292:
The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation, has been extensively studied and documented as part of
Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the
274:
The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in
Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.
91:
in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:
1216:
239:
941:
204:
1016:
692:
145:
541:
1200:
97:
249:
934:
226:
1361:
1232:
927:
896:
858:
190:
However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained
1208:
829:
1394:
1224:
655:* indicates that a form is not directly attested, but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material.
914:
877:
839:
818:
792:
891:. A linguistic history of English. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1345:
1161:
958:
83:
noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from". To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the
1255:
1166:
1156:
1150:
950:
523:
76:
1350:
283:
1104:
971:
966:
294:
1384:
1327:
1171:
515:
118:
1250:
1183:
1124:
991:
287:
164:
31:
802:
519:
986:
1071:
1355:
1276:
1060:
1309:
1282:
1176:
1094:
1026:
1004:
35:
652:
8:
1314:
1304:
1031:
60:
1389:
1036:
1299:
1021:
910:
892:
873:
854:
835:
814:
806:
788:
51:
331:
1056:
1046:
1041:
981:
976:
126:
75:
Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the
996:
262:
27:
1322:
1260:
1129:
1114:
1076:
1066:
1051:
919:
595:
247:"brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit
1378:
1099:
266:
299:
218:
600:
587:
337:
319:
309:
250:
227:
178:
165:
119:
110:
1119:
84:
522:
in general. The feature is considered to have been inherited from the
699:
194:, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened
223:
115:
87:
of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *
39:
159:
352:
The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:
80:
106:
1217:
Lexikon der indogermanischen
Partikeln und Pronominalstämme
801:
746:
348:"to be carried" (second grade, lengthened grade, or vṛddhi)
538:(zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")
1105:
1006:
558:
542:
530:
240:
205:
147:
138:
98:
79:originally for forming possessive derivatives of
1376:
949:
698:entry at Indo-European etymological database of
518:it is used in Pāṇini's sense and applied to the
935:
284:Sanskrit grammar § grammatical tradition
130:
721:
719:
56:
1201:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
942:
928:
889:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
747:Meier-Brügger, Fritz & Mayrhofer (2003
509:
716:
848:
813:. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter.
782:
731:
725:
288:Sanskrit grammar § morphophonology
1377:
872:(2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
330:"burden" (first grade, full grade, or
1362:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1233:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
923:
886:
680:
277:
50:
676:
674:
672:
670:
30:given to the strongest grade in the
1209:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
831:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
827:
767:
13:
1225:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon
867:
785:Indo-European Language and Culture
32:vowel gradation system of Sanskrit
16:Strongest grade of vowel gradation
14:
1406:
707:
667:
783:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
162:", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit
776:
761:
645:
636:
627:
618:
752:
740:
686:
609:
580:
1:
1346:Proto-Indo-European mythology
661:
1256:Proto-Indo-European homeland
951:Proto-Indo-European language
598:formed from the verbal root
524:Proto-Indo-European language
237:) → proto-vṛddhi derivative
77:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
1351:Proto-Indo-European society
601:
588:
338:
320:
310:
251:
228:
216:"father-in-law" (cf. Latin
166:
120:
38:. The term is derived from
10:
1411:
1106:
1007:
570:(vṛddhi, lengthened grade)
559:
543:
531:
281:
241:
206:
148:
144:→ proto-vṛddhi derivative
139:
99:
70:
1395:Indo-European linguistics
1338:
1328:North European hypothesis
1292:
1269:
1243:
1192:
1143:
1087:
957:
887:Ringe, Donald A. (2017).
851:Indo-European Linguistics
811:Indo-European Linguistics
516:Indo-European linguistics
26:) is a technical term in
1251:Indo-European migrations
849:Clackson, James (2007).
787:. Blackwell Publishing.
