:definite
475:18 months
462:Peléan /
417:1989-1990
395:possible
315:Stromboli
297:Explosive
293:Vulcanian
195:Mauna Loa
187:2014-2015
183:Holuhraun
137:Examples
86:10 m
68:in 1982.
1494:Archived
1442:53005926
1108:See also
1060:hotspots
946:Holocene
927:Holocene
902:26.5 kyr
874:26.3 Mya
718:Pinatubo
694:Krakatoa
660:Colossal
601:Tarawera
585:Vesuvius
573:12 years
423:(1997),
389:3 months
306:moderate
256:(2006),
252:(1995),
250:Yakedake
181:(2011),
159:constant
153:Effusive
149:Hawaiian
1471:, from
1465:website
1461:from a
1422:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1299:Bibcode
1175:Bibcode
1046:to the
974:Density
940:of the
886:640 kyr
882:2.1 Mya
816:Tambora
808:Samalas
804:1610 BC
796:4300 BC
788:5700 BC
764:760 kyr
625:Puyehue
464:Plinian
413:Redoubt
401:Surtsey
386:3–15 km
339:Galeras
303:2 weeks
171:KÄ«lauea
110:(bulk)
60:of the
1541:Topics
1440:
1386:
1317:
1252:
968:, and
894:74 kyr
784:Mazama
780:22 kyr
772:37 kyr
543:Semeru
527:Merapi
495:Bandai
425:Ontake
383:Severe
378:Peléan
355:Marapi
300:1–5 km
230:Gentle
179:Dallol
119:Plume
108:volume
106:Ejecta
74:tephra
1588:Lists
1438:S2CID
1408:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1315:S2CID
1194:(PDF)
1161:(PDF)
986:magma
898:TaupĹŤ
852:vast
792:Kikai
503:Pelée
433:Fuego
323:Unzen
309:none
244:none
241:minor
238:daily
165:none
1463:USGS
1384:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1228:2014
976:and
962:lava
890:Toba
849:vast
820:1815
812:1257
776:Aira
722:1991
714:1912
706:1902
698:1883
690:1600
637:2022
629:2011
621:1982
613:1980
605:1886
597:1707
593:Fuji
547:2021
539:2020
535:Taal
531:2010
523:2010
515:1951
507:1902
499:1888
491:1783
487:Laki
445:2021
437:2018
429:2014
409:1985
359:2023
351:2019
343:1993
335:1888
327:1792
319:Etna
274:2021
262:2012
207:2022
203:1984
199:1975
103:VEI
64:and
44:The
1430:doi
1418:130
1357:doi
1345:102
1307:doi
1183:doi
958:ash
921:'s
915:Mya
896:),
888:),
876:),
864:),
814:),
806:),
798:),
790:),
782:),
774:),
766:),
716:),
708:),
700:),
692:),
684:),
682:450
631:),
623:),
615:),
607:),
599:),
591:),
541:),
533:),
525:),
517:),
509:),
501:),
493:),
439:),
431:),
419:),
411:),
353:),
345:),
337:),
329:),
264:),
189:),
82:1.0
50:VEI
18:VEI
1643::
1436:.
1428:.
1416:.
1410:.
1355:.
1343:.
1339:.
1313:.
1305:.
1295:66
1293:.
1279:^
1236:^
1214:.
1210:.
1181:.
1171:87
1169:.
1163:.
964:,
960:,
904:)
884:,
822:)
724:)
639:)
589:79
549:)
447:)
361:)
276:)
209:)
205:,
201:,
142:0
1526:e
1519:t
1512:v
1444:.
1432::
1424::
1392:.
1363:.
1359::
1351::
1321:.
1309::
1301::
1258:.
1230:.
1185::
1177::
1062:.
900:(
892:(
880:(
872:(
860:(
829:8
818:(
810:(
802:(
794:(
786:(
778:(
770:(
762:(
731:7
720:(
712:(
704:(
696:(
688:(
680:(
646:6
635:(
627:(
619:(
611:(
603:(
595:(
587:(
556:5
545:(
537:(
529:(
521:(
513:(
505:(
497:(
489:(
454:4
443:(
435:(
427:(
415:(
407:(
368:3
357:(
349:(
341:(
333:(
325:(
283:2
260:(
216:1
197:(
185:(
84:Ă—
48:(
20:)
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