40:
388:
105:
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would have had knowledge of
Christianity and infused it into the poem. Bellows dates the poem to the 10th century which was a transitional period between paganism and Christianity and the two religions would have co-existed before Christianity was declared the official religion of Iceland and the old
633:
on
Christian influences, see the following articles: "The Background and Scope of Vǫluspá" by Kees Samplonius, "Vǫluspá and the Sibylline Oracles with a Focus on the ‘Myth of the Future’" by Gro Steinsland, "Vǫluspá, the Tiburtine Sibyl, and the Apocalypse in the North" by Karl G. Johansson, and
291:
then established order in the cosmos by finding places for the sun, the moon and the stars, thereby starting the cycle of day and night. A golden age ensued where the Æsir had plenty of gold and happily constructed temples and made tools. But then three mighty giant maidens came from
376:, the world serpent, and wins but Thor is only able to take nine steps afterward before collapsing due to the serpent's venom. Víðarr faces Fenrir and kicks his jaw open before stabbing the wolf in the heart with his spear. The god
461:
In March 2018, a team of medieval historians and scientists from the
University of Cambridge suggested that the Icelandic poem, Vǫluspá, estimated to date from 961, was a roughly contemporary chronicle of the volcano
712:
360:, and of others. Then she prophesies the destruction of the gods where fire and flood overwhelm heaven and earth as the gods fight their final battles with their enemies. This is the "fate of the gods" -
108:
473:
section and the part in which the "mighty one who rules over all" are later insertions. Although some have identified the latter figure with Jesus, Bellows thought this was not necessarily the case.
244:). The order and number of the stanzas varies in these sources. Some editors and translators have further rearranged the material. The Codex Regius version is usually taken as a base for editions.
466:
eruption in 939. The researchers suggested that the dramatic imagery of Eldgjá's eruption was purposefully invoked in order to accelerate the
Christianization of Iceland.
704:
315:" ("Catalogue of Dwarfs"), is usually considered an interpolation and sometimes omitted by editors and translators. Its role in the poem is not clear.
334:. She then recalls the time Freyja was given to the giants, which is commonly interpreted as a reference to the myth of the giant builder, as told in
349:
and how he gave it up in exchange for knowledge. She asks him in several refrains if he understands, or if he would like to hear more.
311:
At this point ten of the poem's stanzas are over and six stanzas ensue which contain names of dwarves. This section, sometimes called "
454:
paganism was tolerated if practiced in private. This allowed the traditions to survive to an extent in
Iceland unlike in mainland
1490:
415:, discussing Jörmungandr, great events of the past, and the runic alphabet. A final stanza describes the sudden appearance of
951:
805:
649:
854:
689:
345:
that she knows some of his own secrets, and that he sacrificed an eye in pursuit of knowledge. She tells him she knows
914:
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will live again in a new world where the earth sprouts abundance without sowing seed. The surviving Æsir reunite with
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364:. She describes the summons to battle, the deaths of many of the gods and how Odin, himself, is slain by
1203:
1238:
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730:
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516:
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Some scholars hold that there are
Christian influences in the text, emphasizing parallels with the
268:
born in antiquity who reared her, nine worlds and the tree of life (Mjötviður mær, or axis mundi).
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Finally a beautiful reborn world will rise from the ashes of death and destruction where
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that led to the first "folk" war, and what occurred in the struggle between the Æsir and
264:
whether he wants her to recite ancient lore based on her memory. She says she remembers
1459:
1287:
1119:
1050:
923:
1348:
825:
650:"Review for The Nordic Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspa and Nordic Days of Judgement"
566:
39:
1231:
801:
739:
634:"Manifest and Latent Biblical Themes in Vǫluspá" by Pétur Pétursson, all articles in
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1438:
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705:"A Volcanic Explosion 1,000 Years Ago Was So Brutal, It Slayed Icelandic Gods"
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423:, bearing corpses in his wings, before the seeress emerges from her trance.
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In the Codex Regius version, the seeress goes on to describe the slaying of
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1381:
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994:
978:
908:
759:
638:
Edited by Terry
Gunnell and Annette Lassen, eds. 2013. Brepols Publishers.
392:
335:
199:
174:
1294:
1217:
798:
The Nordic
Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspa and Nordic Days of Judgement.
636:
The Nordic
Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspa and Nordic Days of Judgement.
301:
962:
837:
The Nordic
Apocalypse: Approaches to Vǫluspá and Nordic Days of Judgement
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297:
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153:
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361:
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are utilised in the song “Twilight of the Gods” in the 2020 video game
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169:. It is one of the most important primary sources for the study of
929:
408:
253:
162:
148:
109:
The Elder Edda and the Younger Edda/Elder Edda/The Vala's Prophecy
49:
19:"Voluspa" redirects here. For the album by The Golden Filter, see
498:
416:
870:
Illustrations of Völuspá from manuscripts and early print books.
