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297:(formerly Lōʻihi) at the extreme southeastern end of the volcanic chain, and these rocks may be typical of early stages in the "evolution" of all Hawaiian islands. In the late stages of eruption of individual volcanoes, more alkaline basalt also was erupted, and in the very late stages after a period of erosion, rocks of unusual composition such as
263:
Hawaiian eruptions usually start by the formation of a crack in the ground from which a curtain of incandescent lava or several closely spaced lava fountains appear. The lava can overflow the fissure and form ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe style of flows. When such an eruption from a central cone is protracted, it
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The key factors in generating a
Hawaiian eruption are basaltic magma and a low percentage of dissolved water (less than one percent). The lower the water content, the more peaceful is the resulting flow. Almost all lava that comes from Hawaiian volcanoes is
313:
Hawaiian eruptions are considered less dangerous than other types of volcanic eruptions because they produce little ash and lava flows are generally slow-moving. However, they can still cause injuries or deaths.
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and feeds lava streams that flow downslope. In central-vent eruptions, a fountain of lava can spurt to a height of 300 meters or more (heights of 1600 meters were reported for the 1986 eruption of
293:. These rocks are similar but not identical to those that are produced at ocean ridges. Basalt relatively richer in sodium and potassium (more alkaline) has erupted at the undersea volcano of
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emissions can also be fatal, especially to people suffering from respiratory ailments. In 2018, 23 people on a tour boat were injured by a steam explosion and a
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were produced in very small amounts. These variations in magma composition have been investigated in great detail, in part to try to understand how
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580 meters (1,900 ft) high and formed a 38-meter cone named Puʻu Puaʻi. In fissure-type eruptions, lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano's
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In 1993, a photographer attempting to take pictures of a lava ocean entry died, and several tourists were injured, when a
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Volcanic Ash and
Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety
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flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of
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collapsed. In 2000, two people were found dead near a lava ocean entry from Kīlauea, likely killed by
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in composition. Hawaiian basalts that make up almost all of the islands are
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407:"23 Hurt After Lava From Hawaii Volcano Flies Through Roof of Tour Boat"
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MacDonald, Gordon A.; Peterson, Frank L.; Abbott, Agatin T. (1983).
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Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io
21:
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in 1950, or at a central vent, such as during the 1959 eruption in
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are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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216:, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g.
279:
1279:
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371:Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health
1128:
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367:"Hazards of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park"
228:zones. Hawaiian eruptions may occur along
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
360:
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529:Volcanoes in the Sea: Geology of Hawaii
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554:
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
13:
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14:
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510:. DIANE Publishing. p. 437.
232:, such as during the eruption of
946:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
149:; 7, layers of lava and ash; 8,
20:
1042:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
1037:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
1027:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
31:needs additional citations for
506:Casadevall, T.J., ed. (1995).
399:
280:Petrology of basalts in Hawaii
1:
477:Volcanoes of the Solar System
432:
1052:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
365:Sprowl, GM (November 2014).
343:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
7:
1144:Types of volcanic eruptions
336:
268:, for example Mauna Loa or
212:on Hawaii's big island and
10:
1309:
966:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
956:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
951:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa
533:University of Hawaii Press
483:Cambridge University Press
450:Cambridge University Press
118:Effusive volcanic eruption
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757:North Arch volcanic field
605:South Arch volcanic field
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473:Frankel, Charles (1996).
440:Frankel, Charles (2005).
308:
178:type of volcanic eruption
961:2018 lower Puna eruption
348:
264:can form lightly sloped
240:Crater, which created a
1097:Puna Geothermal Venture
1032:Haleakalā National Park
333:at a lava ocean entry.
838:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
775:
169:
125:Hawaiian eruption: 1,
1235:Other classifications
793:French Frigate Shoals
774:
377:(11 Suppl 2): 17–20.
218:Medicine Lake Volcano
188:. Typically they are
124:
725:East Molokai Volcano
720:West Molokai Volcano
535:. pp. 156–157.
