20:
152:
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148:, that grow large enough to rise through the magma column, bursting near the top due to the decrease in pressure and throwing magma into the air. Each episode thus releases volcanic gases, sometimes as frequently as a few minutes apart. Gas slugs can form as deep as 3 kilometers, making them difficult to predict.
195:
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194:
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197:
496:
Carracedo, Juan C.; Troll, Valentin R.; Day, James M. D.; Geiger, Harri; Aulinas, Meritxell; Soler, Vicente; Deegan, Frances M.; Perez-Torrado, Francisco J.; Gisbert, Guillem; Gazel, Esteban; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Albert, Helena (2022).
113:
typically glows red when leaving the vent, but its surface cools and assumes a dark to black colour and may significantly solidify before impact. The tephra accumulates in the vicinity of the vent, forming a
196:
162:
Strombolian eruptive activity can be very long-lasting because the conduit system is not strongly affected by the eruptive activity, so that the eruptive system can repeatedly reset itself.
185:
The most energetic
Strombolian eruptions are sometimes termed "Violent Strombolian" by volcanologists. Such eruptions are associated with higher magma gas content, leading to a turbulent
314:
Burton, Mike; Allard, Patrick; Muré, Filippo; Spina, Alessandro La (13 July 2007). "Magmatic Gas
Composition Reveals the Source Depth of Slug-Driven Strombolian Explosive Activity".
775:
Papers with abstracts, images, and PDFs of modelling of
Strombolian (explosive) volcano for computer graphics (CG) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The main entrance page is
272:
Newhall, Christopher G.; Self, Stephen (20 February 1982). "The
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism".
98:, to altitudes of tens to a few hundreds of metres. The eruptions are small to medium in volume, with sporadic violence. This type of eruption is named for the
804:
177:
itself has been producing
Strombolian eruptions for over two thousand years. The Romans referred to Stromboli as the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean".
555:
Presa, Leticia; Rosado, Santiago; Peña, Christian; MartĂn, Domingo
Alfonso; Costafreda, Jorge Luis; Astudillo, Beatriz; Parra, José Luis (2023).
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627:
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236:
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396:"Infrasound reveals transition to oscillatory discharge regime during lava fountaining: Implication for early warning"
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557:"Volcanic Ash from the Island of La Palma, Spain: An Experimental Study to Establish Their Properties as Pozzolans"
957:
220:
several kilometres in height, and heavy ash fallout. Rarely, Violent
Strombolian eruptions may transition into
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Pioli, Laura; Palmas, Marco; Behncke, Boris; De Beni, Emanuela; Cantarero, Massimo; Scollo, Simona (2022).
813:
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Violent
Strombolian eruptions are more explosive in nature than their regular counterparts (up to
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451:"Ash fallout scenarios at Vesuvius: Numerical simulations and implications for hazard assessment"
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720:
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8:
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709:"Persistent activity and violent strombolian eruptions at Vesuvius between 1631 and 1944"
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Scandone, Roberto; Giacomelli, Lisetta; Speranza, Francesca
Fattori (2008-03-10).
499:"The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands"
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173:, Antarctica has produced Strombolian eruptions for at least many decades, and
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regime in the conduit, producing stronger and much more frequent explosions.
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Monogenetic cones usually erupt in the
Strombolian style. For example, the
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3), and may produce sustained lava fountains, long distance lava flows,
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Ulivieri, Giacomo; Ripepe, Maurizio; Marchetti, Emanuele (2013-06-28).
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of 1 or 2. Strombolian eruptions consist of ejection of incandescent
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Examples of Violent Strombolian activity include the paroxysms of
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Type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild explosive intensity
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48:
28:
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87:
596:
Cioni, Raffaello; Pistolesi, Marco; Rosi, Mauro (2015-01-01),
821:
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457:. Evaluating Explosive Eruption Risk at European Volcanoes.
133:, and therefore shorter and thicker, than the corresponding
126:
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137:; it may or may not be accompanied by production of
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118:. Cinder is the most common product; the amount of
650:"Quantifying Strombolian Activity at Etna Volcano"
595:
449:Macedonio, G.; Costa, A.; Folch, A. (2008-12-20).
