Lava - Knowledge

44: 1407: 179: 1596: 1623: 472:, take the composition and temperatures of eruptions to the extreme. All have a silica content under 45%. Komatiites contain over 18% magnesium oxide and are thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). At this temperature there is practically no polymerization of the mineral compounds, creating a highly mobile liquid. Viscosities of komatiite magmas are thought to have been as low as 100 to 1000 cP (0.1 to 1 Pa⋅s), similar to that of light motor oil. Most ultramafic lavas are no younger than the 2043: 1388: 1309: 1945: 4903: 2368: 2354: 449:, because the less viscous lava can flow for long distances from the vent. The thickness of a solidified basaltic lava flow, particularly on a low slope, may be much greater than the thickness of the moving molten lava flow at any one time, because basaltic lavas may "inflate" by a continued supply of lava and its pressure on a solidified crust. Most basaltic lavas are of ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe types, rather than block lavas. Underwater, they can form 1701:, which is a large subsidence crater, can form in a stratovolcano, if the magma chamber is partially or wholly emptied by large explosive eruptions; the summit cone no longer supports itself and thus collapses in on itself afterwards. Such features may include volcanic crater lakes and lava domes after the event. However, calderas can also form by non-explosive means such as gradual magma subsidence. This is typical of many shield volcanoes. 1767: 1547: 1229: 1853: 1672: 182: 181: 186: 185: 180: 1435: 187: 409:. They are also commonly hotter than felsic lavas, in the range of 850 to 1,100 °C (1,560 to 2,010 °F). Because of their lower silica content and higher eruptive temperatures, they tend to be much less viscous, with a typical viscosity of 3.5 × 10 cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This is slightly greater than the viscosity of smooth 184: 1997:). On the night of 10 January 1977, a crater wall was breached and a fluid lava lake drained out in under an hour. The resulting flow sped down the steep slopes at up to 100 km/h (62 mph), and overwhelmed several villages while residents were asleep. As a result of this disaster, the mountain was designated a 1822:

Lava tubes are formed when a flow of relatively fluid lava cools on the upper surface sufficiently to form a crust. Beneath this crust, which being made of rock is an excellent insulator, the lava can continue to flow as a liquid. When this flow occurs over a prolonged period of time the lava conduit

1607:

Block lava flows are typical of andesitic lavas from stratovolcanoes. They behave in a similar manner to ʻaʻā flows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidified lava instead of clinkers. As with ʻaʻā flows, the molten interior

1323:

The temperature of most types of molten lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) depending on the lava's chemical composition. This temperature range is similar to the hottest temperatures achievable with a forced air charcoal forge. Lava is most fluid when

1255:

that takes place when the lava is erupted. The greater the viscosity, the greater the tendency for eruptions to be explosive rather than effusive. As a result, most lava flows on Earth, Mars, and Venus are composed of basalt lava. On Earth, 90% of lava flows are mafic or ultramafic, with intermediate

1155:

indicating they are derived from the highly alkaline silicic lavas with which they are always associated, probably by separation of an immiscible phase. Natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are composed mostly of sodium carbonate, with about half as much calcium carbonate and half again as much

436:

lavas are typified by relatively high magnesium oxide and iron oxide content (whose molecular formulas provide the consonants in mafic) and have a silica content limited to a range of 52% to 45%. They generally erupt at temperatures of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F) and at relatively

294:

The silica component dominates the physical behavior of silicate magmas. Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. If an oxygen ion is bound to two silicon ions in the melt, it is described as a bridging oxygen, and lava with many clumps or chains of silicon

1336:

A cooling lava flow shrinks, and this fractures the flow. Basalt flows show a characteristic pattern of fractures. The uppermost parts of the flow show irregular downward-splaying fractures, while the lower part of the flow shows a very regular pattern of fractures that break the flow into five- or

1295:

Lava flow speeds vary based primarily on viscosity and slope. In general, lava flows slowly, with typical speeds for Hawaiian basaltic flows of 0.40 km/h (0.25 mph) and maximum speeds of 10 to 48 km/h (6 to 30 mph) on steep slopes. An exceptional speed of 32 to 97 km/h (20

1259:

When highly viscous lavas erupt effusively rather than in their more common explosive form, they almost always erupt as high-aspect flows or domes. These flows take the form of block lava rather than ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe. Obsidian flows are common. Intermediate lavas tend to form steep stratovolcanoes,

1247:

The lava's viscosity mostly determines the behavior of lava flows. While the temperature of common silicate lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) for felsic lavas to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) for mafic lavas, its viscosity ranges over seven orders of magnitude, from 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s)

1871:

Rarely, a volcanic cone may fill with lava but not erupt. Lava which pools within the caldera is known as a lava lake. Lava lakes do not usually persist for long, either draining back into the magma chamber once pressure is relieved (usually by venting of gases through the caldera), or by draining

1519:

difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the

1988:

Lava flows are enormously destructive to property in their path. However, casualties are rare since flows are usually slow enough for people and animals to escape, though this is dependent on the viscosity of the lava. Nevertheless, injuries and deaths have occurred, either because they had their

1332:

regularly drilled into the Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in an eruption in 1959. After three years, the solid surface crust, whose base was at a temperature of 1,065 °C (1,949 °F), was still only 14 m (46 ft) thick, even though the lake was about 100 m (330 ft) deep.

2022:

Areas of recent lava flows continue to represent a hazard long after the lava has cooled. Where young flows have created new lands, land is more unstable and can break off into the sea. Flows often crack deeply, forming dangerous chasms, and a fall against ʻaʻā lava is similar to falling against

1579:

where the minimal heat loss maintains a low viscosity. The surface texture of pāhoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. With increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may change into ʻaʻā flows in response to heat loss and

1580:

consequent increase in viscosity. Experiments suggest that the transition takes place at a temperature between 1,200 and 1,170 °C (2,190 and 2,140 °F), with some dependence on shear rate. Pahoehoe lavas typically have a temperature of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F).

1287:

of partially crystalline lava. A familiar example of plug flow is toothpaste squeezed out of a toothpaste tube. The toothpaste comes out as a semisolid plug, because shear is concentrated in a thin layer in the toothpaste next to the tube and only there does the toothpaste behave as a fluid.

354:(10 Pa⋅s) for hot rhyolite lava at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for cool rhyolite lava at 800 °C (1,470 °F). For comparison, water has a viscosity of about 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Because of this very high viscosity, felsic lavas usually erupt explosively to produce 125:, roughly 10,000 to 100,000 times that of water. Even so, lava can flow great distances before cooling causes it to solidify, because lava exposed to air quickly develops a solid crust that insulates the remaining liquid lava, helping to keep it hot and inviscid enough to continue flowing. 1975:

in Italy, which reached a stable height of around 2,500 m (8,200 ft) for 18 minutes, briefly peaking at a height of 3,400 m (11,000 ft). Lava fountains may occur as a series of short pulses, or a continuous jet of lava. They are commonly associated with

1567:

meaning "smooth, unbroken lava") is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in geology by

1752:, a kīpuka denotes an elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kīpuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow. 1402:

The morphology of lava describes its surface form or texture. More fluid basaltic lava flows tend to form flat sheet-like bodies, whereas viscous rhyolite lava flows form knobbly, blocky masses of rock. Lava erupted underwater has its own distinctive characteristics.

1300:. The scaling relationship for lavas is that the average speed of a flow scales as the square of its thickness divided by its viscosity. This implies that a rhyolite flow would have to be about a thousand times thicker than a basalt flow to flow at a similar speed. 1288:

Thixotropic behavior also hinders crystals from settling out of the lava. Once the crystal content reaches about 60%, the lava ceases to behave like a fluid and begins to behave like a solid. Such a mixture of crystals with melted rock is sometimes described as

1156:

potassium carbonate, and minor amounts of halides, fluorides, and sulphates. The lavas are extremely fluid, with viscosities only slightly greater than water, and are very cool, with measured temperatures of 491 to 544 °C (916 to 1,011 °F).

302:

Because of the role of silica in determining viscosity and because many other properties of a lava (such as its temperature) are observed to correlate with silica content, silicate lavas are divided into four chemical types based on silica content:

1644:

or a lava flow enters the ocean. The viscous lava gains a solid crust on contact with the water, and this crust cracks and oozes additional large blobs or "pillows" as more lava emerges from the advancing flow. Since water covers the majority of

183: 4107:

Bosman, Alessandro; Casalbore, Daniele; Romagnoli, Claudia; Chiocci, Francesco Latino (July 2014). "Formation of an 'a'ā lava delta: insights from time-lapse multibeam bathymetry and direct observations during the Stromboli 2007 eruption".