574:
1270:Artificial compositions
520:Indo-European languages
510:Vṛddhi in Indo-European
131:
1153:(nouns and adjectives)
1017:Glossary of sound laws
905:Bucknell, Roderick S,
803:Meier-Brügger, Michael
316:"carried" (zero grade)
272:
188:
36:of Proto-Indo-European
1356:Indo-European studies
870:The Sanskrit Language
200:
93:
1310:Anatolian hypothesis
1283:The king and the god
136:"god") → zero grade
1319:Outdated theories:
1315:Armenian hypothesis
1305:Schleicher theories
1061:Edgerton's converse
805:; Fritz, Matthias;
357:
61:Proto-Indo-European
52:[ˈʋr̩d̪ːʱi]
1277:Schleicher's fable
807:Mayrhofer, Manfred
701:The Tower of Babel
355:
298:of the grammarian
278:Vṛddhi in Sanskrit
270:"brother-in-law")
1372:
1371:
1300:Kurgan hypothesis
898:978-0-19-879258-1
860:978-0-521-65313-8
507:
506:
67: 'to grow'.
1402:
1385:Sanskrit grammar
1109:
1108:
1010:
1009:
982:Laryngeal theory
977:Glottalic theory
972:Centum and satem
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
902:
883:
864:
845:
824:
798:
771:
765:
759:
758:Bucknell, tb. 5.
756:
750:
744:
738:
735:
729:
723:
714:
711:
705:
690:
684:
678:
656:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
604:
593:
584:
569:
568:
553:
552:
537:
536:
358:
356:Vowel gradation
354:
347:
329:
315:
258:
244:
243:
235:
213:
212:
173:
155:
154:
142:
141:
134:
123:
102:
101:
58:
54:
49:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1334:
1288:
1265:
1239:
1188:
1144:Parts of speech
1139:
1083:
953:
948:
907:Sanskrit Manual
899:
880:
861:
842:
828:Rix, H (2001).
821:
795:
779:
774:
766:
762:
757:
753:
745:
741:
736:
732:
724:
717:
713:Clackson, §3.3.
712:
708:
691:
687:
679:
668:
664:
659:
650:
646:
642:originally 'āu'
641:
637:
633:originally 'au'
632:
628:
624:originally 'āi'
623:
619:
615:originally 'ai'
614:
610:
586:in Sanskrit, a
585:
581:
577:
512:
503:
498:
493:
483:
481:
479:
474:
472:
470:
465:
463:
461:
451:
449:
447:
442:
440:
438:
433:
431:
429:
419:
417:
415:
410:
408:
406:
401:
399:
397:
387:
382:
290:
280:
263:Old High German
73:
59:'growth', from
47:
28:morphophonology
22:(also rendered
17:
12:
11:
5:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:Beech argument
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1261:Salmon problem
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1130:Thematic vowel
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Narten present
1112:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1002:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
963:
961:
955:
954:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
918:
917:
903:
897:
884:
878:
865:
859:
846:
840:
834:(2 ed.).
825:
819:
799:
793:
778:
775:
773:
772:
760:
751:
739:
730:
715:
706:
685:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
596:nomen actionis
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
556:
539:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
485:
484:
477:
475:
468:
466:
459:
457:
453:
452:
445:
443:
436:
434:
427:
425:
421:
420:
413:
411:
404:
402:
395:
393:
389:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
350:
349:
335:
317:
279:
276:
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1100:Caland system
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Bartholomae's
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
922:
916:
915:81-208-1188-7
912:
908:
904:
900:
894:
890:
885:
881:
879:81-208-1767-2
875:
871:
866:
862:
856:
853:. Cambridge.
852:
847:
843:
841:3-89500-219-4
837:
833:
832:
826:
822:
820:3-11-017433-2
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:1-4051-0316-7
790:
786:
781:
780:
769:
764:
755:
748:
743:
737:Burrow, §2.1.