326:, the world-tree, is described. The seer recalls the burning of
288:
530:
365:
305:
624:
Den poetiska Eddan, övers. Björn Collinder (tryckt 1972) s.296
1449:
767:
400:
381:
377:
372:, the god of thunder and sworn protector of the earth, faces
353:
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and the golden age came to an end. The Æsir then created the
565:
226:), and many of its stanzas are quoted or paraphrased in the
369:
357:
342:
284:
276:
261:
166:
45:
157:. It tells the story of the creation of the world and its
847:
Edda Sæmundar Hinns Froða: The Edda Of Sæmund The Learned
287:
lifted the earth out of the sea, creating the world. The
449:. Henry Adams Bellows stated in 1936 that the author of
438:
and dates to the 10th century, the century before the
391:
The new world that rises after Ragnarök (depiction by
161:
and subsequent rebirth, related to the audience by a
917:Eysteinn Björnsson's edition with manuscript texts
356:, best and fairest of the gods and the enmity of
1472:
434:is still one of the most discussed poems of the
181:manuscripts while parts of it are quoted in the
911:'s edition and commentary with manuscript texts
796:Gunnell, Terry and Annette Lassen, eds. 2013.
945:
279:; the world was nothing but the magical void
688:. Translated by Bellows, Henry Adams. 1936.
151:, a seeress') is the best known poem of the
514:are performed in songform in the TV series
318:After the "Dvergatal", the creation of the
952:
938:
868:MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)
835:Ólason, Vésteinn. "Vǫluspá and time." In
647:
702:
386:
874:
620:
618:
523:The 2012 atmospheric black metal album
1473:
849:. (2 vols.) London: Trübner & Co.
753:
676:
674:
648:Elton Gay, David (February 11, 2015).
237:, oldest extant manuscript dates from
933:
899:
476:
256:requesting silence from "the sons of
173:. The poem is preserved whole in the
615:
959:
671:
13:
715:from the original on Dec 16, 2023.
692:from the original on Jan 19, 2024.
485:, a philologist familiar with the
411:and meet together at the field of
14:
1522:
861:
575:"Germanic religion and mythology"
103:
38:
800:Brepols Publishers. 240 pages.
738:, HarperCollins, Appendix III;
190:
1491:Eschatology in Norse mythology
883:Translation and commentary by
719:
703:Dockrill, Peter (2018-03-20).
696:
641:
627:
591:
573:; Tikkanen, Amy (2023-03-08).
559:
1:
552:
469:Some have suggested that the
238:
231:
220:
203:
686:Internet Sacred Text Archive
654:Journal of Folklore Research
426:
341:The seeress then reveals to
260:" (human beings) and asking
7:
440:Christianization of Iceland
247:
10:
1527:
1186:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
814:and the Feast of Easter,"
786:Eysteinn Björnsson (ed.).
783:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
682:"The Poetic Edda: Voluspo"
520:and used as battle chants.
501:in his 1937 fantasy novel
489:, utilized names from the
198:is found in the Icelandic
65:
18:
1416:
1369:
1340:
1311:
1195:
1179:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
1172:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
1163:
1156:
1149:
1067:
977:
970:
810:McKinnell, John (2008). "
731:The History of The Hobbit
546:Assassin's Creed Valhalla
271:She proceeds to recite a
252:The poem starts with the
102:
95:
83:
73:
61:
37:
30:
16:Poem from the Poetic Edda
1253:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
766:. Christiania: Malling.
839:, pp. 25–44. 2013.
832:. Reykjavík: Helgafell.
603:Encyclopedia Britannica
579:Encyclopedia Britannica
347:where his eye is hidden
571:Turville-Petre, E.O.G.
396:
1239:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
567:Polomé, Edgar Charles
540:Various stanzas from
390:
1501:Old Norse philosophy
1481:Old Norse literature
875:English translations
447:Sibylline Prophecies
1204:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
885:Henry Adams Bellows
754:Relevant literature
497:and for the Wizard
320:first man and woman
308:are the mightiest.
147:: 'Prophecy of the
1486:13th-century poems
1460:Icelandic language
1260:Helreið Brynhildar
1097:Völuspá hin skamma
971:Mythological poems
900:Old Norse editions
781:Mythological Poems
533:takes lyrics from
477:In popular culture
397:
368:, the great wolf.