299:, such as ferrous iron, calcium, and magnesium, bond much more weakly to oxygen and reduce the tendency to polymerize. Partial polymerization makes the lava viscous, so lava high in silica is much more viscous than lava low in silica. 1827:, which can conduct molten rock many kilometres from the vent without cooling appreciably. Often these lava tubes drain out once the supply of fresh lava has stopped, leaving a considerable length of open tunnel within the lava flow. 1256:

lava making up 8% of flows and felsic lava making up just 2% of flows. Viscosity also determines the aspect (thickness relative to lateral extent) of flows, the speed with which flows move, and the surface character of the flows.

1523:

Accretionary lava balls as large as 3 metres (10 feet) are common on ʻaʻā flows. ʻAʻā is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe. Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent from meeting impediments or steep slopes.

1583:

On the Earth, most lava flows are less than 10 km (6.2 mi) long, but some pāhoehoe flows are more than 50 km (31 mi) long. Some flood basalt flows in the geologic record extend for hundreds of kilometres.

1790:, gradually building up a large, pillow-like structure which cracks, fissures, and may release cooled chunks of rock and rubble. The top and side margins of an inflating lava dome tend to be covered in fragments of rock, 1327:

Lava flows quickly develop an insulating crust of solid rock as a result of radiative loss of heat. Thereafter, the lava cools by a very slow conduction of heat through the rocky crust. For instance, geologists of the

373:

Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 800 °C (1,470 °F). Unusually hot (>950 °C; >1,740 °F) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the

1608:

of the flow, which is kept insulated by the solidified blocky surface, advances over the rubble that falls off the flow front. They also move much more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than ʻaʻā flows.

1131:, which is the sole example of an active carbonatite volcano. Carbonatites in the geologic record are typically 75% carbonate minerals, with lesser amounts of silica-undersaturated silicate minerals (such as 1260:

with alternating beds of lava from effusive eruptions and tephra from explosive eruptions. Mafic lavas form relatively thin flows that can move great distances, forming shield volcanoes with gentle slopes.

4581:[... in El Paraíso, just the district most affected to date by the river of lava from the volcano. More than half of the houses, including the local school, have already been consumed by ash.] 295:

ions connected by bridging oxygen ions is described as partially polymerized. Aluminium in combination with alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium) also tends to polymerize the lava. Other

4579:... en El Paraíso, justo la pedanía más afectada hasta la fecha por el río de lava del volcán. Más de la mitad de las casas, incluido el colegio local, ya han sido devoradas por la ceniza. 1368:. Where these merge towards the top of the flow, they form sheets of vesicular basalt and are sometimes capped with gas cavities that sometimes fill with secondary minerals. The beautiful 2565:"Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile" 1349:. (The terms are borrowed from Greek temple architecture.) Likewise, regular vertical patterns on the sides of columns, produced by cooling with periodic fracturing, are described as 1657:

Because it is formed from viscous molten rock, lava flows and eruptions create distinctive formations, landforms and topographical features from the macroscopic to the microscopic.

4151:

Bonaccorso, A.; Calvari, S.; Linde, A.; Sacks, S. (28 July 2014). "Eruptive processes leading to the most explosive lava fountain at Etna volcano: The 23 November 2013 episode".

3410:

Cheng, Zhilong; Yang, Jian; Zhou, Lang; Liu, Yan; Wang, Qiuwang (January 2016). "Characteristics of charcoal combustion and its effects on iron-ore sintering performance".

1504:) is one of three basic types of flow lava. ʻAʻā is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker. The word is 149:, which means a fall or slide. An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of 3719:

Sehlke, A.; Whittington, A.; Robert, B.; Harris, A.; Gurioli, L.; Médard, E. (17 October 2014). "Pahoehoe to 'a'a transition of Hawaiian lavas: an experimental study".

1989:

escape route cut off, because they got too close to the flow or, more rarely, if the lava flow front travels too quickly. This notably happened during the eruption of

3662:

Cigolini, Corrado; Borgia, Andrea; Casertano, Lorenzo (March 1984). "Intra-crater activity, aa-block lava, viscosity and flow dynamics: Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica".

1808:

When a dome forms on an inclined surface it can flow in short thick flows called coulées (dome flows). These flows often travel only a few kilometres from the vent.

4242: 3253:

Peterson, Donald W.; Tilling, Robert I. (May 1980). "Transition of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Field observations and key factors".

4684: 1375:

Flood basalts typically crystallize little before they cease flowing, and, as a result, flow textures are uncommon in less silicic flows. On the other hand,

4447:

Duncan, A.M.; Dibben, C.; Chester, D.K.; Guest, J.E. (1996). "The 1928 Eruption of Mount Etna Volcano, Sicily, and the Destruction of the Town of Mascali".

4013:

Lev, Einat; Ruprecht, Philipp; Oppenheimer, Clive; Peters, Nial; Patrick, Matt; Hernández, Pedro A.; Spampinato, Letizia; Marlow, Jeff (September 2019).

2015:, poisonous gases that travel ahead of lava, or explosions caused when the flow comes into contact with water. A particularly dangerous area is called a 1151:

that was subsequently removed by hydrothermal activity, though laboratory experiments show that a calcite-rich magma is possible. Carbonatite lavas show

4593: 1248:

for felsic lavas to 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for mafic lavas. Lava viscosity is mostly determined by composition but also depends on temperature and shear rate.

1730:

which is thrown from an explosive vent. Spatter cones are formed by accumulation of molten volcanic slag and cinders ejected in a more liquid form.

1932:

flows of lava enter standing bodies of water. The lava cools and breaks up as it encounters the water, with the resulting fragments filling in the

1830:

Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea, and significant, extensive and open lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North

2806:

Bonnichsen, B.; Kauffman, D.F. (1987). "Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho".

1936:

such that the sub-aerial flow can move further offshore. Lava deltas are generally associated with large-scale, effusive type basaltic volcanism.

366:

or "coulees" (which are thick, short lava flows). The lavas typically fragment as they extrude, producing block lava flows. These often contain

3068: 1356:

As lava cools, crystallizing inwards from its edges, it expels gases to form vesicles at the lower and upper boundaries. These are described as

1718:

and spatter cones are small-scale features formed by lava accumulation around a small vent on a volcanic edifice. Cinder cones are formed from

3627:

Pinkerton, Harry; James, Mike; Jones, Alun (March 2002). "Surface temperature measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i".

3327:

Pinkerton, H.; Bagdassarov, N. (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials".

1694:(also known as composite volcanoes) made of alternating layers of ash and more viscous lava flows typical of intermediate and felsic lavas. 2191: 1587:

The rounded texture makes pāhoehoe a poor radar reflector, and is difficult to see from an orbiting satellite (dark on Magellan picture).

4643: 4368: 3020: 1520:

steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow.

43: 1575:

A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. It also forms

256: 2004: 1364:. Liquids expelled from the cooling crystal mush rise upwards into the still-fluid center of the cooling flow and produce vertical 2030:

Diverting a lava flow is extremely difficult, but it can be accomplished in some circumstances, as was once partially achieved in

1690:

with broad, shallow slopes formed from predominantly effusive eruptions of relatively fluid basaltic lava flows, to steeply-sided

4932: 1600: 4666: 3955:

Atkinson, A.; Griffin, T. J.; Stephenson, P. J. (June 1975). "A major lava tube system from Undara Volcano, North Queensland".

3697: 4499: 4431: 2968: 2719: 1283:, which shows considerable resistance to flow until a stress threshold, called the yield stress, is crossed. This results in 1275:

properties. In other words, most lavas do not behave like Newtonian fluids, in which the rate of flow is proportional to the

3521:

A handbook of rocks for use without the microscope : with a glossary of the names of rocks and other lithological terms

1427:

The following subsection is about the types of lava flow. For the sculpture of a god from the Pacific island of Rurutu, see

3493: 1778:

Lava domes are formed by the extrusion of viscous felsic magma. They can form prominent rounded protuberances, such as at

4250: 2254: 231:. Rare nonsilicate lavas can be formed by local melting of nonsilicate mineral deposits or by separation of a magma into 4681: 1204:

volcano, Chile. They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).