734:
727:
726:Fortson (2004
722:
720:
710:
704:
702:
697:
695:
689:
682:
677:
675:
673:
671:
666:
654:
648:
639:
630:
621:
612:
605:
603:
597:
592:
591:
583:
579:
567:
565:
557:
554:
551:
549:
540:
535:
529:
528:
527:
525:
521:
517:
500:
495:
490:
487:
486:
476:
467:
458:
455:
454:
444:
435:
426:
423:
422:
412:
403:
394:
391:
390:
384:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:← 1st grade →
365:
362:
360:
359:
353:
346:
345:
343:
336:
333:
328:
327:
325:
318:
314:
313:
308:
307:
306:
305:For example:
303:
301:
297:
296:
289:
285:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
260:
259:
257:
255:
246:
245:
236:
234:
232:
225:
221:
220:
215:
214:
210:
199:
197:
193:
187:
185:
184:
182:
175:
174:
172:
170:
161:
157:
156:
152:
143:
135:
133:
128:
124:
122:
117:
113:
112:
108:
104:
103:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
62:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1360:
1281:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1193:Main sources
1134:
1110:-conjugation
1072:Szemerényi's
1032:Fortunatov's
1005:
997:
906:
888:
869:
850:
830:
810:
784:
777:Bibliography
763:
754:
742:
733:
709:
700:
693:
688:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:vṛdh-/vardh-
599:
589:
582:
563:
561:
555:(full grade)
547:
545:
533:
513:
351:
341:
339:
323:
321:
311:
304:
293:
291:
273:
265:
253:
248:
238:
230:
217:
208:
203:
201:
195:
191:
189:
180:
177:
168:
163:
150:
146:
137:
129:
109:
96:
94:
88:
74:
64:
43:
23:
19:
18:
1120:Nasal infix
1037:Grassmann's
1022:Brugmann's
868:Burrow, T.
681:Ringe (2017
105:"sky" (cf.
1379:Categories
1184:Vocabulary
1088:Morphology
1008:*kʷetwóres
992:Sound laws
662:References
514:In modern
456:Retroflex
369:2nd grade
363:Zero grade
295:Aṣṭādhyāyī
282:See also:
242:*swēḱur-ó-
85:zero-grade
1390:Vyakarana
1162:Particles
1057:Sievers's
1047:Pinault's
1042:Osthoff's
959:Phonology
768:Rix (2001
696:'to grow'
606:'to grow'
81:ablauting
1339:See also
1293:Theories
1167:Pronouns
1157:Numerals
1151:Nominals
998:boukólos
987:s-mobile
809:(2003).
749:, L 413)
653:asterisk
392:Palatal
224:Sanskrit
186:, etc.)
176:, Latin
116:Sanskrit
40:Sanskrit
1244:Origins
1077:Weise's
1067:Stang's
1052:Siebs's
909:(2000)
703:project
694:*werdʰ-
488:Dental
424:Labial
312:bhṛ-tá-
160:sky god
127:Hittite
125:"day";
71:Origins
63: *
42:वृद्धि
24:vr̥ddhi
1235:(IEED)
1219:(LIPP)
1177:copula
1135:Vṛddhi
1095:Ablaut
967:Accent
913:
895:
876:
857:
838:
817:
791:
728::116f)
326:r-aṇa-
300:Pāṇini
286:, and
267:swāgur
211:ḱur-o-
158:"god,
153:yw-ó-s
100:*dyew-
65:werdʰ-
44:vṛddhi
20:Vṛddhi
1364:(EIE)
1227:(NIL)
1211:(LIV)
1203:(IEW)
1172:Verbs
770::76f)
575:Notes
534:bʰr̥-
374:Open
344:r-yá-
219:socer
140:*diw-
107:Latin
1125:Root
1012:rule
1000:rule
911:ISBN
893:ISBN
874:ISBN
855:ISBN
836:ISBN
815:ISBN
789:ISBN
683::15)
651:The
428:u/ū
396:i/ī
332:guṇa
256:śurá
233:śura
202:PIE
132:šīu-
111:diēs
95:PIE
57:lit.
48:IPA:
34:and
1107:h₂e
590:-tí
480:ār
478:ār
471:ar
469:ar
448:āv
446:au
439:av
432:u/ū
416:āy
414:ai
407:ay
400:i/ī
222:,
207:*sw
121:dyú
1381::
718:^
669:^
566:r-
562:bʰ
550:r-
546:bʰ
526:.
502:āl
497:al
482:rā
473:ra
462:r
460:ṛ
450:vā
441:va
437:o
430:v
418:yā
409:ya
405:e
398:y
340:bh
322:bh
302:.
261:,
252:śv
229:śv
198::
196:*ē
192:*e
183:us
171:vá
149:*d
114:,
55:,
46:,
1063:)
1059:(
943:e
936:t
929:v
901:.
882:.
863:.
844:.
823:.
797:.
594:-
564:ē
560:*
548:e
544:*
532:*
492:ḷ
464:ṛ
386:ā
381:a
377:∅
342:ā
334:)
324:á
254:ā
231:á
209:é
181:e
179:d
169:e
167:d
151:e
89:e
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