40:improve this article
1293:Volcanism of Hawaii
1072:Mauna Loa eruptions
971:Keanakakoi eruption
55:"Hawaiian eruption"
1288:Hawaiian eruptions
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582:Hawaiian volcanism
208:volcanoes such as
190:effusive eruptions
186:Hawaiian volcanoes
170:
1275:
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1057:Kīlauea eruptions
1047:Hawaiian eruption
976:ʻAilāʻau eruption
937:Notable eruptions
798:Gardner Pinnacles
542:978-0-8248-0832-7
517:978-0-7881-1650-6
496:978-0-521-47770-3
463:978-0-521-80393-9
174:Hawaiian eruption
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813:Lisianski Island
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610:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
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531:(2nd ed.).
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417:on July 17, 2018
413:. Archived from
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295:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
266:shield volcanoes
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1190:Phreatomagmatic
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986:Kīlauea Caldera
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1102:Volcano House
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1062:Lava fountain
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633:Pauahi Crater
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303:mantle plumes
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163:magma chamber
161:conduit; 11,
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131:lava fountain
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1159:
1092:Pele's tears
1082:Pele (deity)
1046:
981:Halemaʻumaʻu
823:Midway Atoll
729:
715:Penguin Bank
687:
680:
673:
666:
528:
507:
476:
443:
419:. Retrieved
415:the original
410:
401:
374:
370:
316:
312:
283:
262:
250:Mount Mihara
202:volcanic ash
173:
171:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1175:Strombolian
1087:Pele's hair
1067:Limu o Pele
1022:ʻAʻā (lava)
991:Kīlauea Iki
629:Kīlauea Iki
452:. pp.
299:nephelinite
238:Kīlauea Iki
1282:Categories
1198:Subglacial
803:Kure Atoll
668:Kahoʻolawe
485:. p.
433:References
421:2018-07-17
319:lava bench
305:may work.
254:Izu Ōshima
222:California
214:in Iceland
96:March 2023
66:newspapers
1267:Subaerial
1247:Explosive
1208:Surtseyan
1203:Submarine
1180:Vulcanian
1006:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
996:Mauna Ulu
939:and vents
868:Daikakuji
850:Seamounts
818:Maro Reef
705:West Maui
700:Haleakalā
657:Mauna Kea
647:Mauna Loa
641:Mauna Ulu
637:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
331:lava bomb
291:tholeiite
246:rift zone
234:Mauna Loa
198:viscosity
147:lava flow
139:lava lake
127:ash plume
1242:Effusive
1226:Phreatic
1218:Phreatic
1160:Hawaiian
1152:Magmatic
762:Waiʻanae
742:Honolulu
710:Molokaʻi
652:Hualālai
615:Māhukona
595:Windward
584:topics (
393:25478297
337:See also
194:basaltic
143:fumarole
1257:Lateral
1170:Plinian
928:Yuryaku
908:Nintoku
878:Hancock
873:Detroit
863:Colahan
848:Emperor
783:Leeward
752:Koʻolau
731:Niʻihau
625:Kīlauea
620:Hawaiʻi
384:4244893
274:Iceland
210:Kīlauea
206:hotspot
192:, with
151:stratum
80:scholar
1262:Limnic
1165:Peléan
1015:Topics
893:Kimmei
858:Abbott
808:Laysan
747:Kaʻena
689:Lānaʻi
682:Kaʻula
675:Kauaʻi
662:Kohala
539:
514:
493:
460:
391:
381:
309:Safety
287:basalt
224:) and
180:where
165:; 12,
157:; 10,
135:crater
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1252:Flank
923:Yomei
918:Suiko
903:Meiji
888:Kammu
883:Jingū
833:Nihoa
785:Isles
737:Oʻahu
597:Isles
454:21–22
349:Notes
258:Japan
176:is a
159:magma
153:; 9,
145:; 6,
141:; 5,
137:; 4,
133:; 3,
129:; 2,
87:JSTOR
73:books
913:Ojin
898:Koko
695:Maui
586:list
537:ISBN
512:ISBN
491:ISBN
458:ISBN
411:Time
389:PMID
323:laze
226:rift
182:lava
167:dike
155:sill
59:news
379:PMC
272:in
260:).
252:on
220:in
42:by
1284::
639:,
635:,
631:,
489:.
487:17
481:.
456:.
448:.
409:.
387:.
375:73
373:.
369:.
357:^
325:.
276:.
256:,
172:A
1136:e
1129:t
1122:v
643:)
627:(
588:)
574:e
567:t
560:v
545:.
520:.
499:.
466:.
424:.
395:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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