4492:"Église et gendarmerie envahies mais non détruites par la coulée d'avril 1977 de Piton Sainte Rose, île de La Réunion" 1396: 1263:

In addition to melted rock, most lavas contain solid crystals of various minerals, fragments of exotic rocks known as

2827: 2690: 2429: 1686:

Volcanoes are the primary landforms built by repeated eruptions of lava and ash over time. They range in shape from

441:, although it is still many orders of magnitude higher than that of water. Mafic lavas tend to produce low-profile 157:, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a 4716: 3101:

Keller, Jörg; Krafft, Maurice (November 1990). "Effusive natrocarbonatite activity of Oldoinyo Lengai, June 1988".

1994: 4563: 2034:, Iceland. The optimal design of simple, low-cost barriers that divert lava flows is an area of ongoing research. 4226: 1333:

Residual liquid was still present at depths of around 80 m (260 ft) nineteen years after the eruption.

1329: 4564:"Inge y Rainer, los dueños de la 'casa milagro' de La Palma: "Aunque no podemos ir, nos alivia que siga en pie"" 3581: 1508:

meaning "stony rough lava", but also to "burn" or "blaze"; it was introduced as a technical term in geology by

2046:

Lava can easily destroy entire towns. This picture shows one of over 100 houses destroyed by the lava flow in

2060: 17: 4491: 1353:. Despite their names, these are natural features produced by cooling, thermal contraction, and fracturing. 4229: 2231: 1901: 1428: 1538:ʻAʻā lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,050 to 1,150 °C (1,920 to 2,100 °F) or greater. 1406: 4942: 2708: 1252: 531:). They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in the mantle than subalkaline magmas. Olivine 86:, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). The 4927: 4807: 4423: 4393: 3149: 3076: 2082: 1191: 4677:

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Volcano Watch newsletter article on Nyiragongo eruptions, 31 January 2002

4185:

To the best of our knowledge, it reached the highest value ever measured for a lava fountain on Earth.

2494: 1649:'s surface and most volcanoes are situated near or under bodies of water, pillow lava is very common. 4345: 3061: 2105: 535:

lavas are both ultramafic and highly alkaline, and are thought to have come from much deeper in the

4802: 3762: 1186:

volcanic complex on the Chile-Argentina border. Iron oxide lavas are thought to be the result of

401:

than felsic lavas. Intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas and may occur on steep

31: 4661: 3224: 4937: 3797: 3519: 1595: 4671: 4372: 3028: 2217: 1112:

Some lavas of unusual composition have erupted onto the surface of the Earth. These include:

35: 1875:

There are only a few sites in the world where permanent lakes of lava exist. These include:

1267:, and fragments of previously solidified lava. The crystal content of most lavas gives them 4709: 4656: 4456: 4324: 4285: 4160: 4117: 4026: 3964: 3809: 3671: 3636: 3419: 3336: 3262: 3179: 3110: 2880: 2628: 2576: 2328: 1208:

The term "lava" can also be used to refer to molten "ice mixtures" in eruptions on the icy

1152: 393:

lavas contain 52% to 63% silica, and are lower in aluminium and usually somewhat richer in

350:

lavas. With such a high silica content, these lavas are extremely viscous, ranging from 10

4676: 4223: 437:

low viscosities, around 10 to 10 cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). This is similar to the viscosity of

8: 4750: 3705: 3601: 2144: 1313: 501: 4460: 4328: 4289: 4164: 4121: 4030: 3968: 3813: 3675: 3640: 3423: 3340: 3266: 3183: 3114: 2884: 2632: 2580: 2335:

and had to be completely abandoned, along with over half of the island. It is still the

4947: 4468: 4350: 4176: 4133: 4044: 3980: 3736: 3126: 2617:"Apatite–monazite relations in the Kiirunavaara magnetite–apatite ore, northern Sweden" 2592: 2246: 2161: 1641: 497: 106: 63: 4076:"Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake: DYNAMICS OF THE MT. NYIRAGONGO LAVA LAKE" 3648: 3501: 3348: 2640: 2134: 291:

fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava.

4651: 4472: 4427: 4354: 4180: 4137: 4048: 4039: 4014: 3984: 3740: 3683: 3577: 3274: 3130: 2964: 2823: 2715: 2686: 2616: 2596: 2564: 2425: 2211: 1977: 1933: 1749: 1637: 1563: 1505: 1471: 1342: 1209: 1183: 1147:. This may not reflect the original composition of the lava, which may have included 574: 512: 485: 402: 375: 358:(fragmental) deposits. However, rhyolite lavas occasionally erupt effusively to form 200: 102: 71: 4637: 4211: 4464: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4293: 4168: 4125: 4087: 4034: 3972: 3817: 3728: 3679: 3644: 3431: 3427: 3344: 3270: 3187: 3118: 2888: 2815: 2636: 2584: 2496:

Istoria dell' incendio del Vesuvio accaduto nel mese di maggio dell'anno MDCCXXXVII

2359: 2130: 2064: 2047: 2042: 2008: 1990: 1745: 1622: 1478: 1317: 1297: 1233: 1148: 1124: 1120: 536: 355: 196: 138: 2308: 1200:

lava flows up to 250 metres (820 feet) long and 10 metres (33 feet) wide occur at

191:

Video of lava agitating and bubbling in the volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur, 2023

4771: 4745: 4702: 4688: 4538: 4312: 3754: 3072: 1971:. The highest lava fountain recorded was during the 23 November 2013 eruption of 1964: 1802: 1770:

A forested lava dome in the midst of the Valle Grande, the largest meadow in the

1569: 1509: 1415: 1392: 1337:

six-sided columns. The irregular upper part of the solidified flow is called the

339: 236: 154: 83: 4594:"El barrio de Todoque desaparece totalmente bajo la lava del volcán de La Palma" 2402: – Air pollution resulting from volcanic gases reacting with the atmosphere 4907: 4832: 4520: 2393: 2373: 2318: 2302: 2292: 2281: 2157: 2140: 2120: 2109: 2031: 1998: 1864: 1779: 1771: 1687: 1675: 1532: 1272: 508: 442: 287:

routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or

48: 4776: 4129: 3732: 2588: 2471: 4921: 4812: 2322: 2312: 2277: 2096: 2088: 1860: 1710: 1691: 1679: 1387: 1308: 1280: 410: 87: 3924: 296: 4883: 4817: 4755: 4740: 4273: 2424:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–55. 2269: 1968: 1944: 1879: 1723: 1376: 1276: 1217: 1213: 481: 450: 446: 208: 110: 79: 4476: 2195: 2187: 1963:

phenomenon in which lava is forcefully but non-explosively ejected from a

1372:

geodes found in the flood basalts of South America formed in this manner.

4858: 4272:

Dietterich, Hannah; Cashman, Katherine; Rust, Alison; Lev, Einat (2015).

4172: 4092: 4075: 3192: 3167: 2893: 2869:"Preeruptive magma viscosity: An important measure of magma eruptibility" 2868: 2387: 2298: 2171: 2092: 2019:. This very young ground will typically break off and fall into the sea. 1715: 1626: 1617: 1187: 1175: 1116: 561: 532: 516: 477: 473: 414: 284: 3888: 3876: 3821: 2819: 1531:

reflector, and can easily be seen from an orbiting satellite (bright on

1438:

Glowing ʻaʻā flow front advancing over pāhoehoe on the coastal plain of

3976: 3122: 2518: 2332: 2235: 2181: 2068: 2056: 2016: 1972: 1923: 1897: 1883: 1831: 1268: 1159: 1144: 566: 505: 418: 359: 351: 288: 232: 4902: 2367: 2124: 1949: 1439: 1296:

to 60 mph) was recorded following the collapse of a lava lake at

4888: 4868: 4863: 4827: 4297: 3936: 3900: 2925: 2445: 2381: 2074: 1929: 1847: 1835: 1817: 1798: 1761: 1576: 1284: 1201: 1140: 465: 394: 363: 280: 268: 260: 220: 118: 4190: 4074:

Burgi, P.-Y.; Darrah, T. H.; Tedesco, D.; Eymold, W. K. (May 2014).

3572:

Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983).

2836: 2562: 2067:, Canada, were destroyed by thick lava flows during the eruption of 1766: 1739: 1324:

first erupted, becoming much more viscous as its temperature drops.