322:are recounted and
283:until the sons of
1468:
1467:
1365:
1364:
1336:
1335:
1281:Guðrúnarkviða III
1145:
1144:
1136:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
806:978-2-503-54182-2
736:Return to Bag-End
380:fights the giant
118:
117:
1518:
1455:Old Norse poetry
1341:Non-Codex Regius
1312:Jörmunrekkr Lays
1274:Guðrúnarkviða II
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1068:Non-Codex Regius
975:
974:
954:
947:
940:
931:
930:
855:available online
851:Norroena Society
843:Thorpe, Benjamin
792:Available online
768:Available online
764:Norræn fornkvæði
747:
726:John D. Rateliff
723:
717:
716:
700:
694:
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678:
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656:. Archived from
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483:J. R. R. Tolkien
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211:Haukr Erlendsson
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1445:Norse mythology
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1407:Codex Wormianus
1361:
1332:
1307:
1246:Guðrúnarkviða I
1191:
1141:
1063:
966:
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894:Benjamin Thorpe
892:Translation by
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857:at Google Books
826:Sigurður Nordal
777:The Poetic Edda
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171:Norse mythology
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31:
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21:Voluspa (album)
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1506:Creation myths
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1076:Baldrs draumar
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862:External links
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845:(tr.) (1866).
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660:on 2020-04-25
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599:"Ginnungagap"
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510:Stanzas from
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273:creation myth
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1496:Eddic poetry
1437:
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1423:
1405:
1400:Flateyjarbók
1398:
1391:
1382:AM 748 I 4to
1377:Codex Regius
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1320:Guðrúnarhvöt
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1023:Hárbarðsljóð
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909:Sophus Bugge
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709:ScienceAlert
708:
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662:. Retrieved
658:the original
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606:. Retrieved
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582:. Retrieved
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1370:Manuscripts
1150:Heroic Lays
1129:Gróttasöngr
1106:Svipdagsmál
963:Poetic Edda
734:, volume 2
456:Scandinavia
436:Poetic Edda
374:Jörmungandr
281:Ginnungagap
242: 1300
235: 1220
224: 1334
207: 1270
165:addressing
154:Poetic Edda
1475:Categories
1425:Prose Edda
1387:AM 738 4to
1349:Hlöðskviða
1164:Helgi Lays
1090:Hyndluljóð
1044:Þrymskviða
1030:Hymiskviða
1016:Skírnismál
1009:Grímnismál
926:'s edition
818:12:3–28. (
779:Volume II
664:2020-04-14
608:2023-04-30
584:2023-04-30
553:References
504:The Hobbit
300:, of whom
294:Jötunheimr
230:(composed
228:Prose Edda
184:Prose Edda
159:coming end
113:Wikisource
1439:Sólarljóð
1327:Hamðismál
1295:Atlakviða
1225:Fáfnismál
1218:Reginsmál
1211:Grípisspá
1058:Alvíssmál
1037:Lokasenna
816:Alvíssmál
526:Umskiptar
491:Dvergatal
471:Dvergatal
427:Reception
324:Yggdrasil
313:Dvergatal
302:Mótsognir
258:Heimdallr
209:) and in
145:Old Norse
97:Full text
78:Old Norse
1417:See also
1393:Hauksbók
1113:Grógaldr
1083:Rígsþula
853:edition
828:(1952).
775:(1997).
762:(1867).
728:(2007),
713:Archived
690:Archived
493:for the
464:Eldgjá's
413:Iðavöllr
362:Ragnarök
328:Gullveig
248:Synopsis
216:Hauksbók
179:Hauksbók
140:Vǫluspǫ́
74:Language
67:Vǫluspǫ́
48:and the
1302:Atlamál
995:Hávamál
988:Völuspá
921:Völuspá
915:Völuspá
906:Völuspá
890:Völuspâ
881:Voluspo
830:Völuspá
812:Völuspá
788:Völuspá
542:Völuspá
535:Völuspá
517:Vikings
512:Völuspá
499:Gandalf
495:Dwarves
487:Völuspá
451:Völuspá
432:Völuspá
417:Nidhogg
219:Codex (
196:Völuspá
134:Vǫlospá
128:Vǫluspá
122:Völuspá
32:Völuspá
804:
742:
531:Burzum
421:dragon
366:Fenrir
306:Durinn
298:dwarfs
266:giants
125:(also
409:Hœnir
401:Baldr
382:Surtr
378:Freyr
354:Baldr
332:Vanir
254:völva
163:völva
149:völva
85:Meter
50:Völva
1511:Ymir
960:The
802:ISBN
740:ISBN
419:the
405:Höðr
403:and
370:Thor
358:Loki
343:Odin
338:42.
304:and
289:Æsir
285:Burr
277:Ymir
262:Odin
177:and
167:Odin
46:Odin
820:PDF
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