949:
169:volcano erupted continuously between 1943–1952,
82:with relatively mild blasts, typically having a
812:
604:, Amsterdam: Academic Press, pp. 519–535,
598:"Chapter 29 - Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions"
367:"Volcanoes belch 'slugs' from deep underground"
144:Instead the gas coalesces into bubbles, called
713:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
602:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition)
455:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
364:
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271:
805:
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758:explanation with photos on academic site
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23:A diagram of a strombolian eruption: 1:
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763:comparison of volcanic blast types
610:10.1016/b978-0-12-385938-9.00029-8
14:
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751:
600:, in Sigurdsson, Haraldur (ed.),
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384:
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733:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.014
475:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.014
47:, 7: layers of lava and ash, 8:
773:Modelling of Volcano for CG/CFD
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369:. Cosmos online. Archived from
365:Clarke, Hamish (13 July 2007).
274:Journal of Geophysical Research
641:
589:
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1:
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400:Geophysical Research Letters
231:, the 1943-1952 eruption of
7:
814:Types of volcanic eruptions
675:10.3390/geosciences12040163
253:Types of volcanic eruptions
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239:, and various eruptions of
122:is typically rather minor.
10:
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84:Volcanic Explosivity Index
904:
886:
858:
820:
336:10.1126/science.1141900
294:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231
243:between 1631 and 1944.
209:
159:
155:A typical eruption of
67:
958:Strombolian eruptions
905:Other classifications
237:Cumbre Vieja eruption
203:
154:
22:
222:Subplinian eruptions
76:Strombolian eruption
768:USGS Photo Glossary
725:2008JVGR..170..167S
666:2022Geosc..12..163P
515:2022GeolT..38...94C
467:2008JVGR..178..366M
412:2013GeoRL..40.3008U
328:2007Sci...317..227B
286:1982JGR....87.1231N
181:Violent Strombolian
574:10.3390/pr11030657
210:
160:
135:Hawaiian eruptions
68:
945:
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629:978-0-12-385938-9
523:10.1111/gto.12388
420:10.1002/grl.50592
406:(12): 3008–3013.
322:(5835): 227–230.
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80:volcanic eruption
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129:flows are more
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752:External links
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96:volcanic bombs
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509:(3): 94–107.
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503:Geology Today
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373:on 2007-07-17
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78:is a type of
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61:magma chamber
59:conduit, 11:
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41:volcanic bomb
38:
37:lava fountain
34:
30:
26:
21:
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685:11584/332349
657:
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633:, retrieved
619:2158/1012087
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375:. Retrieved
371:the original
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319:
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280:(C2): 1232.
277:
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267:
241:Mt. Vesuvius
226:
211:
204:Paroxysm of
184:
171:Mount Erebus
164:
161:
143:
124:
120:volcanic ash
108:
75:
69:
33:volcanic ash
845:Strombolian
654:Geosciences
235:, the 2021
116:cinder cone
72:volcanology
868:Subglacial
660:(4): 163.
635:2024-01-08
567:(3): 657.
377:2007-07-17
259:References
187:churn flow
937:Subaerial
917:Explosive
878:Surtseyan
873:Submarine
850:Vulcanian
741:0377-0273
694:2076-3263
583:2227-9717
561:Processes
539:246950800
531:0266-6979
483:0377-0273
436:128657596
428:0094-8276
233:ParĂcutin
175:Stromboli
167:ParĂcutin
157:Stromboli
146:gas slugs
104:Stromboli
45:lava flow
35:fall, 4:
25:ash plume
952:Category
912:Effusive
896:Phreatic
888:Phreatic
830:Hawaiian
822:Magmatic
352:23123305
344:17626881
247:See also
229:Mt. Etna
206:Mt. Etna
102:volcano
927:Lateral
840:Plinian
721:Bibcode
662:Bibcode
511:Bibcode
463:Bibcode
408:Bibcode
324:Bibcode
316:Science
282:Bibcode
208:in 2013
131:viscous
100:Italian
92:lapilli
88:cinders
49:stratum
29:lapilli
932:Limnic
835:Peléan
739:
692:
626:
581:
537:
529:
481:
434:
426:
350:
342:
111:tephra
94:, and
63:, 12:
55:, 10:
922:Flank
535:S2CID
432:S2CID
348:S2CID
57:magma
51:, 9:
43:, 6:
39:, 5:
31:, 3:
27:, 2:
777:here
737:ISSN
690:ISSN
624:ISBN
579:ISSN
527:ISSN
479:ISSN
424:ISSN
340:PMID
127:lava
125:The
109:The
74:, a
65:sill
53:dike
729:doi
717:170
680:hdl
670:doi
614:hdl
606:doi
569:doi
519:doi
471:doi
459:178
416:doi
332:doi
320:317
290:doi
224:.
214:VEI
70:In
954::
735:.
727:.
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688:.
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668:.
658:12
656:.
652:.
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565:11
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547:^
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386:^
346:.
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302:^
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278:87
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90:,
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