4873: 4853: 4822: 4786: 4694: 3234:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. 11 February 2004. p. 19 2353: 2250: 2167: 2143:, was largely inundated by lava in June 2018, with its subdivision 2078: 2024: 1892: 1888: 1856: 1369: 1264: 1179: 1163: 1128: 584: 579: 528: 524: 520: 469: 453:, which are rather similar to entrail-type pahoehoe lavas on land. 433: 390: 367: 343: 216: 204: 150: 3576:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 23. 2390: – Terrestrial planet with the surface covered by molten lava 1515:

The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes

30:"Lava flow" redirects here. For the programming anti-pattern, see 4848: 2959:

Arndt, N.T. (1994). "Archean komatiites". In Condie, K.C. (ed.).

2901: 2337: 2288: 2273: 2242: 2221: 2205: 2201: 2177: 2007:

frequently have a different cause. For example, volcanic ejecta,

1960: 1910: 1791: 1698: 1666: 1636:

is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an

1411: 1237: 1136: 569: 438: 264: 252: 212: 122: 75: 3082: 3001: 2989: 2977: 1546: 4878: 4726: 4106: 3555: 3553: 3286: 3284: 2942: 2940: 2848: 2647: 2396: – Acid haze formed when molten lava enters the cold ocean 2331:, in 1995. Plymouth was the capital and only port of entry for 2265: 1906: 1719: 1516: 1443: 1241: 1228: 1197: 1171: 1167: 347: 276: 248: 228: 114: 3828: 3450: 3438: 2913: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2664: 2662: 1852: 3852: 3718: 2541: 2539: 2113: 2012: 1671: 1646: 1528: 1496: 1484: 670: 641: 540: 406: 158: 142: 67: 59: 4397: 4012: 3912: 3864: 3840: 3550: 3524:. Vol. 5. New York: D. Van Nostrand. pp. 180, 240. 3308: 3296: 3281: 3043: 2937: 4636: 4150: 4055: 3777: 3474: 3462: 3391: 3379: 3367: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2728: 2659: 2523:

Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology

2227: 1727: 1434: 1132: 839: 787: 616: 591: 398: 342:

lavas have a silica content greater than 63%. They include

272: 224: 162: 3355: 2536: 417:. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker 3954: 2399: 1550:

Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States

1490: 813: 765: 743: 721: 699: 4446: 4271: 4243:"Vestmannaeyjar, The Town That Fought A Volcano And Won" 4073: 3200: 2805: 2761: 2384: – Optical phenomenon resulting from burning sulfur 1190:

separation of iron oxide magma from a parental magma of

488:

has cooled too much to produce highly magnesian magmas.

4647:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 289–290. 4311:

Hinton, Edward; Hogg, Andrew; Huppert, Herbert (2020).

4196: 3991: 3942: 3930: 3894: 3882: 3661: 3571: 3165: 2027:, and gloves are recommended when crossing lava flows. 90:

resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called

1872:

via eruption of lava flows or pyroclastic explosion.

1782:. As a volcano extrudes silicic lava, it can form an 413:. Intermediate lavas show a greater tendency to form 4369:"Tourist attractions of Albay Province, Philippines" 3326: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2349: 27:

Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption

4394:"Article – Our Volcanic History by Gladys Flanders" 3626: 3246: 2108:, destroyed in 1944 by the most recent eruption of 1481: 500:(sodium and potassium), particularly in regions of 4618:Bundschuh, J. and Alvarado, G. E (editors) (2007) 2707: 515:. Their silica content can range from ultramafic ( 4539:"La Palma volcano: Visual guide to what happened" 4310: 3574:Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii 2563:Guijón, R.; Henríquez, F.; Naranjo, J.A. (2011). 2551: 4919: 4440: 3599: 3409: 2810:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 2190:(village after which the volcano was named) and 2037: 496:Some silicate lavas have an elevated content of 480:in Central America that are attributed to a hot 247:Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by 62:) that has been expelled from the interior of a 4620:Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards 3252: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2422:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 421:, including amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts. 4591: 4489: 4417: 4019:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3664:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3629:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3329:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3255:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3143: 2151: 2123:, were both destroyed by the same eruption of 1838:, some extending for 15 kilometres (9 miles). 1527:The sharp, angled texture makes ʻaʻā a strong 484:. No modern komatiite lavas are known, as the 476:, with a few ultramafic magmas known from the 4710: 4622:, volume 1, p. 56, London, Taylor and Francis 4061: 3834: 3802:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 3783: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3166:Sonder, I; Zimanowski, B; Büttner, R (2006). 3088: 3049: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2854: 2793: 2755: 2743: 2668: 2653: 2545: 2419: 2180:, Italy, almost destroyed by the eruption of 4080:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 4008: 4006: 3606:Volcanic Features of Hawaii and Other Worlds 3538:Dutton, C. E. (1883). "Hawaiian volcanoes". 3100: 2614: 2603: 2420:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). 2260: 1797:Examples of lava dome eruptions include the 1232:Toes of a pāhoehoe advance across a road in 4585: 4483: 4411: 4313:"Viscous free-surface flows past cylinders" 3168:"Non-Newtonian viscosity of basaltic magma" 2958: 2808:Geological Society of America Special Paper 1704: 257:most abundant elements of the Earth's crust 74:onto its surface. Lava may be erupted at a 4717: 4703: 4418:Bonaccorso, A.; et al., eds. (2004). 4015:"A global synthesis of lava lake dynamics" 3747: 3595: 3593: 2952: 2705: 2112:during the Allies' occupation of southern 1162:lavas are thought to be the source of the 283:and minor amounts of many other elements. 4346:1983/f52f7078-5936-4e37-9d79-be456f08eb5c 4344: 4240: 4091: 4038: 4003: 3997: 3918: 3906: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3755:"Types and Processes Gallery: Lava Flows" 3559: 3533: 3531: 3361: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3206: 3191: 3161: 3159: 3021:"Stikine Volcanic Belt: Volcano Mountain" 2946: 2892: 2842: 2770: 2680: 1755: 4781: 4426:(Geophysical Monograph 143). p. 3. 3219: 3217: 3215: 2866: 2041: 2023:broken glass. Rugged hiking boots, long 1943: 1851: 1765: 1670: 1621: 1594: 1545: 1433: 1405: 1386: 1307: 1227: 177: 42: 4672:USGS hazards associated with lava flows 4521:"Global Volcanism Program - Nyiragongo" 4396:. Vhca.info. 1959-11-15. Archived from 4207: 4205: 3590: 3513: 3511: 2133:, was destroyed by the eruption of the 14: 4920: 4249:. Indiana Public Media. Archived from 3537: 3528: 3156: 2474:. Dictionary.reference.com. 1994-12-07 1562: 1470: 468:and highly magnesian magmas that form 310: 4698: 4241:Sonstroem, Eric (14 September 2010). 4197:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3943:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3931:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3895:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3883:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3795: 3212: 2492: 1107: 168: 109:, by contrast, produces a mixture of 4724: 4202: 3540:Annual Report U.S. Geological Survey 3517: 3508: 1601:Fantastic Lava Beds near Cinder Cone 1391:Lava entering the sea to expand the 553:Examples of lava compositions (wt%) 381: 322: 58:is molten or partially molten rock ( 4217: 3146:An introduction to the Solar System 2963:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 19. 2867:Takeuchi, Shingo (5 October 2011). 2706:Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). 2255:2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption 2063:and Wii Lax K'abit in northwestern 1823:can form a tunnel-like aperture or 1801:dome, and successive lava domes of 1590: 378:of the northwestern United States. 101:is an outpouring of lava during an 24: 4592:Sagrera, Berto (10 October 2021). 4469:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb00511.x 4224:Nyiragongo – Could it happen here? 2615:Harlov, D.E.; et al. (2002). 2311:, El Salvador, in the eruption of 2102:Keawaiki, Hawaii, 1859 (abandoned) 1863:in the distance, with a radiating 1382: 1341:, while the lower part that shows 456: 25: 4959: 4629: 4274:"Diverting lava flows in the lab" 2450:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 1948:450 m-high lava fountain at 1939: 1652: 491: 242: 141:and is probably derived from the 51:volcano eruption in Iceland, 2023 4901: 4662:USGS definition of Ropy Pāhoehoe 4040:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.010 3702:Hawaiian Dictionary (Hwn to Eng) 3498:Hawaiian Dictionary (Hwn to Eng) 2714:. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. 2685:. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. 2366: 2352: 2321:, Indonesia, in the eruption of 2106:San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Italy 1995:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1772:Valles Caldera National Preserve 1603:in Lassen Volcanic National Park 1477: 304: 235:silicate and nonsilicate liquid 4612: 4556: 4531: 4513: 4490:Thomas, Pierre (23 June 2008). 4386: 4361: 4304: 4265: 4234: 4144: 4100: 4067: 3948: 3789: 3712: 3690: 3655: 3620: 3608:. Lunar and Planetary Institute 3565: 3486: 3403: 3320: 3232:UMass Department of Geosciences 3144:McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). 3137: 3094: 3055: 3025:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 3013: 2873:Journal of Geophysical Research 2860: 2799: 2699: 2681:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). 2674: 1859:, New Mexico, United States: a 1397:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park 1330:United States Geological Survey 1279:. Instead, a typical lava is a 316: 4933:Glassforming liquids and melts 4682:National Geographic lava video 4337:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.084101 3432:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.095 2511: 2486: 2464: 2438: 2413: 2249:(El Paraíso neighbourhood) on 2095:, buried by lava erupted from 2005:Deaths attributed to volcanoes 1629:on the ocean floor near Hawaii 1611: 1303: 1251:Lava viscosity determines the 330: 173: 121:of most lava is about that of 13: 1: 4420:Mount Etna:Volcano Laboratory 4371:. Nscb.gov.ph. Archived from 3649:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00257-8 3602:"Radar Studies of Lava Flows" 3349:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x 2641:10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00148-1 2406: 2127:in January, 1960 (abandoned). 2038:Towns destroyed by lava flows 2011:from a collapsing lava dome, 1917: 1841: 1811: 424: 259:, with smaller quantities of 4667:Volcanic landforms of Hawaii 4230:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 4212:Lava Flows and Their Effects 4153:Geophysical Research Letters 3909:, pp. 132–138, 152–153. 3684:10.1016/0377-0273(84)90072-6 3275:10.1016/0377-0273(80)90033-5 3172:Geophysical Research Letters 2499:. Naples: Presso Il De Bonis 2301:, Italy, in the eruption of 2291:, Italy, in the eruption of 2232:Democratic Republic of Congo 1902:Democratic Republic of Congo 1660: 128: 7: 4734:Basalts by tectonic setting 4657:USGS definition of Pāhoehoe 3518:Kemp, James Furman (1918). 2845:, pp. 21–24, 132, 143. 2345: 2152:Towns damaged by lava flows 2147:being completely destroyed. 1774:, New Mexico, United States 1541: 1379:is common in felsic flows. 1223: 113:and other fragments called 10: 4964: 4424:American Geophysical Union 3150:Cambridge University Press 3077:San Diego State University 2083:eruption of Trevejo (1706) 1983: 1928:Lava deltas form wherever 1921: 1845: 1815: 1759: 1737: 1733: 1708: 1664: 1615: 1426: 986: 869: 550: 29: 4897: 4841: 4795: 4764: 4733: 4130:10.1007/s00445-014-0838-2 4062:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3835:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3784:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3733:10.1007/s00445-014-0876-9 3481:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3469:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3457:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3445:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3398:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3386:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3374:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3089:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3050:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3008:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2996:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2984:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2961:Archean Crustal Evolution 2932:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2920:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2908:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2855:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2794:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2756:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2744:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2669:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2654:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2589:10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x 2546:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2493:Serao, Francesco (1778). 2261:Towns destroyed by tephra 2214:, Reunion island, in 1977 2170:, Samoa, by eruptions of 2050:, United States, in 1990. 1429:Statue of A'a from Rurutu 1253:kind of volcanic activity 1236:on the east rift zone of 504:, areas overlying deeply 4765:Basalts by form and flow 4691:Retrieved 23 August 2007 4570:(in Spanish). 2021-09-23 3798:"Origin of pillow lavas" 3759:Global Volcanism Program 2192:San Juan Parangaricutiro 1705:Cinder and spatter cones 1638:underwater volcanic vent 1416:the Big Island of Hawaii 1194:or alkaline composition. 1174:which formed during the 4652:USGS definition of ʻAʻā 4644:Encyclopædia Britannica 4600:(in Spanish). Barcelona 4110:Bulletin of Volcanology 3957:Bulletin Volcanologique 3763:Smithsonian Institution 3721:Bulletin of Volcanology 3103:Bulletin of Volcanology 2934:, p. 53-55, 59-64. 2519:"Vesuvius Erupts, 1738" 2268:is lava in the form of 2241:Los Llanos de Aridane ( 1564:[paːˈhoweˈhowe] 1422: 874:Tholeiitic basalt lava 195:Solidified lava on the 117:, not lava flows.) The 32:Lava flow (programming) 4746:Mid-ocean ridge basalt 4317:Physical Review Fluids 4247:indianapublicmedia.org 3600:McGounis-Mark, Peter. 2315:between 410 and 535 AD 2224:in 1986–87 (abandoned) 2051: 1952: 1868: 1775: 1756:Lava domes and coulées 1748:term derived from the 1683: 1630: 1604: 1551: 1447: 1419: 1399: 1320: 1244: 1178:. Iron oxide lavas of 192: 52: 34:. For other uses, see 3933:, pp. 23, 26–29. 3708:on 18 September 2012. 2234:, in the eruption of 2220:, by the eruption of 2218:Royal Gardens, Hawaii 2174:between 1905 and 1911 2081:was destroyed by the 2045: 1947: 1855: 1769: 1674: 1625: 1598: 1549: 1437: 1409: 1390: 1312:Columnar jointing in 1311: 1242:Hawaii, United States 1231: 1153:stable isotope ratios 1123:lavas are known from 190: 46: 36:Lava (disambiguation) 4808:Calc-alkaline basalt 4796:Basalts by chemistry 4173:10.1002/2014GL060623 4093:10.1002/2013JB010895 3861:, pp. 132, 286. 3796:Lewis, J.V. (1914). 3504:on 28 December 2012. 3193:10.1029/2005GL024240 3066:, Unusual Lava Types 2910:, pp. 1376–377. 2894:10.1029/2011JB008243 2710:Volcanic Successions 2329:Plymouth, Montserrat 2137:in 1990 (abandoned). 1393:big island of Hawaii 4756:Volcanic arc basalt 4751:Ocean island basalt 4461:1996Disas..20....1D 4422:. Washington D.C.: 4329:2020PhRvF...5h4101H 4290:2015NatGe...8..494D 4253:on 23 February 2017 4165:2014GeoRL..41.4912B 4122:2014BVol...76..838B 4031:2019JVGR..381...16L 3969:1975BVol...39..266A 3921:, pp. 132–134. 3873:, pp. 149–151. 3849:, pp. 147–148. 3822:10.1130/GSAB-25-591 3814:1914GSAB...25..591L 3676:1984JVGR...20..155C 3641:2002JVGR..113..159P 3562:, pp. 131–132. 3424:2016ApEn..161..364C 3341:2004JVGR..132..115B 3317:, pp. 127–128. 3305:, pp. 143–144. 3293:, pp. 132–138. 3267:1980JVGR....7..271P 3184:2006GeoRL..33.2303S 3115:1990BVol...52..629K 3091:, pp. 396–397. 3010:, pp. 606–607. 2998:, pp. 139–148. 2986:, pp. 399–400. 2949:, pp. 128–132. 2885:2011JGRB..11610201T 2820:10.1130/SPE212-p119 2656:, pp. 132–133. 2633:2002ChGeo.191...47H 2581:2011Geohe...3..299G 2245:neighbourhood) and 2145:Vacationland Hawaii 1678:, Costa Rica, is a 1362:pipe-stem amygdales 554: 547: 511:, or at intraplate 502:continental rifting 498:alkali metal oxides 403:composite volcanoes 4943:Volcanic degassing 4908:Geology portal 4842:Important minerals 4687:2016-03-03 at the 3977:10.1007/BF02597832 3123:10.1007/BF00301213 3071:2017-10-23 at the 3064:How volcanoes work 2857:, pp. 23–611. 2208:eruption (rebuilt) 2162:1669 Etna eruption 2052: 1978:Hawaiian eruptions 1953: 1869: 1776: 1684: 1642:subglacial volcano 1631: 1605: 1552: 1448: 1420: 1400: 1358:pipe-stem vesicles 1321: 1245: 1108:Non-silicate lavas 552: 546: 543:than other lavas. 193: 169:Properties of lava 107:explosive eruption 64:terrestrial planet 53: 4928:Eruption products 4915: 4914: 4803:Tholeiitic basalt 4433:978-0-87590-408-5 4323:(84101): 084101. 4278:Nature Geoscience 4159:(14): 4912–4919. 3897:, pp. 22–23. 3885:, pp. 26–17. 3837:, pp. 59–73. 3459:, pp. 58–59. 3447:, pp. 55–56. 3364:, pp. 39–40. 2970:978-0-444-81621-4 2922:, pp. 23–25. 2758:, pp. 70–77. 2721:978-0-04-552022-0 2212:Piton Sainte-Rose 2198:from 1943 to 1952 2184:in 1928 (rebuilt) 2077:on the island of 1934:seabed topography 1867:on its south side 1750:Hawaiian language 1469:, and pronounced 1366:vesicle cylinders 1343:columnar jointing 1182:age occur at the 1105: 1104: 867: 866: 575:Tholeiitic basalt 405:, such as in the 382:Intermediate lava 376:Snake River Plain 201:silicate minerals 199:is predominantly 188: 103:effusive eruption 16:(Redirected from 4955: 4906: 4905: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4648: 4640: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4298:10.1038/ngeo2470 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4086:(5): 4106–4122. 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3704:. Archived from 3694: 3688: 3687: 3670:(1–2): 155–176. 3659: 3653: 3652: 3635:(1–2): 159–176. 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3500:. Archived from 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3335:(2–3): 115–136. 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3261:(3–4): 271–293. 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3229: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3027:. Archived from 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2726: 2725: 2713: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2621:Chemical Geology 2612: 2601: 2600: 2560: 2549: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2417: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2360:Volcanoes portal 2357: 2356: 2202:Heimaey, Iceland 2131:Kalapana, Hawaii 2065:British Columbia 2048:Kalapana, Hawaii 2009:pyroclastic flow 1746:Hawaiian English 1688:shield volcanoes 1591:Block lava flows 1566: 1561:, from Hawaiian 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1474: 1472:[ʔəˈʔaː] 1410:Lava enters the 1318:Northern Ireland 1314:Giant's Causeway 1298:Mount Nyiragongo 1149:sodium carbonate 1125:Ol Doinyo Lengai 1121:natrocarbonatite 1096: 1082: 1072: 1062: 1048: 1038: 1033: MgO (0.4%) 1032: 1027: CaO (1.3%) 1026: 1021: FeO (1.7%) 1020: 1006: 996: 980: MnO (0.2%) 979: 965: 955: 945: 931: 921: 916: MgO (4.1%) 915: 910: CaO (7.9%) 909: 904: FeO (9.3%) 903: 889: 879: 555: 551: 548: 545: 443:shield volcanoes 189: 47:Fresh lava from 21: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4900: 4893: 4837: 4791: 4772:Columnar basalt 4760: 4729: 4723: 4689:Wayback Machine 4635: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4590: 4586: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4488: 4484: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4309: 4305: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4235: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4149: 4145: 4105: 4101: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3717: 3713: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3660: 3656: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3536: 3529: 3516: 3509: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3164: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3073:Wayback Machine 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2879:(B10): B10201. 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2729: 2722: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2613: 2604: 2561: 2552: 2544: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2282:volcanic blocks 2263: 2154: 2135:Kīlauea volcano 2040: 1986: 1942: 1926: 1920: 1850: 1844: 1820: 1814: 1803:Mount St Helens 1788:endogenous dome 1764: 1758: 1742: 1736: 1713: 1707: 1692:stratovolcanoes 1669: 1663: 1655: 1620: 1614: 1593: 1570:Clarence Dutton 1544: 1510:Clarence Dutton 1495: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1446:, United States 1432: 1425: 1385: 1383:Lava morphology 1306: 1226: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: MnO (0.%) 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1002: 1000: 994: 984: 983: 982: 981: 977: 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 959: 953: 951: 949: 943: 941: 939: 935: 929: 927: 925: 919: 917: 913: 911: 907: 905: 901: 899: 897: 893: 887: 885: 883: 877: 847: 843: 817: 791: 678: 674: 649: 645: 620: 595: 494: 464:lavas, such as 459: 457:Ultramafic lava 427: 384: 333: 245: 178: 176: 171: 155:Francesco Serao 131: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4961: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4913: 4912: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4833:Picrite basalt 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4631: 4630:External links 4628: 4625: 4624: 4611: 4598:elnacional.cat 4584: 4555: 4530: 4525:volcano.si.edu 4512: 4482: 4439: 4432: 4410: 4385: 4360: 4303: 4284:(7): 494–496. 4264: 4233: 4216: 4201: 4189: 4143: 4099: 4066: 4054: 4002: 3998:Schmincke 2003 3990: 3963:(2): 266–293. 3947: 3935: 3923: 3919:Schmincke 2003 3911: 3907:Schmincke 2003 3899: 3887: 3875: 3871:Schmincke 2003 3863: 3859:Schmincke 2003 3851: 3847:Schmincke 2003 3839: 3827: 3788: 3776: 3746: 3711: 3689: 3654: 3619: 3589: 3582: 3564: 3560:Schmincke 2003 3549: 3527: 3507: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3412:Applied Energy 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3362:Schmincke 2003 3354: 3319: 3315:Schmincke 2003 3307: 3303:Schmincke 2003 3295: 3291:Schmincke 2003 3280: 3245: 3211: 3209:, p. 128. 3207:Schmincke 2003 3199: 3155: 3152:. p. 392. 3136: 3109:(8): 629–645. 3093: 3081: 3054: 3052:, p. 145. 3042: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2969: 2951: 2947:Schmincke 2003 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2859: 2847: 2843:Schmincke 2003 2835: 2828: 2798: 2775: 2773:, p. 132. 2771:Schmincke 2003 2760: 2748: 2727: 2720: 2698: 2691: 2673: 2658: 2646: 2627:(1–3): 47–72. 2602: 2550: 2535: 2510: 2485: 2463: 2437: 2430: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2394:Laze (geology) 2391: 2385: 2378: 2377: 2374:Geology portal 2363: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2326: 2319:Sumbawa Island 2316: 2306: 2303:Mount Vesuvius 2296: 2293:Mount Vesuvius 2278:volcanic bombs 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2239: 2225: 2215: 2209: 2204:, in the 1973 2199: 2185: 2175: 2165: 2158:Catania, Italy 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2141:Kapoho, Hawaii 2138: 2128: 2121:Kapoho, Hawaii 2117: 2110:Mount Vesuvius 2103: 2100: 2086: 2072: 2039: 2036: 2032:Vestmannaeyjar 1999:Decade Volcano 1993:in Zaire (now 1985: 1982: 1941: 1940:Lava fountains 1938: 1922:Main article: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1816:Main article: 1813: 1810: 1784:inflation dome 1780:Valles Caldera 1760:Main article: 1757: 1754: 1738:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1709:Main article: 1706: 1703: 1676:Arenal Volcano 1665:Main article: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1653:Lava landforms 1651: 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1599:Block lava at 1592: 1589: 1557:(also spelled 1543: 1540: 1453:(also spelled 1424: 1421: 1384: 1381: 1345:is called the 1305: 1302: 1273:shear thinning 1225: 1222: 1206: 1205: 1195: 1157: 1135:and olivine), 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 991:Rhyolite lava 989: 988: 987: 985: 976: 971: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 933: 928: 923: 918: 912: 906: 900: 895: 891: 886: 881: 876: 872: 871: 870: 868: 865: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 845: 841: 836: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 815: 810: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 789: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 676: 672: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 647: 643: 638: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 618: 613: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 593: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 564: 559: 493: 492:Alkaline lavas 490: 486:Earth's mantle 458: 455: 426: 423: 383: 380: 332: 329: 244: 243:Silicate lavas 241: 175: 172: 170: 167: 161:) after heavy 130: 127: 49:Fagradalsfjall 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4960: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4938:Igneous rocks 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Alkali basalt 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4787:Pahoehoe lava 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777:Pillow basalt 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4621: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4501: 4498:(in French). 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4400:on 2016-03-03 4399: 4395: 4389: 4375:on 2016-09-21 4374: 4370: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4064:, p. 61. 4063: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4000:, p. 27. 3999: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3945:, p. 27. 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3786:, p. 53. 3785: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3483:, p. 72. 3482: 3477: 3471:, p. 48. 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3400:, p. 71. 3399: 3394: 3388:, p. 16. 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 40. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3178:(2): L02303. 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3031:on 2009-03-07 3030: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2831: 2829:0-8137-2212-8 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2796:, p. 20. 2795: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2752: 2746:, p. 23. 2745: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2694: 2692:9783540436508 2688: 2684: 2677: 2671:, p. 25. 2670: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575:(4): 99–315. 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2548:, p. 19. 2547: 2542: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2473: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2431:9780521880060 2427: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2350: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323:Mount Tambora 2320: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194:, Mexico, by 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097:Mayon Volcano 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2071:in the 1700s. 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:lava fountain 1951: 1946: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1866: 1862: 1861:volcanic neck 1858: 1854: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1819: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1711:Volcanic cone 1702: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1680:stratovolcano 1677: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1281:Bingham fluid 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1221: 1219: 1218:giant planets 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192:calc-alkaline 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 992: 875: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 848: 838: 837: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 819: 812: 811: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 793: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 679: 669: 668: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 650: 640: 639: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 621: 615: 614: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 596: 590: 589: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 565: 563: 560: 557: 556: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 527:) to felsic ( 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 454: 452: 448: 447:flood basalts 444: 440: 435: 431: 422: 420: 416: 412: 411:peanut butter 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 379: 377: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 328: 326: 325: 320: 319: 314: 313: 308: 307: 300: 298: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:feldspathoids 206: 202: 198: 197:Earth's crust 166: 164: 160: 156: 153:, written by 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 93: 89: 88:volcanic rock 85: 81: 78:or through a 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Lava fountain 4899: 4884:Cristobalite 4818:Trachybasalt 4741:Flood basalt 4642: 4638:"Lava" 4619: 4614: 4602:. Retrieved 4597: 4587: 4578: 4572:. Retrieved 4567: 4558: 4547:. Retrieved 4545:. 2021-09-25 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4496:Planet Terre 4495: 4485: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4419: 4413: 4402:. Retrieved 4398:the original 4388: 4377:. Retrieved 4373:the original 4363: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4255:. Retrieved 4251:the original 4246: 4236: 4219: 4199:, p. 9. 4192: 4184: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4057: 4022: 4018: 3993: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3779: 3767:. Retrieved 3758: 3749: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3706:the original 3701: 3692: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3610:. Retrieved 3605: 3573: 3567: 3543: 3539: 3520: 3502:the original 3497: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3231: 3225:"Lava Flows" 3202: 3175: 3171: 3145: 3139: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3084: 3063: 3057: 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3029:the original 3024: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2960: 2954: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2751: 2709: 2701: 2682: 2676: 2649: 2624: 2620: 2572: 2568: 2526:. Retrieved 2522: 2513: 2501:. Retrieved 2495: 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2466: 2454:. Retrieved 2452:. 2012-08-31 2449: 2440: 2421: 2415: 2336: 2270:volcanic ash 2264: 2059:villages of 2029: 2021: 2003: 1987: 1956: 1954: 1927: 1880:Mount Erebus 1874: 1870: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1807: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1743: 1716:Cinder cones 1714: 1696: 1685: 1656: 1633: 1632: 1606: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1537: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1401: 1377:flow banding 1374: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351:chisel marks 1350: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1294: 1290:crystal mush 1289: 1277:shear stress 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1214:Solar System 1207: 1111: 990: 873: 517:nephelinites 495: 482:mantle plume 461: 460: 451:pillow lavas 429: 428: 387:Intermediate 386: 385: 372: 335: 334: 323: 317: 312:intermediate 311: 305: 301: 293: 285:Petrologists 246: 194: 146: 134: 132: 111:volcanic ash 98: 96: 91: 55: 54: 40: 4859:Plagioclase 4500:ENS de Lyon 4455:(1): 1–20. 4257:24 November 3727:(11): 876. 3418:: 364–374. 3035:23 November 2814:: 119–145. 2569:Geoheritage 2388:Lava planet 2299:Herculaneum 2172:Mt Matavanu 2093:Philippines 2061:Lax Ksiluux 1967:, vent, or 1634:Pillow lava 1627:Pillow lava 1618:Pillow lava 1612:Pillow lava 1535:pictures). 1339:entablature 1304:Temperature 1269:thixotropic 1240:Volcano in 1176:Proterozoic 1127:volcano in 1117:Carbonatite 562:Nephelinite 533:nephelinite 478:Phanerozoic 474:Proterozoic 415:phenocrysts 360:lava spines 356:pyroclastic 331:Felsic lava 174:Composition 137:comes from 4922:Categories 4604:18 January 4574:2021-09-25 4549:2021-09-25 4404:2013-12-08 4379:2013-12-08 4116:(7): 838. 3808:(1): 639. 3769:1 December 3698:"pāhoehoe" 3583:0824808320 3546:(95): 240. 3062:Vic Camp, 2478:8 December 2456:8 December 2407:References 2333:Montserrat 2236:Nyiragongo 2182:Mount Etna 2085:(rebuilt). 2069:Tseax Cone 2017:lava bench 1991:Nyiragongo 1973:Mount Etna 1930:sub-aerial 1924:Lava delta 1918:Lava delta 1898:Nyiragongo 1884:Antarctica 1842:Lava lakes 1832:Queensland 1812:Lava tubes 1577:lava tubes 1210:satellites 1188:immiscible 1160:Iron oxide 1145:pyrochlore 567:Tholeiitic 558:Component 462:Ultramafic 425:Mafic lava 419:groundmass 364:lava domes 324:ultramafic 289:molar mass 233:immiscible 221:amphiboles 4948:Volcanism 4889:Tridymite 4869:Magnetite 4864:Amphibole 4828:Mugearite 4725:Types of 4449:Disasters 4355:225416948 4181:129813334 4138:129797425 4049:182844266 4025:: 16–31. 3985:129126355 3741:129019507 3131:129106033 3079:, Geology 2683:Volcanism 2597:129179725 2382:Blue lava 2196:Parícutin 2188:Parícutin 2168:Sale'aula 2164:(rebuilt) 2160:, in the 2119:Koae and 2116:(rebuilt) 2075:Garachico 2001:in 1991. 1848:Lava lake 1836:Australia 1825:lava tube 1818:Lava tube 1799:Novarupta 1794:and ash. 1762:Lava dome 1661:Volcanoes 1347:colonnade 1285:plug flow 1265:xenoliths 1202:Lastarria 1141:magnetite 1063: TiO 997: SiO 946: TiO 880: SiO 529:trachytes 525:tephrites 521:basanites 506:subducted 466:komatiite 395:magnesium 391:andesitic 281:potassium 269:magnesium 261:aluminium 217:pyroxenes 205:feldspars 203:: mostly 133:The word 129:Etymology 119:viscosity 99:lava flow 66:(such as 4874:Ilmenite 4854:Pyroxene 4823:Hawaiite 4685:Archived 4568:El Mundo 4543:BBC News 3612:18 March 3069:Archived 2528:6 August 2503:6 August 2346:See also 2341:capital. 2313:Ilopango 2305:in 79 AD 2295:in 79 AD 2251:La Palma 2079:Tenerife 1961:volcanic 1893:Ethiopia 1889:Erta Ale 1857:Shiprock 1744:Another 1559:pahoehoe 1555:Pāhoehoe 1542:Pāhoehoe 1533:Magellan 1506:Hawaiian 1370:amethyst 1234:Kalapana 1224:Rheology 1180:Pliocene 1164:iron ore 1129:Tanzania 1077:O (4.1%) 1049: Fe 1043:O (3.9%) 1039: Na 1007: Al 960:O (1.5%) 932: Fe 926:O (3.0%) 922: Na 890: Al 585:Rhyolite 580:Andesite 513:hotspots 470:boninite 434:basaltic 368:obsidian 344:rhyolite 151:Vesuvius 80:fracture 4849:Olivine 4782:Aa lava 4727:basalts 4477:8867507 4457:Bibcode 4325:Bibcode 4286:Bibcode 4161:Bibcode 4118:Bibcode 4027:Bibcode 3965:Bibcode 3810:Bibcode 3672:Bibcode 3637:Bibcode 3420:Bibcode 3337:Bibcode 3263:Bibcode 3180:Bibcode 3111:Bibcode 2881:Bibcode 2629:Bibcode 2577:Bibcode 2338:de jure 2325:in 1815 2289:Pompeii 2274:lapilli 2253:in the 2247:El Paso 2243:Todoque 2238:in 2002 2222:Kilauea 2206:Eldfell 2178:Mascali 2125:Kīlauea 2099:in 1814 2089:Cagsawa 2057:Nisga'a 1984:Hazards 1969:fissure 1950:Kīlauea 1911:Vanuatu 1792:breccia 1734:Kīpukas 1699:caldera 1667:Volcano 1440:Kīlauea 1412:Pacific 1238:Kīlauea 1212:of the 1184:El Laco 1137:apatite 1083: P 1073: K 1001:(73.2%) 966: P 956: K 898:(13.9%) 884:(53.8%) 570:picrite 539:of the 439:ketchup 340:silicic 297:cations 265:calcium 253:silicon 213:olivine 139:Italian 123:ketchup 82:in the 76:volcano 70:) or a 4879:Quartz 4505:26 May 4475: 4430: 4353: 4179: 4136: 4047: 3983: 3765:. 2013 3739: 3580: 3494:"ʻaʻā" 3238:5 June 3129: 2967: 2826: 2718: 2689: 2595: 2472:"Lava" 2446:"Lava" 2428: 2266:Tephra 2013:lahars 1965:crater 1907:Ambrym 1740:Kīpuka 1720:tephra 1517:hiking 1465:, and 1444:Hawaii 1198:Sulfur 1172:Sweden 1168:Kiruna 1143:, and 1095: 1081: 1071: 1067:(0.2%) 1061: 1057:(0.6%) 1047: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1005: 995: 978: 974:(0.4%) 964: 954: 950:(2.0%) 944: 940:(2.6%) 930: 920: 914: 908: 902: 888: 878: 537:mantle 509:plates 348:dacite 336:Felsic 321:, and 306:felsic 279:, and 277:sodium 255:, the 249:oxygen 237:phases 229:quartz 115:tephra 105:. (An 4351:S2CID 4177:S2CID 4134:S2CID 4045:S2CID 3981:S2CID 3737:S2CID 3228:(PDF) 3127:S2CID 2593:S2CID 2309:Cerén 2114:Italy 2025:pants 1959:is a 1647:Earth 1529:radar 1133:micas 1091:(0.%) 1015:(14%) 770:12.8 751:20.8 748:12.1 665:14.0 662:16.0 659:13.9 653:11.4 611:73.2 608:60.0 605:53.8 602:46.4 599:39.7 541:Earth 430:Mafic 407:Andes 318:mafic 225:micas 159:lahar 147:labes 145:word 143:Latin 84:crust 68:Earth 60:magma 4606:2022 4507:2018 4473:PMID 4428:ISBN 4259:2017 4227:USGS 4214:USGS 3771:2015 3614:2017 3578:ISBN 3240:2018 3037:2007 2965:ISBN 2824:ISBN 2716:ISBN 2687:ISBN 2530:2022 2505:2022 2480:2013 2458:2013 2426:ISBN 2228:Goma 2055:The 1865:dike 1728:tuff 1726:and 1467:a-aa 1463:ʻaʻa 1451:ʻAʻā 1423:ʻAʻā 1271:and 1119:and 863:0.0 860:0.2 857:0.4 854:0.2 851:0.9 834:4.1 831:0.9 828:1.5 825:0.3 822:1.2 808:3.9 805:3.9 802:3.0 799:1.6 796:3.8 782:1.3 779:5.9 776:7.9 773:7.4 760:0.4 757:3.9 754:4.1 738:0.0 735:0.2 732:0.2 729:0.2 726:0.2 716:1.7 713:6.2 710:9.3 707:9.8 704:8.2 694:0.6 691:1.9 688:2.6 685:2.5 682:5.3 656:8.5 636:0.2 633:1.0 630:2.0 627:2.0 624:2.8 523:and 399:iron 397:and 346:and 273:iron 251:and 227:and 163:rain 135:lava 92:lava 72:moon 56:Lava 4465:doi 4341:hdl 4333:doi 4294:doi 4169:doi 4126:doi 4088:doi 4084:119 4035:doi 4023:381 3973:doi 3818:doi 3729:doi 3680:doi 3645:doi 3633:113 3428:doi 3416:161 3345:doi 3333:132 3271:doi 3188:doi 3176:330 3119:doi 2889:doi 2877:116 2816:doi 2812:212 2637:doi 2625:191 2585:doi 2400:Vog 2280:or 1786:or 1724:ash 1722:or 1640:or 1475:or 1459:aʻa 1442:in 1414:at 1360:or 1316:in 1216:'s 1166:at 766:CaO 744:MgO 722:MnO 700:FeO 617:TiO 592:SiO 445:or 432:or 389:or 338:or 4924:: 4641:. 4596:. 4577:. 4566:. 4541:. 4523:. 4494:. 4471:. 4463:. 4453:20 4451:. 4349:. 4339:. 4331:. 4319:. 4315:. 4292:. 4280:. 4276:. 4245:. 4204:^ 4183:. 4175:. 4167:. 4157:41 4155:. 4132:. 4124:. 4114:76 4112:. 4082:. 4078:. 4043:. 4033:. 4021:. 4017:. 4005:^ 3979:. 3971:. 3961:39 3959:. 3816:. 3806:25 3804:. 3800:. 3761:. 3757:. 3735:. 3725:76 3723:. 3700:. 3678:. 3668:20 3666:. 3643:. 3631:. 3604:. 3592:^ 3552:^ 3542:. 3530:^ 3510:^ 3496:. 3426:. 3414:. 3343:. 3331:. 3283:^ 3269:. 3257:. 3230:. 3214:^ 3186:. 3174:. 3170:. 3158:^ 3148:. 3125:. 3117:. 3107:52 3105:. 3075:, 3023:. 2939:^ 2887:. 2875:. 2871:. 2822:. 2778:^ 2763:^ 2730:^ 2661:^ 2635:. 2623:. 2619:. 2605:^ 2591:. 2583:. 2571:. 2567:. 2553:^ 2538:^ 2521:. 2448:. 2284:. 2276:, 2272:, 2230:, 2091:, 1980:. 1955:A 1909:, 1900:, 1891:, 1882:, 1834:, 1805:. 1697:A 1572:. 1512:. 1497:ɑː 1485:ɑː 1461:, 1457:, 1455:aa 1418:. 1395:, 1292:. 1220:. 1170:, 1139:, 788:Na 671:Fe 642:Al 519:, 370:. 362:, 352:cP 327:. 315:, 309:, 275:, 271:, 267:, 263:, 239:. 223:, 219:, 215:, 211:, 207:, 165:. 97:A 94:. 4718:e 4711:t 4704:v 4608:. 4552:. 4527:. 4509:. 4479:. 4467:: 4459:: 4436:. 4407:. 4382:. 4357:. 4343:: 4335:: 4327:: 4321:5 4300:. 4296:: 4288:: 4282:8 4261:. 4171:: 4163:: 4140:. 4128:: 4120:: 4096:. 4090:: 4051:. 4037:: 4029:: 3987:. 3975:: 3967:: 3824:. 3820:: 3812:: 3773:. 3743:. 3731:: 3686:. 3682:: 3674:: 3651:. 3647:: 3639:: 3616:. 3586:. 3544:4 3434:. 3430:: 3422:: 3351:. 3347:: 3339:: 3277:. 3273:: 3265:: 3259:7 3242:. 3196:. 3190:: 3182:: 3133:. 3121:: 3113:: 3039:. 2973:. 2897:. 2891:: 2883:: 2832:. 2818:: 2724:. 2695:. 2643:. 2639:: 2631:: 2599:. 2587:: 2579:: 2573:3 2532:. 2507:. 2482:. 2460:. 2434:. 1913:. 1682:. 1500:/ 1494:) 1491:ʔ 1488:( 1482:ˈ 1479:/ 1431:. 1089:5 1087:O 1085:2 1075:2 1065:2 1055:3 1053:O 1051:2 1041:2 1013:3 1011:O 1009:2 999:2 972:5 970:O 968:2 958:2 948:2 938:3 936:O 934:2 924:2 896:3 894:O 892:2 882:2 846:5 844:O 842:2 840:P 818:O 816:2 814:K 792:O 790:2 677:3 675:O 673:2 648:3 646:O 644:2 619:2 594:2 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index